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mărturii arheologice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dumnezeii_evreilor_-_mărturii_arheologice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argumente_pro_și_contra_existenței_lui_Dumnezeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argumente_pro_și_contra_existenței_lui_Dumnezeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Argumente pro și contra existenței lui Dumnezeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argumente_pro_și_contra_existenței_lui_Dumnezeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribuția_credinței_în_Dumnezeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribuția_credinței_în_Dumnezeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribuția credinței în Dumnezeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribuția_credinței_în_Dumnezeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procesul_contra_lui_Dumnezeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procesul_contra_lui_Dumnezeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procesul contra lui Dumnezeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procesul_contra_lui_Dumnezeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dumnezeu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 203 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott" title="Gott – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gott" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кудай – altaică meridională" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Кудай" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="altaică meridională" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AD" title="እግዚአብሔር – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እግዚአብሔር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaji" title="Awaji – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Awaji" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईश्वर – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईश्वर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%90" title="ܐܠܗܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܗܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভগৱান – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভগৱান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatitu" title="Tatitu – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tatitu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanr%C4%B1" title="Tanrı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تانری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تانری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хоҙай – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хоҙай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs" title="Dievs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dievs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="परमेसर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमेसर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="ঈশ্বর – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doue" title="Doue – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doue" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Бурхан (монотеизм) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бурхан (монотеизм)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9u" title="Déu – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Déu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дела – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дела" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginoo" title="Ginoo – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ginoo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خوا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu" title="Diu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Diu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%AFh" title="Bůh – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bůh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Богъ – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Богъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83" title="Турă – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duw" title="Duw – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Duw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud_(monoteistisk)" title="Gud (monoteistisk) – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gud (monoteistisk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naawuni" title="Naawuni – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Naawuni" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott" title="Gott – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gott" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa" title="Homa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Homa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Mawu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Θεός – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumal" title="Jumal – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jumal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainko_(monoteismo)" title="Jainko (monoteismo) – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainko (monoteismo)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خدا – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumala" title="Jumala – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jummal" title="Jummal – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jummal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu – fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Mawu" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dieu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu" title="Diu – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Diu" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(monote%C3%AFsme)" title="God (monoteïsme) – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="God (monoteïsme)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia" title="Dia – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondj%C3%A9" title="Bondjé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bondjé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia" title="Dia – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus" title="Deus – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3" title="Tupã – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deu" title="Deu – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Deu" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eya" title="Eya – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Eya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8" title="𐌲𐌿𐌸 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌿𐌸" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0" title="ઈશ્વર – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈશ્વર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee" title="Jee – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-ti" title="Song-ti – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Song-ti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אלוהים – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלוהים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईश्वर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईश्वर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondye" title="Bondye – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bondye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isten" title="Isten – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isten" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Աստված – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deo" title="Deo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deo" title="Deo – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Deo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Даьла – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Даьла" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deo" title="Deo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B0" title="Guð – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E" title="唯一神 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="唯一神" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hyang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ღმერთი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღმერთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yillu" title="Yillu – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yillu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D" title="Тхьэ – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тхьэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%94" title="Ɛsɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gwaza" title="A̱gwaza – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gwaza" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Құдай – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құдай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B" title="ព្រះជាម្ចាស់ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះជាម្ចាស់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8A%90%EB%8B%98" title="하느님 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하느님" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%92" title="خۄداے – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خۄداے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweda" title="Xweda – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xweda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duw" title="Duw – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Duw" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus" title="Deus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott" title="Gott – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gott" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA" title="Dê – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Dê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AE" title="Dî – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dî" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(monoteesim)" title="Dio (monoteesim) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dio (monoteesim)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%A1mbe" title="Nzámbe – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzámbe" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievas" title="Dievas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dievas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs" title="Dievs – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dievs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_(tokana)" title="Andriamanitra (tokana) – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra (tokana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ദൈവം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൈവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бурхан – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бурхан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईश्वर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ईश्वर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dius" title="Dius – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dius" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဖန်ဆင်းရှင်သခင် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖန်ဆင်းရှင်သခင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Паз – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Паз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خادا – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خادا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott" title="Gott – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gott" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईश्वर – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ईश्वर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईश्वर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ईश्वर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(monothe%C3%AFsme)" title="God (monotheïsme) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="God (monotheïsme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud" title="Gud – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gud" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud" title="Gud – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߊߟߊ߫ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9u" title="Dùu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dùu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modimo" title="Modimo – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Modimo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dieu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumal" title="Jumal – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jumal" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaqa" title="Waaqa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waaqa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Хуыцау – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуыцау" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC" title="ਰੱਬ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੱਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu" title="Diu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Diu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3g" title="Bóg – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bóg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/De" title="De – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="De" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خدا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خدا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus" title="Deus – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuyaya" title="Apuyaya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apuyaya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Dieu" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devel" title="Devel – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Devel" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnidz%C4%83" title="Dumnidză – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Dumnidză" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imana" title="Imana – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imana" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="ईश्वरः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ईश्वरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Таҥара – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таҥара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱜᱚᱥᱟᱸᱭ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱚᱥᱟᱸᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu" title="Diu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خدا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خدا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="දෙවියන්වහන්සේ – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවියන්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boh" title="Boh – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwari" title="Mwari – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mwari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ABndia" title="Perëndia – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perëndia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkulunkulu" title="Nkulunkulu – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Nkulunkulu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumelo" title="Tumelo – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tumelo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud" title="Gud – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungu" title="Mungu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%AFg" title="Bůg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bůg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கடவுள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடவுள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="దేవుడు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దేవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Худо – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Худо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="พระเป็นเจ้า – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเป็นเจ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanr%C4%B1" title="Tanrı – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xikwembu" title="Xikwembu – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xikwembu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ходай – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ходай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiuta" title="Chiuta – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chiuta" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awurade" title="Awurade – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Awurade" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%AD%D8%B1%D9%89" title="تەڭرى – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تەڭرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бог – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бог" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خدا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خدا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudo" title="Xudo – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xudo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio" title="Dio – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumal" title="Jumal – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jumal" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_Ch%C3%BAa" title="Thiên Chúa – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên Chúa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Diu" title="Bon Diu – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bon Diu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diyos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A0lla" title="Yàlla – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yàlla" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89" title="神（一神教） – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神（一神教）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UThixo" title="UThixo – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UThixo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ღორონთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ღორონთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%98" title="גאט – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E_(%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99)" title="神 (一神教) – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神 (一神教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%8Dng-t%C3%A8" title="Siōng-tè – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siōng-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上帝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNkulunkulu" title="UNkulunkulu – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNkulunkulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Dumnezeu"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dumnezeu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:God_in_monotheistic_religions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dumnezeu" hreflang="ro"><span>Wikicitat</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><i>Dumnezeu</i>, detaliu din fresca <a href="/wiki/Facerea_lui_Adam" title="Facerea lui Adam">Facerea lui Adam</a> din <a href="/wiki/Capela_Sixtin%C4%83" title="Capela Sixtină">Capela Sixtină</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (cca. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>), un foarte cunoscut exemplu al <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_Tat%C4%83l_%C3%AEn_arta_occidental%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu Tatăl în arta occidentală">reprezentării divinității în artă</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Parte a <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Dumnezeu" title="Categorie:Dumnezeu">seriei</a> despre </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/145px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/218px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/290px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="911" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lightskyblue; padding:0.2em; font-size:175%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumnezeu</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>Concepții generale</b></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Apateism" title="Apateism">Apateism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">Ateism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Henoteism" title="Henoteism">Henoteism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" title="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Monoteism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Politeism" title="Politeism">Politeism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Panenteism" title="Panenteism">Panenteism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Panteism" title="Panteism">Panteism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Teism" title="Teism">Teism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Transteism" title="Transteism">Transteism</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concep%C8%9Bii_despre_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concepții despre Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Concepții specifice</a></b></span><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeitate_Creatoare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeitate Creatoare — pagină inexistentă">Creator</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Arhitect_al_Universului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mare Arhitect al Universului — pagină inexistentă">Arhitect</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Demiurg" title="Demiurg">Demiurg</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_Diavolul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu Diavolul — pagină inexistentă">Diavol</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_Sus%C8%9Bin%C4%83torul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu Susținătorul — pagină inexistentă">Susținător</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_Tat%C4%83l" title="Dumnezeu Tatăl">Tatăl</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monad%C4%83_(simbol)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monadă (simbol) — pagină inexistentă">Monadă</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Unitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiin%C8%9B%C4%83_suprem%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ființă supremă — pagină inexistentă">Ființă supremă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totul — pagină inexistentă">Totul</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_personal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu personal — pagină inexistentă">Personal</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarianism">Unitar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diteism" class="mw-redirect" title="Diteism">Dualism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Treime" title="Sfânta Treime">Trinitate</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_religiile_abrahamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în religiile abrahamice — pagină inexistentă">în religiile abrahamice</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu în Bahá'í">Credința Bahá'í</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Cre%C8%99tinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu în Creștinism">Creștinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu în Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iudaism</a>)<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teologia_Ayyavazhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teologia Ayyavazhi — pagină inexistentă">în Ayyavazhi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Budism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Budism — pagină inexistentă">în Budism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Hinduism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Hinduism — pagină inexistentă">în Hinduism</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Jainism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Jainism — pagină inexistentă">în Jainism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Sikhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Sikhism — pagină inexistentă">în Sikhism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">în Zoroastrianism</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>Atribute</b></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eternitate#God_and_eternity" title="Eternitate">Eternitate</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Existen%C8%9Ba_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Existența lui Dumnezeu">Existența</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genul_lui_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genul lui Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Gen</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numele_lui_Dumnezeu_(dezambiguizare)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numele lui Dumnezeu (dezambiguizare) — pagină inexistentă">Nume</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_(cuv%C3%A2nt)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu (cuvânt) — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Omnibenevolență">Omnibenevolență</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Omnipoten%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Omnipotență">Omnipotență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Omniprezen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniprezență">Omniprezență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omniscien%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnisciență — pagină inexistentă">Omnisciență</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>Experiența și practicile</b></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Soart%C4%83" title="Soartă">Soartă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rug%C4%83ciune" title="Rugăciune">Rugăciune</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Credin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Credință">Credință</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Revela%C8%9Bie" title="Revelație">Revelație</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosis</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Metafizic%C4%83" title="Metafizică">Metafizică</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mistic%C4%83" title="Mistică">Mistică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ermetism" title="Ermetism">Ermetism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ezoterism" title="Ezoterism">Ezoterism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Evlavie" title="Evlavie">Evlavie</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>Subiecte conexe</b></span><br /> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iisus_Hristos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iisus Hristos">Iisus Hristos</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">Filosofie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">Religie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie">Ontologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu complex — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu complex</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuroteologie — pagină inexistentă">Neuroteologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dilema_din_Eutyphron" title="Dilema din Eutyphron">Dilema din Eutyphron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului" title="Problema răului">Problema răului</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_Tat%C4%83l_%C3%AEn_art%C4%83" title="Dumnezeu Tatăl în artă">Dumnezeu în artă</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texte_religioase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texte religioase — pagină inexistentă">Texte religioase</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Dumnezeu" title="Format:Dumnezeu"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Dumnezeu" title="Discuție Format:Dumnezeu"><span title="Discuție format" style=";">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Dumnezeu&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";">m</span></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Parte a seriei despre</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em">Atributele lui <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_cre%C8%99tinism" title="Dumnezeu în creștinism">Dumnezeu</a> din<br /><a href="/wiki/Teologie_cre%C8%99tin%C4%83" title="Teologie creștină">teologia creștină</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;line-height:1.7em;padding-top:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Aseitate" title="Aseitate">Aseitate</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eternitate" title="Eternitate">Eternitate</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Har_(cre%C8%99tinism)" title="Har (creștinism)">Har</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sfin%C8%9Benie" title="Sfințenie">Sfințenie</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Imanen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Imanență">Imanență</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imutabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imutabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Imutabilitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impasibilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impasibilitate — pagină inexistentă">Impasibilitate</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impecabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impecabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Impecabilitate</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorporalitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incorporalitate — pagină inexistentă">Incorporalitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelozia_%C3%AEn_religie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelozia în religie — pagină inexistentă">Gelozie</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Omnibenevolență">Omnibenevolență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Missio_dei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missio dei — pagină inexistentă">Misiune</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bun%C4%83tate" title="Bunătate">Bunătate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Omnipoten%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Omnipotență">Omnipotență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Omniprezen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniprezență">Omniprezență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omni%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omniștiință — pagină inexistentă">Omniștiință</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Unicitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Providen%C8%9Ba_lui_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Providența lui Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Providență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreptatea_lui_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dreptatea lui Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Dreptate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplitatea_lui_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplitatea lui Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Simplitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcenden%C8%9B%C4%83_(religie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendență (religie) — pagină inexistentă">Transcendență</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Treime" title="Sfânta Treime">Trinitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinii_religioase_despre_adev%C4%83r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinii religioase despre adevăr — pagină inexistentă">Justețe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedeaps%C4%83_divin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedeapsă divină — pagină inexistentă">Mânie</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Atributele_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Format:Atributele lui Dumnezeu"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Atributele_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Discuție Format:Atributele lui Dumnezeu"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Atributele_lui_Dumnezeu&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_002.png 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Reprezentare artistică a Dumnezeului <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tin" title="Creștin">creștin</a>. Gravură în lemn, <i>Die Bibel in Bildern</i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld — pagină inexistentă">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dumnezeu</b> este <a href="/wiki/Divinitate" title="Divinitate">divinitatea</a> supremă a celor trei religii <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">monoteiste</a> <a href="/wiki/Avraam" title="Avraam">avraamice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">iudaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. Prin extensie, este termenul sinonim cu acela de „divinitate, zeitate, zeu/zeiță”. În general se poate determina la care din cele două sensuri face referire un text, prin faptul că în prima sa accepțiune termenul este scris cu majusculă, iar în cealaltă cu literă mică. </p><p>În primul sens, termenul „Dumnezeu” corespunde tetragramei ebraice <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>, ce este un <a href="/wiki/Acronim" title="Acronim">acronim</a>; transliterarea acestei tetragrame mai cunoaște și formele <i>YHVH</i>, <i>JHVH</i> sau <i>JHWH</i>. În lipsa altor precizări, în vorbirea curentă „Dumnezeu” desemnează Dumnezeul <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">evreilor</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinilor</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmanilor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_la_dumnezei_la_Dumnezeu">De la dumnezei la Dumnezeu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: De la dumnezei la Dumnezeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: De la dumnezei la Dumnezeu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multă vreme populația regatelor <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> și Israel l-au venerat pe YHWH (vocalizat ca Yahweh sau Yahwe), un zeu tribal propriu, în schimbul speratei protecții din partea acestuia, fără a nega însă existența divinităților țărilor vecine. Această practică se numește „monolatrie”, evreii având chiar perioade în care s-au rugat ocazional la aceste zeități. Astfel, <a href="/wiki/Biblie" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblie">Biblia</a> ne spune (1 Cronici 14:7) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> că regele <a href="/wiki/David_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="David (Israel)">David</a> a avut un fiu numit „Baaliada” (sau „Beeliada”) , adică „Baal știe” (Baal fiind una dintre principalele zeități cananeene, alături de „El”) și că <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, și el, a avut un fiu numit Eșbaal (1 Cronici 8:33) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, adică „omul lui Baal”. Biblia (Ieșire 15:11) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> îl citează pe Moise spunând: „Cine e ca Tine între dumnezei Doamne?”. Psalmul 86:8 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reia și el ideea: „Nimeni nu e ca tine între dumnezei, Doamne”. În alți psalmi (e.g.,82:1) <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dumnezeul evreilor ni se spune că stă de vorbă într-o <i>adunare de dumnezei</i> („[. . .] El judecă <i>în mijlocul dumnezeilor</i>.”) sau „<i>alți dumnezei se închină Lui</i>” (Psalm 97:7 - 9) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aceeași idee a „zeului nostru printre alți zei” este reluată și-n Exod (18:11) <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unde Ietro, socrul lui Moise, declară: „Cunosc acum că Domnul este mai mare decât toți dumnezeii;” De unde concluzia că folosirea pentru YHWH a substantivului comun plural „dumnezei” („Elohim” pluralul de la „El”/„Eloha”), în afară de a sugera un plural de politețe indică și spre multitudinea de zei/divinități pe care acesta le-a înlocuit în cursul procesului de trecere a religiei evreiești spre monoteism. La <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">babilonieni</a>, zeul <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> întruchipează din ce în ce mai mulți zei (Lugal-Aki, Nirig, Nergal, Bel și Nebo). Acest fenomen de unificare a panteonului național are corespondență și în religia Egiptului, deși nici babilonienii, nici egiptenii nu au atins monoteismul iudaic. Există și alte destul de numeroase instanțe în care Biblia (Vechiul Testament) mai trădează politeismul<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> autorilor ei, care însă ele nu sunt neapărat evidente în textele traduse cât e cazul în cel original ebraic. Un exemplu este Facere 6 unde versetele în ebraică trădează o insistentă dar puțin de imaginativă intervenție care comporta repetiții peste repetiții, solilocvii ad hoc și erori gramaticale insolubile și probabil inevitabile, totul pentru a camufla contextul politeist în care a fost gândit mitul potopului original, anume acela în care avea loc un conflict între diverse grupuri și ierarhii de zei, așa cum știm că se întâmplă în variantele mesopotamiene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dovezi arheologice vin să sprijine textul biblic, demonstrând că în perioada monarhică, sub <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, evreii divinizau mai mulți dumnezei în afară de YHWH, precum <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, Așera (soția lui YHWH)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burriedsecrets_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burriedsecrets-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Milkon și Kemos. Panteonul evreiesc era ierarhic, în el intrând și kerubimi (sau heruvimi), inițial personificări ai norilor furtunii, ființe fantastice cu aripi de acvilă cunoscute și de către alte populații canaaneene <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, serafimi (șerpi înaripați) etc.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În limba română termenul este un împrumut de la <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83g%C3%A2nism" title="Păgânism">păgânism</a>, el provenind din latinescul „Domine Deus”, mai exact din forma sa populară fără „i” („Domne Deus”), „veche invocație păgână adoptată și de creștini pentru unicul lor Dumnezeu”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepții_despre_Dumnezeu"><span id="Concep.C8.9Bii_despre_Dumnezeu"></span>Concepții despre Dumnezeu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Concepții despre Dumnezeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Concepții despre Dumnezeu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-notice ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Puteți <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit">îmbunătăți această secțiune</a> extinzând-o.</b><br /> Mai multe informații ar putea fi găsite pe <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Dumnezeu" title="Discuție:Dumnezeu">pagina de discuții</a> sau la <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cereri_de_extindere" title="Wikipedia:Cereri de extindere">cereri de extindere</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepția_creștină"><span id="Concep.C8.9Bia_cre.C8.99tin.C4.83"></span>Concepția creștină</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Concepția creștină" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Concepția creștină"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_cre%C8%99tinism" title="Dumnezeu în creștinism">Dumnezeu în creștinism</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinism</a>, Dumnezeu, <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>, este văzut ca fiind creatorul Pământului și al Lumii. </p><p>De obicei se consideră că are atributele de <b>sfințenie</b> (separat de păcat și incoruptibil), <b>justețe</b> (are dreptate în toate), <b>suveranitate</b> (are voință proprie), <b>omnipotență</b> (atotputernic), <b>omniștiință</b> (atotștiutor), <b>omnibenevolență</b> (atotiubitor) și <b>ubicuitate</b> (omniprezent). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/200px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/300px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/400px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Primul din <a href="/wiki/Cele_99_de_nume_ale_lui_Allah" title="Cele 99 de nume ale lui Allah">cele 99 de nume ale lui Allah</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepția_islamică"><span id="Concep.C8.9Bia_islamic.C4.83"></span>Concepția islamică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Concepția islamică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Concepția islamică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Alah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alah">Alah</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Dumnezeu poartă numele de <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>. Profetul <a href="/wiki/Mahomed" title="Mahomed">Mahomed</a>, întemeietorul acestei religii, arată că Allah este același cu Dumnezeul biblic. De asemenea, Isus apare în revelațiile lui. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepția_iudaică"><span id="Concep.C8.9Bia_iudaic.C4.83"></span>Concepția iudaică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Concepția iudaică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Concepția iudaică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">Iudaismul</a> este cea mai veche religie abrahamică, având însă un număr mai redus de credincioși. <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">Iudaismul</a>, centrat pe existența unui Dumnezeu revelat lui <a href="/wiki/Moise" title="Moise">Moise</a>, a jucat un rol esențial în păstrarea <a href="/wiki/Identitate_na%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Identitate națională">identității naționale</a> a poporului evreu și formarea <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Statului Israel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ajrud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/220px-Ajrud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/330px-Ajrud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/440px-Ajrud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Imagine al unui fragment de oală ceramică găsit la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> deasupra inscripției „Berakhti etkhem l’YHVH Shomron ul’Asherato”</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dumnezeii_evreilor_-_mărturii_arheologice"><span id="Dumnezeii_evreilor_-_m.C4.83rturii_arheologice"></span>Dumnezeii evreilor - mărturii arheologice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dumnezeii evreilor - mărturii arheologice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dumnezeii evreilor - mărturii arheologice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Înainte și în cursul perioadei monarhice, evreii au cunoscut fenomenul monolatriei. Atât dovezile arheologice cât și textele biblice redau tensiunile dintre grupuri care acceptau adorarea lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>, sau Dumnezeu, împreună cu zeități locale, ca <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> și <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, și cei care țineau la a-l adora numai pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sursa deuteronomică oferă dovezi ale existenței unei puternice facțiuni monoteiste în timpul domniei regelui <a href="/wiki/Iozia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iozia">Iozia</a>, spre sfârșitul secolului al VII-lea î.e.n., dar puterea și prevalența unei adorări monoteiste anterioare a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> este pusă la îndoială, având la bază interpretări despre cât de mult se bazează istoria deuteronomică pe surse anterioare ei și cât de mult a fost reformulată ea de redactorii deuteronomici în scopul de a-și impune punctele lor de vedere teologice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mărturiile arheologice indică un politeism larg răspândit în <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> și în jurul său în perioada monarhiei.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Stâlp cultic</dt></dl> <p>De exemplu, un stâlp cultic din secolul al X-lea î.e.n. din Taanach (un oraș din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> de Nord, lângă <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>) are implicații politeiste evidente. Stâlpul are patru nivele sau registre. În registrul de jos, sau pe nivelul patru, se află o figură de femeie cu mâinile așezate pe capetele a doi lei care stau așezați la dreapta și la stânga ei. Figura de femeie poate fi interpretată drept zeiță, fie <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anat — pagină inexistentă">Anat</a>. Al treilea registru are două figuri de sfinx aripi cu un loc liber între ele. Al doilea nivel conține un arbore sacru flancat de ambele părți de ibiși care stau pe picioarele lor din spate. Registrul de sus arată un patruped (o bovină sau un cal) cu un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disc_solar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disc solar — pagină inexistentă">disc solar</a> deasupra lui. Nu este cert dacă Taanach a fost fie sub control <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelit</a> fie sub control canaanit când a fost produs stâlpul, iar interpretările lui diferă <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dacă patrupedul de pe nivelul de sus este luat drept bovină, el poate fi identificat fie cu <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> fie cu <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>. Discul solar de deasupra patrupedului reprezintă fie zeul Soarelui fie cerul <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Cei mai mulți autori sunt de acord că arborele sacru din al doilea registru trebuie identificat cu o <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a>, deși arborele stilizat este adesea văzut drept obiect de cult mai degrabă decât imagine a unei zeițe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figurile de tipul sfinxului înaripat de pe al doilea nivel au fost interpretate drept heruvimi iar spațiul dintre ele îl reprezintă pe invizibilul <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> ca „stând pe tronul făcut din heruvimi” deși spațiul liber poate fi de asemenea interpretat ca permițând observatorilor să vadă un foc sau o figurină dinăuntrul stâlpului.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși sunt posibile o varietate de interpretări, Mark S. Smith conchide că „Pe scurt, asumând datarea corectă a acestui stâlp în secolul al X-lea, stâlpul atestă politeismul din zonă.”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Combinație de iconografii și inscripții</dt></dl> <p>Alt exemplu de politeism din <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantul</a> de Sud a fost descoperirea unei combinații de iconografii și inscripții la un centru religios/loc de poposire pentru călători de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a>, în nordul deșertului <a href="/wiki/Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai">Sinai</a>, care datează din secolul al VIII-lea î.e.n.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printre multe alte artefacte se afla un mare vas de păstrat alimente care a atras multă atenție. Fața vasului conține iconografie arătând trei figuri antropomorfice și o inscripție care se referă la „<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a> … și a sa <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a>”. Inscripțiile conduc la identificarea rapidă a două din figurile care stau în prim-plan ca reprezentându-l pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> și soția lui, <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>, dar cercetări ulterioare le-au identificat drept figuri Bes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Câțiva cercetători, inclusiv William G. Dever <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, și Judith Hadley<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuă să interpreteze inscripția într-un mod în care ea se referă la <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> drept zeiță <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelită</a> și soția lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Cercetări privind consoarta lui Dumnezeu</dt></dl> <p>William Dever a scris o carte numită „Did God Have a Wife?” [A avut Dumnezeu o soție?] care se referă la dovezile arheologice, printre care multe figurine femeiești dezgropate din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic, care susțin ipoteza sa că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> a funcționat drept zeiță și soție a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> în religia populară <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israeliană</a> din perioada monarhică. Un recenzent consideră că teoria lui Dever „este plină de lacune iar cartea e plină de dezinformări.”<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opus interpretării „așerei” drept zeiță în inscripțiile din Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, alți câțiva autori, inclusiv Mark S. Smith <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, John Day <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, și Andre Lemaire <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, văd <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a> din aceste inscripții ca un obiect de cult, arbore stilizat sau loc de închinare prin care binecuvântările lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> erau comunicate, mai degrabă decât o zeiță care ar putea funcționa drept soție.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: „Nici iconografia nici textele nu ne pot obliga să interpretăm relația dintre ‘<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a> ... și a sa <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a>’ din Epoca Fierului IIB în sensul unei relații (determinată sexual) dintre două forțe care ar fi împerecheate și să ne oblige astfel să acceptăm că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a> ar avea statut de parteneră. ‘<a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a>’ nu era egală în rang cu <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> ci este mai degrabă o entitate mediatoare care aduce binecuvântările lui și este concepută mental sub forma unui arbore stilizat, care îi era astfel subordonat lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru Mark S. Smith (vezi citarea imediat anterioară) însă, asimilarea zeiței Așera cu un obiect de cult, arbore stilizat sau loc de închinare în perioada monarhiei nu exclude deloc admiterea faptului că Așera fusese în mod demonstrabil o zeiță (evreiască) adorată în perioadele anterioare.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, acesta nerespingând teza lui Dever, susținând doar că din punctul lui de vedere aceasta nu este suficient demonstrată.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arheologii și istoricii ne oferă o multitudine de căi de a organiza și interpreta informația iconografică și textuală disponibilă. William G. Dever distinge între „religia oficială/religia de stat/religia cărții” ale elitei și „religia populară” a maselor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainer Albertz distinge „religia oficială” de „religia familială”, „pietatea personală” și „pluralismul religios intern”.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacques Berlinerblau analizează dovezile în termenii unei „religii oficiale” și „religii populare” din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Într-o carte descrisă de William G. Dever drept „studiu magistral”,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrick D. Miller a grupat pe larg adorarea lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic în trei mari categorii: ortodoxă, heterodoxă și sincretistă (Miller recunoaște faptul că ortodoxia unuia înseamnă heterodoxie pentru altul și că ortodoxia nu era o realitate fixă și imuabilă în religia <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelului</a> antic).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="clear:right; width:14.0em; float:right; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#FFC569; padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <p><br /> <span style="font-size:175%;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religie_tradi%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religie tradițională — pagină inexistentă">Religie tradițională</a></b></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.75em 0 0.15em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aum"><img alt="Aum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/60px-Sun_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/90px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/120px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <th> <p><br /> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background:#FFC569;"><b>Concepte cheie</b></div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumnezeu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt_(mitologie)" title="Pământ (mitologie)">Pământ</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Zeitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitate">Zeitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Prezicere" title="Prezicere">Prezicere</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ofrand%C4%83" title="Ofrandă">Sacrificiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_lumi_subterane" class="mw-redirect" title="Listă de lumi subterane">Lume subterană</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epoca_de_aur_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca de aur (mitologie)">Epoca de aur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ini%C8%9Bierea" class="mw-redirect" title="Inițierea">Inițierea</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axis_mundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axis mundi — pagină inexistentă">Axa lumii</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arborele_lumii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arborele lumii — pagină inexistentă">Arborele lumii</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mit" title="Mit">Mit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Monoteism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Politeism" title="Politeism">Politeism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sfin%C8%9Benie" title="Sfințenie">Sfințenie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietre_sacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietre sacre — pagină inexistentă">Pietre sacre</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sincretism" title="Sincretism">Sincretism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Societate_secret%C4%83" title="Societate secretă">Societate secretă</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background:#FFC569;"><b>Primele forme de religie</b></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zoolatrie" title="Zoolatrie">Zoolatrie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cultul_mor%C8%9Bilor" title="Cultul morților">Cultul morților</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magie_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magie (paranormal)">Magie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polidoxie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polidoxie — pagină inexistentă">Polidoxie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Feti%C8%99ism" title="Fetișism">Fetișism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98amanism" title="Șamanism">Șamanism</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background:#FFC569;"><b>Locuri istorice</b></div> <p>Asia <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bon_(religie)" title="Bon (religie)">Bon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Budism" title="Budism">Budism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98amanism_coreean" class="mw-redirect" title="Șamanism coreean">Mugyo</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%C8%98intoism" title="Șintoism">Șintoism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>)</small> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>) <br /> Africa <small>(<a href="/wiki/Religia_%C3%AEn_Egiptul_antic" class="mw-redirect" title="Religia în Egiptul antic">Egiptul antic</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Religie_tradi%C8%9Bional%C4%83_african%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Religie tradițională africană">Africa de Sud și Centrală</a>)</small> <br /> Orientul Mijlociu și zona mediteraneană <br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrism" title="Zoroastrism">Zoroastrism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">Iudaism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">Creștinism</a>)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Civiliza%C8%9Bii_precolumbiene#Religia" title="Civilizații precolumbiene">America precolumbiană</a> <br /> Europa precreștină <small><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Mitologie_nordic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitologie nordică">Triburi germanice</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitologie_armean%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitologie armeană — pagină inexistentă">Armenia antică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_greac%C4%83" title="Mitologia greacă">Grecia antică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mitologie_celtic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitologie celtică">Celți</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mitologie_slav%C4%83" title="Mitologie slavă">Slavi</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background:#FFC569;"><b>Oameni</b></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohen — pagină inexistentă">Kohen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Casta_Brahmanilor" title="Casta Brahmanilor">Brahman</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Preo%C8%9Bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Preoție">Preot</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lama_(budism)" title="Lama (budism)">Lama</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magician_(paranormal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magician (paranormal) — pagină inexistentă">Mag</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobad — pagină inexistentă">Mobad</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Monah" class="mw-redirect" title="Monah">Monah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Oracol_grec" title="Oracol grec">Oracol</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%C8%98aman" title="Șaman">Șaman</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volhv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volhv — pagină inexistentă">Volhv</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background:#FFC569;"><b>Entități supranaturale</b></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90lbasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аlbasta — pagină inexistentă">Аlbasta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enger" title="Înger">Înger</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(filozofie)" title="Spirit (filozofie)">Duh</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Daevas" title="Daevas">Daevas</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2rcolac" title="Vârcolac">Vârcolac</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stafie" title="Stafie">Fantomă</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciort — pagină inexistentă">Ciort</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pricolici" title="Pricolici">Pricolici</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Religie_tradi%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Format:Religie tradițională"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Religie_tradi%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Religie tradițională — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Religie_tradi%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";">m</span></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Interpretarea dovezilor arheologice</dt></dl> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Idolatria poporului lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> nu era o abatere de la un monoteism anterior al lor. Ea era de fapt felul în care poporul lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> se închina de sute de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div><div class="templatequotecite">—Israel Finkelstein și Neil Asher Silberman, <i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts.</i></div></blockquote> <p>Conform <a href="/wiki/Ipoteza_documentar%C4%83" title="Ipoteza documentară">ipotezei documentare</a>, majoritatea celor patruzeci de referințe la <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> din cadrul <a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Bibliei ebraice</a> derivă de la redactorul istoriei deuteronomiste (cărțile lui Iosua, Samuel, Judecătorilor și Regilor), redactor numit D sau <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistul</a>, fiind întotdeauna exprimate în context ostil: <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistul</a> judecă regii lui <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> și ai lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> conform de cât de riguros au susținut Iahvismul, combătând adorarea Așerei și a altor zeități. Despre regele <a href="/wiki/Manase" title="Manase">Manase</a>, el afirmă de exemplu că a așezat un stâlp al Așerei în <a href="/wiki/Templul_din_Ierusalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Templul din Ierusalim">Templul din Ierusalim</a>, el fiind prin urmare cineva care <i>„a făcut ce era rău în ochii DOMNULUI”</i> (<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_21" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 21">Imparati 21:7</a>), în timp ce regele <a href="/wiki/Ezechia" title="Ezechia">Ezechia</a> „a distrus locurile înalte, a spart stâlpii și a spart <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>” (<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_18" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 18">Imparati 18:4</a>), prin urmare fiind considerat drept cel mai virtuos rege al lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> dinaintea venirii reformatorului <a href="/wiki/Iozia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iozia">Iozia</a>, sub domnia căruia a fost scrisă istoria deuteronomistă. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Biblia ebraică</a> folosește termenul de <i><a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a></i> în două sensuri, drept obiect de cult și ca nume divin.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ca obiect de cult <i><a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a></i> poate fi „făcut”, „doborât” și „ars”, iar <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Deuteronom/Capitolul_16" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Deuteronom/Capitolul 16">Deuteronom 16:21</a> interzice plantarea de copaci ca <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a>, sugerând că se referă la un copac stilizat sau trunchi cioplit.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte versete se referă clar la o zeiță, cum ar fi de exemplu <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_23" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 23">Imparati 23:4-7</a>, în care sunt făcute obiecte „pentru <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> și <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referințele la <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a> din <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Isaia/Capitolul_17" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Isaia/Capitolul 17">Isaia 17:8</a> și <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Isaia/Capitolul_2" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Isaia/Capitolul 2">Isaia 2:8</a> sugerează că în gândirea antică nu se făcea distincție între obiect și zeiță.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscripții invocând binecuvântări de la „<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> și <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">așerah</a> a sa” au fost găsite în două situri de pe teritoriul anticului <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a>, iar una dintre ele include un desen al două figuri care pot să-l reprezinte pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> și pe <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> ca soție a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este posibil că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> era asociată cu regina principală din vechiul <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> și din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, iar această asociere fermă cu cultul regilor ar putea lămuri dispariția completă a zeiței atunci când monarhia a dispărut.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Așerah</dt></dl> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Dever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Dever — pagină inexistentă">William G. Dever</a> a sugerat că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> era adorată drept <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C4%83teasa_cerului_(antichitate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Împărăteasa cerului (antichitate) — pagină inexistentă">împărăteasa cerului</a> (evreii coceau mici prăjituri pentru serbarea sărbătorii ei),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Day_(cercet%C4%83tor_al_Vechiului_Testament)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Day (cercetător al Vechiului Testament) — pagină inexistentă">John Day</a> afirmă că „nu există nimic din primul mileniu î.e.n. care să denote că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> era «împărăteasa cerului» sau s-o asocieze pe ea în mod special cu cerul.”<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figurinele Așerei sunt mărturii arheologice extrem de întâlnite, indicând popularitatea cultului ei din cele mai vechi timpuri până la exilul în Babilon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai rare sunt inscripțiile care-l leagă pe <a href="/wiki/YHVH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHVH">Iahveh</a> de <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>, care au fost descoperite: un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrakon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrakon — pagină inexistentă">ostrakon</a> din sec. al VIII-lea î.e.n. înscris cu „Berakhti etkhem l’<a href="/wiki/YHVH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHVH">YHVH</a> Shomron ul’Asherato” (ebraică: בירכתי אתכם ליהוה שומרון ולאשרתו) a fost descoperit de arheologi <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelieni</a> la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> în cursul excavărilor din deșertul Sinai în 1975. Aceasta se traduce ca: „Te-am binecuvântat prin <a href="/wiki/YHVH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHVH">YHVH</a> din Samaria și Așerah a Sa” (sau poate „... prin <a href="/wiki/YHVH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHVH">YHVH</a> păzitorul nostrul și Așerah a Sa”, dacă „Shomron” ar trebui citit ca „shomrenu”). Altă inscripție, din Khirbet el-Kom (de lângă Hebron) scrie: „Binecuvântat fie Uriyahu de către <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> și de Așerah a Sa; el l-a salvat de dușmanii săi!”.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilde Binger observă în studiul ei <i>Asherah: Goddesses in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament</i> (1997, p. 141), că există mărturii că <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a> poate fi văzută ca fiind „o stelă de lemn neiconică sau o columnă de un anumit fel, un copac viu sau o statuie mai obișnuită.” O statuie de lemn cioplită din topor și plantată în solul casei era simbolul Așerei, iar uneori o statuie de lut fără picioare. Imaginile ei cultice („idolii”) au fost găsite de asemenea în păduri, sculptate în copaci vii, sau sub formă de stâlpi de lângă altar care erau plasați la marginea unor drumuri. Stâlpii Așerei sunt menționați în <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Exodului" title="Cartea Exodului">Exod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuteronom" title="Deuteronom">Deuteronom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Judec%C4%83torilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartea Judecătorilor">Cartea Judecătorilor</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83r%C8%9Bile_%C3%8Emp%C4%83ra%C8%9Bilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cărțile Împăraților — pagină inexistentă">Cărțile Împăraților</a>, a doua <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Cronicilor" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cartea Cronicilor">Carte a Cronicilor</a> și cărțile <a href="/wiki/Isaia" title="Isaia">Isaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ieremia_(carte)" title="Ieremia (carte)">Ieremia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mica_(carte)" title="Mica (carte)">Mica</a>. Termenul apare adesea doar ca אשרה, <i><a href="/wiki/A%C8%99erah" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a></i>; acesta este tradus ca „arbori” în traducerea făcută la cererea regelui <a href="/wiki/Iacob_I_al_Angliei" title="Iacob I al Angliei">Iacob I al Angliei</a> și ca „stâlpi” în o altă versiune engleză <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, deși în text nu apare niciun cuvânt care ar putea fi tradus ca „stâlpi”. </p><p>Într-un documentar al <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a> dr. Francesca Stavrakopoulou, fostă lector principal la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Exeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Exeter — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Exeter</a>, actualmente profesor universitar deplin, specializată în studii biblice ebraice declara: „Majoritatea cercetătorilor biblici din întreaga lume acceptă acum drept convingătoare dovezile că Dumnezeu a avut o soție.”<sup id="cite_ref-burriedsecrets_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burriedsecrets-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Întrebat în același documentar dacă evreii au fost monoteiști, lucru care i-ar fi distins față de religia <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">canaanită</a>, prof. dr. Herbert Niehr de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitatea din Tübingen">Universitatea din Tübingen</a> declara că evreii au fost politeiști din sec. al X-lea î.e.n. până cel puțin în 586, după care lucrurile au început să se schimbe foarte lent, evreii fiind covârșitor monoteiști începând cu perioada <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeilor</a> (secolul al II-lea î.e.n.).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toynbee1961_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toynbee1961-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un curs de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Yale" title="Universitatea Yale">Universitatea Yale</a> și alte lucrări confirmă acest lucru.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Foxwell Albright, liderul unei generații trecute de arheologi biblici, nu a fost, totuși, un literalist biblic, <i>Iahve și zeii din Canaan</i>, de exemplu, susținând opinia că religia israeliților a evoluat de la un politeism originar la un monoteism care l-a văzut pe Dumnezeu acționând în istorie - o viziune pe deplin conformă cu opiniile principale din ultimele două secole de critică biblică dinaintea lui.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argumente_pro_și_contra_existenței_lui_Dumnezeu"><span id="Argumente_pro_.C8.99i_contra_existen.C8.9Bei_lui_Dumnezeu"></span>Argumente pro și contra existenței lui Dumnezeu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Argumente pro și contra existenței lui Dumnezeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Argumente pro și contra existenței lui Dumnezeu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Existen%C8%9Ba_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Existența lui Dumnezeu">Existența lui Dumnezeu</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Existența sau inexistența lui Dumnezeu, în special al Dumnezeului creștin și iudaic, este un subiect imens al literaturii filosofice. După ce în antichitate și în evul mediu numeroși filosofi și teologi au urmărit cu preponderență demonstrarea existenței lui, în zilele noastre accentul se pune pe demonstrarea inexistenței. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> și <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> demonstrau existența unei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cauze_primare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cauze primare — pagină inexistentă">cauze primare</a> de la care provin toate celelalte cauze (<a href="/wiki/Argumentul_cosmologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentul cosmologic">argumentul cosmologic</a>);</li> <li>Sf. Anselm de Canterbury propune <a href="/wiki/Argumentul_ontologic" title="Argumentul ontologic">argumentul ontologic</a> în favoarea existenței, reluat mai apoi de <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> și criticat de <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> (existența nu e un predicat) <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>Filosoful englez <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Paley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Paley — pagină inexistentă">William Paley</a> propune <a href="/wiki/Ceasornicarul_orb#Titlul" title="Ceasornicarul orb">analogia ceasornicarului</a>, care în esență constă în a arăta că, așa cum un ceasornic, un mecanism suficient de complex, are un creator, așa și omul, un mecanism cu mult mai complex, trebuie să aibă un Creator;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a> demonstra existența lui Dumnezeu pe bază de definiții și axiome;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinoza nu era <a href="/wiki/Teism" title="Teism">teist</a> ci <a href="/wiki/Panteism" title="Panteism">panteist</a> după unii sau panenteist după alții<sup id="cite_ref-Gilead_2021_pp._2041–2051_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilead_2021_pp._2041–2051-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: pentru el Dumnezeu este Natura<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>Promotorii religiei arată rolul jucat de aceasta în crearea unui sistem convergent, dacă nu unitar, de valori comportamentale (sau <a href="/wiki/Moral%C4%83" title="Morală">morale</a>), care au influențat apoi creșterea economică <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>Lipsa <a href="/wiki/Dovad%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Dovadă">dovezilor</a> pentru <a href="/wiki/Existen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Existență">existența</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeu">zeilor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supranatural" title="Supranatural">supranaturalului</a> e principalul <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a> al ateilor. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, celebrul <a href="/wiki/Filosof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosof">filosof</a>, matematician și logician ateu, a fost întrebat ce ar spune dacă ar ajunge în fața lui Dumnezeu după <a href="/wiki/Moarte" title="Moarte">moarte</a>, iar acesta i-ar cere motivele pentru care nu a crezut în El. Replica lui Russell a fost sarcastică dar sinceră: „N-au fost suficiente dovezi, Doamne, n-au fost suficiente dovezi.”;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_evolu%C8%9Biei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria evoluției">Evoluționismul</a> contrazice direct cartea Genezei <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În primul capitol al Genezei, se arată că Dumnezeu a făcut:</li></ul> <ol><li>„pomi roditori, care să facă rod după soiul lor” (Geneza 1:11),</li> <li>„iarbă cu sămânță după soiul ei” (Geneza 1:12),</li> <li>„peștii cei mari și toate viețuitoarele care se mișcă și de care mișună apele, după soiurile lor;... orice pasăre înaripată după soiul ei” (Geneza 1:21),</li> <li>„viețuitoare după soiul lor, vite, târâtoare și fiare pământești, după soiul lor” (Geneza 1:24),</li> <li>„fiarele pământului după soiul lor, vitele după soiul lor și toate târâtoarele pământului după soiul lor” (Geneza 1:25).</li></ol> <p>Formularea „a făcut...după soiul lor” implică o creare <i>simultană</i> a <i>tuturor</i> acestor forme de viață de către Dumnezeu, ceea ce contrazice dovezile materiale privind <i>evoluția</i> acestora, independent de voința lui. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>-ul este compatibil cu crearea lumii din nimic<sup id="cite_ref-Howson2011_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howson2011-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, idee susținută de creștinism începând cu secolul al II-lea d.Hr. și adoptată de iudaism.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului" title="Problema răului">Problema răului</a> (tema <a href="/wiki/Teodicee" class="mw-redirect" title="Teodicee">teodiceii</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pune la îndoială existența unui zeu care este deopotrivă omnipotent, atotcunoscător și atotiubitor, aducând argumentul că un asemenea zeu nu ar trebui să permită existența răului și a durerii <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Europe_belief_in_god.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Europe_belief_in_god.svg/250px-Europe_belief_in_god.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Europe_belief_in_god.svg/375px-Europe_belief_in_god.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Europe_belief_in_god.svg/500px-Europe_belief_in_god.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Procentajul populației din țările europene care la sondajul Eurobarometer din 2005 au răspuns că „au credință că există Dumnezeu”.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Filosoful german <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> opinează că religia ar fi „opiu pentru mase”, în sensul că acestea din urmă ar fi îndoctrinate (sau sedate, ca și sedarea cu opiu), de religie și promotorii acesteia, împotriva declanșării revoluției proletare și a făuririi unei societăți mai bune.</li> <li>În special în țările în care creștinismul este subvenționat de stat, atunci când clerul—servitorii lui Dumnezeu—comite numeroase încălcări ale normelor religioase pe care le propovăduiește, aceasta reprezintă o atingere directă a conceptului de Dumnezeu <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Pastorul protestant olandez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Hendrikse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Hendrikse — pagină inexistentă">Klaas Hendrikse</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas_Hendrikse" class="extiw" title="en:Klaas Hendrikse"><span title="„Klaas Hendrikse” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Klaas+Hendrikse&targettitle=Klaas+Hendrikse">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, care este ateu,<sup id="cite_ref-kuitert_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuitert-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a argumentat într-o carte controversată că inexistența lui Dumnezeu nu ne poate împiedica să credem în Dumnezeu. După el, existente sunt obiectele materiale, iar Dumnezeu nu este un obiect material, ci un proces, o trăire care are loc prin și între credincioși.<sup id="cite_ref-kuitert_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuitert-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribuția_credinței_în_Dumnezeu"><span id="Distribu.C8.9Bia_credin.C8.9Bei_.C3.AEn_Dumnezeu"></span>Distribuția credinței în Dumnezeu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Distribuția credinței în Dumnezeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Distribuția credinței în Dumnezeu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Lista_popula%C8%9Biilor_dup%C4%83_religie" title="Lista populațiilor după religie">Lista populațiilor după religie</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Aproximativ 54% din populația lumii s-a identificat ca aparținând uneia din cele trei religii <a href="/wiki/Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham">abrahamice</a> tradiționale (33% creștini, 21% musulmani, 0.22% evrei). Alte <a href="/wiki/Religii_avraamice" title="Religii avraamice">religii avraamice</a> includ <a href="/wiki/Credin%C8%9Ba_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" title="Credința Bahá'í">Credința Bahá'í</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaritanism — pagină inexistentă">Samaritanismul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_Rastafari" title="Mișcarea Rastafari">Mișcarea Rastafari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazidi — pagină inexistentă">Yazidismul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Biserica_unific%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica unificării">Biserica unificării</a>. Din restul de 46%, 6% sunt budiști, 13% hinduși, 6% religii tradiționale chineze, 6% cu diferite alte religii și 16% nereligioși (atei, agnostici, sau persoane care au răspuns cu „fără religie” în cadrul studiilor efectuate). Majoritatea acestor religii implică credința într-un zeu sau în mai mulți zei <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pe continentul european, credința în Dumnezeu este cea mai răspândită în țările <a href="/wiki/Ortodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortodox">ortodoxe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România">România</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia">Grecia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia">Turcia</a>) sau <a href="/wiki/Catolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catolic">romano-catolice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugalia" title="Portugalia">Portugalia</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procesul_contra_lui_Dumnezeu">Procesul contra lui Dumnezeu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Procesul contra lui Dumnezeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Procesul contra lui Dumnezeu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pe <a href="/wiki/14_septembrie" title="14 septembrie">14 septembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Chambers" title="Ernie Chambers">Ernie Chambers</a> a depus un dosar la tribunalul din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Districtul_Douglas,_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Districtul Douglas, Nebraska — pagină inexistentă">districtul Douglas</a> prin care l-a dat în judecată pe <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumnezeu</a> pentru că provoacă <i>„inundații teribile, cutremure cumplite, uragane înfricoșătoare, tornade terifiante, boli pestilențiale, foamete grozavă, secete devastatoare, războaie de exterminare, malformații congenitale și altele asemenea”</i> <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana-diacritice/cornilescu/cronici-1/14/">CRONICI 1 14 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Dumitru Cornilescu Diacritice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana/ortodoxa/paralipomena-1/8/">PARALIPOMENA 1 8 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Ortodoxa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana-diacritice/cornilescu/exod/15/">EXOD 15 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Dumitru Cornilescu Diacritice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana/ortodoxa/psalmi/86/">PSALMI 86 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Ortodoxa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana-diacritice/cornilescu/psalmi/82/">PSALMI 82 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Dumitru Cornilescu Diacritice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana/ortodoxa/psalmi/97/">PSALMI 97 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Ortodoxa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebible.ro/biblia/romana-diacritice/cornilescu/genesa/18/">GENESA 18 - Biblia Online in Limba Romana, Traducerea Dumitru Cornilescu Diacritice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Si aici atingem o bine-cunoscută problemă nerezolvată la finele lui (Facare) 6:13 : "hinnenf mashiftdm 'et hd'ares", "Eu îi voi pierde de pe pământ.", cu imposibilul dublu acuzativ. […] În v.11 se pare că se spune că ha'elohim (zeii, inclusiv Iahve?) au fost șocați de stricăciunea generală de pe pământ, iar în v.*12 aceștia s-au grăbit să meargă la șeful panteonului, binevoitorul Elohim (precum canaaneitul El) ca să-l informeze de decizia lor de a distruge pământul. Elohim a încercat să se opună, dar în zadar, căci majoritatea zeilor era împotriva lui. Redactorii au făcut eforturi pentru a camufla această ceartă din sfatul zeilor și s-o transforme într-o aprobare a potopului de către Elohim, și au făcut asta împrumutând cuvintele din v.11 pentru a nu devia prea mult de la prototipul consacrat. […] Trebuie să adaug că aceeași concluzie articulată aici a fost prevăzută și de Eerdmans în lucrarea Religia Israelului (p.131) : Această poveste n-a fost spusă întotdeauna de către evrei așa cum a fost ea transmisă de Facere. La începutul lui vi 9 :12 transpiră faptul că original Elohim era subiectul. Din cauza companiei dintre Elohim și Noe (la fel ca Enoh v 24) aceștia l-au avertizat de dezastrul care se pregătea. - "The Polytheistic Origins of the Biblical Flood Narrative", Samuel Shaviv, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 54, Fasc. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 527-548, published by BRILL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Alttestamentliche Studien I, B. D. Eerdmans, (Giessen, 1908), p. 29. - citat în 2004 la p. 540 de către Samuel Shaviv ("The Polytheistic Origins of the Biblical Flood Narrative", Samuel Shaviv, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 54, Fasc. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. 527-548, published by BRILL.) cu text în original (germană) în care apar și expresii redate în ebraica biblică.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Israel Finkelstein și Neil Asher Silberman (2001:242) <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>, Free Press, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burriedsecrets-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burriedsecrets_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burriedsecrets_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God have A Wife, BBC, 2011. Citat: „The majority of biblical scholars throughout the world now accept it as compelling evidence that God once had a consort.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Judaism, Britannica online 2008, p. 166 din 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Charles Hainchelin, <i>Originea Religiei</i> (Les Origines de la Religion - Paris: Les Editions sociales, 1950) Editura de Stat pentru Literatură Politică, 1956, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe</i>, de pr. prof. dr. Mircea Păcurariu, Ed. Institutului biblic și de Misiune a B.O.R., Buc. 1993, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Imparati%2018&version=RMNN">1 Imparati cap. 18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ieremia%202&version=RMNN">Ieremia cap. 2</a>; Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Steven L. McKenzie, Deuteronomistic History, The Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. 2, Doubleday (1992), pp. 160-168; Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001) pp. 151-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Patrick D. Miller, The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Knox Press (2000) pp. 43-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002) p. 53; Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 175-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 175-176; Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Godesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998) pp. 207-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 174-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002) p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Ze’ev Meshel, Kuntillet ‘Ajrud: An Israelite Religious Center in Northern Sinai, Expedition, Summer 1978, pp. 50-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> John Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press (2002) pp. 50-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 122-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> A Shmuel, Did God Really Have a Wife, The Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 32 (2006) pp. 62-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Dieties in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002), p. xxxii-xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> John Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press (2002) pp. 50-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Who or What Was Yahweh’s Asherah? André Lemaire, BAR 10:06, Nov/Dec 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, Mercer Bible Dictionary, Mercer University Press (1991) pp. 494-494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Godesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998) p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"De aceea rămân parțial la opinia propusă în prima ediție a acestei cărți, anume că un simbol se referea înainte la o zeiță cu același nume, dar că în perioada inscripțiilor de la Kuntillet Ajrud acesta funcționa ca parte a repertoriului simbolic al lui Iahve, posibil cu mai vechi conotații asociate zeiței." - The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Mark S. Smith, second edition, p. xxxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"În acest moment majoritatea comentatorilor crede că Așera a fost o zeiță în Israelul din timpul monarhiei (de ex. Ackerman, Binger, Day, Dever, Dijkstra, Edelman, Hadley, Handy, Keel și Uehlinger, Loretz, Merlo, Niehr, Olyan Petty, Wyatt, Xella, Zevit, ca și NJPS în Regi 15:13). Unii totuși nu cred asta (de ex. Cross, Frevel, Korpel, Tigay; conform formulării foarte prudente a lui Emerton, Așera ca ipostază a lui Iahve în opinia lui McCarter, poziției nuanțate a lui Miller conform căreia avem de-a face cu o divinizare secundară a simbolului). Prima ediție a "Istoriei Timpurii a lui Dumnezeu" concluziona că dovezile sunt insuficiente pentru a demonstra că Așera a fost o zeiță în Israelul din timpul monarhiei și se întreba dacă simbolul lui așera nu și-a pierdut asocierea originară cu zeița la acel moment. N-aș afirma categoric că nu exista o zeiță în Israelul din timpl monarhiei, doar subliniez că datele oferite de suporterii tezei existenței unei zeițe în Israelul din timpul monarhiei sunt mai problematice decât au sugerat aceștia." - "The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel", Mark S. Smith, second edition, p. xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005) p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Rainer Albertz, History of Israelite Religion Vol. 1, Westminster Jonk Knox Press (1994) p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Jacques Berlinerblau, Official Religion and Popular Religion in Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel. University of Cincinnati, Judaic Studies Program (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005) p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Patrick D Miller, The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Knox Press (2000) pp. 46-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=The+idolatry+of+the+people+of+Judah+was+not+a+departure+from+their+earlier+monotheism.+It+was,+instead,+the+way+the+people+of+Judah+had+worshiped+for+hundreds+of+years.#v=onepage">„9. The Transformation of Judah (c. 930-705 BCE)”</a>. <i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i> (în engleză) (ed. First Touchstone Edition 2002). New York: Touchstone. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-684-86913-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-684-86913-1">978-0-684-86913-1</a>. <q>The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+The+Transformation+of+Judah+%28c.+930-705+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed.+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+The+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=First+Touchstone+Edition+2002&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86913-1&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26pg%3DPA234%26lpg%3DPA234%26dq%3DThe%2Bidolatry%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Ba%2Bdeparture%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Bearlier%2Bmonotheism.%2BIt%2Bwas%2C%2Binstead%2C%2Bthe%2Bway%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bhad%2Bworshiped%2Bfor%2Bhundreds%2Bof%2Byears.%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, „Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible”, p.101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, „Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible”, p.102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, „Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible”, p.103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.104</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Dever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Dever — pagină inexistentă">William G. Dever</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Did_God_Have_a_Wife%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Did God Have a Wife? — pagină inexistentă">Did God Have a Wife?</a> (Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0802828523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8028-2852-3</a>,2005) - a se vedea comentarii a acestui volum la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_6305.pdf">Patrick D. Miller</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023103740/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_6305.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-23">23 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_5127.pdf">Yairah Amit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023103756/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_5127.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-23">23 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Day, John <i>Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan</i> Continuum International Publishing Group - Sheffie (26 Dec 2002) <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780826468307" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-6830-7</a>, p.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Dever, William G. (2005), "Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel", (Eerdmans <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0802828523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8028-2852-3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Finkelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Finkelstein — pagină inexistentă">Israel Finkelstein</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Asher_Silberman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Asher Silberman — pagină inexistentă">Neil Asher Silberman</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_Unearthed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bible Unearthed — pagină inexistentă">The Bible Unearthed</a>: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0684869128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-86912-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> New Revised Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zw3fl">„BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?”</a>. BBC. <time datetime="2011-12-21">21 decembrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-04">4 iulie 2012</time></span>. <q>Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+-+Bible%27s+Buried+Secrets%2C+Did+God+Have+a+Wife%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00zw3fl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee1961-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee1961_52-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nu e o opinie prea nouă, cf. <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold</a>; Royal Institute of International Affairs (<time datetime="1961">1961</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h98IAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Study of History</i></a>. <b>12</b>. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+H.+Milford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh98IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> și Hermann Gunkel în 1901, conform <cite class="citation book">Lyons, William John (<time datetime="2002-07-01">1 iulie 2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-40343-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-40343-8">978-0-567-40343-8</a>. <q>Because of his view of the history of religions as an evolutionary process, the latter is his preferred option. Polytheism is seen as older than monotheism and so as the more likely background for the original version of the legend, the visit of three gods to test an individual who proves through his hospitality his worthiness to be given the gift of a son.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+and+Exegesis%3A+Canonical+Praxis+and+the+Sodom+Narrative&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-40343-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVqvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_53-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barton, John (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=xD8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>The Theology of the Book of Amos</i></a>. Old Testament Theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-107-37715-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-107-37715-8">978-1-107-37715-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-09-05">5 septembrie 2023</time></span>. <q>There can be little doubt that polytheism was the normal religion of Israel in practice. [...] On popular religion in Israel see Francesca Stavrakopoulou , “‘Popular’ Religion and ‘Official’ Religion: Practice, Perception, Portrayal,” in Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah (eds. F. Stavrakopoulou and J. Barton ; London: T & T Clark, 2010), 37–58. This essay problematizes the distinction between popular and official religion, a distinction that was not necessarily obvious at the time to everyone, even though the Old Testament gives the impression that it was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Book+of+Amos&rft.series=Old+Testament+Theology&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-37715-8&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxD8hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_54-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (<time datetime="2020">2020</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo/7y4DEAAAQBAJ?hl=es&pg=PA148">„New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud”</a>. În Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-026116-0">978-0-19-026116-0</a>. <q>New data from archaeological surveys, excavations, and, sadly, from looted artifacts purchased on the antiquities market have advanced knowledge of the Persian period in its local and international aspects (Stern 2001; Grabbe 2004; Betlyon 2005; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; Lemaire 2015). Archaeological discoveries since the 1970s have demonstrated that preexilic Israelite religion was not yet monotheistic and that strictly monotheistic Yahwism gained adherents in the Persian period (Gnuse 1997; Smith 2002; Albertz and Becking 2003). Not surprisingly then, the last few decades have witnessed reassessments of old certainties and new questions about the history, religion, and culture of the people who worshiped Yhwh in the sixth through late fourth centuries BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Return+from+Exile+and+Persian-Period+Yehud&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo%2F7y4DEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Des%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edelman, Diana V. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA19"><i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i></a>. Contributions to biblical exegesis and theology. Kok Pharos. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-90-390-0124-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-90-390-0124-0">978-90-390-0124-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.series=Contributions+to+biblical+exegesis+and+theology&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0124-0&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_56-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gnuse, Robert Karl (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=gdTYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Trajectories of Justice: What the Bible Says about Slaves, Women, and Homosexuality</i></a>. Lutterworth Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7188-4456-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7188-4456-1">978-0-7188-4456-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+of+Justice%3A+What+the+Bible+Says+about+Slaves%2C+Women%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4456-1&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdTYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_57-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carraway, George (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=je7UAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Christ is God Over All: Romans 9:5 in the context of Romans 9-11</i></a>. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-26701-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-26701-6">978-0-567-26701-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>. <q>Second, it was probably not until the exile that monotheism proper was clearly formulated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+is+God+Over+All%3A+Romans+9%3A5+in+the+context+of+Romans+9-11&rft.series=The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26701-6&rft.aulast=Carraway&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dje7UAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_58-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hayes, Christine (<time datetime="2008-07-03">3 iulie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/moses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006/">„Moses and the Beginning of Yahwism: (Genesis 37- Exodus 4), Christine Hayes, Open Yale Courses (Transcription), 2006”</a>. <i>Center for Online Judaic Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-08-17">17 august 2022</time></span>. <q>Only later would a Yahweh-only party polemicize against and seek to suppress certain… what came to be seen as undesirable elements of Israelite-Judean religion, and these elements would be labeled Canaanite, as a part of a process of Israelite differentiation. But what appears in the Bible as a battle between Israelites, pure Yahwists, and Canaanites, pure polytheists, is indeed better understood as a civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites, and Israelites who are participating in the cult of their ancestors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Online+Judaic+Studies&rft.atitle=Moses+and+the+Beginning+of+Yahwism%3A+%28Genesis+37-+Exodus+4%29%2C+Christine+Hayes%2C+Open+Yale+Courses+%28Transcription%29%2C+2006.&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fmoses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_59-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 234. : The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_60-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommer2009">Sommer 2009</a>, p. 145. It is a commonplace of modern biblical scholarship that Israelite religion prior to the Babylonian exile was basically polytheistic. [...] Many scholars argue that ancient Israelites worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses [...].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._61-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sanders, Seth (<time datetime="2003-12-31">31 decembrie 2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/reviews/review119.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">„Review of Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Foreword by Patrick D. Miller”</a>. <i>The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. University of Alberta Libraries. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs5866">10.5508/jhs5866</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Review+of+Mark+S.+Smith%2C+The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel%2C+Foreword+by+Patrick+D.+Miller&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs5866&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ualberta.ca%2FJHS%2Freviews%2Freview119.htm%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/the-ontological-argument/st-anselms-ontological-argument/existence-is-not-a-predicate/">Existence is not a predicate</a> Philosophyofreligion.info.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3800/3800-8.txt">The Ethics</a> Part I (Definitions, Axioms, Prop. XI).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilead_2021_pp._2041–2051-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilead_2021_pp._2041–2051_64-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gilead, Amihud (<time datetime="2021">2021</time>). „Why Spinoza was Not a Panentheist”. <i>Philosophia</i>. <b>49</b> (5): 2041–2051. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-021-00378-8">10.1007/s11406-021-00378-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3893">0048-3893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Why+Spinoza+was+Not+a+Panentheist&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2041-2051&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11406-021-00378-8&rft.issn=0048-3893&rft.aulast=Gilead&rft.aufirst=Amihud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Vezi definiția panteismului în Michael Levine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/">"Pantheism"</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2007 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a> <i>op. cit.</i> Prop. IV. Cf. <i>ibidem</i> Preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weber, Max (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i><a href="/wiki/Etica_protestant%C4%83_%C8%99i_spiritul_capitalismului" title="Etica protestantă și spiritul capitalismului">Etica protestantă și spiritul capitalismului</a></i>. București: Humanitas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-9735003906" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-9735003906">978-9735003906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etica+protestant%C4%83+%C8%99i+spiritul+capitalismului&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Humanitas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9735003906&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliaromana.com/Biblia/geneza.htm">Biblia Romana: Geneza</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howson2011-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howson2011_69-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Howson, Colin (<time datetime="2011-07-28">28 iulie 2011</time>). <i>Objecting to God</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781139498562" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781139498562">9781139498562</a>. <q>Nor is the agreement conincidental, according to a substantial constituency of religious apologists, who regard the inflationary Big Bang model as direct evidence for God. John Lennox, a mathematician at the University of Oxford, tells us that 'even if the non-believers don't like it, the Big Bang fits in exactly with the Christan narrative of creation'. ... William Lane Craig is another who claims that the Biblical account is corroborated by Big Bang cosmology. Lane Craig also claims that there is a prior <i>proof</i> that there is a God who created this universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objecting+to+God&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.isbn=9781139498562&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">May, Gerhard (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoS05gQUDhEC"><i>Creatio ex nihilo</i></a> [<i>Creation from nothing</i>]. Continuum International. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-08356-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-08356-2">978-0-567-08356-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-23">23 noiembrie 2009</time></span>. <q>If we look into the early Christian sources, it becomes apparent that the thesis of <i>creatio ex nihilo</i> in its full and proper sense, as an ontological statement, only appeared when it was intended, in opposition to the idea of world-formation from unoriginate matter, to give expression to the omnipotence, freedom and uniqueness of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creatio+ex+nihilo&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08356-2&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoS05gQUDhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> G.W. Leibniz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.class.uidaho.edu/mickelsen/texts/Leibniz%20-%20Theodicy.htm">Theodicy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Hans Jonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lipsor.cnam.fr/servlet/com.univ.utils.LectureFichierJoint?CODE=1263387393521&LANGUE=0">Le concept de Dieu après Auschwitz</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Este ceea ce în mod ironic se indică prin <a href="/wiki/Zical%C4%83" title="Zicală">zicala românească</a> „fă ce zice popa, nu ce face el”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuitert-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuitert_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuitert_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba neerlandeză">nl</span> <cite class="citation book">Hendrikse, Klaas; Kuitert, Harry (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). „Voorwoord”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100930173551/http://www.bol.com/nl/p/nederlandse-boeken/geloven-in-een-god-die-niet-bestaat/1001004005469250/index.html"><i>Geloven in een God die niet bestaat. Manifest van een atheïstische dominee</i></a> (în olandeză). Nieuw Amsterdam Uitgevers. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-90-468-0308-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-90-468-0308-0">978-90-468-0308-0</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bol.com/nl/p/nederlandse-boeken/geloven-in-een-god-die-niet-bestaat/1001004005469250/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-09-30">30 septembrie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-08-20">20 august 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voorwoord&rft.btitle=Geloven+in+een+God+die+niet+bestaat.+Manifest+van+een+athe%C3%AFstische+dominee&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Nieuw+Amsterdam+Uitgevers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-468-0308-0&rft.aulast=Hendrikse&rft.aufirst=Klaas&rft.au=Kuitert%2C+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bol.com%2Fnl%2Fp%2Fnederlandse-boeken%2Fgeloven-in-een-god-die-niet-bestaat%2F1001004005469250%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-01-29">29 ianuarie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World. Third Edition, pagina 50-51, National Geographic Society, Washington, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Bullon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Bullon — pagină inexistentă">Alejandro Bullon</a> - <i>Lumea încotro?</i>, Editura Viață și Sănătate, <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99ti" title="București">București</a>, 2008, pagina 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">MSNBC (2007-09-17). "State Senator Ernie Chambers Sues God". Retrieved 2007-09-17</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSommer2009" class="citation book">Sommer, Benjamin D. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEYhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1139477789" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1139477789">978-1139477789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodies+of+God+and+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1139477789&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEYhAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADumnezeu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">Ateism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Budism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Budism — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în Budism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_cre%C8%99tinism" title="Dumnezeu în creștinism">Dumnezeu în creștinism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_credin%C8%9Ba_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în credința Bahá'í — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în credința Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_hinduism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în hinduism — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în islam — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_iudaism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în iudaism — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în iudaism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_sikhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în sikhism — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu în sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_Tat%C4%83l_%C3%AEn_art%C4%83" title="Dumnezeu Tatăl în artă">Dumnezeu Tatăl în artă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_zei_dup%C4%83_zona_geografic%C4%83" title="Listă de zei după zona geografică">Listă de zei după zona geografică</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:God?uselang=ro">Dumnezeu</a></b></span></div></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9); color:var(--color-base, #000); width: 250px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikicitat"><img alt="Wikicitat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/25px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/38px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/50px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Wikicitat</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal;">La <b><a href="/wiki/Wikicitat" title="Wikicitat">Wikicitat</a></b> găsiți citate legate de <b><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dumnezeu" class="extiw" title="q:Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a></b>.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cercetatiscripturile.org">www.cercetatiscripturile.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401150918/http://www.cercetatiscripturile.org/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-04-01">1 aprilie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - Portal Biblic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/cultura/4588035-dumnezeu-a-fost-inventat">Dumnezeu a fost inventat!</a>, 23 iunie 2009, Cecilia Stroe, <i>Descoperă</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/4697963-cine-este-adevaratul-dumnezeu-al-universului-nostru">Cine este adevaratul Dumnezeu al Universului nostru?</a>, 28 iulie 2009, Alexandru Safta, <i>Descoperă</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/7987122-casca-prin-care-il-vedem-pe-dumnezeu">Casca prin care Îl vedem pe Dumnezeu</a>, 16 februarie 2011, Alexandru Safta, <i>Descoperă</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/numele-lui-dumnezeu-vechiul-testament">Numele lui Dumnezeu în Vechiul Testament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070837/http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/numele-lui-dumnezeu-vechiul-testament">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-04-07">7 aprilie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 13 aprilie 2013, Marius Nedelcu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/cultura/aldine/dumnezeu-romanii-si-diavolul-153844.html">Dumnezeu, romanii si diavolul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223191406/http://www.romanialibera.ro/cultura/aldine/dumnezeu-romanii-si-diavolul-153844.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-02-23">23 februarie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 14 mai 2009, Adrian Bucurescu, <i>România liberă</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filozofia_religiei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Filozofia_religiei" title="Format:Filozofia religiei"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Filozofia_religiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Filozofia religiei — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Filozofia_religiei&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filozofia_religiei" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filozofia_religiei" title="Filozofia religiei">Filozofia religiei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepte în religie</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_de_apoi" title="Viața de apoi">Viața de apoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilema_din_Eutyphron" title="Dilema din Eutyphron">Dilema din Eutyphron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Credință">Credință</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_inteligent" title="Design inteligent">Design inteligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har" title="Har">Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracol" title="Miracol">Miracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului" title="Problema răului">Problema răului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credin%C8%9B%C4%83_religioas%C4%83" title="Credință religioasă">Credință religioasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suflet" title="Suflet">Suflet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(filozofie)" title="Spirit (filozofie)">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului#Teodiceea" title="Problema răului">Teodiceea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto_teologic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veto teologic — pagină inexistentă">Veto teologic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concep%C8%9Bii_despre_Dumnezeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concepții despre Dumnezeu — pagină inexistentă">Concepții despre Dumnezeu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teologie_aristotelic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teologie aristotelică — pagină inexistentă">Vederi aristoteliene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurg" title="Demiurg">Demiurg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrina_simplit%C4%83%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctrina simplității — pagină inexistentă">Doctrina simplității</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoism_etic" title="Egoism etic">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhul_Sf%C3%A2nt" title="Duhul Sfânt">Duhul Sfânt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misoteism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misoteism — pagină inexistentă">Misoteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_personal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu personal — pagină inexistentă">Dumnezeu personal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teologia_procesului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teologia procesului — pagină inexistentă">Teologia procesului</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ființă Supremă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primum_movens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primum movens — pagină inexistentă">Primum movens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Dumnezeu în</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_religiile_avraamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în religiile avraamice — pagină inexistentă">Religiile avraamice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creatorul_%C3%AEn_Budism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creatorul în Budism — pagină inexistentă">Budism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_cre%C8%99tinism" title="Dumnezeu în creștinism">Creștinism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Hinduism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Hinduism — pagină inexistentă">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu în Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Iudaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumnezeu în Iudaism">Iudaism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Jainism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Jainism — pagină inexistentă">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Mormonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Mormonism — pagină inexistentă">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_Sikhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în Sikhism — pagină inexistentă">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumnezeu_%C3%AEn_credin%C8%9Ba_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumnezeu în credința Bahá'í — pagină inexistentă">Credința Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vederi_Wiccane_ale_divinit%C4%83%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vederi Wiccane ale divinității — pagină inexistentă">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existen%C8%9Ba_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Existența lui Dumnezeu">Existența lui Dumnezeu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Pentru</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_beauty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from beauty — pagină inexistentă">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christological argument — pagină inexistentă">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from consciousness — pagină inexistentă">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_cosmologic" title="Argument cosmologic">Cosmologic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalam cosmological argument — pagină inexistentă">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmological argument — pagină inexistentă">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_degree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from degree — pagină inexistentă">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_desire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from desire — pagină inexistentă">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_religious_experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from religious experience — pagină inexistentă">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-tuned_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fine-tuned universe — pagină inexistentă">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from love — pagină inexistentă">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_miracles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from miracles — pagină inexistentă">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_morality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from morality — pagină inexistentă">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proof_of_the_Truthful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proof of the Truthful — pagină inexistentă">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentul_ontologic" title="Argumentul ontologic">Ontologic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal%27s_wager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal's wager — pagină inexistentă">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_a_proper_basis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from a proper basis — pagină inexistentă">Proper basis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_reason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from reason — pagină inexistentă">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleological argument — pagină inexistentă">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-law_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural-law argument — pagină inexistentă">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watchmaker_analogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watchmaker analogy — pagină inexistentă">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God — pagină inexistentă">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Împotrivă</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit — pagină inexistentă">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atheist%27s_Wager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atheist's Wager — pagină inexistentă">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului" title="Problema răului">Răul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_free_will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from free will — pagină inexistentă">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_iadului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema iadului — pagină inexistentă">Iadul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations — pagină inexistentă">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_nonbelief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from nonbelief — pagină inexistentă">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theological_noncognitivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theological noncognitivism — pagină inexistentă">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briciul_lui_Occam" title="Briciul lui Occam">Briciul lui Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_omnipoten%C8%9Bei" title="Paradoxul omnipotenței">Paradoxul omnipotenței</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_neinteligent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Design neinteligent — pagină inexistentă">Design neinteligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceainicul_lui_Russell" title="Ceainicul lui Russell">Ceainicul lui Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problema_creatorului_lui_Dumnezeu" title="Problema creatorului lui Dumnezeu">Problema creatorului lui Dumnezeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie">Teologie</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireligion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antireligion — pagină inexistentă">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atheism — pagină inexistentă">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demonology — pagină inexistentă">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divine_command_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divine command theory — pagină inexistentă">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dualistic_cosmology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dualistic cosmology — pagină inexistentă">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_esotericism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western esotericism — pagină inexistentă">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclusivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exclusivism — pagină inexistentă">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian existentialism — pagină inexistentă">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnostic_existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnostic existentialism — pagină inexistentă">Agnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atheistic_existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atheistic existentialism — pagină inexistentă">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist theology — pagină inexistentă">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thealogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thealogy — pagină inexistentă">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanist_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Womanist theology — pagină inexistentă">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henotheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henotheism — pagină inexistentă">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humanism — pagină inexistentă">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religious humanism — pagină inexistentă">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secular humanism — pagină inexistentă">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian humanism — pagină inexistentă">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inclusivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inclusivism — pagină inexistentă">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theories_about_religions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theories about religions — pagină inexistentă">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotheism — pagină inexistentă">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mysticism — pagină inexistentă">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalism (philosophy) — pagină inexistentă">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysical_naturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysical naturalism — pagină inexistentă">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_naturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religious naturalism — pagină inexistentă">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanistic_naturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humanistic naturalism — pagină inexistentă">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nontheism — pagină inexistentă">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panentheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panentheism — pagină inexistentă">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantheism — pagină inexistentă">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perennial philosophy — pagină inexistentă">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polytheism — pagină inexistentă">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possibilianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possibilianism — pagină inexistentă">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process theology — pagină inexistentă">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religious skepticism — pagină inexistentă">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiritualism_(beliefs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiritualism (beliefs) — pagină inexistentă">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamanism — pagină inexistentă">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asian_religions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asian religions — pagină inexistentă">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theism — pagină inexistentă">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism — pagină inexistentă">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies — pagină inexistentă">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_limbajului_religios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema limbajului religios — pagină inexistentă">Limbaj religios</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eschatological_verification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eschatological verification — pagină inexistentă">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_game_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language game (philosophy) — pagină inexistentă">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical positivism — pagină inexistentă">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apophatic_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apophatic theology — pagină inexistentă">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verificationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verificationism — pagină inexistentă">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problema_r%C4%83ului" title="Problema răului">Problema răului</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinian_theodicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinian theodicy — pagină inexistentă">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Best_of_all_possible_worlds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Best of all possible worlds — pagină inexistentă">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthyphro_dilemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euthyphro dilemma — pagină inexistentă">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inconsistent_triad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inconsistent triad — pagină inexistentă">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaean_theodicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irenaean theodicy — pagină inexistentă">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_evil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural evil — pagină inexistentă">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodicy — pagină inexistentă">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Filozofi_ai_religiei" title="Categorie:Filozofi ai religiei">Filozofi<br />ai religiei</a></div><br />(după perioada <br />de activitate)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek philosophy — pagină inexistentă">Antici</a> și <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval philosophy — pagină inexistentă">medievali</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_de_Canterbury" title="Anselm de Canterbury">Anselm de Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_Hipona" title="Augustin de Hipona">Augustin de Hipona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" class="mw-disambig" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers — pagină inexistentă">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclit" title="Heraclit">Heraclit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_I_al_Angliei" title="Iacob I al Angliei">Iacob I al Angliei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion" title="Marcion">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma_de_Aquino" title="Toma de Aquino">Toma de Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_modern%C4%83_timpurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia modernă timpurie — pagină inexistentă">moderni timpurii</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Calmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet — pagină inexistentă">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Malebranche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Malebranche — pagină inexistentă">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wollaston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wollaston — pagină inexistentă">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Chubb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Chubb — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_d%27Holbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron d'Holbach — pagină inexistentă">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause — pagină inexistentă">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Ritschl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Ritschl — pagină inexistentă">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikan_Spir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrikan Spir — pagină inexistentă">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Soloviov_(filosof)" title="Vladimir Soloviov (filosof)">Vladimir Soloviov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Otto — pagină inexistentă">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Shestov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Shestov — pagină inexistentă">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Bulgakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Bulgakov — pagină inexistentă">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Florensky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Florensky — pagină inexistentă">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Maréchal — pagină inexistentă">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />-după război</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Bultmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Bultmann — pagină inexistentă">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Niebuhr — pagină inexistentă">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hartshorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hartshorne — pagină inexistentă">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Mackie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Mackie — pagină inexistentă">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) — pagină inexistentă">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Geach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Geach — pagină inexistentă">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_I._Mavrodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George I. Mavrodes — pagină inexistentă">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Alston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Alston — pagină inexistentă">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Flew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Flew — pagină inexistentă">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_L._Rowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William L. Rowe — pagină inexistentă">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips — pagină inexistentă">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Kenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Kenny — pagină inexistentă">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Wolterstorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff — pagină inexistentă">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Swinburne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Swinburne — pagină inexistentă">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Merrihew_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Merrihew Adams — pagină inexistentă">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Zacharias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravi Zacharias — pagină inexistentă">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_van_Inwagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter van Inwagen — pagină inexistentă">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyal_Rue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyal Rue — pagină inexistentă">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Marion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Marion — pagină inexistentă">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lane Craig — pagină inexistentă">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Akbar_Rashad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Akbar Rashad — pagină inexistentă">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Pruss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Pruss — pagină inexistentă">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Vezi și</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_ce_exist%C4%83_ceva_mai_degrab%C4%83_dec%C3%A2t_nimic%3F" title="De ce există ceva mai degrabă decât nimic?">De ce există ceva mai degrabă decât nimic?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_religiei" title="Critica religiei">Critica religiei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desacralizarea_cunoa%C8%99terii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desacralizarea cunoașterii — pagină inexistentă">Desacralizarea cunoașterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidentia_oppositorum" title="Coincidentia oppositorum">Coincidentia oppositorum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_in_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethics in religion — pagină inexistentă">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exegesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exegesis — pagină inexistentă">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_religiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria religiei — pagină inexistentă">Istoria religiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">Religie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Problem_of_religious_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problem of religious language — pagină inexistentă">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relationship_between_religion_and_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relationship between religion and science — pagină inexistentă">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faith_and_rationality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faith and rationality — pagină inexistentă">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles — pagină inexistentă">mai mult...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" 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