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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tapioca" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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<span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flatbreads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flatbreads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flatbreads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flatbreads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tapioca_pearls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapioca_pearls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tapioca pearls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapioca_pearls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processing_and_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_and_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Processing and properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing_and_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>West Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1.2</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.3</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tapioca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A9" title="تبيوكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبيوكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапиока – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тапиока" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioka" title="Tapioka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tapioka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ταπιόκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταπιόκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioko" title="Tapioko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tapioko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioka" title="Tapioka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tapioka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تاپیوکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاپیوکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipi%C3%B3ca" title="Taipióca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taipióca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="타피오카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타피오카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapiokao" title="Tapiokao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tapiokao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioka" title="Tapioka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tapioka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94" title="טפיוקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טפיוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioka" title="Tapioka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tapioka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапиока – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тапиока" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%94%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AB" title="タピオカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タピオカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioka" title="Tapioka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tapioka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапиока – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тапиока" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapyoka" title="Tapyoka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tapyoka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапіока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тапіока" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tapioca" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873761#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tapioca (disambiguation)">Tapioca (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepung_casava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tepung_casava.jpg/300px-Tepung_casava.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tepung_casava.jpg/450px-Tepung_casava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tepung_casava.jpg/600px-Tepung_casava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Tapioca <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tapioca</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[tapiˈɔkɐ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> plant (<i>Manihot esculenta,</i> also known as manioc), a species native to the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but whose use is now spread throughout <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is a perennial <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> adapted to the hot conditions of tropical lowlands. Cassava copes better with poor soils than many other food plants. </p><p>Tapioca is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for millions of people in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical countries">tropical countries</a>. It provides only <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> food value, and is low in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>. In other countries, it is used as a <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thickening agent</a> in various manufactured foods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/220px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/330px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/440px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cassava tubers</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Tapioca</i> is derived from the word <i>tipi'óka</i>, its name in the <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi</a> language spoken by natives when the Portuguese first arrived in the Northeast Region of Brazil around 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Tupi word is translated as 'sediment' or 'coagulant' and refers to the curd-like starch sediment that is obtained in the extraction process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cassava#Production" title="Cassava">Cassava § Production</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tapioca" title="Special:EditPage/Tapioca">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tapioca%22">"Tapioca"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tapioca%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tapioca%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tapioca%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tapioca%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tapioca%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The cassava plant is easily propagated by stem-cutting, grows well in low-nutrient soils, and can be harvested every two months, although it takes ten months to grow to full maturity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cassava plant has either red or green branches with blue spindles on them. The root of the green-branched variant requires treatment to remove <a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">linamarin</a>, a cyanogenic glycoside occurring naturally in the plant, which otherwise may be converted into <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konzo" title="Konzo">Konzo</a> (also called mantakassa) is a paralytic disease associated with several weeks of almost exclusive consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava. </p><p>In Brazil's north and northeast, traditional community-based tapioca production is a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Cassava#Farinha_de_mandioca" title="Cassava">manioc flour</a> production from cassava roots. In this process, the manioc (after treatment to remove toxicity) is ground to a pulp with a small hand- or diesel-powered mill. This <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> is then squeezed to dry it out. The wet masa is placed in a long woven tube called a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">tipiti</i></span>. The top of the tube is secured while a large branch or lever is inserted into a loop at the bottom and used to stretch the entire implement vertically, squeezing a starch-rich liquid out through the weave and ends. This liquid is collected, and the microscopic starch grains in it are allowed to settle into the bottom of the container. The supernatant liquid is then poured off, leaving behind a wet starch sediment that needs to be dried and results in the fine-grained tapioca starch powder similar in appearance to <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG/220px-Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG/330px-Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG/440px-Biji_delima_pacar_china.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Colored, translucent tapioca sticks</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercially, the starch is processed into several forms: hot soluble powder, meal, pre-cooked fine or coarse flakes, rectangular sticks, and spherical "pearls."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearls are the most widely available shape; sizes range from about 1 mm to 8 mm in diameter, with 2–3 mm being the most common. </p><p>Flakes, sticks, and pearls must be soaked well before cooking to rehydrate, absorbing water up to twice their volume. After rehydration, tapioca products become leathery and swollen. Processed tapioca is usually white, but sticks and pearls may be colored. Traditionally, the most common color applied to tapioca has been brown, but recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> pastel colors have been available. Tapioca pearls are generally opaque when raw but become <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> when cooked in boiling water. </p><p>Brazil, Thailand, and Nigeria are the world's largest cassava producers. Currently, Thailand accounts for about 60 percent of worldwide exports.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When roots are sold to processing factories, they must be processed within 24 hours of harvest to ensure raw material freshness and prevent microflora growth. This would be observed as brown-black discolorations in a freshly broken root.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All process water streams contain some amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> to control the growth of microbes. Dried starch provides a shelf-stable product. For example, uncooked, dried tapioca pearls have at least a 2-year shelf life stability, whereas freshly cooked pearls may last ten days in the refrigerator. This difference is accounted to the water activity difference between the dried and wet product, the latter introducing a much more favorable condition for microbes to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cassava#Uses" title="Cassava">Cassava § Uses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">Cassava-based dishes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tapioca" title="Special:EditPage/Tapioca">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tapioca%22">"Tapioca"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tapioca%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tapioca%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tapioca%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tapioca%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tapioca%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg/220px-Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg/330px-Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg/440px-Spicy_and_Non_Spicy_Tapioca_Chips.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Spicy and non-spicy <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca chips">tapioca chips</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dried tapioca pearls are 11% water and 89% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, with no <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 100-gram reference amount, dried tapioca supplies 358 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and no or only trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flatbreads">Flatbreads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flatbreads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><b>casabe</b></i> is a thin <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> made from bitter cassava root without <a href="/wiki/Leavening" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavening">leavening</a>. It was originally produced by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib</a> peoples because these roots were a common plant of the <a href="/wiki/Rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain forest">rain forests</a> where they lived. In eastern <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, many indigenous groups still make <i>casabe</i>. It is their chief bread-like staple. Indigenous communities, such as the Ye-Kuana, Kari-Ña, <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a>, Guarao or <a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a> descended from the Caribe or Arawac nations, still make <i>casabe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg/220px-Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg/330px-Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg/440px-Elaboraciondelcasabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Casabe baking in a small commercial bakery</figcaption></figure> <p>To make <i>casabe</i>, the starchy root of bitter cassava is ground to a pulp, then squeezed to expel a milky, bitter liquid called <i>yare</i>. This carries the poisonous substances with it out of the pulp. Traditionally, this squeezing is done in a <i>sebucan</i>, an 8 to 12-foot (3.7 m) long, tube-shaped, pressure strainer, woven in a characteristic helical pattern from <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>. The <i>sebucan</i> usually is hung from a tree branch or ceiling pole, and it has a closed bottom with a loop that is attached to a fixed stick or lever, which is used to stretch the sebucan. When the lever is pushed down, stretching the sebucan, the helical weaving pattern causes the strainer to squeeze the pulp inside. This is similar to the action of a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_finger_trap" title="Chinese finger trap">Chinese finger trap</a>. The pulp is spread in thin, round cakes about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter on a <i><a href="/wiki/Budare" class="mw-redirect" title="Budare">budare</a></i> to roast or toast. </p><p>Thin and crisp cakes of <i>casabe</i> are often broken apart and eaten like crackers. Like bread, <i>casabe</i> can be eaten alone or with other dishes. Thicker <i>casabe</i> usually are eaten slightly moistened. A sprinkle of a few drops of <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> is enough to transform a dry <i>casabe</i> into soft, smooth bread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tapioca_pearls">Tapioca pearls<span class="anchor" id="Tapioca#Tapioca_pearls"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tapioca pearls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubble_Tea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bubble_Tea.png/170px-Bubble_Tea.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bubble_Tea.png/255px-Bubble_Tea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bubble_Tea.png/340px-Bubble_Tea.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble milk tea</a> with tapioca pearls</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca pearls">Tapioca pearls</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg/220px-Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg/330px-Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg/440px-Sabudana_in_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Sabudana</figcaption></figure> <p>Tapioca pearls, also known as <i>boba</i> in East Asia, are produced by passing the moist starch through a sieve under pressure. Pearl tapioca is a common ingredient in Asian <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Falooda" title="Falooda">falooda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolak_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolak (dessert)">kolak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sago_soup" title="Sago soup">sago soup</a>, and in sweet drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">bubble tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_slush" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit slush">fruit slush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taho" title="Taho">taho</a>, where they provide a chewy contrast to the sweetness and smooth texture of the drink. Small pearls are preferred for use in puddings. Large pearls are preferred for use in drinks. These pearls most often are brown, not white, due to the sugar added and are traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green</a> tea drinks. They are used as various colors in <a href="/wiki/Shave_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Shave ice">shave ice</a> and hot drinks. In addition to their use in puddings and beverages, tapioca pearls may be used in cakes. </p><p>The pearls are known as <i>sābudānā</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>; they are used for sweet and savory dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Sabudana_khichri" title="Sabudana khichri">sabudana khichri</a>. In Brazil, the pearls are cooked with wine or other liquid to add flavor and are called <i>sagu</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Processing_and_properties">Processing and properties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Processing and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapioca-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tapioca-1.jpg/220px-Tapioca-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tapioca-1.jpg/330px-Tapioca-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tapioca-1.jpg/440px-Tapioca-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Small, opaque pearl tapioca before soaking</figcaption></figure> <p>Processing of the cassava flour into tapioca pearls requires the intermediate step of a product called tapioca grit. Tapioca grit is dried cassava flour that is partially <a href="/wiki/Starch_gelatinization" title="Starch gelatinization">gelatinized</a> so that it looks like flakes or irregularly-shaped granules.<sup id="cite_ref-Adebowale-2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adebowale-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, making starch pearls uses a different process of roasting. To form the pearls, the tapioca grit can be cut or extruded into the shape of pearls, either small (3 millimeters (0.12 in)) or large (6–8 millimeters (0.24–0.31 in)).<sup id="cite_ref-Collado-1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collado-1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fu-2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pearls are subjected to a form of heat-moisture treatment, which can extend shelf life up to 2 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu-2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tapioca pearls have many unique properties that contribute to texture and mouth feel. Many of these physical properties are a result of its starch composition and are significantly affected by processing. Tapioca pearls are characteristically soft and chewy, with a prominent elastic texture and translucent appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu-2005_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">arepas</a> may be made with tapioca flour rather than cornmeal. Tapioca arepas probably predate cornmeal arepas;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> among traditional cultures of the Caribbean, the name for them is <a href="/wiki/Casabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Casabe">casabe</a>. Throughout both Spanish and Portuguese South America, the tapioca, or yuca, starch is used to make regional variations of the baked <a href="/wiki/Cheese_bun" title="Cheese bun">cheese bun</a>, known locally as <i><a href="/wiki/Pandebono" title="Pandebono">pandebono</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_de_yuca" title="Pan de yuca">pan de yuca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo" title="Pão de queijo">pão de queijo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chip%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipá">chipá</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%B1ap%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuñapé">cuñapé</a></i>, among other names. </p><p>The whole, unprocessed cassava root also has several culinary uses throughout South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg/220px-Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg/330px-Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg/440px-Tapioca_do_Alto_da_S%C3%A9_-_Olinda-PE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Beiju, Brazilian tapioca flatbread of Alto da Sé, in <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Brazil">Brazilian cuisine</a>, tapioca is used for different types of meals. In beiju (or biju), also simply called "tapioca," <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tapioca is moistened, strained through a sieve to become a coarse flour, then sprinkled onto a hot griddle or pan, where the heat makes the moist grains fuse into a flatbread which resembles a <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crepe</a>. Then it may be buttered and eaten like toast (its most common use as a breakfast dish), or it may be filled with savory or sweet fillings, which define the kind of meal the tapioca is used for: breakfast/dinner or dessert. Choices for fillings range from butter, cheese, ham, bacon, vegetables, various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> such as ground coconut, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>, chocolate with slices of banana or <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a>, Nutella and cinnamon among others. This kind of tapioca dish is usually served warm. </p><p>A regional dessert called <i><a href="/wiki/Sagu_(dessert)" title="Sagu (dessert)">sagu</a></i> is also made in Southern Brazil from tapioca pearls traditionally cooked with cinnamon and cloves in red wine, although other fruit flavors may be used. The cassava root is known by different names throughout the country: <i>mandioca</i> in the North, Central-West, and São Paulo; <i>macaxeira</i> in the Northeast; <i>aipim</i> in the Southeast and South. </p><p>The fine-grained tapioca starch is called <i>polvilho,</i> and it is classified as either "sweet" or "sour." Sour <i>polvilho</i> is commonly used in dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo" title="Pão de queijo">pão de queijo</a></i> or "<a href="/wiki/Cheese_bun" title="Cheese bun">cheese bread</a>," in which the starch is mixed with a hard cheese, usually matured <a href="/wiki/Minas_cheese" title="Minas cheese">Minas cheese</a> (could be substituted by <a href="/wiki/Parmesan_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmesan cheese">Parmesan cheese</a>), eggs and butter and baked in the oven. The final result is an aromatic, chewy, and often crusty kind of bread that is ubiquitous across the country. Sweet <i>polvilho</i> is commonly used in cookies or cakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapioca22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tapioca22.jpg/220px-Tapioca22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tapioca22.jpg/330px-Tapioca22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tapioca22.jpg/440px-Tapioca22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Tapioca pudding</figcaption></figure> <p>While frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_pudding" title="Tapioca pudding">tapioca pudding</a>, a dessert in the United States, tapioca is also used in other courses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People on <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diets</a> can eat bread made with tapioca flour (however some tapioca flour has wheat added to it). Tapioca syrup is sometimes added as a sweetener to a wide variety of foods and beverages as an alternative to sucrose or corn syrup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/200px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/300px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/400px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> women preparing <a href="/wiki/Cassava_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava bread">cassava bread</a> in 1565: grating yuca roots into a paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén</figcaption></figure> <p>Tapioca is a staple food from which dishes such as pepper pot as well as alcohol are made. It may be used to clean the teeth, as a foodstuff cooked with meats or fish, and in desserts such as cassava pone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specifically in rural Cuba early in Spanish rule, tapioca's popularity grew because it was easy to cultivate the crop and to transport it to nearby Spanish settlements, eventually influencing the way land and people were divided in that early imperial era.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In various Asian countries, tapioca pearls are widely used in desserts and drinks including Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">bubble tea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maida_(flour)" title="Maida (flour)">Maida (flour)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg/220px-Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg/330px-Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg/440px-Thai_Tapioca_Pudding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Thai tapioca pudding</figcaption></figure> <p>In Southeast Asia, the cassava root is commonly cut into slices, wedges or strips, fried, and served as <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca chips">tapioca chips</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Potato_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato chips">potato chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato_wedges" title="Potato wedges">wedges</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a>. Another method is to boil large blocks until soft and serve them with grated <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> as a dessert, either slightly salted or sweetened, usually with <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a> syrup. In Thailand, this dish is called <i>mansampalang</i> (มันสำปะหลัง). </p><p>Commercially prepared tapioca has many uses. Tapioca powder is commonly used as a thickener for soups and other liquid foods. It is also used as a binder in <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">pharmaceutical tablets</a> and natural paints. The flour is used to make tender breads, cakes, biscuits, cookies, and other delicacies. Tapioca flakes are used to thicken the filling of <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a> made with fruits having a high water content. </p><p>A typical recipe for tapioca jelly can be made by washing two tablespoonfuls of tapioca, pouring a pint of water over it, and soaking it for three hours. The mixture is placed over low heat and simmered until quite clear. If too thick, a little boiling water can be added. It can be sweetened with white sugar, flavored with coconut milk or a little wine, and eaten alone or with cream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Krupuk" title="Krupuk">Krupuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kripik" title="Kripik">Kripik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cilok" title="Cilok">Cilok</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapioca_cracker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tapioca_cracker.jpg/170px-Tapioca_cracker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tapioca_cracker.jpg/255px-Tapioca_cracker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tapioca_cracker.jpg/340px-Tapioca_cracker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tapioca crackers from Indonesia sold in a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> market</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Krupuk" title="Krupuk">Krupuk</a>, or traditional Indonesian crackers, is a significant use of tapioca starch in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The most common krupuk is <i>kerupuk kampung</i> or <i>kerupuk aci</i> made of tapioca starch. The tapioca starch might be flavored with minced shrimp as <i>krupuk udang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prawn_cracker" title="Prawn cracker">prawn cracker</a>) or <i>krupuk ikan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fish_cracker" title="Fish cracker">fish cracker</a>). The thinly sliced or sometimes quite thick cassava was also sun-dried and deep fried to be made as <i><a href="/wiki/Kripik" title="Kripik">kripik</a> singkong</i> crackers (<a href="/wiki/Cassava_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava chips">cassava chips</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca chips">tapioca chips</a>). A variant of hot and spicy <i>kripik singkong</i> coated with sugar and chili pepper is known as <i>kripik <a href="/wiki/Balado_(food)" title="Balado (food)">balado</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Keripik_sanjay" class="mw-redirect" title="Keripik sanjay">keripik sanjay</a></i>, a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> city in West Sumatra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cilok" title="Cilok">Cilok</a> is a tapioca dumpling snack. <a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a> is made by fermenting large blocks with a yeast-like bacteria culture to produce a sweet and slightly alcoholic dessert. Further fermentation releases more liquids and alcohol, producing <i><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></i>, a sour alcoholic beverage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variation of the chips popular amongst the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> is <i>kerepek pedas</i>, where the crisps are coated with a hot, sweet, and tangy <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> paste, or <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a>, usually with fried <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> added. </p><p>The cultivation of the plant is also extensively present in the Malay Peninsula, where in the hands of the Chinese, cassava tubers weighing from 4–13 kilograms (8.8–28.7 lb) are first scraped and then washed carefully. By being passed between rollers, they are reduced to a pulp which is again carefully washed, then shaken up with water. This causes the fecula to separate and pass through a very fine sieve, resulting in flour. The flour is repeatedly washed and then placed on mats to bleach via sun exposure and air. Different applications may be applied here to give rise to the popular and loved tapioca pearls in bubble tea beverages, also known as boba. The pearl tapioca is achieved by placing the flour in a cradle-shaped frame covered with canvas, where it's slightly moistened and rotated to be granulated. Finally, it is dried in the sun, then over the fire in a greased iron pan, and ready for the market.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Asia, tapioca pearls are known as <i>sagudana</i>, <i>sabudana</i> or <i>shabudana</i> (pearl <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>) or <i>sabba akki</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>). The pearls are used to make snacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sagudana is sometimes used in dessert dishes. Faluda, a popular food, is also prepared with curd, ice, and other ingredients during summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tapioca pearls are a common ingredient of traditional Indian dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">kheer</a>. </p><p>Tapioca pearls are used to make <i>Sabudana <a href="/wiki/Khichdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichdi">khichdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakoda">pakoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">paratha</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, which is commonly eaten during <i>vrat</i> (fasting). Indians generally soak it overnight or 6-8 hours in before cooking. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapioca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tapioca.jpg/220px-Tapioca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tapioca.jpg/330px-Tapioca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tapioca.jpg/440px-Tapioca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Cooked cassava dish from <a href="/wiki/Kerala,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a> is referred to as Tapioca in Indian English usage. Cassava is called kappa or maracheeni in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>. </p><p>It was introduced in 1880-1885 C.E. by the then Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakham_Thirunal" title="Visakham Thirunal">Vishakham Thirunal Rama Varma</a> after a great famine hit the kingdom, as a substitute for rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Saraswathy2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saraswathy2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tapioca is widely consumed across Kerala. It is taken as breakfast or as a staple food. It is boiled (after skinning and cutting it into large pieces of about 6–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in) long or into small 2 cm (0.79 in) cubes) in water till adequately cooked, and the water is drained off. Once cooked, it can be mixed with grated coconut, chili, salt, turmeric, etc., then steamed and mashed into a dry pudding. If desired, this can be garnished with oil with mustard, onion, curry leaves, etc. Tapioca pieces (chendan kappa) are often eaten with simple chili sauce (a paste of green/red chili, shallots, garlic, salt, and oil). </p><p>Mashed tapioca is paired with meat or fish curry, especially sardines, as a delicacy in Kerala. Another popular combination is mashed tapioca with dried salted sardines directly cooked on charcoal and green chili. </p><p>Tapioca can be stored for extended periods by parboiling, drying it after skinning, and slicing it into 0.5 cm thick pieces. This is called unakka kappa (dried tapioca). Tapioca chips, thinly sliced tapioca wafers, similar to potato chips, are also extremely popular. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, the roots of tapioca are called <i>maravalli kizhangu</i> and are used to prepare chips. Tapioca pearls are referred to as "javvarisi" in Tamil. Most of the delicacies are cooked from this form of tapioca because it is easier to handle than the raw root itself. Tapioca is cultivated more in several districts, providing steady income to farmers in Tamil Nadu. Tapioca can be consumed raw (after removing the skins/outer cover) or boiled for various dishes or snacks. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>, tapioca is eaten as a snack. It is usually boiled with a bit of salt in water after skinning it, or snacks are made by drying the tapioca after cutting it. It is then powdered into flour and turned into dough to either make a fired or baked biscuit. In their local dialect, they call it <i>kuri aloo</i>, meaning "wood potato." All groups of society eat these chips as a delicacy. The skin of the tapioca, which is not edible for humans, is kept aside to prepare food for domesticated pigs. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, sabudana is also used as a substitute diet against boiled rice (bhaat) for the sick, elderly, or infirm for easy digestion and strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is known as "mangnokka" in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, as well as by its Sinhalese and Tamil names. It is generally eaten boiled with a chili onion mixture called "lunu miris sambol" (a type of salsa) or coconut <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a>. Another popular cassava dish is a curry cooked in coconut milk with a splash of turmeric. At the same time, it is popular to have tapioca pearls prepared as a delicacy. At one time, tapioca pearls were used to starch clothes by boiling tapioca pearls with the clothes. Spiced cassava chips are a popular snack usually sold by street vendors and street-side shops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg/170px-Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg/255px-Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg/340px-Drying_cassava_chips_DRC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Drying cassava chips in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tapioca is eaten in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> as a common meal, usually at breakfast. Cassava is a staple food in West Africa, where it is widely eaten. In Nigeria, cassava is grated and dry roasted into <i><a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a></i>; this is consumed by adding water, sugar, and or peanuts accompanied by meat or smoked fish. Garri is also made into <i><a href="/wiki/Eba" title="Eba">eba</a></i> by adding hot water; this is eaten with stew or soup. The <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a> people of Nigeria make a cold water variant of eba by pounding the mixture with their fist until it becomes homogeneous; this is called <i>feshelu</i>. The Egbas of <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun State</a> peel, dry, and grind cassava into a powder called <i>elubo</i>, which is then made into <i>amala paki</i> and eaten with a jute leaf stew called <i>ewedu</i>. </p><p>In Lagos, cassava is processed into tapioca which is cooked in coconut milk and sugar; this can be eaten as a breakfast meal or as a dessert at parties or dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called <i>mengau</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Igbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbos">Igbos</a> of Eastern Nigeria add <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and other seasonings to boiled and grated cassava, a dish called <i>abacha</i>. </p><p>People of the Niger Delta extract starch from cassava cooked into a starch eaten with pepper soup. </p><p>In Ghana, cassava is peeled, boiled until tender, and pounded in a large wooden mortar and pestle until it becomes homogeneous. This is called <i><a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a></i>. It is eaten with soup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tapioca is widely used in Europe, but several countries use tapioca. In Belgium, tiny white tapioca pearls are added to clear soups. Tapioca pearls are used in French desserts, such as parfaits. A savory snack in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Skips_(snack)" title="Skips (snack)">Skips</a>, is made from flavored tapioca. </p><p>Tapioca is also widely available in its dried forms and is used in some countries to make <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_pudding" title="Tapioca pudding">tapioca pudding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tapioca root can be used to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">biodegradable</a> bags developed from a tapioca <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> of the plant as a viable plastic substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product is <a href="/wiki/Renewable" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reusable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recyclable" class="mw-redirect" title="Recyclable">recyclable</a>. Other tapioca resin products include gloves,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capes and aprons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tapioca starch, used commonly for <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starching</a> shirts and garments before <a href="/wiki/Ironing" title="Ironing">ironing</a>, may be sold in bottles of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">natural gum</a> starch to be dissolved in water or in <a href="/wiki/Spray_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Spray can">spray cans</a>. </p><p>The low amylose and low residual content, combined with the high molecular weight of its amylose, make tapioca a useful starting material for modification into a variety of specialty products. Tapioca starch applications in specialty products have become increasingly popular. The effects of additives on thermal transitions and physical and chemical properties can affect the quality and storage stability of tapioca-based products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salt is often added to starch-based products to enhance flavor and functionality, as it can increase the gelatinization temperature of tapioca starch and delay the retrogradation of the gels formed upon cooling. Cations, particularly Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, can interact electrostatically with the oxygen atoms in the glucose molecule of the starch polymer. This interaction induces an antiplasticizing effect and increases competition for available water, increasing the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> of the gelatinized molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapioca" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapioca">Tapioca</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">Potato starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapioca_industry_of_Thailand" title="Tapioca industry of Thailand">Tapioca industry of Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlsenSchaal1999" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen, KM; Schaal, BA (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21904">"Evidence on the origin of cassava: phylogeography of Manihot esculenta"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>96</b> (10): 5586–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.5586O">1999PNAS...96.5586O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.10.5586">10.1073/pnas.96.10.5586</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21904">21904</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10318928">10318928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Evidence+on+the+origin+of+cassava%3A+phylogeography+of+Manihot+esculenta&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5586-91&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21904%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10318928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.10.5586&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.5586O&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Schaal%2C+BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpps2020" class="citation cs2">Epps, Patience (February 27, 2020), Güldemann, Tom; McConvell, Patrick; Rhodes, Richard A. (eds.), "Language and Subsistence Patterns in the Amazonian Vaupés", <i>The Language of Hunter-Gatherers</i> (1 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 607–640, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139026208.023">10.1017/9781139026208.023</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02620-8"><bdi>978-1-139-02620-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214123208">214123208</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Language+of+Hunter-Gatherers&rft.atitle=Language+and+Subsistence+Patterns+in+the+Amazonian+Vaup%C3%A9s&rft.pages=607-640&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214123208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139026208.023&rft.isbn=978-1-139-02620-8&rft.aulast=Epps&rft.aufirst=Patience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/tapioca">"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary – tapioca"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509143416/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/tapioca">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+tapioca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftapioca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao.org_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Roots, tubers, plantains, and bananas in human nutrition," Rome, 1990, Ch. 7 "Toxic substances and antinutritional factors." Document available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents">http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121180620/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E00.htm#Contents">Archived</a> November 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ch. 7 appears at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity">http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092508/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/t0207e08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity">Archived</a> November 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Accessed 25 June 2011.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolina_Moura" class="citation web cs1">Carolina Moura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snapguide.com/guides/make-your-own-tapioca-pearls-from-scratch/">"How to make tapioca pearls"</a>. Snapguide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140128001611/http://snapguide.com/guides/make-your-own-tapioca-pearls-from-scratch/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+make+tapioca+pearls&rft.pub=Snapguide.com&rft.au=Carolina+Moura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnapguide.com%2Fguides%2Fmake-your-own-tapioca-pearls-from-scratch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2010" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seth (July 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/19/world/asia/19thai.html">"Wasps to Fight Thai Cassava Plague"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622125633/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/19/world/asia/19thai.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Manioc+to+the+rescue+in+the+fight+against+plastic+pollution&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.aulast=Kasper-Claridge&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmanioc-to-the-rescue-in-the-fight-against-plastic-pollution%2Fa-46125335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103740022A/en">[1]</a>, "Disposable biodegradable gloves and preparation method thereof", issued 2014-01-02</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=&rft.cc=&rft.title=Disposable+biodegradable+gloves+and+preparation+method+thereof&rft.date=2014-01-02"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520185936/https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103740022A/en">Archived</a> May 20, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuaiwen_Yang*_and_Yuhsien_Lin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Huaiwen Yang* and Yuhsien Lin (March 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7795945">"Effect of Thermal Processing on Flow Properties and Stability of Thickened Fluid Matrices Formulated by Tapioca Starch, Hydroxyl Distarch Phosphate (E-1442), and Xanthan Gum Associating Dysphagia-Friendly Potential - PMC"</a>. <i>Polymers</i>. <b>13</b> (1). Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: 162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym13010162">10.3390/polym13010162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7795945">7795945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33406799">33406799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Thermal+Processing+on+Flow+Properties+and+Stability+of+Thickened+Fluid+Matrices+Formulated+by+Tapioca+Starch%2C+Hydroxyl+Distarch+Phosphate+%28E-1442%29%2C+and+Xanthan+Gum+Associating+Dysphagia-Friendly+Potential+-+PMC&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7795945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33406799&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpolym13010162&rft.au=Huaiwen+Yang%2A+and+Yuhsien+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7795945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuangPanyoyaiShanksKasapis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chuang, Lillian; Panyoyai, Naksit; Shanks, Robert A.; Kasapis, Stefan (August 15, 2017). "Effect of salt on the glass transition of condensed tapioca starch systems". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>229</b>: 120–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2017.02.063">10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28372154">28372154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+salt+on+the+glass+transition+of+condensed+tapioca+starch+systems&rft.volume=229&rft.pages=120-126&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2017.02.063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28372154&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Panyoyai%2C+Naksit&rft.au=Shanks%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Kasapis%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATapioca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sosa, C. (1979), <i>Casabe</i>, Editorial Arte: Caracas.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&oldid=1255792450">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapioca&oldid=1255792450</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_thickening_agents" title="Category:Edible thickening agents">Edible thickening agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flour" title="Category:Flour">Flour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flatbreads" title="Category:Flatbreads">Flatbreads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unleavened_breads" 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