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<span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Chinese_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Traditional Chinese medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemistry_and_potential_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemistry_and_potential_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phytochemistry and potential toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phytochemistry_and_potential_toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phytochemistry and potential toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phytochemistry_and_potential_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxalic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxalic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Oxalic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxalic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cookbook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhubarb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarber" title="Rabarber – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rabarber" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Rhabarber" title="Gemeiner Rhabarber – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemeiner Rhabarber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="راوند الحدائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راوند الحدائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav%C9%99nd" title="Ravənd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ravənd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вълнообразен ревен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вълнообразен ревен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reve%C5%88_kade%C5%99av%C3%A1" title="Reveň kadeřavá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reveň kadeřavá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverabarber" title="Haverabarber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haverabarber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%A1rber" title="Rabárber – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Rabárber" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Rhabarber" title="Gemeiner Rhabarber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeiner Rhabarber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%82t%CA%BCo%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Jiłtʼoʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jiłtʼoʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdlehine_rabarber" title="Kurdlehine rabarber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdlehine rabarber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Ραβέντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραβέντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarbo-reumo" title="Rabarbo-reumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rabarbo-reumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabarba" title="Arabarba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabarba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="رابارب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابارب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biabh%C3%B3g" title="Biabhóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biabhóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruibarbo" title="Ruibarbo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruibarbo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%94%EB%B8%8C" title="루바브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루바브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelembak_merah" title="Kelembak merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelembak merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೂಬಾರ್ಬ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೂಬಾರ್ಬ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheubarbarum" title="Rheubarbarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rheubarbarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="റുബാർബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുബാർബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="راوند الحدائق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راوند الحدائق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubarb" title="Rubarb – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rubarb" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarber" title="Rabarber – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rabarber" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="ルバーブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルバーブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarbra" title="Rabarbra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rabarbra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarbra" title="Rabarbra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rabarbra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabarbar_k%C4%99dzierzawy" title="Rabarbar kędzierzawy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rabarbar kędzierzawy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rheum rhabarbarum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ревень волнистый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ревень волнистый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarub" title="Rhubarub – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rhubarub" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рабарбара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рабарбара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of herbaceous perennial plant with fleshy, sour edible stalks </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhubarb (disambiguation)">Rhubarb (disambiguation)</a>. For the cartoon, see <a href="/wiki/Roobarb" title="Roobarb">Roobarb</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Rhubarb </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg/220px-Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg/330px-Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg/440px-Rheum_rhabarbarum.2006-04-27.uellue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Rheum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheum_(plant)" title="Rheum (plant)"><i>Rheum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>R. <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> hybridum <span style="font-style:normal;">(?)</span></b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Rheum <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> hybridum <span style="font-style:normal;">(?)</span></i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Murray" title="Johan Andreas Murray">Murray</a><sup id="cite_ref-POWO_696744-1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO_696744-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Rhubarb</b> is the fleshy, edible stalks (<a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>) of species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) of <i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_(plant)" title="Rheum (plant)">Rheum</a></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a>, which are cooked and used for food.<sup id="cite_ref-foust_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foust-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant is a herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> that grows from short, thick <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English. The large, triangular <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> contain high levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthrone" title="Anthrone">anthrone</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a>, making them inedible. The small <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-red <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a>. </p><p>The precise origin of culinary rhubarb is unknown. The species <i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" title="Rheum rhabarbarum">Rheum rhabarbarum</a></i> (syn. <i>R. undulatum</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_rhaponticum" title="Rheum rhaponticum">R. rhaponticum</a></i> were grown in Europe before the 18th century and used for medicinal purposes. By the early 18th century, these two species and a possible <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> of unknown origin, <i>R.</i> × <i>hybridum</i>, were grown as vegetable crops in England and Scandinavia. They readily hybridize, and <b>culinary rhubarb</b> was developed by selecting open-pollinated seed, so its precise origin is almost impossible to determine.<sup id="cite_ref-TanhSuojHart19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanhSuojHart19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In appearance, samples of culinary rhubarb vary on a continuum between <i>R. rhaponticum</i> and <i>R. rhabarbarum</i>. However, modern rhubarb cultivars are <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploids</a> with 2<i>n</i> = 44, in contrast to 2<i>n</i> = 22 for the wild species.<sup id="cite_ref-LibeEngl89_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibeEngl89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhubarb is a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> and is often put to the same culinary uses as <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaf stalks can be used raw while they have a crisp texture, but are most commonly cooked with sugar and used in <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">crumbles</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a>. They have a strong, <a href="/wiki/Taste#Sourness" title="Taste">tart taste</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been developed for human consumption, most of which are recognised as <i>Rheum</i> × <i>hybridum</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>rhubarb</i> is likely to have derived in the 14th century from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rubarbe</i></span>, which came from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rheubarbarum</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rha barbaron</i></span>, meaning 'foreign rhubarb'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> used the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥᾶ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rha</i></span>), whereas <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> later used <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥῆον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhēon</i></span>), Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rheum</i></span>. These in turn derive from a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> name for species of <a href="/wiki/Rheum_(plant)" title="Rheum (plant)"><i>Rheum</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilb55_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilb55-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific epithet <i>rhaponticum</i>, applying to one of the presumed parents of the cultivated plant, means 'rha from the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">region of the Black Sea</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-Gilb55_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilb55-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the river <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, Rha being its ancient name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheum_rhabarbarum_(Rabarber)_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg/170px-Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg/255px-Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg/340px-Rheum_rhabarbarum_%28Rabarber%29_Frambozenrood_bloeiwijze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Young rhubarb flowers</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhubarb is grown widely, and with <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> production it is available throughout much of the year. It needs rainfall and an annual cold period of up to 7–9 weeks at 3 °C (37 °F), known as 'cold units', to grow well. The plant develops a substantial underground storage organ (rhubarb crowns) and this can be used for early production by transferring field-grown crowns to warm conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_-_rhubarb-growing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_-_rhubarb-growing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhubarb grown in hothouses (heated greenhouses) is called "hothouse rhubarb", and is typically made available at consumer markets in early spring, before outdoor cultivated rhubarb is available. Hothouse rhubarb is usually brighter red, tenderer and sweeter-tasting than outdoor rhubarb.<sup id="cite_ref-Rombauer,_Irma_S._Page_142_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rombauer,_Irma_S._Page_142-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After forcing for commercial production, the crowns are usually discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_-_rhubarb-growing_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_-_rhubarb-growing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate climates</a>, rhubarb is one of the first food plants <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a>, usually in mid- to late spring (April or May in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, October or November in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>), and the season for field-grown plants lasts until the end of summer. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the first rhubarb of the year is harvested by candlelight in <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_forcer" title="Rhubarb forcer">forcing sheds</a> where all other light is excluded, a practice that produces a sweeter, more tender stalk.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sheds are dotted around the "<a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_Triangle" title="Rhubarb Triangle">Rhubarb Triangle</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> between <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Morley, West Yorkshire">Morley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wgur_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgur-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States rhubarb is primarily produced in the states of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> with approximately 1,200 acres in production, of which 175 are covered in hothouses.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northwestern US states of Oregon and Washington, there are typically two harvests, from late April to May and from late June into July;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half of all US commercial production is in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhubarb is ready to consume as soon as harvested, and freshly cut stalks are firm and glossy. </p><p>Rhubarb damaged by severe cold should not be eaten, as it may be high in <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>, which migrates from the leaves and can cause illness.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colour of rhubarb stalks can vary from the commonly associated crimson red, through speckled light <a href="/wiki/Variations_of_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of pink">pink</a>, to simply light green. Rhubarb stalks are poetically described as "crimson stalks". The colour results from the presence of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, and varies according to both rhubarb variety and production technique. The colour is not related to its suitability for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_cultivation">Historical cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-Rhubarb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CSA-Rhubarb.jpg/220px-CSA-Rhubarb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CSA-Rhubarb.jpg/330px-CSA-Rhubarb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CSA-Rhubarb.jpg/440px-CSA-Rhubarb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>A bundle of rhubarb</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese call rhubarb "the great yellow" (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dà huáng</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大黃</span></span>), and have used rhubarb root for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-mehta_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Shennong_Ben_Cao_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shennong Ben Cao Jing">The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic</a></i>, which is thought to have been compiled about 1,800 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Dioscurides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscurides">Dioscurides</a>' description of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ρηον</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ρά</i></span> indicates that a medicinal root brought to Greece from beyond the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> may have been rhubarb, commerce in the plant did not become securely established until <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic times</a>. During Islamic times, it was imported along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, reaching Europe in the 14th century through the ports of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, where it became known as "Turkish rhubarb".<sup id="cite_ref-Warmington1928_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warmington1928-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> it began to arrive via new maritime routes and overland through Russia. The "Russian rhubarb" was the most valued, probably because of the rhubarb-specific quality control system maintained by the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Monahan2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monahan2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost of transportation across Asia made rhubarb expensive in medieval Europe. It was several times the price of other valuable herbs and spices such as <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>. The merchant explorer <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> therefore searched for the place where the plant was grown and harvested, discovering that it was cultivated in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of rhubarb can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Gonz%C3%A1les_de_Clavijo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo">Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo</a>'s report of his embassy in 1403–1405 to <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>: "The best of all merchandise coming to Samarkand was from China: especially silks, satins, musk, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, and rhubarb...."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high price, as well as the increasing demand from apothecaries, stimulated efforts to cultivate the different species of rhubarb on European soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Monahan2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monahan2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain species came to be grown in England to produce the roots.<sup id="cite_ref-Grieve_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grieve-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local availability of the plants grown for medicinal purposes, together with the increasing abundance and decreasing price of sugar in the 18th century, galvanised its culinary adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-Monahan2013_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monahan2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grieve claims a date of 1820 in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Grieve_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grieve-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhubarb was harvested in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from at least 1786, having been introduced to the Botanical Garden in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> by the traveller <a href="/wiki/Bruce_of_Kinnaird" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce of Kinnaird">Bruce of Kinnaird</a> in 1774. He brought the seeds from <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> and they produced 3,000 plants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though it is often asserted that rhubarb first came to the United States in the 1820s,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Bartram" title="John Bartram">John Bartram</a> was growing medicinal and culinary rhubarbs in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> from the 1730s, planting seeds sent to him by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Collinson_(botanist)" title="Peter Collinson (botanist)">Peter Collinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the first, the familiar garden rhubarb was not the only <i>Rheum</i> in American gardens: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> planted <i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_undulatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheum undulatum">R. undulatum</a></i> at Monticello in 1809 and 1811, observing that it was "Esculent rhubarb, the leaves excellent as Spinach."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advocate of organic gardening <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_D._Hills" title="Lawrence D. Hills">Lawrence D. Hills</a> listed his favourite rhubarb varieties for flavour as 'Hawke's Champagne', 'Victoria', 'Timperley Early', and 'Early Albert', also recommending 'Gaskin's Perpetual' for having the lowest level of oxalic acid, allowing it to be harvested over a much longer period of the growing season without developing excessive sourness.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhubarb_Pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhubarb_Pie.jpg/220px-Rhubarb_Pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhubarb_Pie.jpg/330px-Rhubarb_Pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhubarb_Pie.jpg/440px-Rhubarb_Pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A homemade <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_pie" title="Rhubarb pie">rhubarb pie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Horticultural Society has the UK's national collection of rhubarb that comprises 103 varieties. In 2021–2022 this was moved from southern England to the more northern garden <a href="/wiki/RHS_Garden_Bridgewater" title="RHS Garden Bridgewater">RHS Bridgewater</a> where winter cold and rainfall are better suited for rhubarb.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS-2022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following cultivars have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>'Grandad's Favourite'<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Reed's Early Superb'<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Stein's Champagne'<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Timperley Early'<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Rhubarb, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88 kJ (21 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">4.54 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.1 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.8 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.085 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.024 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 7 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 6.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 29.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 86 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.021 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.22 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.196 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 288 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 1.1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.1 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">94 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167758/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rhubarb is grown primarily for its fleshy leafstalks, technically known as <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>. The use of rhubarb stalks as food is a relatively recent innovation. This usage was first recorded in 18th- to 19th-century England after affordable <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> became more widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-Monahan2013_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monahan2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grieve_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grieve-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly, it is stewed with sugar or used in pies and desserts, but it can also be put into savoury dishes or pickled. Rhubarb can be dehydrated and infused with fruit juice. In the United States, it is usually infused with strawberry juice to mimic the popular <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_rhubarb_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry rhubarb pie">strawberry rhubarb pie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species <i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_ribes" title="Rheum ribes">Rheum ribes</a></i> has been eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic world</a> since the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Northern Europe and North America, the stalks are commonly cut into pieces and stewed with added sugar until soft.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Compote" title="Compote">compote</a>, sometimes thickened with corn starch, can then be used in pies, tarts and crumbles. Alternatively, greater quantities of sugar can be added with <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">jams</a>. A paired spice used is <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> are also common additions. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, as well as being used in the typical pies, tarts and crumbles, rhubarb compote is also combined with whipped cream or custard to make rhubarb <a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">fool</a>. In the United States, the common usage of rhubarb in pies has led to it being nicknamed "pie plant", by which it is referred to in 19th-century cookbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bill_Neal_p._308_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill_Neal_p._308-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhubarb in the US is also often paired with strawberries to make strawberry-rhubarb pie, though some rhubarb purists jokingly consider this "a rather unhappy marriage".<sup id="cite_ref-Bill_Neal_p._308_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill_Neal_p._308-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhubarb can also be used to make alcoholic drinks, such as <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">fruit wines</a> or Finnish rhubarb <a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">sima (mead)</a>. It is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Kompot" title="Kompot">Kompot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw rhubarb is 94% water, 5% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and contains negligible fat (table). In a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-ounce) reference amount, raw rhubarb supplies 88 kilojoules (21 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, and is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (28% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV), a moderate source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (10% DV), and contains no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant amounts (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Chinese_medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional Chinese medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, rhubarb roots of several species were used as a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> for several millennia,<sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical evidence</a> to indicate such use is effective.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemistry_and_potential_toxicity">Phytochemistry and potential toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phytochemistry and potential toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots and stems contain <a href="/wiki/Natural_anthraquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural anthraquinone">anthraquinones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Emodin" title="Emodin">emodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhein_(molecule)" title="Rhein (molecule)">rhein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mehta_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emodin" title="Emodin">Emodin</a> "represents a <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxic</a> risk for humans" while <a href="/wiki/Rhein_(molecule)" title="Rhein (molecule)">rhein</a> is "a compound devoid of genotoxic capabilities."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthraquinones have been separated from powdered rhubarb root for purposes in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2012_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although long-term consumption of <a href="/wiki/Natural_anthraquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural anthraquinone">anthraquinones</a> has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute kidney failure">acute kidney failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rhizomes contain <a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">stilbenoid</a> compounds (including <a href="/wiki/Rhaponticin" title="Rhaponticin">rhaponticin</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Flavanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanol">flavanol</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucoside" title="Glucoside">glucosides</a> (+)-<a href="/wiki/Catechin-5-O-glucoside" title="Catechin-5-O-glucoside">catechin-5-<i>O</i>-glucoside</a> and (−)-<a href="/wiki/Catechin-7-O-glucoside" title="Catechin-7-O-glucoside">catechin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nonaka_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonaka-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxalic_acid">Oxalic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oxalic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhubarb leaves contain <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a> substances, including <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nephrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrotoxin">nephrotoxin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long term consumption of oxalic acid leads to kidney stone formation in humans. Humans have been poisoned after ingesting the leaves, a particular problem during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when the leaves were mistakenly recommended as a food source in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxic rhubarb leaves have been used in flavouring extracts, after the oxalic acid is removed by treatment with precipitated chalk (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD<sub style="font-size:-1">50</sub></a> (median lethal dose) for pure oxalic acid in rats is about 375 mg/kg <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body weight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 25 grams for a 65-kilogram (143 lb) human. Other sources give a much higher oral <a href="/wiki/Lowest_published_lethal_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowest published lethal dose">LD<sub>Lo</sub></a> (lowest published lethal dose) of 600 mg/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the oxalic acid content of rhubarb leaves can vary, a typical value is about 0.5%,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning a 65 kg adult would need to eat 4 to 8 kg (9 to 18 lbs) to obtain a lethal dose, depending on which lethal dose is assumed. Cooking the leaves with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">baking soda</a> can make them more poisonous by producing soluble <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves are believed to also contain an additional, unidentified toxin,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which might be an anthraquinone <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycoside</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Senna_glycoside" title="Senna glycoside">senna glycosides</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> (leaf stalks), the proportion of oxalic acid is about 10% of the total 2–2.5% acidity, which derives mainly from <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serious cases of rhubarb poisoning are not well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both fatal and non-fatal cases of rhubarb poisoning may be caused not by oxalates, but rather by toxic <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a> glycosides.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2009_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-savage1999_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savage1999-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests">Pests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhubarb is a host to the rhubarb curculio, <i><a href="/wiki/Lixus_concavus" title="Lixus concavus">Lixus concavus</a></i>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevil</a>. Damage is mainly visible on leaves and stalks, with <a href="/wiki/Gummosis" title="Gummosis">gummosis</a> and oval or circular feeding and egg-laying sites.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hungry wildlife may dig up and eat rhubarb roots in the spring, as stored starches are turned to sugars for new foliage growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cookbook">Cookbook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cookbook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb"> Rhubarb</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Cake" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Cake">Rhubarb Cake</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Crumble" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Crumble">Rhubarb Crumble</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Fool" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Fool">Rhubarb Fool</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Juice" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Juice">Rhubarb Juice</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Marmalade" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Marmalade">Rhubarb Marmalade</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Pie" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Pie">Rhubarb Pie</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb_Pudding" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb Pudding">Rhubarb Pudding</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Strawberry_Rhubarb_Pie" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Strawberry Rhubarb Pie">Strawberry Rhubarb Pie</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhubarb displayed for sale at a market"><img alt="Rhubarb displayed for sale at a market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg/120px-Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg/180px-Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg/240px-Rhubarb_at_a_market_in_Genoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhubarb displayed for sale at a market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 19th-century apothecary jar for rhubarb"><img alt="A 19th-century apothecary jar for rhubarb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg/80px-A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg/120px-A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg/160px-A_19th_century_apothecary_jar_for_Rhubarb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> jar for rhubarb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_Rhubarb,_Dried_Fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dried strawberry-flavoured rhubarb"><img alt="Dried strawberry-flavoured rhubarb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg/120px-Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg/180px-Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg/240px-Strawberry_Rhubarb%2C_Dried_Fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dried strawberry-flavoured rhubarb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillips(1804)_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb!.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1804 illustration of a rhubarb seller in London"><img alt="1804 illustration of a rhubarb seller in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg/93px-Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg/140px-Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg/187px-Phillips%281804%29_p649_-_Russell_Square_-_Rhubarb%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="2007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1804 illustration of a rhubarb seller in London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-POWO_696744-1-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:696744-1">"<i>Rheum</i> × <i>hybridum</i> Murray"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Rheum+%C3%97+hybridum+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A696744-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foust-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foust_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoustMarshall1991" class="citation journal cs1">Foust, Clifford M.; Marshall, Dale E. (1 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/26/11/article-p1360.xml">"Culinary Rhubarb Production in North America: History and Recent Statistics"</a>. <i>HortScience</i>. <b>26</b> (11): 1360–1363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2Fhortsci.26.11.1360">10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-5345">0018-5345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=Culinary+Rhubarb+Production+in+North+America%3A+History+and+Recent+Statistics&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1360-1363&rft.date=1991-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2Fhortsci.26.11.1360&rft.issn=0018-5345&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Clifford+M.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Dale+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ashs.org%2Fhortsci%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fhortsci%2F26%2F11%2Farticle-p1360.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TanhSuojHart19-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TanhSuojHart19_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanhuanpääSuojala-AhlforsHartikainen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tanhuanpää, Pirjo; Suojala-Ahlfors, Terhi & Hartikainen, Merja (2019). "Genetic diversity of Finnish home garden rhubarbs (<i>Rheum</i> spp.) assessed by simple sequence repeat markers". <i>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 17–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-018-0692-8">10.1007/s10722-018-0692-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52821042">52821042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+of+Finnish+home+garden+rhubarbs+%28Rheum+spp.%29+assessed+by+simple+sequence+repeat+markers&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-25&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10722-018-0692-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52821042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tanhuanp%C3%A4%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Pirjo&rft.au=Suojala-Ahlfors%2C+Terhi&rft.au=Hartikainen%2C+Merja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibeEngl89-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LibeEngl89_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibertEnglund1989" class="citation journal cs1">Libert, Bo & Englund, Roger (1989). "Present Distribution and Ecology of <i>Rheum rhaponticum</i> (Polygonaceae)". <i>Willdenowia</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 91–98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3996925">3996925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Willdenowia&rft.atitle=Present+Distribution+and+Ecology+of+Rheum+rhaponticum+%28Polygonaceae%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-98&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3996925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Libert&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Englund%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2014" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftMSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Rhubarb Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Rhubarb Recipes</i></a>. Spokane Valley: Whispering Pine Press International. pp. 20, 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930948-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930948-00-6"><bdi>978-1-930948-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhubarb+Delights+Cookbook%3A+A+Collection+of+Rhubarb+Recipes&rft.place=Spokane+Valley&rft.pages=20%2C+22&rft.pub=Whispering+Pine+Press+International&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-930948-00-6&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Karen+Jean+Matsko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftMSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/Search-Results?form-mode=true&context=b%3D10%26hf%3D10%26l%3Den%26q%3Drheum%26s%3Ddesc%2528plant_merged%2529%26sl%3DplantForm&query=rhubarb">"RHS Plantfinder – Rhubarb"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Savage, GP (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/8/1/64.pdf">"Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 64–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-6047.1999.00038.x">10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00038.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24393738">24393738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Oxalate+content+of+foods+and+its+effect+on+humans.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-74&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-6047.1999.00038.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24393738&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Savage%2C+GP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjcn.nhri.org.tw%2Fserver%2FAPJCN%2F8%2F1%2F64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/cals/entomology/extension/idl/upload/Rhubarb-Curculio.pdf">"Extension & Public Outreach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cornell.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Extension+%26+Public+Outreach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entomology.cornell.edu%2Fcals%2Fentomology%2Fextension%2Fidl%2Fupload%2FRhubarb-Curculio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thompson, Fed S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rhubarborpieplan00thom#page/n5/mode/2up">Rhubarb or Pie Plant Culture</a>, 1894. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhubarborpieplan00thom/page/n6">1894</a>)</small></li> <li>Morse, J. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newrhubarbcultur01mors#page/n3/mode/2up">The New Rhubarb Culture</a>, 1901. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1">1901</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newrhubarbcultur00mors#page/n3/mode/2up">1903</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newrhubarbcultur00morsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">1909</a>)</small></li> <li>Bland, Reginald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/winterrhubarbcul00blan#page/n3/mode/2up">Winter rhubarb, culture and marketing</a>, 1915.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust1992" class="citation book cs1">Foust, Clifford M. (1992). <i>Rhubarb: the wondrous drug</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08747-4"><bdi>978-0-691-08747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhubarb%3A+the+wondrous+drug&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08747-4&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Clifford+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhubarb" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rhubarb">Rhubarb</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rhubarb" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rhubarb"> Rhubarb</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhubarb"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhubarb">"Rhubarb" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhubarb&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhubarb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717121244/http://www.rhubarbinfo.com/">Rhubarb Info</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhubarbinfo.com/">Rhubarb Compendium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Rhamnus_purshiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus purshiana">Cascara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangula" title="Frangula">Frangula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhubarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senna_(plant)" title="Senna (plant)">Senna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumex_crispus" title="Rumex crispus">Yellow dock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulk-forming agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium" title="Psyllium">Ispaghula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantago_major" title="Plantago major">Broadleaf plantain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragacanth" title="Tragacanth">Tragacanth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sugar-containing herbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rheum rhabarbarum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7535" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7535">Q7535</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rheum_rhabarbarum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Rheum rhabarbarum">Rheum rhabarbarum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38792">38792</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4S6BX">4S6BX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/485576">485576</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/RHERH">RHERH</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242343402">242343402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242343402">242343402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2888867">2888867</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=404883">404883</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51251">51251</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=22049">22049</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/301818-2">301818-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10452745">10452745</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=504747">504747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.961292/">2.961292</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3621">3621</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1ef9ddfe-9b8b-4555-8638-f22261f0394c">1ef9ddfe-9b8b-4555-8638-f22261f0394c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2886">2886</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/141287/">141287</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=693832">693832</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Rheum_rhabarbarum">Rheum_rhabarbarum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=10521">10521</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2425570">kew-2425570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/RHRH2">RHRH2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A301818-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301818-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176312/wd/Details">176312</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/26001783">26001783</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5882701">5882701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8199">8199</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000404478">wfo-0000404478</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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