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href="#În_Ugarit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>În Ugarit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Ugarit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_Egipt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Egipt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>În Egipt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Egipt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_Israel_și_Iuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Israel_și_Iuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>În Israel și Iuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Israel_și_Iuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Așira_în_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Așira_în_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Așira în Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Așira_în_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicații_pe_această_temă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicații_pe_această_temă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publicații pe această temă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicații_pe_această_temă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Așera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 33 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9)" title="عشيرة (إلهة) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عشيرة (إلهة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ашера – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ашера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixera" title="Aixera – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aixera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C3%A9ra" title="Ašéra – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ašéra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschera" title="Aschera – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aschera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Ασερά – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασερά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Asherah" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarot" title="Astarot – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astarot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axera" title="Axera – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Axera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اشیره – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1era" title="Ašera – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ašera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashera" title="Ashera – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ashera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="אשרה (אלה) – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשרה (אלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1era" title="Ašera – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ašera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asera" title="Asera – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyera" title="Asyera – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asyera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asherah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88" title="アーシラト – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーシラト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="아세라 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아세라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1era" title="Ašera – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ašera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asera_(andriamanibavy)" title="Asera (andriamanibavy) – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asera (andriamanibavy)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asjera" title="Asjera – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asjera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asjera" title="Asjera – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asjera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszera" title="Aszera – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aszera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aser%C3%A1" title="Aserá – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aserá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Ашера (богиня) – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ашера (богиня)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1era" title="Ašera – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ašera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashera" title="Ashera – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ashera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asherah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fera" title="Aşera – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ашера – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ашера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אשרה – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אשרה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%88%8D%E6%8B%89" title="亚舍拉 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚舍拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83975#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83975" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99erah&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Așerah">Așerah</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru micul submarin de cercetare, vedeți <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asherah_(submarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asherah (submarin) — pagină inexistentă">Asherah (submarin)</a>.</div><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet o" style="background-color:#C1D8FF;color:#FFFFFF;;">Așerah</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg/220px-Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg/330px-Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg/440px-Asherah_13th_century_BC_Israel_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Civilizația</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261763" class="extiw" title="d:Q2261763"><span lang="en">Phoenician mythology</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Phoenician mythology</span> (mythology or religion of the Phoenicians)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970026" class="extiw" title="d:Q970026"><span lang="en">Ugaritic religion</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Ugaritic religion</span> (antique religion)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914567" class="extiw" title="d:Q2914567">religia canaaniților</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religia_canaani%C8%9Bilor_(group_of_ancient_Semitic_religions)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religia canaaniților (group of ancient Semitic religions) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83975#P1049" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Căsătorit cu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/El_(zeitate)" title="El (zeitate)">El</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amurru" title="Amurru">Amurru</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83975#P26" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Urmași</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819356" class="extiw" title="d:Q1819356"><span lang="en">Shalim</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Shalim</span> (Canaanite God of the sunset)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535382" class="extiw" title="d:Q535382"><span lang="en">Shapshu</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Shapshu</span> (canaanite solar deity)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83975#P40" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##C1D8FF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83975" class="extiw" title="d:Q83975">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Zeu" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hecht_Museum,_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG/220px-Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG/330px-Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG/440px-Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_%E2%80%93_figurines_004-crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Așerah</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Așera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_ugaritic%C4%83" title="Limba ugaritică">limba ugaritică</a>: 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 : '<b>ṯrt</b>; ebraică: אֲשֵׁרָה), în mitologia semită este o zeiță-mamă semitică, care apare într-un număr de surse antice, incluzând scrieri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limba_acadian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limba acadiană — pagină inexistentă">acadiene</a> cu numele de <b>Așratum</b>/<b>Așratu</b> iar în hitită ea este numită <b>Așerdu(s)</b> sau <b>Așertu(s)</b> sau <b>Aserdu(s)</b> sau <b>Asertu(s)</b>. Așera este în general considerată identică zeiței ugaritice <b>Athirat</b> (transcrisă mai precis ca <b><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>A<span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṯ</span>irat</b>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ieremia_(carte)" title="Ieremia (carte)">Cartea lui Ieremia</a> scrisă circa 628 î.e.n. s-ar putea referi la Așerah atunci când folosește titlul de „împărăteasa cerului” în <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ieremia%207&version=RMNN">cap. 7</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ieremia%2044&version=RMNN">cap. 44</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru o discuție a „împărătesei cerului” din <a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Vechiul Testament</a> vezi <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C4%83teasa_cerului_(antichitate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Împărăteasa cerului (antichitate) — pagină inexistentă">Împărăteasa cerului (antichitate)</a>. </p><p>Așera este identificată drept <a href="/wiki/Regina_consoart%C4%83" title="Regina consoartă">regina consoartă</a> a zeului <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/God" class="mw-redirect" title="God">god</a> <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, și al celui <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/El_(zeu)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (zeu)">ʾEl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acestea fiind cele mai vechi zeități ale <a href="/wiki/Panteon" class="mw-redirect" title="Panteon">panteoanelor</a> respective,<sup id="cite_ref-LeemingLeeming2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeemingLeeming2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la fel ca a lui <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, zeul lui Israel și <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_Ugarit"><span id=".C3.8En_Ugarit"></span>În Ugarit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Ugarit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: În Ugarit"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În textele ugaritice (de dinainte de 1200 î.e.n.) Athirat este menționată aproape întotdeauna cu titlul ei complet <i>rbt <span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>a<span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṯ</span>rt ym</i>, <i>rabat <span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>A<span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṯ</span>irat yammi</i>, 'Doamna Athirat a Mării' sau tradus mai complet 'Cea care pășește pe mare', (în ugaritică: 𐎗𐎁𐎚 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 𐎊𐎎 ) </p><p>Aceasta se întâmplă de douăsprezece ori doar în Eposul lui <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Ba'al</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Driver_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numele ei este înțeles de diverși traducători și comentatori ca bazându-se pe rădăcina ugaritică <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>a<span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṯ</span>r</i> 'a păși peste', similară rădăcinii ebraice <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>šr</i> care are același înțeles. </p><p>Celălalt principal epitet al său era „qaniyatu ʾilhm” (în ugaritică: 𐎖𐎐𐎊𐎚 𐎛𐎍𐎎 : qnyt ʾlm) care poate fi tradus drept „creatoarea zeilor (Elohim)”.<sup id="cite_ref-Driver_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În aceste texte, Athirat este consoarta zeului <a href="/wiki/El_(zeu)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (zeu)">El</a>; acolo este doar o singură referință la cei șaptezeci de fii ai lui Athirat, care se presupune că ar fi identici cu cei șaptezeci de fii ai lui El. Ea este în mod clar diferită de <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʿ</span>Aștart</a> (mai cunoscută sub forma <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> sau Aștoreth în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Bibliei</a>) din documente ugaritice, deși în surse ne-ugaritice din perioade mai târzii diferența dintre cele două zeițe nu mai este atât de mare, fie ca rezultat al unor erori de copiere, fie ca rezultat al unui posibil <a href="/wiki/Sincretism" title="Sincretism">sincretism</a>. Ea este de asemenea numită <b>Elat</b> („Zeiță”, forma feminină a lui El; compară cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allat — pagină inexistentă">Allat</a>) și <b>Qodesh</b> 'Sfințenie'. Athirat din textele acadiene apare ca Așratum (Antu), soția lui Anu, zeul cerului. Altfel, despre Aștart se crede că ar fi legată de zeița mesopotamică <a href="/wiki/I%C8%99tar" title="Iștar">Iștar</a> care este uneori descrisă ca fiind fiica lui Anu în timp ce în miturile ugaritice Aștart este una din fiicele lui El, corespondentul semitic din Vest al lui Anu. </p><p>La hitiți această zeiță apare drept Așerdu(s) sau Așertu(s), consoarta lui Elkunirsa (din titlul ugaritic El-qan-arsha: „El Creatorul Pământului”) și este mama fie a 77 fie a 88 de fii. </p><p>În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrisorile_Amarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrisorile Amarna — pagină inexistentă">scrisorile Amarna</a> un rege al amoriților este numit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdi-Ashirta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdi-Ashirta — pagină inexistentă">Abdi-Ashirta</a>, „Servitorul Așerei”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_Egipt"><span id=".C3.8En_Egipt"></span>În Egipt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Egipt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: În Egipt"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În Egipt, începând cu cea de-a XVIII-a dinastie, o zeiță semitică numită <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qudshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qudshu — pagină inexistentă">Qudshu</a> ('Sfințenie') începe să iasă în evidență, fiind echivalată zeiței egiptene <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>. Unii cred că aceasta este Athirat/Așratu sub numele ei ugaritic Qodesh. Această Qudshu pare să fie distinctă de atât <span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʿ</span>Aștart cât și <span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʿ</span>Anat deoarece aceste zeițe apar sub propriile lor nume și în iconografie foarte diferită, apărând in cel puțin o pictură ca fiind reprezentate ca așezate lângă Qudshu. </p><p>Dar în perioadele persane, elenistice și romane ale Egiptului era o puternică tendință către sincretism al zeițelor, iar Athirat/Așrtum pare să fi dispărut atunci, cel puțin în calitate de zeiță proeminentă sub nume recognoscibil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_Israel_și_Iuda"><span id=".C3.8En_Israel_.C8.99i_Iuda"></span>În Israel și Iuda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Israel și Iuda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: În Israel și Iuda"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ajrud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/220px-Ajrud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/330px-Ajrud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/440px-Ajrud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Imagine al unui fragment de oală ceramică găsit la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> deasupra inscripției „Berakhti etkhem l’YHVH Shomron ul’Asherato”</figcaption></figure> <p>Atât dovezile arheologice cât și textele biblice redau tensiunile dintre grupuri care acceptau adorarea lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> împreună cu zeități locale, ca Așera și <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, și cei care țineau la a-l adora numai pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>, în perioada monarhică.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sursa deuteronomistă oferă dovezi ale existenței unei puternice facțiuni monoteiste în timpul domniei regelui <a href="/wiki/Iozia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iozia">Iozia</a>, spre sfârșitul secolului al VII-lea î.e.n., dar puterea și prevalența unei adorări monoteiste anterioare a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> este pe larg pusă la îndoială, având la bază interpretări despre cât de mult se bazează istoria deuteronomistă pe surse anterioare ei și cât de mult a fost reformulată ea de redactorii deuteronomiști în scopul de a-și impune punctele lor de vedere teologice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mărturiile arheologice indică un politeism larg răspândit în <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> și în jurul său în perioada monarhiei.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De exemplu, un stâlp cultic din secolul al X-lea î.e.n. din Taanach (un oraș din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> de Nord, lângă <a href="/wiki/Meghido" title="Meghido">Megiddo</a>) are implicații politeiste evidente. Stâlpul are patru nivele sau regiștri. În registrul de jos, sau pe nivelul patru este o figură de femeie cu mâinile așezate pe capetele a doi lei care stau așezați la dreapta și la stânga ei. Figura de femeie poate fi interpretată drept zeiță, fie Așera, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anat — pagină inexistentă">Anat</a>. Al treilea registru are două figuri de sfinx aripi cu un loc liber între ele. Al doilea nivel conține un arbore sacru flancat de ambele părți de ibiși care stau pe picioarele lor din spate. Registrul de sus arată un patruped (fie o bovină fie un cal) cu un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disc_solar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disc solar — pagină inexistentă">disc solar</a> deasupra lui. Nu este cert dacă Taanach a fost fie sub control <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelit</a> fie sub control canaanit când a fost produs stâlpul, iar interpretările lui diferă.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dacă patrupedul de pe nivelul de sus este luat drept bovină, el poate fi identificat fie cu <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> fie cu <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>. Discul solar de deasupra patrupedului reprezintă fie zeul Soarelui fie cerul.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cei mai mulți autori sunt de acord că arborele sacru din al doilea registru trebuie identificat cu o așerah, deși arborele stilizat este adesea văzut drept obiect de cult mai degrabă decât imagine a unei zeițe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figurile de tipul sfinxului înaripat de pe al doilea nivel au fost interpretate drept heruvimi iar spațiul dintre ele îl reprezintă pe invizibilul <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> ca „stând pe tronul făcut din heruvimi” deși spațiul liber poate fi de asemenea interpretat ca permițând observatorilor să vadă un foc sau o figurină dinăuntrul stâlpului.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși sunt posibile o varietate de interpretări, Mark S. Smith conchide că „Pe scurt, asumând datarea corectă a acestui stâlp în secolul al zecelea, stâlpul atestă politeismul din zonă.”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alt exemplu de politeism din <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantul</a> de Sud a fost descoperirea unei combinații de iconografii și inscripții la un centru religios/loc de poposire pentru călători de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a>, în nordul deșertului <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Sinai" title="Peninsula Sinai">Sinai</a>, care datează din secolul al VIII-lea î.e.n.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printre multe alte artefacte se afla un mare vas de păstrat care a atras multă atenție. Fața vasului conține iconografie arătând trei figuri antropomorfice și o inscripție care se referă la „<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a> … și a sa așera”. Inscripțiile conduc la identificarea rapidă a două din figurile care stau în prim-plan ca reprezentându-l pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahve</a> și soția lui, Așerah, dar cercetări ulterioare le-au identificat drept figuri Bes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Câțiva cercetători, inclusiv William G. Dever,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și Judith Hadley<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuă să interpreteze inscripția într-un mod în care ea se referă la Așerah drept zeiță <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelită</a> și soția lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>. William Dever a scris o carte numită „Did God Have a Wife?” (A avut Dumnezeu o soție?) care se referă la dovezile arheologice, printre care multe figurine femeiești dezgropate din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic, care susțin ipoteza sa că Așerah a funcționat drept zeiță și soție a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> în religia populară <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israeliană</a> din perioada monarhică. Un recenzent consideră că teoria lui Dever „este plin de lacune iar cartea e plină de dezinformări.”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opus interpetării „așerei” drept zeiță în inscripțiile din Kuntillet ‘Ajrud inscriptions, alți câțiva autori, inclusiv Mark S. Smith,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Day,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și Andre Lemaire,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> văd așerah din aceste inscripții obiect de cult, arbore stilizat sau loc de închinare prin care binecuvântările lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> erau comunicate, mai degrabă decât o zeiță care ar putea funcționa drept soție.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> „Nici iconografia nici textele nu ne pot obliga să interpretăm relația dintre ‘<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a> ... și a sa așera’ din Epoca Fierului IIB în sensul unei relații (determinată sexual) dintre două forțe care ar fi împerecheate și să ne oblige astfel să acceptăm că așerah ar avea statut de parteneră. ‘Așera a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a>’ nu era egală în rang cu <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahve</a> ci este mai degrabă o entitate mediatoare care aduce binecuvântările lui și este concepută mental sub forma unui arbore stilizat, care îi era astfel subordonat lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arheologii și istoricii ne oferă o multitudine de căi de a organiza și interpreta informația iconografică și textuală disponibilă. William G. Dever distinge între „religia oficială/religia de stat/religia cărții” ale elitei și „religia populară” a maselor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainer Albertz distinge „religia oficială” de „religia familială”, „pietatea personală” și „pluralismul religios intern”.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacques Berlinerblau analizează dovezile în termenii unei „religii oficiale” și „religii populare” din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Într-o carte descrisă de William G. Dever drept „studiu magistral”,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrick D. Miller a grupat pe larg adorarea lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahve</a> din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelul</a> antic în trei mari categorii: ortodoxă, heterodoxă și sincretistă (Miller recunoaște faptul că ortodoxia unuia înseamnă heterodoxie pentru altul și că ortodoxia nu era o realitate fixă și imuabilă în religia <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelului</a> antic).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Idolatria poporului lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> nu era o abatere de la un monoteism anterior al lor. Ea era de fapt felul în care poporul lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> se închina de sute de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div><div class="templatequotecite">—Israel Finkelstein și Neil Asher Silberman, <i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts.</i></div></blockquote> <p>Conform <a href="/wiki/Ipoteza_documentar%C4%83" title="Ipoteza documentară">ipotezei documentare</a>, majoritatea celor patruzeci de referințe la Așera din cadrul <a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Bibliei ebraice</a> derivă de la <a href="/wiki/Ipoteza_documentar%C4%83" title="Ipoteza documentară">Deuteronomist</a>, fiind întotdeauna exprimate în context ostil: Deuteronomistul judecă regii lui <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> și ai lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> conform de cât de riguros au susținut Iahvismul, combătând adorarea Așerei și a altor zeități. Despre regele <a href="/wiki/Manase" title="Manase">Manase</a>, el afirmă de exemplu că a plasat un stâlp al Așerei în <a href="/wiki/Templul_lui_Solomon" title="Templul lui Solomon">Templul din Ierusalim</a>, el fiind prin urmare cineva care <i>„a făcut ce era rău în ochii DOMNULUI”</i> (<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_21" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 21">Imparati 21:7</a>), în timp ce regele <a href="/wiki/Ezechia" title="Ezechia">Ezechia</a> „a distrus locurile înalte, a spart stâlpii și a spart Așerah” (<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_18" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 18">Imparati 18:4</a>), prin urmare fiind considerat drept cel mai virtuos rege al lui <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> dinaintea venirii reformatorului <a href="/wiki/Iozia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iozia">Iozia</a>, sub domnia căruia a fost scrisă istoria deuteronomistă. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Biblia ebraică</a> folosește termenul de <i>așera</i> în două sensuri, drept obiect de cult și ca nume divin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ca obiect de cult <i>așerah</i> poate fi „făcut”, „doborât” și „ars”, iar <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Deuteronom/Capitolul_16" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Deuteronom/Capitolul 16">Deuteronom 16:21</a> interzice plantarea de copaci ca așerah, sugerând că se referă la un copac stilizat sau trunchi cioplit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte versete se referă clar la o zeiță, cum ar fi de exemplu <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Imparati/Capitolul_23" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Imparati/Capitolul 23">Imparati 23:4-7</a>, în care sunt făcute obiecte „pentru <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> și Așera”.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referințele la așerah din <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Isaia/Capitolul_17" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Isaia/Capitolul 17">Isaia 17:8</a> și <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Isaia/Capitolul_2" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Isaia/Capitolul 2">Isaia 2:8</a> sugerează că în gândirea antică nu se făcea distincție între obiect și zeiță.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscripții invocând binecuvântări de la „<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> și așerah a sa” au fost găsite în două situri de pe teritoriul anticului <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a>, iar una dintre ele include un desen al două figuri care pot să-l reprezinte pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> și pe Așera ca soție a lui <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este posibil că Așera era asociată cu regina principală din vechiul <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Iuda</a> și din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, iar această asociere fermă cu cultul regilor ar putea lămuri dispariția completă a zeiței atunci când monarhia a dispărut.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Dever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Dever — pagină inexistentă">William G. Dever</a> a sugerat că Așera era adorată drept <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C4%83teasa_cerului_(antichitate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Împărăteasa cerului (antichitate) — pagină inexistentă">Împărăteasa cerului</a> (evreii coceau mici prăjituri pentru serbarea sărbătorii ei),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Day_(cercet%C4%83tor_al_Vechiului_Testament)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Day (cercetător al Vechiului Testament) — pagină inexistentă">John Day</a> afirmă că „nu există nimic din primul mileniu î.e.n. care să denote că Așera era «Împărăteasa cerului» sau s-o asocieze pe ea în mod special cu cerul.”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figurinele Așerei sunt mărturii arheologice extrem de întâlnite, indicând popularitatea cultului ei din cele mai vechi timpuri până la exilul în Babilon.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai rare sunt inscripțiile care-l leagă pe <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Iahveh</a> de Așerah, care au fost descoperite: un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrakon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrakon — pagină inexistentă">ostrakon</a> din sec. al VIII-lea î.e.n. înscris cu „Berakhti etkhem l’<a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHVH</a> Shomron ul’Asherato” (ebraică: בירכתי אתכם ליהוה שומרון ולאשרתו) a fost descoperit de arheologi <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">israelieni</a> la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuntillet_Ajrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuntillet Ajrud — pagină inexistentă">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> (în ebraică „Horvat Teman”) în cursul excavărilor din deșertul Sinai în 1975. Aceasta se traduce ca: „Te-am binecuvantat prin <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHVH</a> din Samaria și Așera a Sa” (sau poate „... prin <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHVH</a> păzitorul nostrul și Așerah a Sa”, dacă „Shomron” ar trebui citit ca „shomrenu”). Altă inscripție, din from Khirbet el-Kom de lângă Hebron scrie: „Binecuvântat fie Uriyahu de către <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Yahweh</a> și de Așerah a Sa; el l-a salvat de dușmanii săi!”.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilde Binger observă în studiul ei <i>Asherah: Goddesses in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament</i> (1997, p. 141), că există mărturii că Așerah poate fi văzută ca fiind „o stelă de lemn neiconică sau o columnă de un anumit fel, un copac viu sau o statuie mai obișnuită.” O statuie de lemn cioplită din topor și plantată în solul casei era simbolului Așerei, iar uneori o statuie de lut fără picioare. Imaginile ei cultice („idolii”) au fost găsite de asemenea în păduri, sculptate în copaci vii, sau sub formă de stâlpi de lângă altar care erau plasați la marginea unor drumuri. Stâlpii Așerei sunt menționați în <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Exodului" title="Cartea Exodului">Exod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuteronom" title="Deuteronom">Deuteronom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judec%C4%83tori_(carte)" title="Judecători (carte)">Cartea Judecătorilor</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83r%C8%9Bile_%C3%8Emp%C4%83ra%C8%9Bilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cărțile Împăraților — pagină inexistentă">Cărțile Împăraților</a>, a doua <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Cronicilor" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cartea Cronicilor">Carte a Cronicilor</a> și cărțile lui <a href="/wiki/Isaia" title="Isaia">Isaia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieremia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieremia — pagină inexistentă">Ieremia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mica" class="mw-disambig" title="Mica">Mica</a>. Termenul apare adesea doar ca אשרה, <i>Așerah</i>; acesta este tradus ca „arbori” în <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_James_Version&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King James Version — pagină inexistentă">King James Version</a> și ca „stâlpi” în <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Revised_Standard_Version&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Revised Standard Version — pagină inexistentă">New Revised Standard Version</a>, deși în text nu apare niciun cuvânt care ar putea fi tradus ca „stâlpi”. </p><p>Într-un documentar al <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> dr. Francesca Stavrakopoulou, fostă lector principal la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Exeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Exeter — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Exeter</a>, actualmente profesor universitar deplin, specializată în studii biblice ebraice declara: „Majoritatea cercetătorilor biblici din întreaga lume acceptă acum drept convigătoare dovezile că Dumnezeu a avut o soție.”<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Întrebat în același documentar dacă evreii au fost monoteiști, lucru care i-ar fi distins față de religia <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">canaanită</a>, prof. dr. Herbert Niehr de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitatea din Tübingen">Universitatea din Tübingen</a> declara că evreii au fost politeiști din sec. al X-lea î.e.n. până cel puțin în 586, după care lucrurile au început să se schimbe foarte lent, evreii fiind covârșitor monoteiști începând cu perioada <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeilor</a> (secolul al II-lea î.e.n.).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toynbee1961_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toynbee1961-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un curs de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Yale" title="Universitatea Yale">Universitatea Yale</a> și alte lucrări confirmă acest lucru.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Foxwell Albright, liderul unei generații trecute de arheologi biblici, nu a fost, totuși, un literalist biblic, <i>Iahve și zeii din Canaan</i>, de exemplu, susținând opinia că religia israeliților a evoluat de la un politeism originar la un monoteism care l-a văzut pe Dumnezeu acționând în istorie - o viziune pe deplin conformă cu opiniile principale din ultimele două secole de critică biblică dinaintea lui.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În documentarul History Channel The Bible Unearthed (Biblia dezgropată) Amihai Mazar afirmă că Iahve avea o nevastă în religia tradițională israelită, conform celei mai vechi inscripții care-l menționează pe Iahve.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Așira_în_Arabia"><span id="A.C8.99ira_.C3.AEn_Arabia"></span>Așira în Arabia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Așira în Arabia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Așira în Arabia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O stelă care se află acum la <a href="/wiki/Muzeul_Luvru" title="Muzeul Luvru">Luvru</a>, descoperită de către Charles Huber în 1883 în oaza antică a Temei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tayma — pagină inexistentă">Tayma</a> actuală - în arabă: تيماء‎) din Arabia de Nord-Vest, despre care se consideră că provine din timpul retragerii acolo a lui <a href="/wiki/Nabonid" title="Nabonid">Nabonidus</a> în 549 î.e.n., poartă o inscripție în <a href="/wiki/Limba_aramaic%C4%83" title="Limba aramaică">aramaică</a>, inscripție care menționează <span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">Ṣ</span>alm din Ma<span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ḥ</span>ram și Șingala și Așira ca fiind zeii Temei. </p><p>Această Așira ar putea fi Athirat/Așera. Deoarece limba aramaică nu are nicio modalitate prin care să indice <i>th</i> din limba arabă, corespunzând lui <i>th</i> ugaritic (scris fonetic ca <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṯ</span></i>), dacă aceasta este aceeași zeitate nu este limpede dacă numele ar fi o redare arabă a ugariticului <i>Athirat</i> sau un împrumut târziu din <i>Așera</i> din limba ebraică sau canaanită. </p><p>Rădăcina arabă <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Bitstream Vera, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ</span>ṯr</i> are un înțeles similar cu cel care în ebraică se referă la „a păși peste” folosit ca bază pentru a explica numele de Așira ca „Doamna mării”, în special deoarece rădăcina arabă <i>ymm</i> înseamnă și „mare”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A2lp_al_A%C8%99erei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stâlp al Așerei — pagină inexistentă">Stâlp al Așerei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(zeu)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (zeu)">El (zeu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zei%C8%9Ba_ebraic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeița ebraică — pagină inexistentă">Zeița ebraică</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Ieremia/Capitolul_7" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Ieremia/Capitolul 7">Ieremia 7:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"Asherah" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">The New Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. — pagină inexistentă">Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.</a>, 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, pp. 623–624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeemingLeeming2005-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeemingLeeming2005_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leeming, David (<time datetime="2005-11-17">17 noiembrie 2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA32"><i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-515669-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-515669-0">978-0-19-515669-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515669-0&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQFtlva3HaYC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Niehr, Herbert (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofelohimf00edel/page/54">„The Rise of YHWH in the Judahite and Israelite Religion”</a>. <i>The Triumph of the Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofelohimf00edel/page/54">54, 57</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8028-4161-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8028-4161-9">0-8028-4161-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+the+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%2C+USA&rft.pages=54%2C+57&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-4161-9&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofelohimf00edel%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driver-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Driver_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Driver_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Driver, G.R., "Canaanite Myths and Legends", T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Noted by Raphael Patai, "The Goddess Asherah" <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> <b>24</b>.1/2 (1965:37-52) p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Imparati%2018&version=RMNN">1 Imparati cap. 18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ieremia%202&version=RMNN">Ieremia cap. 2</a>; Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Steven L. McKenzie, Deuteronomistic History, The Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. 2, Doubleday (1992), pp. 160-168; Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001) pp. 151-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Patrick D. Miller, The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Knox Press (2000) pp. 43-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002) p. 53; Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 175-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 175-176; Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Godesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998) pp. 207-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 174-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002) p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ze’ev Meshel, Kuntillet ‘Ajrud: An Israelite Religious Center in Northern Sinai, Expedition, Summer 1978, pp. 50-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John Day, Yahwe and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press (2002) pp. 50-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Judith M. Hadley, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 122-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">A Shmuel, Did God Really Have a Wife, The Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 32 (2006) pp. 62-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and Other Dieties in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans (2002), p. xxxii-xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press (2002) pp. 50-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Who or What Was Yahweh’s Asherah? André Lemaire, BAR 10:06, Nov/Dec 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, Mercer Bible Dictionary, Mercer University Press (1991) pp. 494-494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Godesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998) p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005) p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Albertz, History of Israelite Religion Vol. 1, Westminster Jonk Knox Press (1994) p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Berlinerblau, Official Religion and Popular Religion in Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel<University of Cincinnati, Judaic Studies Program (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">William G. Dever, Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans Publishing (2005) p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Patrick D Miller, The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Knox Press (2000) pp. 46-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=The+idolatry+of+the+people+of+Judah+was+not+a+departure+from+their+earlier+monotheism.+It+was,+instead,+the+way+the+people+of+Judah+had+worshiped+for+hundreds+of+years.&source=bl&ots=lQF2Lqja7D&sig=2oySBbSqenVKlRf4nE7d6_lo5Qg&hl=nl&ei=X3e8TPWPHoHm4AbtnbHVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">„9. The Transformation of Judah (c. 930-705 BCE)”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bible-Unearthed-Archaeologys-Vision-Ancient/dp/0684869128"><i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. First Touchstone Edition 2002). New York: Touchstone. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-684-86913-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-684-86913-1">978-0-684-86913-1</a>. <q>The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+The+Transformation+of+Judah+%28c.+930-705+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed.+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+The+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=First+Touchstone+Edition+2002&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86913-1&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26pg%3DPA234%26lpg%3DPA234%26dq%3DThe%2Bidolatry%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Ba%2Bdeparture%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Bearlier%2Bmonotheism.%2BIt%2Bwas%2C%2Binstead%2C%2Bthe%2Bway%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bhad%2Bworshiped%2Bfor%2Bhundreds%2Bof%2Byears.%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DlQF2Lqja7D%26sig%3D2oySBbSqenVKlRf4nE7d6_lo5Qg%26hl%3Dnl%26ei%3DX3e8TPWPHoHm4AbtnbHVDA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CBUQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFsxa0jZ1x&sig=VoCV10jG_KyMYQ1ZCrBsLPPR_As&hl=en&ei=w88QTKLWC9DXccfNtfQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Asherah&f=false">K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.104</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Dever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Dever — pagină inexistentă">William G. Dever</a>, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Did_God_Have_a_Wife%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Did God Have a Wife? — pagină inexistentă">Did God Have a Wife?</a>" (Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0802828523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8028-2852-3</a>,2005) - see reviews of this book by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_6305.pdf">Patrick D. Miller</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023103740/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_6305.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-23">23 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_5127.pdf">Yairah Amit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023103756/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4910_5127.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-23">23 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Day, John <i>Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan</i> Continuum International Publishing Group - Sheffie (26 Dec 2002) <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780826468307" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0826468307</a> p.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dever, William G. (2005), "Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel", (Eerdmans <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0802828523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8028-2852-3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Finkelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Finkelstein — pagină inexistentă">Israel Finkelstein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Asher_Silberman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Asher Silberman — pagină inexistentă">Neil Asher Silberman</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_Unearthed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bible Unearthed — pagină inexistentă">The Bible Unearthed</a>: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0684869128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-86912-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God have A Wife, BBC, 2011. Citat: „The majority of biblical scholars throughout the world now accept it as compelling evidence that God once had a consort.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zw3fl">„BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?”</a>. BBC. <time datetime="2011-12-21">21 decembrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-04">4 iulie 2012</time></span>. <q>Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+-+Bible%27s+Buried+Secrets%2C+Did+God+Have+a+Wife%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00zw3fl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee1961-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee1961_42-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nu e o opinie prea nouă, cf. <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold</a>; Royal Institute of International Affairs (<time datetime="1961">1961</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h98IAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Study of History</i></a>. <b>12</b>. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+H.+Milford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh98IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> și Hermann Gunkel în 1901, conform <cite class="citation book">Lyons, William John (<time datetime="2002-07-01">1 iulie 2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-40343-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-40343-8">978-0-567-40343-8</a>. <q>Because of his view of the history of religions as an evolutionary process, the latter is his preferred option. Polytheism is seen as older than monotheism and so as the more likely background for the original version of the legend, the visit of three gods to test an individual who proves through his hospitality his worthiness to be given the gift of a son.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+and+Exegesis%3A+Canonical+Praxis+and+the+Sodom+Narrative&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-40343-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVqvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommer2009">Sommer 2009</a>, p. 145. It is a commonplace of modern biblical scholarship that Israelite religion prior to the Babylonian exile was basically polytheistic. [...] Many scholars argue that ancient Israelites worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses [...].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barton, John (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=xD8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>The Theology of the Book of Amos</i></a>. Old Testament Theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-107-37715-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-107-37715-8">978-1-107-37715-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-09-05">5 septembrie 2023</time></span>. <q>There can be little doubt that polytheism was the normal religion of Israel in practice. [...] On popular religion in Israel see Francesca Stavrakopoulou , “‘Popular’ Religion and ‘Official’ Religion: Practice, Perception, Portrayal,” in Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah (eds. F. Stavrakopoulou and J. Barton ; London: T & T Clark, 2010), 37–58. This essay problematizes the distinction between popular and official religion, a distinction that was not necessarily obvious at the time to everyone, even though the Old Testament gives the impression that it was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Book+of+Amos&rft.series=Old+Testament+Theology&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-37715-8&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxD8hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (<time datetime="2020">2020</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo/7y4DEAAAQBAJ?hl=es&pg=PA148">„New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud”</a>. În Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-026116-0">978-0-19-026116-0</a>. <q>New data from archaeological surveys, excavations, and, sadly, from looted artifacts purchased on the antiquities market have advanced knowledge of the Persian period in its local and international aspects (Stern 2001; Grabbe 2004; Betlyon 2005; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; Lemaire 2015). Archaeological discoveries since the 1970s have demonstrated that preexilic Israelite religion was not yet monotheistic and that strictly monotheistic Yahwism gained adherents in the Persian period (Gnuse 1997; Smith 2002; Albertz and Becking 2003). Not surprisingly then, the last few decades have witnessed reassessments of old certainties and new questions about the history, religion, and culture of the people who worshiped Yhwh in the sixth through late fourth centuries BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Return+from+Exile+and+Persian-Period+Yehud&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo%2F7y4DEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Des%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_46-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edelman, Diana V. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA19"><i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i></a>. Contributions to biblical exegesis and theology. Kok Pharos. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-90-390-0124-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-90-390-0124-0">978-90-390-0124-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.series=Contributions+to+biblical+exegesis+and+theology&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0124-0&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_47-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gnuse, Robert Karl (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=gdTYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Trajectories of Justice: What the Bible Says about Slaves, Women, and Homosexuality</i></a>. Lutterworth Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7188-4456-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7188-4456-1">978-0-7188-4456-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+of+Justice%3A+What+the+Bible+Says+about+Slaves%2C+Women%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4456-1&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdTYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_48-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carraway, George (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=je7UAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Christ is God Over All: Romans 9:5 in the context of Romans 9-11</i></a>. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-26701-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-26701-6">978-0-567-26701-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>. <q>Second, it was probably not until the exile that monotheism proper was clearly formulated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+is+God+Over+All%3A+Romans+9%3A5+in+the+context+of+Romans+9-11&rft.series=The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26701-6&rft.aulast=Carraway&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dje7UAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_49-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hayes, Christine (<time datetime="2008-07-03">3 iulie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/moses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006/">„Moses and the Beginning of Yahwism: (Genesis 37- Exodus 4), Christine Hayes, Open Yale Courses (Transcription), 2006”</a>. <i>Center for Online Judaic Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-08-17">17 august 2022</time></span>. <q>Only later would a Yahweh-only party polemicize against and seek to suppress certain… what came to be seen as undesirable elements of Israelite-Judean religion, and these elements would be labeled Canaanite, as a part of a process of Israelite differentiation. But what appears in the Bible as a battle between Israelites, pure Yahwists, and Canaanites, pure polytheists, is indeed better understood as a civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites, and Israelites who are participating in the cult of their ancestors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Online+Judaic+Studies&rft.atitle=Moses+and+the+Beginning+of+Yahwism%3A+%28Genesis+37-+Exodus+4%29%2C+Christine+Hayes%2C+Open+Yale+Courses+%28Transcription%29%2C+2006.&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fmoses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_50-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 234. : The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._51-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sanders, Seth (<time datetime="2003-12-31">31 decembrie 2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/reviews/review119.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">„Review of Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Foreword by Patrick D. Miller”</a>. <i>The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. University of Alberta Libraries. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs5866">10.5508/jhs5866</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Review+of+Mark+S.+Smith%2C+The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel%2C+Foreword+by+Patrick+D.+Miller&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs5866&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ualberta.ca%2FJHS%2Freviews%2Freview119.htm%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedman-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friedman_52-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619000702/http://icarusfilms.com/new2006/bib2.html">„Background on Scholars”</a>. <i>icarusfilms.com</i>. <time datetime="2017-06-19">19 iunie 2017</time>. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2017-06-19">19 iunie 2017</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-03-26">26 martie 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icarusfilms.com&rft.atitle=Background+on+Scholars&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficarusfilms.com%2Fnew2006%2Fbib2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicații_pe_această_temă"><span id="Publica.C8.9Bii_pe_aceast.C4.83_tem.C4.83"></span>Publicații pe această temă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Publicații pe această temă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Publicații pe această temă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tilde Binger: <i>Asherah: Goddess in Ugarit, Israel, and the Old Testament</i> (Sheffield Academic Press,1997) <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1850756376" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85075-637-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Dever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Dever — pagină inexistentă">William G. Dever</a>: <i>Did God Have A Wife? Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel</i> (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2005)</li> <li>Judith M.Hadley: <i>The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah</i> (U of Cambridge 2000)</li> <li>Jenny Kien: <i>Reinstating the Divine Woman in Judaism</i> (Universal 2000)</li> <li>Asphodel P. Long: <i>In a Chariot Drawn by Lions</i> (Crossing Press 1993).</li> <li>Raphael Patai: <i>The Hebrew Goddess</i> (Wayne State University Press 1990 and earlier editions)</li> <li>William L. Reed: <i>The Asherah in the Old Testament</i> (Texas Christian University Press, 1949).</li> <li>Steve A. Wiggins: <i>A Reassessment of "Asherah": A Study According to the Textual Sources of the First Two Millennia B.C.E.</i> (Kevelaer: Verlag Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1993). Second edition: (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2007) <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1593337175" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59333-717-5</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSommer2009" class="citation book">Sommer, Benjamin D. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEYhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1139477789" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1139477789">978-1139477789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodies+of+God+and+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1139477789&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEYhAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AA%C8%99era" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Așeramoificare</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asphodel-long.com/html/goddess_in_judaism.html">Asphodel P. Long, "The Goddess in Judaism - An Historical Perspective"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031082944/http://www.asphodel-long.com/html/goddess_in_judaism.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-10-31">31 octombrie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asphodel-long.com/html/asherah.html">"Asherah, the Tree of Life and the Menorah"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105095653/http://www.asphodel-long.com/html/asherah.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-01-05">5 ianuarie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1942&letter=A&search=Asherah"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Asherah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeek.net/spirit_0407.shtml">Rabbi Jill Hammer "An Altar of Earth: Reflections on Jews, Goddesses and the Zohar"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060916100221/http://www.theology.bham.ac.uk/guest/Ancient+Israel/asherah.htm">University of Birmingham: Deryn Guest: Asherah</a> at Archive.org</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(zeu)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (zeu)">El (zeu)</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inscripțiile Kuntillet</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/berlinerblau5.htm">Jacques Berlinerblau, "Official religion and popular religion in pre-Exilic ancient Israel"</a> (Commentary on Yahweh's Asherah.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientneareast.net/kuntillet_ajrud.html">ANE: Kuntillet bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217050511/http://www.ancientneareast.net/kuntillet_ajrud.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2005-12-17">17 decembrie 2005</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jwst/second.htm">Jeffrey H. Tigay, "A Second Temple Parallel to the Blessings from Kuntillet Ajrud" (University of Pennsylvania)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181225/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jwst/second.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-07-16">16 iulie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (This equates Asherah with <i>an</i> asherah.)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Religia israelită</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm">David Steinberg, "Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221125002/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2015-02-21">21 februarie 2015</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes275/studentproj/fall05/kmr38/index.html">Asherah: Goddess of the Bible?</a> (Cornell University course project)</li></ul></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118848429">118848429</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86004361">sh86004361</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/241679230">241679230</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69726749">69726749</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/69726749">69726749</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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