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<div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prasejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prasejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_awal_(1147-1283)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_awal_(1147-1283)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sejarah awal (1147-1283) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_awal_(1147-1283)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keharyapatihan_Moskow_(1283-1547)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keharyapatihan_Moskow_(1283-1547)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Keharyapatihan Moskow (1283-1547) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keharyapatihan_Moskow_(1283-1547)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketsaran_Rusia_(1547-1721)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketsaran_Rusia_(1547-1721)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ketsaran Rusia (1547-1721) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketsaran_Rusia_(1547-1721)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekaisaran_Rusia_(1721-1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekaisaran_Rusia_(1721-1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Kekaisaran Rusia (1721-1917) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekaisaran_Rusia_(1721-1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uni_Soviet_(1917-1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uni_Soviet_(1917-1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Uni Soviet (1917-1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uni_Soviet_(1917-1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusia_modern_(1991-sekarang)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusia_modern_(1991-sekarang)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Rusia modern (1991-sekarang) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusia_modern_(1991-sekarang)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Geografi </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waktu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waktu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Waktu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waktu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Iklim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Demografi </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jumlah_penduduk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumlah_penduduk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Jumlah penduduk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumlah_penduduk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Agama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemandangan_kota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemandangan_kota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pemandangan kota </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pemandangan_kota-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pemandangan kota </button> <ul id="toc-Pemandangan_kota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arsitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arsitektur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taman_dan_landmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taman_dan_landmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Taman dan landmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taman_dan_landmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Budaya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Budaya </button> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museum_dan_galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_dan_galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Museum dan galeri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_dan_galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Musik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olahraga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olahraga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Olahraga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olahraga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiburan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiburan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hiburan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiburan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ekonomi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Ekonomi </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secara_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secara_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Secara umum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secara_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Industri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biaya_hidup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biaya_hidup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Biaya hidup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biaya_hidup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sains_dan_pendidikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sains_dan_pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sains dan pendidikan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sains_dan_pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Transportasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Transportasi </button> <ul id="toc-Transportasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Udara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Udara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kereta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kereta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Kereta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kereta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Trem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Hubungan internasional </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hubungan_internasional-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Hubungan internasional </button> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kota_kembar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kota_kembar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Kota kembar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kota_kembar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjanjian_kerja_sama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjanjian_kerja_sama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Perjanjian kerja sama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjanjian_kerja_sama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Moskow</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 275 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-275" aria-hidden="true" > 275 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%B4w" title="Moskôw – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Moskôw" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Altai Selatan" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Altai Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE" title="ሞስኮ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞስኮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मॉस्को – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मॉस्को" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%A9%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܘܣܩܒܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܣܩܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="موسکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Мәскәү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәскәү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskva" title="Maskva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Maskva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масква – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Масква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मास्को – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मास्को" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মস্কো – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্কো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་སི་ཁོ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་སི་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskov" title="Moskov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moskov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Москох – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Москох" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86" title="مۆسکۆ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(cit%C3%A0)" title="Mosca (cità) – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mosca (cità)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2skwa" title="Mòskwa – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòskwa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91" title="Москꙑ – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Москꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Мускав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мускав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscfa" title="Moscfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moscfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccow" title="Moccow – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Moccow" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskowa" title="Moskowa – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moskowa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%AF" title="މޮސްކޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮސްކޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BD%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མཽས་ཀོ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མཽས་ཀོ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Μόσχα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόσχα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ssca" title="Måssca – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Måssca" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvo" title="Moskvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moskvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکو – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosiko" title="Mosiko – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mosiko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosche" title="Mosche – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mosche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%B3" title="Moscó – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Moscó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosgo" title="Mosgo – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mosgo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A4" title="مؤسکؤ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مؤسکؤ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosuku" title="Mosuku – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mosuku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌰 – Gotik" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotik" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokekao" title="Mokekao – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokekao" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94" title="מוסקבה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסקבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मास्को – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मास्को" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkva" title="Moszkva – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszkva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Մոսկվա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսկվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Մոսկուա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոսկուա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscva" title="Moscva – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Moscva" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosca (Russia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A8%E1%94%85%E1%91%AF" title="ᒨᔅᑯ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒨᔅᑯ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF" title="モスクワ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスクワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko" title="Masko – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Masko" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/moskovas" title="moskovas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="moskovas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მოსკოვი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსკოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musku" title="Musku – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Musku" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83" title="Мэзкуу – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мэзкуу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94s%C9%A9k%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Mɔsɩkʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔsɩkʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1si%CC%B1kwo" title="Ma̱si̱kwo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱si̱kwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Мәскеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәскеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BC" title="ម៉ូស្គូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូស្គូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B" title="ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94" title="모스크바 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мӧсква – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мӧсква" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Маскау – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Маскау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Мӧскуа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мӧскуа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscua" title="Moscua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moscua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Москав – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Москав" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscva" title="Moscva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moscva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosko" title="Moosko – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Moosko" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(%C3%A7itt%C3%A6)" title="Mosca (çittæ) – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mosca (çittæ)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscau" title="Moscau – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Moscau" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musca_(R%C3%BCssia)" title="Musca (Rüssia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Musca (Rüssia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%BA" title="Moskú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moskú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81" title="ມອສໂກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມອສໂກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskva" title="Maskva – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskava" title="Maskava – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maskava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Моску – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Моску" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4sikao" title="Môsikao – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môsikao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Моско – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Моско" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohikau" title="Mohikau – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mohikau" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="മോസ്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോസ്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मॉस्को – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉस्को" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscobo" title="Moscobo – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Moscobo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မော်စကိုမြို့ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်စကိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Москов ош – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Москов ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="موسکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موسکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halzhin_Deezl%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Halzhin Deezlíní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Halzhin Deezlíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%B2u" title="Moscòu – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moscòu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu" title="Moskovu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Moskovu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooskoo" title="Mooskoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mooskoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B" title="ମସ୍କୋ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍କୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Мæскуы – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæскуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮਾਸਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਸਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Μόσχα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μόσχα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovo" title="Moscovo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moscovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskuw" title="Muskuw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muskuw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscau" title="Moscau – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Moscau" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosche" title="Mosche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mosche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मास्कोनगरम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मास्कोनगरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mosca (Russia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88" title="ماسڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماسڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%A3ku" title="Muṣku – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muṣku" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A" title="මොස්කව් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොස්කව්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="மாஸ்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாஸ்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B" title="మాస్కో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాస్కో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu" title="Moskovu – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Moskovu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Маскав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маскав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มอสโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอสโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99skova" title="Məskova – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Məskova" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosekou" title="Mosekou – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mosekou" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Мәскәү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәскәү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Муско – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Муско" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="موسكۋا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="موسكۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(R%C3%B9sia)" title="Mosca (Rùsia) – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mosca (Rùsia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskv" title="Moskv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Moskv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Москва балһсн – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Москва балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მოსკოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოსკოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="מאסקווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאסקווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%8D%CC%81sk%C3%B2" title="Mọ́skò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mọ́skò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CC%8Dk-su-kho" title="Bo̍k-su-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bo̍k-su-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMoskwa" title="IMoskwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMoskwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q649#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moskow" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Moskow" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMoskow">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Moskow">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Moskow&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem koordinat geografis">Koordinat</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moskow&language=id&params=55_45_21_N_37_37_2_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-MOS">55°45′21″N 37°37′2″E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskwa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24150118">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-background{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Moskow</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Москва</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader ib-background"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kota_federal_di_Rusia" title="Kota federal di Rusia">kota federal</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MoscowCollage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah: Menara Spasskaya, Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat, MIBC, Sungai Moskva, Universitas Negeri Moskow, Teater Bolshoi, Lapangan Merah"><img alt="Dari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah: Menara Spasskaya, Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat, MIBC, Sungai Moskva, Universitas Negeri Moskow, Teater Bolshoi, Lapangan Merah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MoscowCollage.jpg/300px-MoscowCollage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MoscowCollage.jpg/450px-MoscowCollage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MoscowCollage.jpg/600px-MoscowCollage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="5120" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Dari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah: <a href="/wiki/Menara_Spasskaya" title="Menara Spasskaya">Menara Spasskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Kristus_Sang_Juru_Selamat" title="Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat">Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pusat_Bisnis_Internasional_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskwa">MIBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Moskva">Sungai Moskva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Negeri_Moskow" title="Universitas Negeri Moskow">Universitas Negeri Moskow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teater_Bolshoi" title="Teater Bolshoi">Teater Bolshoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah">Lapangan Merah</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19679278">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_Moscow,_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Moskow"><img alt="Bendera Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Bendera</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang kebesaran Moskow"><img alt="Lambang kebesaran Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/84px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/126px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/168px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="663" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Lambang kebesaran</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">Himne daerah: "<a href="/wiki/Moya_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Moya Moskva">Moya Moskva</a>" <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="My_Moscow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg" type="audio/ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg/My_Moscow.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg/My_Moscow.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMy_Moscow.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMy_Moscow.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_in_Russia_(special_marker).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Moskow"><img alt="Location of Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg/300px-Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg/450px-Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg/600px-Moscow_in_Russia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="637" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">Koordinat: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moskow&language=id&params=55_45_21_N_37_37_2_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-MOS">55°45′21″N 37°37′2″E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">Negara</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Distrik_Federal_di_Rusia" title="Distrik Federal di Rusia">Distrik federal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/Distrik_Federal_Pusat" title="Distrik Federal Pusat">Pusat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Rusia" title="Wilayah ekonomi Rusia">Wilayah ekonomi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Pusat" title="Wilayah ekonomi Pusat">Pusat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pertama kali disebutkan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">1147</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Pemerintahan<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Badan</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">Duma Kota Moskow</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Wali_kota" title="Wali kota">Wali kota</a><a href="#cite_note-wali_kota-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin" title="Sergey Sobyanin">Sergey Sobyanin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Luas<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kota_federal_di_Rusia" title="Kota federal di Rusia">kota federal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">2,561,5 km2 (989,0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peringkat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">ke-83</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ketinggian<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">156 m (512 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasi<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Sensus 2021)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kota_federal_di_Rusia" title="Kota federal di Rusia">kota federal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">13.010.112</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Peringkat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">ke-1</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Kepadatan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">5.080,09/km2 (13,157,4/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Perkotaan" title="Perkotaan">Perkotaan</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">17.000.000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Kepadatan metropolitan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">21.534.777/km2 (55,774,820/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">Moskvích, Moskvíchka, Moskvichí</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Moskow" title="Waktu Moskow">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kode ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">RU-MOW</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pelat_nomor" title="Pelat nomor">Pelat kendaraan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em">77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Situs web</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/en">mos.ru/en</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Moskow (bahasa Rusia: Москва, <a href="/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisasi aksara Rusia">tr.</a> Moskva; IPA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">[mɐskˈva]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg" title="Berkas:Москва.ogg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga" class="internal" title="Москва2.oga">simak</a>)) atau Moskwa adalah ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> sekaligus pusat politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan sains utama di negara tersebut. Moskow adalah kota berpenduduk terbanyak di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> serta menjadi kawasan urban terbesar ke-6 di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Berdasarkan sensus tahun 2021, Moskow memiliki penduduk sebesar 13 juta jiwa. Semenjak wilayah kota ini diperluas ke arah barat daya ke kawasan <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskow" title="Oblast Moskow">Oblast Moskow</a>, wilayahnya bertambah luas 2,5 kali lipat, dari 1.000 km2 menjadi 2.500 km2, dengan tambahan penduduk lebih dari 230.000 orang.<a href="#cite_note-Merger2-7">[7]</a> Menurut <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> di tahun 2011, Moskow merupakan kota yang paling banyak dihuni oleh orang terkaya di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Kota ini pertama kali disebut keberadaannya pada tahun 1147. Sebelumnya, Moskow juga pernah menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Ketsaran Rusia</a> hingga dipindahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_I_dari_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr I dari Rusia">Pyotr yang Agung</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">Sankt-Peterburg</a>, sebuah kota baru yang dibangun di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> yang direbut dari <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> setelah kalah perang melawan Rusia. Pasca <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a> atas prakarsa <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, Moskow kembali menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a> sekaligus <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> di tahun 1922–1991. Dan pasca <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">runtuhnya Uni Soviet</a>, Moskow menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a> hingga sekarang. Kota ini dilayani oleh jaringan transportasi yang tersebar di seluruh penjuru kota, termasuk di dalamnya empat bandar udara internasional, sembilan stasiun kereta api, dan <a href="/wiki/Metro_Moskow" title="Metro Moskow">sistem kereta api bawah tanah</a> yang jumlah penumpangnya hanya kalah dari <a href="/wiki/Angkutan_cepat_di_Tokyo" title="Angkutan cepat di Tokyo">Tokyo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Seoul</a>. Sistem kereta api bawah tanahnya ini juga merupakan salah satu <a href="/wiki/Tengaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengaran">tengaran</a> kota ini selain <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Santo_Basil" title="Katedral Santo Basil">Katedral Santo Basil</a> karena arsitektur di 194 stasiunnya yang beragam. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Nama kota Moskow diperkirakan berasal dari nama <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Moskva">Sungai Moskva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Teori tentang asal usul nama sungai ini berawal dari Orang Finno-Ugrik <a href="/wiki/Orang_Finn_Volga" title="Orang Finn Volga">Merya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Finn_Volga#Muroma" title="Orang Finn Volga">Muroma</a> (dua di antara suku-suku pra-Slavia pertama yang mendiami area tersebut) menyebut sungai yang konon bernama Mustajoki ("Sungai Hitam"). Telah dikemukakan bahwa nama Moskow berasal dari istilah ini.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Teori yang paling beralasan secara linguistik dan diterima secara luas adalah dari akar bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Balto-Slavia" title="Bahasa Proto-Balto-Slavia">Proto-Balto-Slavia</a> *mŭzg-/muzg- dari bahasa <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Eropa">Proto-Indo-Eropa</a> *meu- "basah",<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>, jadi nama Moskva mungkin berarti sungai di lahan basah atau rawa.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Kata serumpunnya yang lain meliputi dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: музга, muzga "kolam, genangan air", <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lituania" title="Bahasa Lituania">bahasa Lituania</a>: mazgoti, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia">bahasa Latvia</a>: mazgāt "mencuci", <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a>: májjati "menenggelamkan", dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: mergō "mencelupkan, membenamkan".<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> Bentuk asli di <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slavia_Timur_Kuno" title="Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno">bahasa Rusia Kuno</a> dari nama tersebut direkonstruksi menjadi *Москы, *Mosky,<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> sehingga menjadi salah satu dari sedikit kata benda ū Slavia. Seperti kata benda lain, kata itu mengalami transformasi morfologis pada tahap awal perkembangan bahasa, akibatnya, penyebutan tertulis pertama pada abad ke-12 adalah Московь, Moskovĭ (<a href="/wiki/Akusativus" title="Akusativus">aku.</a>), Москви, Moskvi (<a href="/wiki/Lokativus" title="Lokativus">lok.</a>), Москвe/Москвѣ, Moskve/Moskvě (<a href="/wiki/Genitivus" title="Genitivus">gen.</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Dari bentuk terakhir itu berubah menjadi Москва, Moskva dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a> modern, yang merupakan hasil dari generalisasi morfologis dengan banyak kata benda ā Slavia. Moskow memiliki beberapa julukan seperti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romawi_Ketiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romawi Ketiga (halaman belum tersedia)">Romawi Ketiga</a> (Третий Рим), Batu Putih Satu (Белокаменная), Tahta Pertama (Первопрестольная), Empat Puluh Soroks (Сорок Сороков) ("sorok " artinya "empat puluh, banyak sekali" dan "distrik atau <a href="/wiki/Paroki" title="Paroki">paroki</a>" dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slavia_Timur_Kuno" title="Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno">bahasa Rusia Kuno</a>). Moskow juga merupakan salah satu dari dua belas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Pahlawan_(Uni_Soviet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Pahlawan (Uni Soviet) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota Pahlawan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a> untuk penduduk Moskow adalah "москвич" (moskvich) untuk laki-laki atau "москвичка" (moskvichka) untuk perempuan. Nama kota "Moskow" seringkali disingkat "MSK" (МСК dalam bahasa Rusia). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasejarah">Prasejarah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Prasejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prasejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Arkeologi menunjukkan bahwa kawasan Moskow saat ini dan area di sekitarnya telah dihuni oleh manusia sejak dahulu kala. Di antara penemuan paling awal adalah peninggalan budaya Lyalovo, yang oleh para ahli ditetapkan sebagai periode <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a>, fase terakhir <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu">Zaman Batu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Peneliti memastikan bahwa penghuni pertama daerah ini adalah kelompok <a href="/wiki/Pemburu-pengumpul" title="Pemburu-pengumpul">pemburu dan pengumpul</a>. Sekitar 950 M, dua suku Slavia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyatichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyatichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Vyatichi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krivichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krivichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Krivichi</a> menetap di kawasan ini. Suku Vyatichi inilah yang kemungkinan merupakan inti dari penduduk asli Moskow.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_awal_(1147-1283)">Sejarah awal (1147-1283)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah awal (1147-1283)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah awal (1147-1283)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' Kiev">Rus' Kiev</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg/180px-Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg/270px-Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg/360px-Vasnetsov_Tatary_Idut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Para kesatria <a href="/wiki/Gerombolan_Emas" title="Gerombolan Emas">Gerombolan Emas</a> menyerbu Moskow.</figcaption></figure>Sembilan tahun kemudian, pada tahun 1156, Pangeran <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy" title="Yuri Dolgorukiy">Yuri Dolgorukiy</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rostov (halaman belum tersedia)">Rostov</a> memerintahkan pembangunan tembok kayu, Kremlin, yang belakangan harus dibangun berulang kali, mengelilingi Moskow yang saat itu sedang berkembang.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pasca <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Mongol_ke_Rus_Kiev" title="Invasi Mongol ke Rus Kiev">serangan bangsa Mongol ke Rus' Kiev</a> pada tahun 1237–1238 yang membumihanguskan Moskow dan menghabisi penduduknya, kota ini berangsur-angsur pulih dan menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Kepangeranan" title="Kepangeranan">Kepangeranan</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> pada tahun 1327.<a href="#cite_note-golden-ring-18">[18]</a> Letaknya yang strategis di hulu <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Volga" title="Sungai Volga">Sungai Volga</a> membuat kota ini berkembang pesat. Moskow lalu berkembang menjadi kepangeranan yang stabil dan makmur dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Moskow" title="Keharyapatihan Moskow">Keharyapatihan Moskow</a> selama bertahun-tahun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keharyapatihan_Moskow_(1283-1547)">Keharyapatihan Moskow (1283-1547)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Keharyapatihan Moskow (1283-1547)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keharyapatihan Moskow (1283-1547)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Moskow" title="Keharyapatihan Moskow">Keharyapatihan Moskow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kremlenagrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/220px-Kremlenagrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/330px-Kremlenagrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/440px-Kremlenagrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Peta <a href="/wiki/Komplek_Istana_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplek Istana Kremlin">Kremlin Moskow</a> di akhir abad ke-16</figcaption></figure> Pada masa kepemimpinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_I_dari_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan I dari Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Ivan I</a>, kota ini menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> sebagai pusat politik Vladimir-Suzdal dan menjadi satu-satunya kota penghimpun pajak untuk para penguasa Mongol-Tatar. Dengan membayar upeti tinggi, Ivan berhasil memperoleh keistimewaan dari <a href="/wiki/Khan_(gelar)" title="Khan (gelar)">Khan</a>. Keistimewaan itu berupa kelonggaran kepada Ivan untuk mewariskan wilayah Moskow kepada anak tertuanya tanpa harus membagi rata kepada anak-anaknya yang lain. Sementara itu, penolakan Moskow terhadap kekuasaan asing terus tumbuh. Pada tahun 1380, Pangeran <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a> memimpin tentara Rusia bersatu dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Kulikovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Kulikovo (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Kulikovo</a> yang menjadi salah satu kemenangan penting melawan <a href="/wiki/Gerombolan_Emas" title="Gerombolan Emas">bangsa Tatar</a>. Akan tetapi, perang itu bukanlah perang penentu kemenangan karena dua tahun kemudian, Khan <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> menyerang balik Moskow. Baru pada tahun 1480, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_dari_Rusia" title="Ivan III dari Rusia">Ivan III</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertahanan_besar_di_Sungai_Ugra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertahanan besar di Sungai Ugra (halaman belum tersedia)">berhasil membebaskan bangsa Rusia</a> dari kendali bangsa Tatar sehingga membuat Moskow menjadi pusat kekuasaan di Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Pada masa kepemimpinan Ivan III, kota ini menjadi ibu kota kekaisaran yang meliputi semua wilayah Rusia saat ini dan wilayah-wilayah lain di sekitarnya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ketsaran_Rusia_(1547-1721)">Ketsaran Rusia (1547-1721)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Ketsaran Rusia (1547-1721)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ketsaran Rusia (1547-1721)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Ketsaran Rusia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lissner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lissner.jpg/220px-Lissner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lissner.jpg/330px-Lissner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lissner.jpg/440px-Lissner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Penyerahan pasukan Polandia di Kremlin Moskow pada tahun 1612</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 1571, <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Krimea" title="Kekhanan Krimea">bangsa Tatar Krimea</a> menyerang dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rusia-Krimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rusia-Krimea (halaman belum tersedia)">menjarah Moskow</a>, membumihanguskan semua bangunan yang ada, kecuali Kremlin.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bencana_kelaparan_Rusia_1601%E2%80%9303" title="Bencana kelaparan Rusia 1601–03">Bencana kelaparan Rusia tahun 1601–03</a> menewaskan sekitar 100.000 orang di Moskow. Pada tahun 1609, pasukan Swedia yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_de_la_Gardie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob de la Gardie (halaman belum tersedia)">Jacob de la Gardie</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evert_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evert Horn (halaman belum tersedia)">Evert Horn</a> memulai perjalanan panjang mereka dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novgorod_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novgorod Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Novgorod Raya</a> ke Moskow untuk membantu <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_IV_dari_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili IV dari Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Vasili IV</a>. Para tentara itu sampai di Moskow pada tahun 1610 dan ikut meredam pemberontakan melawan Tsar, tetapi pulang begitu saja setahun kemudian. Tak berapa lama, datanglah pasukan Tentara <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Polandia-Lituania" title="Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania">Polandia-Lituania</a> menyerang Moskow. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Polandia-Moskow_(1605%E2%80%931618)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Polandia-Moskow (1605–1618) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Polandia-Moskow</a> itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hetman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hetman</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski (halaman belum tersedia)">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a> memasuki Moskow setelah berhasil mengalahkan Rusia dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Klushino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Klushino (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Klushino</a>. Abad ke-17 diwarnai oleh banyak pemberontakan rakyat seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Kekacauan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Kekacauan (halaman belum tersedia)">pembebasan Moskow dari penjajahan Polandia-Lituania</a> (1612), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerusuhan_Garam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerusuhan Garam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerusuhan Garam</a> (1648), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerusuhan_Tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerusuhan Tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerusuhan Tembaga</a> (1662), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Moskow_1682&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Moskow 1682 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemberontakan Moskow 1682</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wabah_Hitam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabah Hitam">Wabah Hitam</a> mendera Moskow pada tahun 1570–1571, 1592, lalu 1654–1656.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kekaisaran_Rusia_(1721-1917)">Kekaisaran Rusia (1721-1917)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kekaisaran Rusia (1721-1917)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekaisaran Rusia (1721-1917)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kegubernuran_Moskow" title="Kegubernuran Moskow">Kegubernuran Moskow</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a></div><div class="thumb tnone" style="clear:both"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow: auto"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama Moskow tahun dari Menara Spasskaya sekitar tahun 1819–1823"><img alt="Foto panorama Moskow tahun 1867." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/1962px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="1962" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/2948px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/3923px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8854" data-file-height="790" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></div><center>Panorama Moskow tahun dari Menara Spasskaya sekitar tahun 1819–1823</center></div></div></div>Kota ini kehilangan statusnya sebagai ibu kota Rusia pada tahun 1712 pasca-pendirian <a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">Sankt-Peterburg</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_I_dari_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr I dari Rusia">Pyotr yang Agung</a> yang terletak di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> sembilan tahun sebelumnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wabah_Pes_Rusia_1770%E2%80%931772&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wabah Pes Rusia 1770–1772 (halaman belum tersedia)">Wabah pes yang lagi-lagi mendera Rusia</a> pada tahun 1771 merupakan wabah pes terakhir yang menyebar luas di wilayah Rusia bagian tengah. Di Moskow saja, wabah itu merenggut nyawa 100.000 orang. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fireofmoscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/220px-Fireofmoscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/330px-Fireofmoscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/440px-Fireofmoscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> mundur dari Moskow selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow_Lautan_Api_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moskow Lautan Api (1812) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebakaran Moskow</a>, setelah <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Prancis_ke_Rusia_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Prancis ke Rusia (1812)">Invasi Prancis ke Rusia</a> yang gagal</figcaption></figure> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Prancis_ke_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Prancis ke Rusia">invasi Prancis ke Rusia</a> pada tahun 1812, penduduk Moskow <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow_Lautan_Api_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moskow Lautan Api (1812) (halaman belum tersedia)">membumihanguskan kota</a> sebelum meninggalkannya karena pasukan tentara <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_dari_Prancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I dari Prancis">Napoleon</a> mulai memasuki kota itu pada tanggal 14 September. Aksi pembumihangusan itu memaksa pasukan <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> pimpinan Napoleon itu mundur karena dilanda kelaparan dan kedinginan, bahkan hampir binasa akibat kejamnya musim dingin di Rusia dan adanya serangan sporadis dari pasukan militer Rusia. Tercatat 400.000 prajurit tewas dan hanya beberapa ratus ribu yang berhasil pulang.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Negeri_Moskow" title="Universitas Negeri Moskow">Universitas Negeri Moskow</a> didirikan pada tahun 1755. Bangunan utamanya dibangun kembali setelah kebakaran tahun 1812 oleh Domenico Giliardi. Surat kabar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskovskiye_Vedomosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moskovskiye Vedomosti (halaman belum tersedia)">Moskovskiye Vedomosti</a> muncul dari tahun 1756, awalnya dalam interval mingguan, dan dari tahun 1859 sebagai surat kabar harian. Pada bulan Januari 1905, jabatan gubernur kota atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Kepala_Pemerintahan_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Kepala Pemerintahan Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">wali kota</a> secara resmi dibentuk di Moskow dengan Aleksandr Adrianov sebagai pejabat pertamanya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uni_Soviet_(1917-1991)">Uni Soviet (1917-1991)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Uni Soviet (1917-1991)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Uni Soviet (1917-1991)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg/220px-Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg/330px-Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg/440px-Old_Russia_-_Yakov_Sverdlov_1918_in_Moscow_on_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> dalam suatu parade di Moskow pada tahun 1918, setahun pasca <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a></figcaption></figure> Sebagai akibat dari <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a>, pada tanggal 12 Maret 1918,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Moskow dijadikan sebagai ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia</a>, lalu <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> kurang dari lima tahun kemudian.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-geo-24">[24]</a> Selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Patriotik_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Patriotik Raya">Perang Patriotik Raya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komite_Pertahanan_Negara" title="Komite Pertahanan Negara">Komite Pertahanan Negara</a> Uni Soviet dan Staf Umum <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">Tentara Merah</a> berkedudukan di Moskow. Pada tahun 1941, 16 divisi sukarelawan nasional (terdiri atas lebih dari 160.000 orang), 25 batalyon (18.500 orang), dan 4 resimen teknik mesin dibentuk dengan anggota penduduk Moskow. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Moskow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Moskow">Pertempuran Moskow</a> pada bulan November 1941, mereka berhasil menghentikan <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Darat_Grup_Tengah" title="Satuan Darat Grup Tengah">Satuan Darat Grup Tengah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> di batas luar Moskow, lalu mengusirnya. Sejumlah besar pabrik dievakuasi, bersamaan dengan sebagian besar lembaga pemerintah. Sejak tanggal 20 Oktober <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>, Moskow dinyatakan berada dalam kepungan musuh. Para penduduk Moskow yang bertahan membangun dan mengawasi penangkis tank kala kota itu dihantui serangan udara. <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> menolak beranjak pergi dari Moskow sehingga para staf umum dan anggota <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Komisar_Rakyat" title="Dewan Komisar Rakyat">Dewan Komisar Rakyat</a> mau tidak mau juga harus bertahan di kota itu. Meski dikepung dan dihujani bom udara oleh musuh, pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Metro_Moskow" title="Metro Moskow">Metro Moskow</a> terus berlanjut sehingga tidak heran bila beberapa jalur baru metro dibuka hanya beberapa saat setelah perang berakhir. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Penembak <a href="/wiki/Pertahanan_udara" title="Pertahanan udara">anti-pesawat</a> Soviet di atap Hotel Moskva dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Moskow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Moskow">Pertempuran Moskow</a> tahun 1941</figcaption></figure> Jumlah korban perang di pihak <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> dalam Pertempuran Moskow masih diperdebatkan hingga sekarang karena beberapa sumber menyebutkan perkiraan yang cukup berbeda. Jumlah korban tewas dalam perang antara tanggal 30 September 1941 hingga 7 Januari 1942 diperkirakan antara 248.000 sampai 400.000 jiwa di pihak <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> dan antara 650.000 sampai 1.280.000 jiwa di pihak <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">Tentara Merah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Pada tanggal 1 Mei 1944, medali bertajuk Untuk Pertahanan Moskow mulai dianugerahkan. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, mulai dianugerahkan pula medali lain bertajuk Memperingati 800 Tahun Moskow. Untuk memperingati 20 tahun <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kemenangan_(9_Mei)" title="Hari Kemenangan (9 Mei)">kemenangan atas Jerman Nazi</a>, Moskow menjadi salah satu dari 12 kota di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> yang dianugerahi gelar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Pahlawan_(Uni_Soviet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Pahlawan (Uni Soviet) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota Pahlawan</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg/220px-Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg/330px-Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg/440px-Parade_outside_of_Hotel_Moscow_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="6600" /></a><figcaption>Parade Soviet di luar Hotel Moskva di Lapangan Manezhnaya, 1964</figcaption></figure>Pada tahun 1959 Nikita Khrushchev meluncurkan kampanye anti-agama. Pada tahun 1964, lebih dari 10 ribu gereja dari 20 ribu gereja ditutup (kebanyakan di daerah pedesaan) dan dihancurkan. Dari 58 kuil dan biara yang beroperasi pada tahun 1959, hanya 16 yang tersisa pada tahun 1964; dan dari 50 gereja yang beroperasi di Moskow pada tahun 1959, 30 ditutup dan 6 dihancurkan. Pada tahun 1980, Moskow menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1980" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980">Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980</a> setelah sebelumnya memenangkan pencalonan pada tahun 1974. Kota kandidat lain yang menjadi pesaingnya saat itu adalah <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Namun terjadi <a href="/wiki/Pemboikotan_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1980" title="Pemboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980">Pemboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan beberapa negara lainnya karena keikutsertaan Uni Soviet dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Afganistan" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Perang Afganistan">Perang Afganistan</a> di penghujung tahun 1979. Pada tahun 1991, Moskow menjadi panggung <a href="/wiki/Percobaan_kudeta_Uni_Soviet_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Percobaan kudeta Uni Soviet 1991">percobaan kudeta yang gagal</a> oleh para pejabat pemerintah yang menolak reformasi <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>. Saat <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet runtuh</a> pada tanggal 30 Desember 1991, Moskow bertahan sebagai ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Rusia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rusia_modern_(1991-sekarang)">Rusia modern (1991-sekarang)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Rusia modern (1991-sekarang)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rusia modern (1991-sekarang)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Ketika <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet dibubarkan</a> pada tahun yang sama, Moskow tetap menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a> (pada 25 Desember 1991, RSFS Rusia berubah menjadi Federasi Rusia). Sejak itu, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasar" title="Ekonomi pasar">ekonomi pasar</a> telah muncul di Moskow, menghasilkan ledakan ritel, jasa, arsitektur, dan gaya hidup gaya Barat. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>, Moskow menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Youth_Games_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Youth Games 1998 (halaman belum tersedia)">World Youth Games</a> pertama dan pada tahun 2013 menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejuaraan_Dunia_Atletik_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejuaraan Dunia Atletik 2013 (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejuaraan Dunia Atletik</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/220px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/330px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/440px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pemandangan kota Moskow modern dari <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Moskva">Sungai Moskva</a></figcaption></figure> Kota ini terus berkembang selama 1990-an hingga 2000-an, populasinya meningkat dari di bawah sembilan hingga di atas sepuluh juta. Mason dan Nigmatullina berpendapat bahwa kontrol pertumbuhan perkotaan era Soviet (sebelum 1991) menghasilkan pembangunan metropolitan yang terkendali dan berkelanjutan, yang dicirikan oleh jalur hijau yang dibangun pada tahun 1935. Namun, sejak itu, telah terjadi pertumbuhan dramatis dari perluasan pinggiran kota dengan kepadatan rendah, yang tercipta. oleh permintaan tinggi untuk tempat tinggal keluarga tunggal dibandingkan dengan apartemen yang penuh sesak. Pada tahun 1995–1997 jalan lingkar MKAD dilakukan pelebaran dari yang awalnya empat menjadi sepuluh lajur. Dengan perluasan wilayahnya pada 1 Juli 2012 di barat daya ke <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskow" title="Oblast Moskow">Oblast Moskow</a>, wilayah ibu kota menjadi lebih dari dua kali lipat, dari 1.091 menjadi 2.511 kilometer persegi (421 hingga 970 mil persegi), sehingga Moskow menjadi kota terbesar di benua Eropa. berdasarkan area; itu juga menambah populasi sebanyak 233.000 orang.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/220px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/330px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/440px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="7521" /></a><figcaption>Citra satelit kota Moskow dan area pinggirannya</figcaption></figure> Moskow terletak di tepi <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Moskva">Sungai Moskva</a>, yang mengalir lebih dari 500 km melalui Dataran <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> di Rusia tengah. 49 jembatan merentang sungai dan kanal-kanal di dalam batas kota. Ketinggian Moskow di All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), tempat stasiun cuaca Moskow terkemuka berada, adalah 156 meter. Dataran tinggi Teplostanskaya adalah titik tertinggi di kota ini pada ketinggian 255 meter.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Lebar kota Moskow (tidak membatasi MKAD) dari barat ke timur adalah 39,7 km, dan panjang dari utara ke selatan adalah 51,8 km. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waktu">Waktu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Waktu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Waktu">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Moskow berfungsi sebagai titik referensi untuk zona waktu yang digunakan di sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Krimea" title="Republik Krimea">Republik Krimea</a>. Area beroperasi dalam apa yang disebut dalam standar internasional sebagai Waktu Standar Moskow (MSK, мск), yaitu 3 jam lebih awal dari UTC, atau <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> + 3. Penghematan waktu siang hari tidak lagi diamati. Menurut garis bujur geografis, siang <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a> rata-rata di Moskow terjadi pada pukul 12:30.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Iklim">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Moskow memiliki iklim kontinental yang lembap dengan musim dingin yang panjang (walaupun rata-rata menurut standar Rusia) biasanya berlangsung dari pertengahan <a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> hingga akhir <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a>, dan musim panas yang hangat. Iklim benua yang lebih ekstrem pada garis lintang yang sama - seperti bagian <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> Timur atau <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> - memiliki musim dingin yang lebih dingin, menunjukkan bahwa masih ada moderasi yang signifikan dari <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Atlantik" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudera Atlantik">Samudera Atlantik</a>. Cuaca dapat berfluktuasi secara luas dengan suhu mulai dari −25 °C di kota dan −30 °C di pinggiran kota hingga di atas 5 °C di musim dingin, dan dari 10 hingga 35 °C di musim panas.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0,_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="3506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istana_Petrovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istana Petrovsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Istana Petrovsky</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Raya_Leningradsky" title="Jalan Raya Leningradsky">Jalan Raya Leningradsky</a> di musim dingin</figcaption></figure> Temperatur tinggi yang khas pada bulan-bulan hangat Juni, Juli dan Agustus sekitar 20 hingga 26 °C yang nyaman, tetapi selama gelombang panas (yang dapat terjadi antara <a href="/wiki/Mei" title="Mei">Mei</a> dan <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a>), suhu siang hari yang tinggi sering kali melebihi 30 °C, kadang-kadang selama satu atau dua minggu sekaligus. Di <a href="/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin">musim dingin</a>, suhu rata-rata biasanya turun menjadi sekitar -10 °C, meskipun hampir setiap musim dingin ada periode kehangatan dengan suhu hari naik di atas 0 °C, dan periode pendinginan dengan suhu malam jatuh di bawah −30 °C. Periode-periode ini biasanya berlangsung sekitar satu atau dua minggu. Suhu tertinggi yang pernah dicatat adalah 38,2 °C<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> di stasiun cuaca VVC dan 39,0 °C di pusat kota Moskow, dan <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Domodedovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Domodedovo">bandara Domodedovo</a> pada 29 Juli 2010 selama Belahan Bumi Utara 2010 yang tidak biasa gelombang panas musim panas. Rekor suhu tinggi dicatat untuk <a href="/wiki/Januari" title="Januari">Januari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a>, April, Mei, Juli, <a href="/wiki/Agustus" title="Agustus">Agustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a>, dan Desember pada 2007-2014.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Suhu rata-rata Juli dari 1991 hingga 2020 adalah 19,7 °C. Suhu terendah yang pernah tercatat adalah −42,1 °C pada bulan Januari 1940. Salju, yang hadir selama sekitar lima bulan dalam setahun, sering mulai turun pertengahan Oktober, sementara lapisan salju berada pada bulan November dan meleleh di awal bulan April. Moskow rata-rata memiliki 1.731 jam sinar matahari per tahun, bervariasi dari yang terendah 8% pada bulan Desember hingga 52% dari Mei hingga Agustus.<a href="#cite_note-metro-37">[37]</a> Variasi tahunan yang besar ini disebabkan oleh pembentukan awan konvektif. Di musim dingin, udara lembap dari Atlantik mengembun di pedalaman benua yang dingin, menghasilkan kondisi yang sangat mendung. Namun, pengaruh benua yang sama ini menghasilkan musim panas yang jauh lebih cerah daripada kota-kota samudera dengan garis lintang yang sama seperti <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Antara 2004 dan 2010, rata-rata adalah antara 1800 dan 2000 jam dengan kecenderungan lebih banyak sinar matahari di musim panas, hingga rekor 411 jam pada Juli 2014, 79% dari kemungkinan sinar matahari. Desember 2017 adalah bulan paling gelap di Moskow sejak pencatatan dimulai, dengan hanya enam menit sinar matahari.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Suhu di pusat Moskow sering jauh lebih tinggi daripada di pinggiran dan pinggiran kota terdekat, terutama di musim dingin. Misalnya, jika suhu rata-rata Februari di <a href="/wiki/Timur_laut" class="mw-disambig" title="Timur laut">timur laut</a> Moskow adalah -6,7 °C, di pinggiran kota itu sekitar -9 °C.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Perbedaan suhu antara pusat Moskow dan area terdekat dari <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskow" title="Oblast Moskow">Oblast Moskow</a> kadang-kadang bisa lebih dari 10 °C pada malam musim dingin yang beku. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Data iklim Moscow (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVC_weather_station" class="extiw" title="en:VVC weather station">VVC</a>) normal 1961–1990 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bulan </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Januari">Jan</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Februari">Feb</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Maret">Mar</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="April">Apr</abbr> </th> <th>Mei </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Juni">Jun</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Juli">Jul</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Agustus">Agt</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="September">Sep</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Oktober">Okt</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="November">Nov</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Desember">Des</abbr> </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Tahun </th></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#C4C4FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−6.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background:#D0D0FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background:#EEEEFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFD6AD;color:#000000;text-align:center;">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF9F3F;color:#000000;text-align:center;">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF8811;color:#000000;text-align:center;">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF7E00;color:#000000;text-align:center;">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background:#FF8914;color:#000000;text-align:center;">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFB368;color:#000000;text-align:center;">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFE5CC;color:#000000;text-align:center;">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background:#ECECFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">1.1 (34) </td> <td style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFE0C2;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">8.9 (48) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata harian °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background:#BDBDFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−7.7 (18.1) </td> <td style="background:#DADAFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−2.2 (28) </td> <td style="background:#FFF6ED;color:#000000;text-align:center;">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background:#FFC388;color:#000000;text-align:center;">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background:#FFAB58;color:#000000;text-align:center;">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background:#FFA042;color:#000000;text-align:center;">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background:#FFAC5A;color:#000000;text-align:center;">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background:#FFD1A4;color:#000000;text-align:center;">11.1 (52) </td> <td style="background:#FFFAF6;color:#000000;text-align:center;">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background:#C5C5FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−6.1 (21) </td> <td style="background:#FFFBF8;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">5.0 (41) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#A4A4FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background:#AAAAFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−11.1 (12) </td> <td style="background:#C8C8FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background:#EFEFFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFE9D4;color:#000000;text-align:center;">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFCE9E;color:#000000;text-align:center;">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFC082;color:#000000;text-align:center;">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background:#FFCB97;color:#000000;text-align:center;">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background:#FFEDDB;color:#000000;text-align:center;">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background:#F1F1FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background:#D4D4FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background:#B8B8FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−8.6 (16.5) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDFF;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">1.2 (34.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%">Sumber: <a href="#cite_note-thermograph-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meteoweb-43">[43]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kemudian pada januari 2009 mengalami perubahan cuaca seperti tabel berikut: <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Data iklim Moscow (last decade, January 2009 – December 2018, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VVC_weather_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VVC weather station (halaman belum tersedia)">VVC</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bulan </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Januari">Jan</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Februari">Feb</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Maret">Mar</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="April">Apr</abbr> </th> <th>Mei </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Juni">Jun</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Juli">Jul</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Agustus">Agt</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="September">Sep</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Oktober">Okt</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="November">Nov</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="Desember">Des</abbr> </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Tahun </th></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#C6C6FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−6 (21) </td> <td style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−3.6 (25.5) </td> <td style="background:#F3F3FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background:#FFCF9F;color:#000000;text-align:center;">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background:#FF9327;color:#000000;text-align:center;">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF8205;color:#000000;text-align:center;">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF6C00;color:#000000;text-align:center;">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background:#FF7900;color:#000000;text-align:center;">23.9 (75) </td> <td style="background:#FFAA56;color:#000000;text-align:center;">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFE7D0;color:#000000;text-align:center;">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background:#F2F2FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFD8B1;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">10.1 (50.2) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata harian °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#BCBCFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−7.9 (17.8) </td> <td style="background:#C6C6FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−6 (21) </td> <td style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−1 (30) </td> <td style="background:#FFEEDD;color:#000000;text-align:center;">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background:#FFB872;color:#000000;text-align:center;">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background:#FFA44A;color:#000000;text-align:center;">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF8F1F;color:#000000;text-align:center;">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background:#FF9B38;color:#000000;text-align:center;">18.9 (66) </td> <td style="background:#FFC58B;color:#000000;text-align:center;">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background:#FFF8F1;color:#000000;text-align:center;">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background:#EAEAFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">0.7 (33.3) </td> <td style="background:#D1D1FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−3.9 (25) </td> <td style="background:#FFF0E2;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">6.6 (43.9) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#B2B2FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−9.7 (14.5) </td> <td style="background:#B9B9FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−8.3 (17.1) </td> <td style="background:#CECEFF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−4.5 (23.9) </td> <td style="background:#F3F3FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFDDBB;color:#000000;text-align:center;">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background:#FFC790;color:#000000;text-align:center;">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background:#FFB266;color:#000000;text-align:center;">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFBE7E;color:#000000;text-align:center;">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background:#FFDFBF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background:#F7F7FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background:#E2E2FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background:#C9C9FF;color:#000000;text-align:center;">−5.4 (22.3) </td> <td style="background:#F7F7FF;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">3.1 (37.6) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rata-rata sinar matahari bulanan </th> <td style="background:#434343;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;">37 </td> <td style="background:#838383;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;">65 </td> <td style="background:#C0C023;color:#000000;text-align:center;">142 </td> <td style="background:#DCDC00;color:#000000;text-align:center;">213 </td> <td style="background:#E8E800;color:#000000;text-align:center;">274 </td> <td style="background:#F0F010;color:#000000;text-align:center;">299 </td> <td style="background:#F3F318;color:#000000;text-align:center;">323 </td> <td style="background:#E1E100;color:#000000;text-align:center;">242 </td> <td style="background:#D0D000;color:#000000;text-align:center;">171 </td> <td style="background:#A0A0A0;color:#000000;text-align:center;">88 </td> <td style="background:#3E3E3E;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;">33 </td> <td style="background:#191919;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;">14 </td> <td style="background:#C9C900;color:#000000;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">1.901 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%">Sumber: weatheronline.co.uk<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumlah_penduduk">Jumlah penduduk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Jumlah penduduk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jumlah penduduk">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 15em; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.25em; font-size:110%">Populasi historis</th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%"><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; width: 3em;">Tahun</th> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; text-align: right;"><abbr title="Jumlah Penduduk">Jumlah Pend.</abbr>  </th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; text-align: right"><abbr title="Perubahan persen">±%</abbr>  </th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1897</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">1.038.625</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">—    </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1926</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">2.019.500</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+94.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1939</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">4.137.000</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+104.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1959</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">5.032.000</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+21.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">1970</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">6.941.961</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">+38.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1979</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">7.830.509</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+12.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1989</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">8.967.332</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+14.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2002</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">10.382.754</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+15.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2010</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">11.503.501</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+10.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2013</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">11.794.282</td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;">Jumlah penduduk dapat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" title="Pembagian administratif Rusia">pembagian administratif</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> Berdasarkan hasil Sensus 2021, Moskow dihuni oleh 13.010.112 jiwa, meningkat dari 11.503.501 jiwa pada Sensus 2010. Dari 10.835.092 jiwa yang diketahui suku bangsanya, penduduk Moskow terdiri atas suku bangsa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Rusia">Rusia</a>: 9.930.410 (91,65%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ukraina" title="Orang Ukraina">Ukraina</a>: 154.104 (1,42%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Tatar" title="Orang Tatar">Tatar</a>: 149.043 (1,38%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Armenia" title="Orang Armenia">Armenia</a>: 106.466 (0,98%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: 57.123 (0,5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Belarus" title="Orang Belarus">Belarus</a>: 39.225 (0,4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Georgia">Georgia</a>: 38.934 (0,4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Uzbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Uzbek">Uzbek</a>: 35.595 (0,3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Tajik" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Tajik">Tajik</a>: 27.280 (0,2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Moldova" title="Orang Moldova">Moldova</a>: 21.699 (0,2%)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Mordvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Mordvin (halaman belum tersedia)">Mordvin</a>: 17.095 (0,2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Chechnya">Chechnya</a>: 14.524 (0,1%)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Chuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Chuva (halaman belum tersedia)">Chuva</a>: 14.313 (0,1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ossetia" title="Orang Ossetia">Ossetia</a>: 11.311 (0,1%)</li> <li>Lain-lain: 164.825 (1,6%)</li></ul> Adapun 668.409 jiwa yang terdaftar dari pangkalan data administratif tidak dapat menyebutkan suku bangsanya. Proporsi suku bangsa kelompok yang tidak dapat menyebutkan suku bangsanya ini diperkirakan sama dengan kelompok yang dapat menyebutkan suku bangsanya di atas.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Jumlah penduduk resmi Moskow didasarkan pada penduduk yang memegang dokumen "penduduk permanen". Berdasarkan Badan Migrasi Federal Rusia, Moskow juga dihuni oleh 1,8 juta "tamu resmi" yang membawa dokumen resmi berupa visa atau dokumen lain yang serupa sehingga jumlah penduduk resmi kota ini mencapai 13,3 juta jiwa. Jumlah "tamu tak resmi" yang tidak membawa dokumen resmi, sebagian besar berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, diperkirakan sebanyak 1 juta jiwa sehingga menambah jumlah penduduk kota ini menjadi sekitar 14,3 juta jiwa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/330px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/440px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="4765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katedral_Kristus_Sang_Juru_Selamat" title="Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat">Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat</a> dihancurkan selama periode Soviet dan dibangun kembali dari tahun 1990–2000</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> adalah agama utama penduduk Moskow dengan <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Rusia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia">Kristen Ortodoks</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Denominasi_Kristen" title="Denominasi Kristen">denominasi</a> yang paling banyak dianut. Moskow adalah pusat <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Gereja Ortodoks Timur</a> di Rusia yang telah menjadi agama negeri itu secara turun-temurun, dan dianggap sebagai warisan sejarah Rusia berdasarkan undang-undang yang disahkan tahun 1997.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Agama lain yang dianut penduduk Moskow meliputi <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Rusia" title="Islam di Rusia">Islam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodnovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodnovery (halaman belum tersedia)">Rodnovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestanisme" title="Protestanisme">Kristen Protestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katolik_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolik Roma">Katolik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamaisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamaisme">Lamaisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/220px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/330px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/440px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="3618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Katedral_Moskow" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Katedral Moskow">Masjid Katedral Moskow</a></figcaption></figure> Patriarki Moskow berfungsi sebagai kepala gereja dan tinggal di Biara Danilov. Moskow disebut sebagai "kota dengan 40 kali 40 gereja" - "город сорока сороков церквей" —sebelum 1917. Pada tahun 1918, pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> mendeklarasikan Rusia sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_sekuler" title="Negara sekuler">negara sekuler</a>, yang dalam praktiknya berarti agama ditindas dan masyarakat menjadi ateis. Selama periode 1920-1930-an sejumlah besar gereja di Moskow dihancurkan, termasuk Biara Chudov yang bersejarah di Kremlin, yang berasal dari abad ke-14, Katedral Kazansky di <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah">Lapangan Merah</a>, Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat, dibangun pada abad ke-19 untuk mengenang kemenangan atas pasukan Napoleon pada tahun 1812, dan banyak lagi. Ini berlanjut bahkan setelah Perang Dunia Kedua, pada 1940-1970-an, ketika penganiayaan terhadap agama di Uni Soviet menjadi tidak terlalu parah. Sebagian besar gereja dan biara yang masih hidup ditutup dan kemudian digunakan sebagai klub, kantor, pabrik, atau bahkan gudang. Sejak hancurnya Uni Soviet pada tahun 1991, banyak gereja yang hancur telah dipulihkan dan agama tradisional kembali populer. Di antara gereja-gereja yang dibangun kembali pada tahun 1990-an adalah Katedral Kristus Juru Selamat baru yang mengesankan yang sekali lagi menjadi tengara. Itu dibangun di lokasi katedral lama yang telah dihancurkan, di mana terdapat kolam renang terbuka yang besar hingga tahun 1994. Dewan Mufti Moskow mengklaim bahwa <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> berjumlah sekitar 1,5 juta dari 10,5 juta penduduk kota pada tahun 2010.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Ada empat masjid di kota.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemandangan_kota">Pemandangan kota</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Pemandangan kota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemandangan kota">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur">Arsitektur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/220px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/330px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/440px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katedral_Santo_Basil" title="Katedral Santo Basil">Katedral Santo Basil</a>, sebuah mahakarya arsitektur Rusia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg/330px-Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg/440px-Moscow_July_2011-13a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5091" data-file-height="4401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Sejarah_Nasional_(Moskow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Sejarah Nasional (Moskow) (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Sejarah Nasional</a>, contoh arsitektur neo-Rusia</figcaption></figure> Arsitektur Moskow terkenal di dunia. Moskow adalah situs <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Santo_Basil" title="Katedral Santo Basil">Katedral Santo Basil</a>, dengan kubah bawang yang elegan, serta <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Kristus_Sang_Juru_Selamat" title="Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat">Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat</a> dan Tujuh Suster. Kremlin pertama dibangun pada pertengahan abad ke-12. Desain Moskow Abad Pertengahan adalah tembok konsentris dan jalan raya radial yang berpotongan. Tata letak ini, serta sungai Moskow, membantu membentuk desain Moskow pada abad-abad berikutnya. Penampilan kota ini tidak banyak berubah pada abad ke-18. Rumah-rumah terbuat dari kayu pinus dan batang pohon cemara, dengan atap sirap diplester dengan tanah atau ditutupi kulit kayu birch. Pembangunan kembali Moskow pada paruh kedua abad ke-18 tidak hanya diharuskan oleh kebakaran yang terus-menerus tetapi juga oleh kebutuhan kaum bangsawan. Sebagian besar kota kayu digantikan oleh bangunan bergaya klasik.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/150px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/225px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/300px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6443" data-file-height="13187" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menara_Ostankino" title="Menara Ostankino">Menara Ostankino</a></figcaption></figure> Untuk sebagian besar sejarah arsitekturnya, Moskow didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">gereja-gereja Ortodoks</a>. Namun, penampilan kota secara keseluruhan berubah drastis selama masa Soviet, terutama sebagai hasil dari upaya skala besar <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> untuk "memodernisasi" Moskow. Rencana Stalin untuk kota termasuk jaringan jalan raya dan jalan raya yang luas, beberapa di antaranya lebih dari sepuluh jalur lebar, yang, meskipun sangat menyederhanakan pergerakan melalui kota, dibangun dengan mengorbankan sejumlah besar bangunan dan distrik bersejarah. Di antara banyak korban penghancuran Stalin adalah Menara Sukharev, landmark kota lama, serta rumah besar dan bangunan komersial. Status kota yang baru ditemukan sebagai ibu kota negara yang sangat sekuler membuat bangunan penting secara religius sangat rentan terhadap pembongkaran. Banyak gereja kota, yang dalam banyak kasus merupakan bangunan tertua dan paling terkemuka di Moskow, hancur; beberapa contoh penting termasuk Katedral Kazan dan Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat. Selama tahun 1990-an, keduanya dibangun kembali. Namun, banyak gereja kecil yang hilang.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG/220px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG/330px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG/440px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> di dalam kubah <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Kristus_Sang_Juru_Selamat" title="Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat">Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat</a></figcaption></figure> Upaya sedang dilakukan untuk memulihkan banyak contoh arsitektur pra-Soviet yang paling terawat di kota ini. Struktur yang telah dipugar ini mudah terlihat dari warna baru yang cerah dan fasad yang bersih. Ada juga beberapa contoh karya avant-garde awal Soviet yang terkenal, seperti rumah arsitek Konstantin Melnikov di daerah Arbat. Banyak dari restorasi ini dikritik karena dituduh tidak menghormati keaslian sejarah. Fasadisme juga dipraktikkan secara luas. Contoh arsitektur Soviet yang menarik di kemudian hari biasanya ditandai dengan ukurannya yang mengesankan dan gaya semi-Modernis yang digunakan, seperti pada proyek Novy Arbat, yang dikenal sebagai "gigi palsu Moskow" dan terkenal karena gangguan skala luas di area bersejarah di pusat kota Moskow yang terlibat dalam proyek tersebut.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_(25795529393).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/220px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/330px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/440px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="3169" /></a><figcaption>Pusat perbelanjaan <a href="/wiki/GUM_(toko_serba_ada)" title="GUM (toko serba ada)">GUM</a>, menghadap <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah">Lapangan Merah</a></figcaption></figure>Cakrawala Moskow dengan cepat dimodernisasi, dengan beberapa menara baru sedang dibangun. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, pemerintah kota telah banyak dikritik karena kerusakan parah yang mempengaruhi banyak bangunan bersejarah. Sebanyak sepertiga dari Moskow yang bersejarah telah dihancurkan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir untuk menyediakan ruang bagi apartemen dan hotel mewah.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Bangunan bersejarah lainnya, termasuk landmark seperti hotel Moskva tahun 1930 dan department store Voyentorg tahun 1913, telah dihancurkan dan direkonstruksi kembali, dengan hilangnya nilai sejarah yang tak terhindarkan. Kritikus menyalahkan pemerintah karena tidak menegakkan undang-undang konservasi: dalam 12 tahun terakhir lebih dari 50 bangunan dengan status monumen dirobohkan, beberapa di antaranya berasal dari abad ke-17.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taman_dan_landmark">Taman dan landmark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Taman dan landmark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taman dan landmark">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RedSquare_(pixinn.net).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/330px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/440px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah">Lapangan Merah</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia" title="Situs Warisan Dunia">Situs Warisan Dunia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ada 96 taman dan 18 kebun di Moskow, termasuk empat <a href="/wiki/Kebun_botani" title="Kebun botani">kebun raya</a>. Terdapat 450 km2 zona hijau selain 100 km2 hutan.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Moskow adalah kota yang sangat hijau, jika dibandingkan dengan kota-kota lain yang ukurannya sebanding di Eropa Barat dan Amerika Utara; ini sebagian karena sejarah memiliki "pekarangan" hijau dengan pepohonan dan rumput, di antara bangunan tempat tinggal. Rata-rata terdapat 27 m2 taman per orang di Moskow dibandingkan dengan 6 m di <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 7,5 m di <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, dan 8,6 m di <a href="/wiki/Kota_New_York" title="Kota New York">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salinan_arsip-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/330px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/440px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4425" data-file-height="2489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Gorky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Gorky (halaman belum tersedia)">Taman Gorky</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zaryadye31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/220px-Zaryadye31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/330px-Zaryadye31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/440px-Zaryadye31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Zaryadye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Zaryadye (halaman belum tersedia)">Taman Zaryadye</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Gorky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Gorky (halaman belum tersedia)">Taman Gorky</a> (secara resmi Taman Pusat Kebudayaan dan Peristirahatan, dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>) didirikan pada tahun 1928. Bagian utama (689.000 meter persegi atau 170 hektar)<a href="#cite_note-Salinan_arsip-54">[54]</a> sepanjang sungai Moskow berisi estrades, permainan anak-anak, tarian, lapangan tenis dan fasilitas olah raga lainnya. Taman Gorky berbatasan dengan Taman Neskuchny, taman tertua di Moskow dan merupakan bekas kediaman kekaisaran, dibuat sebagai hasil integrasi tiga perkebunan pada abad ke-18. Taman ini menampilkan Teater Hijau, salah satu amfiteater terbuka terbesar di Eropa, mampu menampung hingga 15 ribu orang.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Beberapa taman memiliki bagian yang dikenal sebagai "Taman Budaya dan Peristirahatan", terkadang di sepanjang area yang jauh lebih liar (termasuk taman seperti Izmaylovsky, Fili, dan Sokolniki). Beberapa taman ditetapkan sebagai Taman Hutan (lesopark). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VDNKh_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VDNKh_2020.jpg/220px-VDNKh_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VDNKh_2020.jpg/330px-VDNKh_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VDNKh_2020.jpg/440px-VDNKh_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pameran Prestasi Perekonomian Nasional (VDNKh)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pameran_Pencapaian_Ekonomi_Nasional_(Rusia)" title="Pameran Pencapaian Ekonomi Nasional (Rusia)">Pusat Pameran Seluruh Rusia</a> (Всероссийский выставочный центр), sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Pameran Pertanian Seluruh Serikat (VSKhV) dan kemudian Pameran Prestasi Ekonomi Nasional (VDNKh), meskipun secara resmi dinamai "pameran dagang permanen", adalah salah satu dari contoh paling menonjol dari arsitektur monumental era Stalinis. Di antara bentangan besar taman rekreasi, terdapat sejumlah paviliun yang rumit, masing-masing mewakili cabang industri dan sains Soviet atau republik <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>. Meskipun selama tahun 1990-an itu, dan untuk beberapa bagian masih, disalahgunakan sebagai pusat perbelanjaan raksasa (sebagian besar paviliun disewakan untuk usaha kecil), ia masih mempertahankan sebagian besar landmark arsitekturalnya, termasuk dua air mancur monumental (Stone Flower dan Friendship of Nations) dan bioskop panorama 360 derajat. Pada tahun 2014 taman ini kembali menjadi Pameran Prestasi Ekonomi Nasional, dan pada tahun yang sama pekerjaan renovasi besar-besaran telah dimulai.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pemandangan Rumah Musik Internasional Moskow dan Swissôtel Krasnye Holmy Moscow"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg/1000px-Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="537" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg/1500px-Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="859" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Panorama_of_Moscow1.jpg" title="Berkas:Panorama of Moscow1.jpg"> </a></div>Pemandangan Rumah Musik Internasional Moskow dan Swissôtel Krasnye Holmy Moscow</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Budaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_dan_galeri">Museum dan galeri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Museum dan galeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Museum dan galeri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Salah satu museum seni paling terkenal di Moskow adalah <a href="/wiki/Galeri_Tretyakov" title="Galeri Tretyakov">Galeri Tretyakov</a>, yang didirikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Tretyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Tretyakov (halaman belum tersedia)">Pavel Tretyakov</a>, pelindung seni kaya yang banyak menyumbangkan koleksi pribadinya ke kota ini.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Museum seni lain di kota Moskow adalah <a href="/wiki/Museum_Pushkin" title="Museum Pushkin">Museum Seni Rupa Pushkin</a>, yang antara lain didirikan oleh ayah dari <a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a>. Museum Pushkin ini mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> di London karena memamerkan berbagai artefak sejarah peradaban dunia. Terdapat pula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Sejarah_Nasional_(Moskow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Sejarah Nasional (Moskow) (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Sejarah Nasional</a> yang memamerkan peninggalan artefak prasejarah dari suku yang menghuni Rusia saat ini, hingga karya seni tak ternilai yang dimiliki anggota <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Romanov" title="Wangsa Romanov">dinasti Romanov</a>. Selain itu, ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Peringatan_Kosmonautika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Peringatan Kosmonautika (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Peringatan Kosmonautika</a> yang terletak di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monumen_Penakluk_Luar_Angkasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monumen Penakluk Luar Angkasa (halaman belum tersedia)">Monumen Penakluk Luar Angkasa</a>, di ujung <a href="/wiki/Gang_Kosmonot" title="Gang Kosmonot">Lorong Kosmonot</a>, adalah pusat peringatan antariksawan Rusia. Terakhir adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Arsitektur_Shchusev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Arsitektur Shchusev (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Arsitektur Negara Shchusev</a>, museum arsitektur nasional Rusia dari nama arsitek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksey_Shchusev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksey Shchusev (halaman belum tersedia)">Aleksey Shchusev</a> di dekat area Kremlin.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum Seni Rupa Pushkin"><img alt="Museum Seni Rupa Pushkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg/170px-Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg/255px-Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg/340px-Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Volkhonka_str_12_str_1_2016-04-12_2387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5155" data-file-height="3437" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Museum_Pushkin" title="Museum Pushkin">Museum Seni Rupa Pushkin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Museo_Estatal_de_Historia,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum Sejarah Nasional"><img alt="Museum Sejarah Nasional" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/161px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/241px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/321px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6255" data-file-height="4681" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum Sejarah Nasional</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._(14746777384).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum Peringatan Kosmonautika"><img alt="Museum Peringatan Kosmonautika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg/170px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg/255px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg/340px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0._%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5._%2814746777384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="3543" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum Peringatan Kosmonautika</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musik">Musik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Musik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Musik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/220px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/330px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/440px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6728" data-file-height="5598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teater_Bolshoi" title="Teater Bolshoi">Teater Bolshoi</a></figcaption></figure> Moskow adalah jantung seni pertunjukan Rusia, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Balet" title="Balet">balet</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> dengan 68 museum,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> 103 teater,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> 132 bioskop, dan 24 aula konser. Di antara teater dan studio balet di Moskow ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Teater_Bolshoi" title="Teater Bolshoi">Teater Bolshoi</a> dan Teater Malyi,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Vakhtangov" title="Yevgeny Vakhtangov">Teater Vakhtangov</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teater_Seni_Moskwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teater Seni Moskwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Teater Seni Moskow</a>. Pusat Seni Pertunjukan Internasional Moskow dibuka pada tahun 2003,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Musik_Internasional_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Musik Internasional Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Musik Internasional Moskow</a>, yang terkenal dengan pertunjukan musik klasiknya. Tempat ini memiliki <a href="/wiki/Organ_(alat_musik)" title="Organ (alat musik)">organ</a> terbesar di Rusia yang dipasang di Aula Svetlanov. Terdapat pula dua <a href="/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus">sirkus</a> besar di Moskow: Sirkus Negara Moskow dan Sirkus Moskow di Boulevard Tsvetnoy,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Nikulin" title="Yuri Nikulin">Yuri Nikulin</a>. Film-film langka dan bersejarah dapat dilihat di bioskop Salut, di mana film-film dari koleksi Museum Sinema<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> ditayangkan secara berkala. Festival film internasional seperti <a href="/wiki/Festival_Film_Internasional_Moskow" title="Festival Film Internasional Moskow">Festival Film Internasional Moskow</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalker_(festival_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stalker (festival film) (halaman belum tersedia)">Stalker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artdocfest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artdocfest (halaman belum tersedia)">Artdocfest</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_Film_Yahudi_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival Film Yahudi Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Festival Film Yahudi Moskow</a> juga dipentaskan di Moskow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olahraga">Olahraga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Olahraga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Olahraga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/220px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/330px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/440px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Luzhniki" title="Stadion Luzhniki">Stadion Luzhniki</a> menjadi tuan rumah pertandingan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2018" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2018">Piala Dunia FIFA 2018</a></figcaption></figure> Moskow adalah rumah bagi 63 stadion (selain 8 sepak bola dan 11 arena atletik ringan), di mana <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Luzhniki" title="Stadion Luzhniki">Stadion Luzhniki</a> adalah stadion terbesar dan terbesar ke-4 di Eropa (menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_UEFA_1998%E2%80%9399&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala UEFA 1998–99 (halaman belum tersedia)">Piala UEFA 1998–99</a>, final <a href="/wiki/Liga_Champions_UEFA_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Liga Champions UEFA 2007–2008">Liga Champions UEFA 2007–08</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1980" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980">Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2018" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2018">Piala Dunia FIFA 2018</a> dengan total 7 pertandingan, termasuk final). 40 kompleks olahraga lainnya terletak di dalam kota, termasuk 24 dengan es buatan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadion_Olimpiade_(Moskow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadion Olimpiade (Moskow) (halaman belum tersedia)">Stadion Olimpiade</a> adalah arena indoor pertama di dunia untuk <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> dan menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_Dunia_Bandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala Dunia Bandy (halaman belum tersedia)">Piala Dunia Bandy</a> dua kali.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Gelanggang Es Krylatskoye menjadi tuan rumah Kejuaraan Seluncur Cepat Dunia. Terdapat pula 7 lintasan pacuan kuda di Moskow.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Dalam sepak bola, <a href="/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moskow" title="FC Spartak Moskow">FC Spartak Moskow</a> memenangkan lebih banyak gelar juara di <a href="/wiki/Liga_Utama_Rusia" title="Liga Utama Rusia">Liga Utama Rusia</a> dibandingkan tim lainnya. Mereka berada di urutan kedua setelah <a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv" title="FC Dynamo Kyiv">FC Dynamo Kyiv</a> di era Soviet. <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moskow" title="PFC CSKA Moskow">PFC CSKA Moskow</a> menjadi tim sepak bola Rusia pertama yang memenangkan gelar <a href="/wiki/Uni_Sepak_Bola_Eropa" title="Uni Sepak Bola Eropa">UEFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piala_UEFA_2004%E2%80%932005" title="Piala UEFA 2004–2005">Piala UEFA</a> (sekarang <a href="/wiki/Liga_Eropa_UEFA" title="Liga Eropa UEFA">Liga Eropa UEFA</a>). <a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moskow" title="FC Lokomotiv Moskow">FC Lokomotiv Moskow</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Moskow" title="FC Dinamo Moskow">FC Dinamo Moskow</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_Torpedo_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC Torpedo Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">FC Torpedo Moskow</a> adalah tim sepak bola profesional lainnya yang juga berbasis di Moskow.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otkrytiye Arena, basis dari FC Spartak Moskow"><img alt="Otkrytiye Arena, basis dari FC Spartak Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Stadium_Spartak_in_Moscow_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="604" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Otkritie_Arena" title="Otkritie Arena">Otkrytiye Arena</a>, basis dari <a href="/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moskow" title="FC Spartak Moskow">FC Spartak Moskow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arena_CSKA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VEB Arena, basis dari PFC CSKA Moskow"><img alt="VEB Arena, basis dari PFC CSKA Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/170px-Arena_CSKA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/255px-Arena_CSKA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/340px-Arena_CSKA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="394" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arena_VEB" title="Arena VEB">VEB Arena</a>, basis dari <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moskow" title="PFC CSKA Moskow">PFC CSKA Moskow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VTB_Arena8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VTB Arena, basis dari FC Dynamo Moskow"><img alt="VTB Arena, basis dari FC Dynamo Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/170px-VTB_Arena8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/255px-VTB_Arena8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/340px-VTB_Arena8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arena_VTB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arena VTB (halaman belum tersedia)">VTB Arena</a>, basis dari <a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Moskow" title="FC Dinamo Moskow">FC Dynamo Moskow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="RZD Arena, basis dari FC Lokomotiv Moskow"><img alt="RZD Arena, basis dari FC Lokomotiv Moskow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/170px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/255px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/340px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="501" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arena_RZD" title="Arena RZD">RZD Arena</a>, basis dari <a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moskow" title="FC Lokomotiv Moskow">FC Lokomotiv Moskow</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hiburan">Hiburan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Hiburan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hiburan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arbat_street_(49438344231).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg/220px-Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg/330px-Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg/440px-Arbat_street_%2849438344231%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5682" data-file-height="3788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Arbat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Arbat (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalan Arbat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tverskaya_Street2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tverskaya_Street2.jpg/220px-Tverskaya_Street2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tverskaya_Street2.jpg/330px-Tverskaya_Street2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tverskaya_Street2.jpg/440px-Tverskaya_Street2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Tverskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Tverskaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalan Tverskaya</a>, jalan radial utama di kota</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Island_of_Dreams2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/220px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/330px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/440px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dream_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dream Island (halaman belum tersedia)">Dream Island</a>, taman hiburan indoor terbesar di Eropa</figcaption></figure> Kota ini penuh dengan klub, restoran, dan bar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Tverskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Tverskaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalan Tverskaya</a> juga merupakan salah satu jalan perbelanjaan tersibuk di Moskow. Berbatasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tretyakovsky_proyezd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tretyakovsky proyezd (halaman belum tersedia)">Tretyakovsky Proyezd</a>, juga selatan dari Tverskaya Street, di Kitai-Gorod, adalah tuan rumah toko butik kelas atas seperti <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Kehidupan malam di Moskow telah berubah sejak zaman Soviet dan kini kota ini memiliki banyak klub malam terbesar di dunia. Klub, bar, ruang kreatif, dan restoran yang diubah menjadi lantai dansa membanjiri jalan-jalan Moskow dengan bukaan baru setiap tahun. Area terpanas terletak di sekitar pabrik cokelat tua, di mana bar, klub malam, galeri, kafe, dan restoran berada.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dream_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dream Island (halaman belum tersedia)">Dream Island</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Taman_hiburan" title="Taman hiburan">taman hiburan</a> di Moskow yang dibuka pada 29 Februari 2020.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Ini adalah taman hiburan dalam ruangan terbesar di Eropa. Taman ini seluas 300.000 meter persegi. Tampilannya ala kastil dongeng membuatnya mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>. Taman hiburan ini memiliki 29 atraksi unik dengan banyak wahana, serta mall pedestrian dengan air mancur dan jalur sepeda. Kompleks ini mencakup taman lanskap bersama dengan gedung konser, bioskop, hotel, sekolah pelayaran anak-anak, restoran, dan toko. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Rusia" title="Ekonomi Rusia">Ekonomi Rusia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secara_umum">Secara umum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Secara umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Secara umum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/220px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/330px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/440px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pusat_Bisnis_Internasional_Moskow" title="Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskow">Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskow</a>, salah satu pusat keuangan terbesar di Eropa dan dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/180px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/270px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/360px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MICEX-RTS" title="MICEX-RTS">Bursa Efek Moskow</a></figcaption></figure>Moskow adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_menurut_PDB" title="Daftar kota menurut PDB">kota dengan ekonomi terbesar di Eropa</a> dan berkontribusi terhadap 22% PDB Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Pada tahun 2009, Moskow menghasilkan 7,16 triliun rubel<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> ($225 miliar dolar).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Moskow juga memiliki angka pengangguran terbesar di antara semua <a href="/wiki/Subjek_federal_di_Rusia" title="Subjek federal di Rusia">subjek federal di Rusia</a>, dengan angka hanya 1% tahun 2010, dibandingkan dengan rata-rata nasional 7%. Gaji rata-rata di kota ini adalah 41.600 rubel, hampir 2 kali lipat dari rata-rata nasional 21.800 rubel.<a href="#cite_note-bofit_42_2010-73">[73]</a> Moskow berperan besar sebagai pusat keuangan Rusia dan rumah bagi bank-bank terbesar di negara ini dan perusahaan besar lainnya, seperti raksasa gas alam <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>. Moskow menyumbangkan 17% penjualan ritel Rusia dan 13% dari semua aktivitas konstruksi negara.<a href="#cite_note-bofit_42_2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Sejak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_keuangan_Rusia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis keuangan Rusia 1998 (halaman belum tersedia)">krisis keuangan Rusia 1998</a>, berbagai sektor bisnis di kota ini telah menunjukkan pertumbuhan luar biasa. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg/220px-2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg/330px-2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg/440px-2019-07-25-3071-Moscow-GUM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Berderet tempat perbelanjaan di <a href="/wiki/GUM_(toko_serba_ada)" title="GUM (toko serba ada)">GUM</a> dekat <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Square">lapangan merah</a></figcaption></figure> Pasar Cherkizovskiy adalah pasar terbesar di Eropa, dengan omzet harian diperkirakan mencapai 30 juta dolar dan lebih dari 10.000 pedagang<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> dari berbagai negara (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). Namun sayangnya ditutup bulan Juli 2009. Tahun 2008, Moskow memiliki 74 miliuner dengan rata-rata kekayaan 5,9 miliar dolar, di atas <a href="/wiki/Kota_New_York" title="Kota New York">New York</a> dengan 71 miliuner. Namun, per 2009, hanya tersisa 27 miliuner. Rusia kehilangan 52 miliuner akibat resesi.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Miliuner terkaya di Rusia tahun 2009 adalah <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Prokhorov" title="Mikhail Prokhorov">Mikhail Prokhorov</a> dengan $9,5 miliar dolar, di atas <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a> dengan $8,5 miliar dolar di tempat kedua. Wanita terkaya Rusia adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelena_Baturina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yelena Baturina (halaman belum tersedia)">Yelena Baturina</a>, istri kedua Wali kota Moskow Yuri Luzhkov. Berdasarkan daftar <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> tahun 2011 tentang miliarder dunia, Moskow adalah kota dengan miliarder terbanyak di dunia, dengan 79 dari 115 di seluruh Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Pada 2018, <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2018" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2018">Moskow adalah kota tuan rumah</a> bagi 12 pertandingan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA" title="Piala Dunia FIFA">Piala Dunia FIFA</a>. Turnamen tersebut berfungsi sebagai pendorong tambahan bagi ekonomi kota, olah raga dan infrastruktur pariwisata, dan untuk perbaikan lahan di kota. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industri">Industri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Industri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Industri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sukhoi-okb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sukhoi-okb.JPG/220px-Sukhoi-okb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sukhoi-okb.JPG/330px-Sukhoi-okb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sukhoi-okb.JPG/440px-Sukhoi-okb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Biro desain pesawat <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">OKB Sukhoi</a> berkantor pusat di Moskow</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Proton_Zvezda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proton_Zvezda.jpg/180px-Proton_Zvezda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proton_Zvezda.jpg/270px-Proton_Zvezda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proton_Zvezda.jpg/360px-Proton_Zvezda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kendaraan_peluncur_antariksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendaraan peluncur antariksa">Roket peluncur</a> "<a href="/wiki/Proton_(keluarga_roket)" title="Proton (keluarga roket)">Proton</a>" dikembangkan dan diproduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/GKNPZ_Khrunichev" title="GKNPZ Khrunichev">GKNPT Khrunichev</a> di Moskow</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">Industri</a> primer di Moskow adalah <a href="/wiki/Industri_kimia" title="Industri kimia">industri kimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">metalurgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industri_makanan" title="Industri makanan">makanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil">tekstil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furnitur" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnitur">furnitur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi energi (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi energi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_perangkat_lunak" title="Rekayasa perangkat lunak">rekayasa perangkat lunak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin">mesin</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pabrik_Helikopter_Mil_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pabrik Helikopter Mil Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Pabrik Helikopter Mil Moskow</a> adalah salah satu produsen helikopter militer dan sipil dunia. <a href="/wiki/GKNPZ_Khrunichev" title="GKNPZ Khrunichev">GKNPZ Khrunichev</a> menyediakan berbagai peraltan luas angkasa, termasuk modul untuk stasiun luar angkasa <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salyut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salyut (halaman belum tersedia)">Salyut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton_(roket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton (roket) (halaman belum tersedia)">kendaraan luncur Proton</a> dan militer <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a>. Biro desain pesawat <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a> juga berpusat di Moskow. <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a>, produsen <a href="/wiki/Mesin_roket" title="Mesin roket">mesin roket</a> untuk program luar angkasa Rusia dan Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a>, produsen <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_tempur" title="Pesawat tempur">pesawat tempur</a> pada Perang Dunia II, terletak dekat <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>, kota independen di <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskow" title="Oblast Moskow">Oblast Moskow</a>. Produsen mobil <a href="/wiki/ZiL" title="ZiL">ZiL</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZLK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZLK (halaman belum tersedia)">AZLK</a> juga terletak di kota ini, pabrik kereta metro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrovagonmash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrovagonmash (halaman belum tersedia)">Metrovagonmash</a> terletak tidak jauh dari kota. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljot (halaman belum tersedia)">Poljot</a> memproduksi jam olahraga, militer, dan profesional. Pabrik Electrozavod adalah pabrik transformer pertama di Rusia. Penyulingan Kristall<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> adalah penyulingan tertua di Rusia yang memproduksi berbagai macam <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, termasuk "<a href="/wiki/Stolichnaya" title="Stolichnaya">Stolichnaya</a>".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pabrik Perhiasan Moskow<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> dan Jewellerprom<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> adalah produsen perhiasan penting di Rusia; Jewellerprom dulunya memproduksi <a href="/wiki/Orde_Kemenangan" title="Orde Kemenangan">Orde Kemenangan</a> yang eksklusif, diberikan pada Tentara Merah Uni Soviet pada Perang Dunia II. Moskow menjadi rumah berbagai perusahaan perangkat lunak seperti: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1C_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1C Company (halaman belum tersedia)">1C Company</a>— perangkat lunak dan produsen permainan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY" title="ABBYY">ABBYY</a> pengembang pengenal tulisan dan perangkat penerjemah,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akella (halaman belum tersedia)">Akella</a>—pengembang <a href="/wiki/Permainan_video" title="Permainan video">permainan video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeline_(merek)" title="Beeline (merek)">Beeline</a> - perusahaan telekomunikasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>— produsen anti-virus untuk komputer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail.Ru_Group" title="Mail.Ru Group">Mail.Ru Group</a> - perusahaan internet</li> <li>MegaFon - perusahaan telekomunikasi</li> <li>MTS - perusahaan telekomunikasi</li> <li>Rambler&Co - perusahaan internet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruselectronics" title="Ruselectronics">Ruselectronics</a> - perusahaan pengembangan perangkat lunak dan kriptografi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> - perusahaan internet</li> <li>Yota - perusahaan ponsel pintar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biaya_hidup">Biaya hidup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Biaya hidup" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biaya hidup">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_(52078730783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/220px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/330px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/440px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5912" data-file-height="3925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pusat_Bisnis_Internasional_Moskow" title="Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskow">Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskow</a> di tahun 2022</figcaption></figure> Di zaman <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, apartemen dipinjamkan pada rakyat oleh pemerintah menurut aturan meter persegi-per-orang (beberapa kelompok, termasuk seniman, pahlawan, dan ilmuwan terkenal diberi bonus untuk menghargai mereka). <a href="/wiki/Kepemilikan_pribadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepemilikan pribadi">Kepemilikan pribadi</a> dari apartemen terbatas sampai 1990an, ketika orang diperbolehkan untuk memiliki hak properti pada tempat yang mereka tinggali. Selepas zaman Soviet, pemilik tempat tinggal harus membayar biaya jasa untuk tempat tinggal mereka. Tahun 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting menyematkan Moskow sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kota_termahal_untuk_karyawan_asing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kota termahal untuk karyawan asing (halaman belum tersedia)">kota termahal untuk karyawan asing</a>, di atas Tokyo, karena stabilnya <a href="/wiki/Rubel_Rusia" title="Rubel Rusia">rubel Rusia</a> dan meningkatkan harga rumah di kawasan kota.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Tahun 2008, Moskow menempati peringkat teratas pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kota_termahal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kota termahal (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar kota termahal</a> untuk ketiga kalinya berturut-turut.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Tahun 2014, Moskow menempati peringkat ke-9.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Pada tahun 2019, survei Biaya Hidup Sedunia dari <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> menempatkan Moskow di peringkat 102 dalam peringkat dua tahunan dari 133 kota termahal.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Survei Biaya Hidup ECA International 2019 menempatkan Moskow di peringkat 120 di antara 482 lokasi di seluruh dunia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sains_dan_pendidikan">Sains dan pendidikan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Sains dan pendidikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sains dan pendidikan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan di Rusia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/220px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/330px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/440px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Negeri_Moskow_M.V._Lomonosov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Negeri Moskow M.V. Lomonosov (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Negeri Moskow</a></figcaption></figure> Ada 1.727 sekolah menengah atas di Moskow dan 91 perguruan tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Selain itu, ada 264 institusi pendidikan tinggi, termasuk 60 universitas negeri<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_Tinggi_Ekonomi_Universitas_Riset_Nasional" title="Sekolah Tinggi Ekonomi Universitas Riset Nasional">Higher School of Economics</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Negeri_Moskow" title="Universitas Negeri Moskow">Universitas Negeri Lomonosov</a> yang didirikan tahun 1755.<a href="#cite_note-msu-history-89">[89]</a> Gedung universitas utama terletak di Vorobyovy Gory dengan tinggi 240 m, dan ketika selesai ia menjadi gedung tertinggi di Eropa.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Universitas ini memiliki lebih dari 30.000 mahasiswa sarjana dan 7.000 mahasiswa pascasarjana, tersebar di 29 fakultas dan 450 jurusan. Universitas Negeri Rusia memiliki koleksi lebih dari 9 juta buku yang terbesar di Rusia.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/220px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/330px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/440px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Kedokteran_Riset_Nasional_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Kedokteran Riset Nasional Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Kedokteran Riset Nasional Rusia</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Kedokteran_Negeri_Pertama_Moskow_I.M._Sechenov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Kedokteran Negeri Pertama Moskow I.M. Sechenov (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Kedokteran Negeri Pertama Moskow I.M. Sechenov</a> (dari <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">Ivan Sechenov</a>) atau dulunya Akademi Kedokteran Moskow adalah sekolah kedokteran di Moskow. Didirikan tahun 1785 sebagai fakultas dari Universitas Negeri Moskow. Universitas ini adalah sekolah kedokteran terbesar di Eropa dan Rusia dengan lebih dari 9.200 mahasiswa di 115 jurusan. Moskow adalah pusat keuangan utama <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka">CIS</a> dan terkenal akan sekolah bisnisnya. Beberapa yang terbaik di antaranya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademi_Keuangan_di_bawah_Pemerintah_Federasi_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademi Keuangan di bawah Pemerintah Federasi Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Akademi Keuangan di bawah Pemerintah Federasi Rusia</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Ekonomi_Rusia_Plekhanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Ekonomi Rusia Plekhanov (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Ekonomi Rusia Plekhanov</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Manajemen_Negeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Manajemen Negeri (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Manajemen Negeri</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_Tinggi_Ekonomi_Universitas_Riset_Nasional" title="Sekolah Tinggi Ekonomi Universitas Riset Nasional">Universitas Negeri - Sekolah Tinggi Ekonomi</a>. Sekolah ini menawarkan program sarjana di bidang manajemen, keuangan, akuntansi, pemasaran, real estate dan teori ekonomi, juga program master dan <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Teknik_Negeri_Moskow_Bauman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Teknik Negeri Moskow Bauman (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Teknik Negeri Moskow Bauman</a>, didirikan 1830, terletak di pusat Moskow dan memiliki lebih dari 18.000 sarjana dan 1.000 pascasarjana dengan pendidikan bidang sains dan teknik.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/220px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/330px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/440px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7394" data-file-height="4159" /></a><figcaption>Universitas Teknik Negeri Bauman Moskow</figcaption></figure><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konservatorium_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konservatorium Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Konservatorium Moskow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> adalah sekolah musik terkenal di Rusia yang didirikan tahun 1866. Beberapa alumninya antara lain <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergey Rachmaninoff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Scriabin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Scriabin (halaman belum tersedia)">Alexander Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Schnittke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Schnittke (halaman belum tersedia)">Alfred Schnittke</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Sinematografi_Gerasimov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Sinematografi Gerasimov (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Sinematografi Gerasimov</a>, disingkat VGIK, adalah institusi pendidikan <a href="/wiki/Sinematografi" title="Sinematografi">sinematografi</a> tertua di dunia, didirikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Gardin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Gardin (halaman belum tersedia)">Vladimir Gardin</a> tahun 1919. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Vsevolod Pudovkin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Batalov" title="Aleksey Batalov">Aleksey Batalov</a> adalah beberapa profesornya dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Vartanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Vartanov (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikhail Vartanov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Parajanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Parajanov (halaman belum tersedia)">Sergei Parajanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov" title="Nikita Mikhalkov">Nikita Mikhalkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Ryazanov" title="Eldar Ryazanov">Eldar Ryazanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sokurov" title="Alexander Sokurov">Alexander Sokurov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Norshteyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Norshteyn (halaman belum tersedia)">Yuriy Norshteyn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Petrov_(animator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Petrov (animator) (halaman belum tersedia)">Aleksandr Petrov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Shukshin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Shukshin (halaman belum tersedia)">Vasily Shukshin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wolf" title="Konrad Wolf">Konrad Wolf</a> adalah beberapa alumninya yang terkenal. <a href="/wiki/Institut_Hubungan_Internasional_Negeri_Moskow" title="Institut Hubungan Internasional Negeri Moskow">Institut Hubungan Internasional Negeri Moskow</a>, didirikan 1944, saat ini menjadi sekolah terbaik di Rusia untuk bidang <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">hubungan internasional</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diplomasi" title="Diplomasi">diplomasi</a>. Universitas ini memiliki sekitar 4.500 mahasiswa dan lebih dari 700.000 buku - 20.000 di antaranya buku-buku langka.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Institut terkenal lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fisika_dan_Teknologi_Moskow" title="Institut Fisika dan Teknologi Moskow">Institut Fisika dan Teknologi Moskow</a>, juga dikenal dengan Phystech, Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, didirikan tahun 1918 oleh ahli bedah mata Rusia <a href="/wiki/Svyatoslav_Fyodorov" title="Svyatoslav Fyodorov">Svyatoslav Fyodorov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Penerbangan_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Penerbangan Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Penerbangan Moskow</a>, Moscow Motorway Institute, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Teknik_Fisika_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Teknik Fisika Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Teknik Fisika Moskow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fisika_dan_Teknologi_Moskow" title="Institut Fisika dan Teknologi Moskow">Institut Fisika dan Teknologi Moskow</a> telah menghasilkan beberapa pemenang <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel">hadiah Nobel</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a>, sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Teknik_Fisika_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Teknik Fisika Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Teknik Fisika Moskow</a> terkenal berkat penelitiannya pada <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir">fisika nuklir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Sekolah militer tertinggi di Rusia adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademi_Militer_Frunze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademi Militer Frunze (halaman belum tersedia)">Akademi Bersenjata Angkatan Bersenjata Federasi Rusia</a>.<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_1152_(14384525084).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/180px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/270px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/360px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3587" data-file-height="5380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Ilmu_Pengetahuan_Rusia" title="Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia">Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia</a></figcaption></figure>Moskow juga pusat sains terbesar di Rusia. Kantor pusat <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Ilmu_Pengetahuan_Rusia" title="Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia">Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia</a> juga berada di kota ini. Ada juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Kurchatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Kurchatov (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Kurchatov</a>, terkenal dalam bidang energi nuklir di Rusia. Ada juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Fisika_Teoretis_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Fisika Teoretis Landau (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Fisika Teoretis Landau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Fisika_Teoretis_dan_Percobaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Fisika Teoretis dan Percobaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Fisika Teoretis dan Percobaan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Problema_Fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Problema Fisika (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Kapitza untuk Problema Fisika</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Matematika_Steklov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Matematika Steklov (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Matematika Steklov</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:State_Library_named_after_Lenin_(left_wing_of_the_building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg/220px-State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg/330px-State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg/440px-State_Library_named_after_Lenin_%28left_wing_of_the_building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_Negeri_Rusia" title="Perpustakaan Negeri Rusia">Perpustakaan Negeri Rusia</a></figcaption></figure> Ada sekitar 441 perpustakaan di kota ini, 167 di antaranya untuk anak-anak.<a href="#cite_note-Facty-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_Negeri_Rusia" title="Perpustakaan Negeri Rusia">Perpustakaan Negeri Rusia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> didirikan 1862 adalah perpustakaan nasional Rusia. Total rak buku di sini mencapai 275 km (171 mi) dengan koleksi 42 juta item, termasuk lebih dari 17 juta buku, 13 juta jurnal, 350.000 buku musik, dan 150.000 peta, sehingga menjadikannya terbesar di Rusia dan salah satu terbesar di dunia. Item dengan 247 bahasa berbeda menyumbang sekitar 29 persen dari koleksi.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Perpustakaan Negeri Sejarah, didirikan 1863, adalah perpustakaan terbesar untuk koleksi <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Rusia" title="Sejarah Rusia">sejarah Rusia</a>. Koleksinya mencapai 4 juta item dalam 112 bahasa (termasuk 47 bahasa pada zaman Soviet), termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraldry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraldry (halaman belum tersedia)">heraldry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numismatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatik">numismatik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_sains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah sains">sejarah sains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportasi">Transportasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi di Moskow</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udara">Udara</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Udara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Udara">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Airbus_A319-112,_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/220px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/330px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/440px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Sheremetyevo" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Sheremetyevo">Bandar Udara Internasional Sheremetyevo</a>, bandara tersibuk di Rusia, melayani sekitar 50 juta penumpang pada 2019, dan menduduki peringkat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bandar_udara_tersibuk_di_Eropa" title="Daftar bandar udara tersibuk di Eropa">bandara tersibuk kedelapan</a> di Eropa.</figcaption></figure> Ada 5 bandara komersial utama yang melayani kota ini: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Sheremetyevo" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Sheremetyevo">Bandar Udara Internasional Sheremetyevo</a> (SVO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Domodedovo" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Domodedovo">Bandar Udara Internasional Domodedovo</a> (DME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Vnukovo" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Vnukovo">Bandar Udara Internasional Vnukovo</a> (VKO)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Zhukovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Zhukovsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Bandar Udara Internasional Zhukovsky</a> (ZIA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Ostafyevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Ostafyevo (halaman belum tersedia)">Bandar Udara Internasional Ostafyevo</a> (OSF)</li></ul> Bandar Udara Internasional Sheremetyevo adalah pintu masuk utama untuk turis asing, mendatangkan 60% dari seluruh jumlah penerbangan internasional.<a href="#cite_note-4airports-100">[100]</a> Bandara ini juga menjadi rumah bagi semua anggota <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a>, dan penghubung utama bagi <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a>. Domodedovo adalah bandara dengan jumlah penumpang terbesar di Rusia dan pintu masuk utama untuk penerbangan domestik jarak jauh dan destinasi kawasan CIS. Sebagian besar anggota <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> menggunakan Domodedovo sebagai penghubung internasional utama. Sedangkan Bandara Vnukovo digunakan oleh maskapai <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transaero" title="Transaero">Transaero</a> dan beberapa maskapai lain. Bandara Ostafyevo digunakan untuk bisnis penerbangan. Bandar udara di Moskow jaraknya bervariasi dari pusat kota: Domodedovo paling jauh, berjarak 22 km; Vnukovo berjarak 11 km; Sheremetyevo berjarak 10 km; dan Ostafievo berjarak 8 km dari MKAD.<a href="#cite_note-4airports-100">[100]</a> Ada juga bandara lain yang lebih kecil dekat dengan Moskow seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Udara_Myachkovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Udara Myachkovo (halaman belum tersedia)">Bandar Udara Myachkovo</a>, digunakan untuk pesawat pribadi, helikopter, dan penerbangan charter.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Air" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Air">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Moskow memilki 2 terminal penumpang, (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Sungai_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Sungai Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Sungai Selatan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Sungai_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Sungai Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Sungai Utara</a> atau Rechnoy vokzal), untuk kapal reguler yang melewati <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Moskva">Sungai Moskva</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Oka" title="Sungai Oka">Sungai Oka</a>. Ada juga 3 pelabuhan barang yang melayani kota ini. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kereta">Kereta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Kereta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kereta">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4776" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasiun_kereta_api_Leningradsky_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stasiun kereta api Leningradsky Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">Stasiun Kereta Leningradsky</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bullet-Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/220px-Bullet-Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/330px-Bullet-Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/440px-Bullet-Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kereta_kecepatan_tinggi" title="Kereta kecepatan tinggi">kereta kecepatan tinggi</a> yang menghubungkan Moskow dengan <a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">Sankt-Peterburg</a></figcaption></figure> Moskow memiliki beberapa stasiun kereta di dalam kota. 9 stasiun utama di Moskow adalah:: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Belorussky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Belorussky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Belorussky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Kazansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Kazansky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Kazansky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Kiyevsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Kiyevsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Kiyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Kursky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Kursky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Kursky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Leningradsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Leningradsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Leningradsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Paveletsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Paveletsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Paveletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Rizhsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Rizhsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Rizhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Savyolovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Savyolovsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Savyolovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_Kereta_Yaroslavsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal Kereta Yaroslavsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Terminal Kereta Yaroslavsky</a></li></ul> Terminalnya terletak dekat pusat kota dan bersinggungan dengan jalur 5, yang merupakan jalur lingkar. Tiap stasiun memiliki tujuan yang berbeda-beda ke Eropa dan Asia.<a href="#cite_note-mostimestrain-102">[102]</a> Selain itu masih banyak lagi stasiun kereta yang lebih kecil di Moskow. Karena tiket kereta cukup murah, maka moda ini digemari oleh penduduk Rusia, terutama perjalanan ke <a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">Sankt-Peterburg</a>, kota terbesar kedua Rusia. Moskow juga menjadi terminus barat <a href="/wiki/Jalur_kereta_api_Trans-Siberia" title="Jalur kereta api Trans-Siberia">Jalur kereta api Trans-Siberia</a>, yang rutenya memanjang sejauh 9.300 km ke kota <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> di pantai <a href="/wiki/Laut_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Laut Pasifik">Laut Pasifik</a>. Pinggiran dan kota satelit juga terhubung dengan jaringan komuter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrichka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrichka (halaman belum tersedia)">elektrichka</a>. Elektrichka berangkat dari tiap-tiap terminal ini sampai stasiun besar sejauh 140 km. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Bus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_(09).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Moskow memiliki armada <a href="/wiki/Bus_listrik" title="Bus listrik">bus listrik</a> terbesar di Eropa, dengan 500 bus beroperasi pada Oktober 2020</figcaption></figure> Karena stasiun Metro di luar pusat kota berjauhan dibandingkan dengan kota lain, hingga 4 km, jaringan bus menyebar dari setiap stasiun ke zona pemukiman di sekitarnya. Moskow memiliki terminal bus untuk bus penumpang jarak jauh dan antarkota ( Terminal Bus Pusat ) dengan omset harian sekitar 25 ribu penumpang yang melayani sekitar 40% rute bus jarak jauh di Moskow.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Dengan total panjang jalur hampir 600 kilometer dari satu kabel, 8 depot, 104 rute, dan 1.740 kendaraan, sistem bus listrik Moskow adalah yang terbesar di dunia. Tetapi otoritas kota, yang dipimpin oleh Sergey Sobyanin, mulai menghancurkan sistem bus listrik di Moskow pada tahun 2014 karena korupsi dan rencana penggantian bus listrik dengan listrik. Pada sistem bus listrik Moskow 2018 hanya memiliki 4 depot dan puluhan kilometer kabel yang tidak terpakai. Hampir semua kabel bus listrik di dalam Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) terputus pada 2016-2017 karena rekonstruksi jalan-jalan pusat ("Moya Ulitsa"). Dibuka pada tanggal 15 November 1933, ini juga merupakan sistem bus listrik tertua ke-6 di dunia. Pada 2018, perusahaan kendaraan <a href="/wiki/Kamaz" title="Kamaz">Kamaz</a> dan <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a> telah memenangkan tender Mosgortrans untuk mengirimkan 200 <a href="/wiki/Bus_listrik" title="Bus listrik">bus listrik</a> dan 62 stasiun pengisian daya ultra-cepat ke sistem transportasi kota. Pabrikan akan bertanggung jawab atas pengoperasian bus dan stasiun pengisian daya yang berkualitas dan andal selama 15 tahun ke depan. Kota ini hanya akan mendapatkan bus listrik pada tahun 2021, menggantikan armada bus diesel secara bertahap. Moskow akan menjadi pemimpin di antara kota-kota Eropa dalam hal pangsa bahan bakar listrik dan gas dalam transportasi umum pada 2019, sesuai ekspektasi.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Metro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metro">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Metro_Moskow" title="Metro Moskow">Metro Moskow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/220px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/330px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/440px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Peta rute <a href="/wiki/Metro_Moskow" title="Metro Moskow">Metro Moskow</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg/220px-MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg/330px-MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg/440px-MosMetro_KomsomolskayaKL_img3_asv2018-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7235" data-file-height="4823" /></a><figcaption>Stasiun <a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_(Jalur_Koltsevaya)" title="Komsomolskaya (Jalur Koltsevaya)">Komsomolskaya</a> dibuka pada tahun 1938.</figcaption></figure> Transportasi lokal yang ada adalah <a href="/wiki/Metro_Moskow" title="Metro Moskow">Metro Moskow</a>, sistem angkutan cepat yang terkenal berkat seni, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik">mosaik</a>, dan lampu gantung. Ketika dibuka pertama kali tahun 1935, sistem ini hanya punya 2 jalur. Saat ini, Metro Moskow terdiri dari 12 jalur dengan total 194 stasiun. Metro di kota ini adalah salah satu sistem metro bawah tanah paling dalam di dunia; misalnya stasiun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_Pobedy_(Metro_Moskow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Park Pobedy (Metro Moskow) (halaman belum tersedia)">Park Pobedy</a>, selesai tahun 2003 dengan kedalaman 84 meter (276 ft), memiliki <a href="/wiki/Eskalator" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskalator">eskalator</a> terpanjang di Eropa. Metro Moskow juga salah satu metro tersibuk dunia, melayani sekitar 10 juta penumpang tiap harinya.<a href="#cite_note-metro-37">[37]</a> Saat ini, Metro Moskow terdiri dari 12 jalur, sebagian besar di bawah tanah dengan total 203 stasiun. Metro Moskow adalah salah satu sistem kereta bawah tanah terdalam di dunia; misalnya stasiun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_Pobedy_(Metro_Moskow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Park Pobedy (Metro Moskow) (halaman belum tersedia)">Park Pobedy</a> terletak di kedalaman di 84 meter di bawah permukaan tanah, memiliki eskalator terpanjang di Eropa. Metro Moskow adalah jaringan metro tersibuk di Eropa, serta salah satu sistem metro tersibuk di dunia, melayani sekitar sepuluh juta penumpang setiap hari (300.000.000 orang setiap bulan).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Menghadapi masalah transportasi yang serius, Moskow memiliki rencana untuk memperluas Metro-nya. Pada tahun 2016, pihak berwenang meluncurkan kereta metro lingkar baru yang turut membantu mengatasi masalah transportasi, yaitu kemacetan harian di <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Koltsevaya" title="Jalur Koltsevaya">Jalur Koltsevaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trem">Trem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Trem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Trem">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/220px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/330px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/440px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6192" data-file-height="3483" /></a><figcaption>Trem di Moskow melewati Lapangan Tverskaya Zastava</figcaption></figure> Moskow memiliki sistem <a href="/wiki/Trem" title="Trem">trem</a> yang luas, yang pertama kali dibuka pada tahun 1899.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Jalur terbaru dibangun pada tahun 1984. Penggunaan hariannya oleh orang Moskow rendah, sekitar 5% perjalanan karena banyak koneksi penting dalam jaringan telah ditarik. Trem masih tetap penting di beberapa distrik sebagai feeder ke stasiun Metro. Trem juga menyediakan link lintas penting antara jalur metro, misalnya antara stasiun Universitet dari Jalur Sokolnicheskaya (# 1 garis merah) dan stasiun Profsoyuznaya dari Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Baris (# 6 orange line) atau antara Voykovskaya dan Strogino. Selain itu, pendukung trem telah menyarankan bahwa layanan angkutan cepat baru (metro ke Kota, metro ringan Butovo, Monorel) akan lebih efektif sebagai jalur trem kelas dan bahwa masalah dengan trem hanya karena manajemen dan operasi yang buruk, bukan sifat teknis trem. Model trem baru telah dikembangkan untuk jaringan Moskow meskipun tidak ada perluasan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungan_internasional">Hubungan internasional</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Hubungan internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hubungan internasional">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kota_kembar">Kota kembar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Kota kembar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kota kembar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Moskow memiliki hubungan <a href="/wiki/Kota_kembar" title="Kota kembar">kota kembar</a> dengan: <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33.3%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki"><img alt="Turki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turki<a href="#cite_note-Ankara_winnings-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok"><img alt="Tiongkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, Tiongkok<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"><img alt="Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Jerman<a href="#cite_note-Berlin_twinnings-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania"><img alt="Rumania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bukares" title="Bukares">Bukares</a>, Rumania<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina<a href="#cite_note-Listed_de_ciudades_hermanas-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Amerika Serikat<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab"><img alt="Uni Emirat Arab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, Uni Emirat Arab<a href="#cite_note-dubai-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-Azerbaijan_twinnings-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kota_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" title="Kota Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>, Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina"><img alt="Ukraina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia<a href="#cite_note-Ljubljana_twinnings-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><img alt="Britania Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Britania Raya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina"><img alt="Filipina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Filipina<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko"><img alt="Ceko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Praha" title="Praha">Praha</a>, Republik Ceko<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara"><img alt="Korea Utara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, Korea Utara<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia"><img alt="Islandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Islandia<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><img alt="Korea Selatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, Korea Selatan<a href="#cite_note-Seoul_twinnings2-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_twinnings-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><img alt="Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Jepang<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/T%D0%BEshk%D0%B5nt" title="Tоshkеnt">Toshkent</a>, Uzbekistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania"><img alt="Lituania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lituania</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjanjian_kerja_sama">Perjanjian kerja sama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Perjanjian kerja sama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perjanjian kerja sama">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Moskow memiliki perjanjian kerja sama dengan: <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand (1997)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisboa" title="Lisboa">Lisboa</a>, Portugal (1997)<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spanyol (2006)<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel (2001)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia (1998)<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1995)<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wali_kota-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wali_kota_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107">"Wali Kota Moskow"</a>. Pemerintah Kota Moskow. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-08-23. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 Januari 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 Juli 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Connection%3A+Mongol+Influences+on+the+Development+of+Moscow&rft.pub=Indiana+University+South+Bend&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iusb.edu%2F~journal%2F2002%2Fvogel_2%2Fvogel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World</a>". John F. 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Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979), hlm. 29. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0882541676" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-88254-167-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9A02E0DF103BEE3ABC4E52DFB5668383609EDE">Lenine's Migration: A Queer Scene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912150025/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9A02E0DF103BEE3ABC4E52DFB5668383609EDE">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-09-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 16 Maret 1918. </li> <li id="cite_note-embassy-geo-24"><a href="#cite_ref-embassy-geo_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511023524/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/GEOGRAF.HTM">"Geographi"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2021-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=ITAR-TASS+%3A+Expansion+of+Moscow+borders+to+help+it+develop+harmonically%3A+mayor&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itar-tass.com%2Fen%2Fc32%2F461491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/city/about/">"Город / Информация / Сайт Москвы"</a>. www.mos.ru (dalam bahasa Rusia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322040547/https://www.mos.ru/city/about/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mos.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%2F+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fcity%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825190425/http://darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40">"Особо охраняемые природные территории Москвы"</a>. web.archive.org. 2007-08-25. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.date=2007-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.museum.ru%2Fexpos%2Foopt%2F%3Ft%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901">"Time in Moscow, Russia. What time is it in Moscow right now?"</a>. dateandtime.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512055302/https://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dateandtime.info&rft.atitle=Time+in+Moscow%2C+Russia.+What+time+is+it+in+Moscow+right+now%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdateandtime.info%2Fcity.php%3Fid%3D524901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010">"Погода в Москве - климатический монитор за июнь 2010 года"</a>. www.pogodaiklimat.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115190656/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-15. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pogodaiklimat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5+-+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8C+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612%26month%3D6%26year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html">""Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве"</a>. Rg.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711032510/http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-11. Diakses tanggal 22 Desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%22+%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Rg.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fmigrant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php">"Meteoweb.ru | Продолжительность солнечного сияния в Москве в 2014 году"</a>. meteoweb.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=meteoweb.ru&rft.atitle=Meteoweb.ru+%7C+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B2+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoweb.ru%2F2014%2Fpss2014.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-metro-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metro_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_37-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714154607/http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99"><bdi lang="ru">Московский метрополитен</bdi></a> (dalam bahasa Rusia). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-07-14. Diakses tanggal July 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosmetro.ru%2Fpages%2Fpage_0.php%3Fid_page%3D99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931">"How to survive in Moscow without sunshine"</a>. BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2018-01-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-07. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+to+survive+in+Moscow+without+sunshine&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-42722931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm">"Климат Владимира - Погода и климат"</a>. www.pogodaiklimat.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-10-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pogodaiklimat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27532.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-thermograph-40"><a href="#cite_ref-thermograph_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm">"WMO averages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-27. Diakses tanggal January 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F107%2Fc00206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50">"VVC info"</a> (dalam bahasa Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2018-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VVC+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2Fclimate%2Fklimatgorod%2F3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_42-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612">"Climate monitor 2005–2011"</a> (dalam bahasa Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-17. Diakses tanggal January 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+monitor+2005%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpogoda.ru.net%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteoweb-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Meteoweb_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php">"Average monthly Sunshine hours"</a> (dalam bahasa Russian). Meteoweb.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-08. Diakses tanggal January 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+monthly+Sunshine+hours&rft.pub=Meteoweb.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoweb.ru%2Fcl006-7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2009&LMM=12&LYY=2018">"Temperature – Moscow"</a>. WeatherOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622181102/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2009&LMM=12&LYY=2018">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-22. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeatherOnline&rft.atitle=Temperature+%E2%80%93+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fmaps%2Fcity%3FLANG%3Den%26PLZ%3D_____%26PLZN%3D_____%26WMO%3D27612%26CONT%3Deuro%26R%3D0%26LEVEL%3D162%26REGION%3D0006%26LAND%3DRS%26MOD%3Dtab%26ART%3DTEM%26NOREGION%3D1%26FMM%3D1%26FYY%3D2009%26LMM%3D12%26LYY%3D2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001951/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm">"Перепись-2010: русских становится больше"</a>. Perepis-2010.ru. 19 Desember 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-01-07. Diakses tanggal 10 Februari 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C-2010%3A+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5&rft.pub=Perepis-2010.ru&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis-2010.ru%2Fnews%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D6936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bell, Imogen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o">Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85743-137-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85743-137-7">978-1-85743-137-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120061946/https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o&hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-20. 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Diakses tanggal July 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft.aulast=Aleksandrov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.ru%2Fartical.asp%3Fn%3D3111%26art_id%3D6991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130420040006/http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/02/16/russia's-billionaires-hit-by-financial-crisis/">"Russia's billionaires hit by financial crisis"</a>. www.financemarkets.co.uk. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/02/16/russia's-billionaires-hit-by-financial-crisis/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-04-20. Diakses tanggal May 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+billionaires+hit+by+financial+crisis&rft.pub=www.financemarkets.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financemarkets.co.uk%2F2009%2F02%2F16%2Frussia%27s-billionaires-hit-by-financial-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713034204/http://news.rickey.org/mexicos-carlos-slim-still-tops-forbes-richest-list/2638">"Salinan arsip"</a>. archive.today. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.today&rft.atitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.rickey.org%2Fmexicos-carlos-slim-still-tops-forbes-richest-list%2F2638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/">"The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery"</a>. Eng.kristall.ru. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.kristall.ru/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-28. Diakses tanggal June 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Site+of+the+Moscow+Cristall+distillery&rft.pub=Eng.kristall.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.kristall.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> See also: (Rusia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmvz.ru/">The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/">Diarsipkan</a> 2001-02-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved on July 7, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> See also: (Rusia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miuz.ru/">The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-07-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved on July 7, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> See also: (Rusia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewellerprom.ru/">The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-02-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved on July 7, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Sahadi, Jeanne (June 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm">"World's most expensive cities"</a>. CNNMoney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010132/http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-16. Diakses tanggal July 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+expensive+cities&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft.aulast=Sahadi&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2006%2F06%2F23%2Fpf%2Fexpensive_cities%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/money">"Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money"</a>. www.msn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=Stock+Quotes%2C+Business+News+and+Data+from+Stock+Markets+%26%23124%3B+MSN+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fmoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jacobs, Deborah L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/">"The Most Expensive Cities In The World"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623071700/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Most+Expensive+Cities+In+The+World&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdeborahljacobs%2F2014%2F07%2F10%2Fthe-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Times, The Moscow (2019-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863">"Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings"</a>. The Moscow Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Moscow+Nose-Dives+in+Global+Living+Cost+Rankings&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=The+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2Fmoscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living">"Europe falls behind USA in cost of living"</a>. www.eca-international.com. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eca-international.com&rft.atitle=Europe+falls+behind+USA+in+cost+of+living&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eca-international.com%2FNews%2FJune-2019%2FEurope-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Cvn5k8uv?url=http://moscow.gks.ru/moskva/social/socialDoc/1_1.doc">"Общеобразовательные учреждения г. Москвы"</a>. Государственный орган федеральной службы государственной статистики по г. Москве. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moscow.gks.ru/moskva/social/socialDoc/1_1.doc">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-15. 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Москвы"</a>. Государственный орган федеральной службы государственной статистики по г. Москве. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moscow.gks.ru/moskva/social/socialDoc/1_4.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-08-21. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoscow.gks.ru%2Fmoskva%2Fsocial%2FsocialDoc%2F1_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-msu-history-89"><a href="#cite_ref-msu-history_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html">"MSU History"</a>. Moscow State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702222014/http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-07-02. Diakses tanggal July 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSU+History&rft.pub=Moscow+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msu.ru%2Fen%2Finfo%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Templeton, John Marks (October 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isprogressspeedi0000temp">Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings</a>. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isprogressspeedi0000temp/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-890151-02-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-890151-02-5">1-890151-02-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Progress+Speeding+Up%3F%3A+Our+Multiplying+Multitudes+of+Blessings&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1997-10-01&rft.isbn=1-890151-02-5&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.aufirst=John+Marks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisprogressspeedi0000temp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Fedorov, I.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706130144/http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English/">"General (English)"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2021-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rbth.com&rft.atitle=How+Moscow%E2%80%99s+new+light+rail+system+will+make+life+easier+for+passengers&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=RBTH&rft.aufirst=special+to&rft.au=Rupasova%2C+Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2016%2F09%2F09%2Fhow-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113420/https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/">"The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system"</a>. moscowseasons.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moscowseasons.com&rft.atitle=The+long+trip+to+Vityaz+or+the+story+of+the+Moscow+tram+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoscowseasons.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fthe-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304013748/http://www.almaty.freenet.kz/symbol.htm">"Almaty official site"</a>. freenet.kz. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almaty.freenet.kz/symbol.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal March 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freenet.kz&rft.atitle=Almaty+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaty.freenet.kz%2Fsymbol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ankara_winnings-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Ankara_winnings_109-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx">"Kardeş Kentleri Lists ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması [via WaybackMachine.com]"</a> (dalam bahasa Turkish). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal January 14, 2009. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karde%C5%9F+Kentleri+Lists+ve+5+May%C4%B1s+Avrupa+G%C3%BCn%C3%BC+Kutlamas%C4%B1+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Ankara+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir+Belediyesi+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCm+Haklar%C4%B1+Sakl%C4%B1d%C4%B1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara-bel.gov.tr%2FAbbSayfalari%2Fhizmet_birimleri%2Fdis_dairesi_baskanligi%2Favrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190520/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara/#.V6zuCGVvfxs">"Sister Cities of Ankara"</a>. ankara.bel.tr. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara#.V6zuCGVvfxs">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ankara.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+of+Ankara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fen%2Fforeign-relations-department%2Fsister-cities-of-ankara%23.V6zuCGVvfxs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (June 19, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf">"Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2019-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+of+friendly+ties+between+the+cities+of+Bangkok+and+Moscow&rft.date=1997-06-19&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft.au=City+of+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FMoscow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">"Beijing's Sister Cities"</a>. eBeijing.gov.cn. January 5, 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-01-17. Diakses tanggal September 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing%27s+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=eBeijing.gov.cn&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebeijing.gov.cn%2FSister_Cities%2FSister_City%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820051435/http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2014-05-1/2014-05-19-sergei-sobyanin-beijing-mayor-wang-anshun-sign-2014-2016-programme-of-cooperation-between-moscow-and-beijing-governments/">"Sergei Sobyanin, Beijing Mayor Wang Anshun sign 2014–2016 programme of cooperation between Moscow and Beijing governments – Moscow investment portal"</a>. investmoscow.ru. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2014-05-1/2014-05-19-sergei-sobyanin-beijing-mayor-wang-anshun-sign-2014-2016-programme-of-cooperation-between-moscow-and-beijing-governments/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-08-20. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investmoscow.ru&rft.atitle=Sergei+Sobyanin%2C+Beijing+Mayor+Wang+Anshun+sign+2014%E2%80%932016+programme+of+cooperation+between+Moscow+and+Beijing+governments+%E2%80%93+Moscow+investment+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.investmoscow.ru%2Fcalendar-of-events%2F2014-05-1%2F2014-05-19-sergei-sobyanin-beijing-mayor-wang-anshun-sign-2014-2016-programme-of-cooperation-between-moscow-and-beijing-governments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin_twinnings-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_twinnings_114-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html">"Berlin – City Partnerships"</a>. Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html">versi asli</a> tanggal May 21, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Regierende+B%C3%BCrgermeister+Berlin&rft.atitle=Berlin+%E2%80%93+City+Partnerships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Frbmskzl%2Fstaedteverbindungen%2Fstaedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html">"Cu cine este înfrățit Bucureștiul?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adev%C4%83rul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adevărul (halaman belum tersedia)">Adevărul</a> (dalam bahasa Romanian). 21 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118035638/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-11-18. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Cu+cine+este+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bit+Bucure%C8%99tiul%3F&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Fnews%2Fbucuresti%2Fcu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Listed_de_ciudades_hermanas-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Listed_de_ciudades_hermanas_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716150342/http://estatico.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/internacionales/hermanamientos.pdf">"Listado de ciudades hermanas"</a> (PDF). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://estatico.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/internacionales/hermanamientos.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal July 16, 2011. Diakses tanggal October 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listado+de+ciudades+hermanas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Festatico.buenosaires.gov.ar%2Fareas%2Finternacionales%2Fhermanamientos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chicagosistercities.com">http://chicagosistercities.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224135441/http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/">"Sister Cities"</a>. chicagosistercities.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/">versi asli</a> tanggal December 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagosistercities.com&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.au=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagosistercities.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagosistercities.com%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-dubai-118"><a href="#cite_ref-dubai_118-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Dubai.html">"Sister Cities of Dubai"</a>. Sistercities.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217215654/http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Dubai.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-17. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+of+Dubai&rft.pub=Sistercities.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.sistercity.info%2Fsister-cities%2FDubai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Azerbaijan_twinnings-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Azerbaijan_twinnings_119-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html">"Twin-cities of Azerbaijan"</a>. Azerbaijans.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809115218/http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-09. Diakses tanggal August 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijans.com&rft.atitle=Twin-cities+of+Azerbaijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerbaijans.com%2Fcontent_1719_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB">"CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM"</a>. mofahcm.gov.vn. October 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073805/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-26. Diakses tanggal January 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%81C+%C4%90%E1%BB%8AA+PH%C6%AF%C6%A0NG+N%C6%AF%E1%BB%9AC+NGO%C3%80I+%C4%90%C3%83+THI%E1%BA%BET+L%E1%BA%ACP+QUAN+H%E1%BB%86+H%E1%BB%AEU+NGH%E1%BB%8A+H%E1%BB%A2P+T%C3%81C+V%E1%BB%9AI+TPHCM&rft.pub=mofahcm.gov.vn&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofahcm.gov.vn%2Fvi%2Fhoptac_qt%2Fnr041014110554%2F%232O2JGVsVDHhB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ljubljana_twinnings-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Ljubljana_twinnings_121-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/">"Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje"</a>. Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (dalam bahasa Slovenian). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/">versi asli</a> tanggal June 26, 2013. Diakses tanggal July 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mestna+ob%C4%8Dina+Ljubljana+%28Ljubljana+City%29&rft.atitle=Medmestno+in+mednarodno+sodelovanje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ljubljana.si%2Fsi%2Fljubljana%2Fpobratena-mesta-zdruzenja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/">"About Manila: Sister Cities"</a>. City of Manila. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manila.gov.ph/government/">versi asli</a> tanggal June 11, 2016. Diakses tanggal November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Manila%3A+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanila.gov.ph%2Fgovernment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154517/http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties">"Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties"</a>. Sep 7, 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-10-08. Diakses tanggal August 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moscow+and+New+Delhi+twin+cities+strengthen+friendly+ties&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusembindia.com%2Fembassy-news%2F5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html">"Partnerská města HMP"</a>. zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu (dalam bahasa Ceko). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal June 25, 2013. Diakses tanggal May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu&rft.atitle=Partnersk%C3%A1+m%C4%9Bsta+HMP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzahranicnivztahy.praha.eu%2Fjnp%2Fcz%2Fpartnerska_mesta%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Corfield, Justin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">"Sister Cities"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. hlm. 196. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85728-234-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85728-234-7">978-0-85728-234-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-18. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-234-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46gFDWr3aMC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng">Moscow and Reykjavík sister cities.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107011545/http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng">Diarsipkan</a> January 7, 2009, di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved on March 11, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_twinnings2-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_twinnings2_127-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html">"International Cooperation: Sister Cities"</a>. Seoul Metropolitan Government. www.seoul.go.kr. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html">versi asli</a> tanggal December 10, 2007. Diakses tanggal January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=International+Cooperation%3A+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fgover%2Fcooper%2Fcoo_02sis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_twinnings-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_twinnings_128-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6">"Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]"</a>. Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived April 25, 2012). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6">versi asli</a> tanggal March 25, 2012. Diakses tanggal August 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government+%28archived+April+25%2C+2012%29&rft.atitle=Seoul+-Sister+Cities+%5Bvia+WayBackMachine%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fgtk%2Fcg%2Fcityhall.php%3Fpidx%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Tokyo Metropolitan Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">"Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo"</a>. metro.tokyo.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-11. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metro.tokyo.jp&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+%28States%29+of+Tokyo&rft.au=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.jp%2FENGLISH%2FABOUT%2FLINKS%2Fsister.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. 2019-08-05. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Wayback+Machine&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FMoscow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073440/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade">"Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade - MUNICÍPIO"</a>. web.archive.org. 2020-02-03. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-02-03. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Acordos+de+Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e%2Fou+Amizade+-+MUNIC%C3%8DPIO&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisboa.pt%2Fmunicipio%2Frelacoes-internacionais%2Facordos%2Facordos-de-cooperacao-e%2Fou-amizade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">"Acción Internacional y Ciudadanía Global - Agreements with cities - Ayuntamiento de Madrid"</a>. www.madrid.es (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-06-10. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.madrid.es&rft.atitle=Acci%C3%B3n+Internacional+y+Ciudadan%C3%ADa+Global+-+Agreements+with+cities+-+Ayuntamiento+de+Madrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.es%2Fvgn-ext-templating%2Fv%2Findex.jsp%3Fvgnextoid%3D76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3Dce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Ddefault%26idCapitulo%3D7182437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx">"ערים שותפות"</a>. אתר עיריית תל-אביב-יפו (dalam bahasa Ibrani). Diakses tanggal 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8+%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%AA%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91-%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95&rft.atitle=%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tel-aviv.gov.il%2FAbout%2FPages%2FPartnerships.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771">"Coopération internationale"</a>. commune-tunis.gov.tn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commune-tunis.gov.tn&rft.atitle=Coop%C3%A9ration+internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Fpublish%2Fcontent%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/">"Partner cities"</a>. yerevan.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Partner+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fpartner-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMoskow" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskow&veaction=edit&section=40" 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" title="Templat:Pembagian administratif Rusia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Pembagian administratif Rusia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Pembagian_administratif_Rusia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Rusia" title="Pembagian administratif Rusia">Pembagian administratif</a> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Subjek_federal"><a href="/wiki/Subjek_federal_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjek federal Rusia">Subjek federal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia">Republik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Altai" title="Republik Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Buryatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Chuvashia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Kabardino-Balkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Karachay-Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Karelia" title="Republik Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Khakassia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Komi" title="Republik Komi">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Krimea" title="Republik Krimea">Krimea</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Mari_El" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Mordovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Ossetia_Utara-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ossetia Utara-Alania">Ossetia Utara–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Donetsk" title="Republik Rakyat Donetsk">Rakyat Donetsk</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Luhansk" title="Republik Rakyat Luhansk">Rakyat Luhansk</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%D0%B5publik_Sakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rеpublik Sakha">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krai_di_Rusia" title="Krai di Rusia">Krai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Altai" title="Krai Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Kamchatka" title="Krai Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Khabarovsk" title="Krai Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Krasnodar" title="Krai Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Krasnoyarsk" title="Krai Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Perm" title="Krai Perm">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Primorsky" title="Krai Primorsky">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Stavropol" title="Krai Stavropol">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Zabaykalsky" title="Krai Zabaykalsky">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblast_di_Rusia" title="Oblast di Rusia">Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Amur" title="Oblast Amur">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Arkhangelsk" title="Oblast Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Astrakhan" title="Oblast Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Belgorod" title="Oblast Belgorod">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Bryansk" title="Oblast Bryansk">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Chelyabinsk" title="Oblast Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Irkutsk" title="Oblast Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ivanovo" title="Oblast Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kaliningrad" title="Oblast Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kaluga" title="Oblast Kaluga">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kemerovo" title="Oblast Kemerovo">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Rusia_di_Oblast_Kherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Rusia di Oblast Kherson">Kherson</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kirov" title="Oblast Kirov">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kostroma" title="Oblast Kostroma">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kurgan" title="Oblast Kurgan">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kursk" title="Oblast Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Leningrad" title="Oblast Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Lipetsk" title="Oblast Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Magadan" title="Oblast Magadan">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Moskwa">Moskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Murmansk" title="Oblast Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Oblast Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Novgorod" title="Oblast Novgorod">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Novosibirsk" title="Oblast Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Omsk" title="Oblast Omsk">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Orenburg" title="Oblast Orenburg">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Oryol" title="Oblast Oryol">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Penza" title="Oblast Penza">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Pskov" title="Oblast Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Rostov" title="Oblast Rostov">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ryazan" title="Oblast Ryazan">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Sakhalin" title="Oblast Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Samara" title="Oblast Samara">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Saratov" title="Oblast Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Smolensk" title="Oblast Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Sverdlovsk" title="Oblast Sverdlovsk">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tambov" title="Oblast Tambov">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tomsk" title="Oblast Tomsk">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tula" title="Oblast Tula">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tver" title="Oblast Tver">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tyumen" title="Oblast Tyumen">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ulyanovsk" title="Oblast Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Vladimir" title="Oblast Vladimir">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Volgograd" title="Oblast Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Vologda" title="Oblast Vologda">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Voronezh" title="Oblast Voronezh">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Yaroslavl" title="Oblast Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Rusia_di_Oblast_Zaporizhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Rusia di Oblast Zaporizhia">Zaporizhia</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_federal_di_Rusia" title="Kota federal di Rusia">Kota federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">St. Peterburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblast_otonom_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast otonom di Rusia">Oblast otonom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Otonom_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Otonom Yahudi">Yahudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Okrug_otonom_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug otonom di Rusia">Okrug otonom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Chukotka" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Okrug Otonom Chukotka">OO Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Khanty-Mansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonom Khanty-Mansi">OO Khanty-Mansi</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Nenets" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonom Nenets">OO Nenets</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonomi_Yamalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonomi Yamalia">OO Yamalo-Nenets</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1secara administratif bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tyumen" title="Oblast Tyumen">Oblast Tyumen</a></li> <li>2secara administratif bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Arkhangelsk" title="Oblast Arkhangelsk">Oblast Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li>3<a href="/wiki/Aneksasi_Krimea_2014" title="Aneksasi Krimea 2014">bergabung</a> dengan Rusia tanpa persetujuan pemerintah Ukraina; secara internasional diakui sebagai teritori <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li>4<a href="/wiki/Invasi_Rusia_ke_Ukraina_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina 2022">dianeksasi</a> dari Ukraina melalui invasi; secara internasional diakui sebagai teritori Ukraina</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Pembagian_non-konstitusional_tambahan_oleh_lembaga_pemerintahan">Pembagian non-konstitusional tambahan oleh lembaga pemerintahan</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Rusia" title="Wilayah ekonomi Rusia">Wilayah ekonomi</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pembangunan_Ekonomi_(Rusia)" title="Kementerian Pembangunan Ekonomi (Rusia)">Kementerian Pembangunan Ekonomi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_militer_di_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik militer di Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik militer</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pertahanan_(Rusia)" title="Kementerian Pertahanan (Rusia)">Kementerian Pertahanan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrik_federal_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Distrik federal di Rusia">Distrik federal</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Rusia" title="Presiden Rusia">Presiden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Banding_Arbitrase_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Banding Arbitrase Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik kehakiman</a> (oleh hukum "tentang pengadilan arbitrase")</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ibu_kota_negara_di_Eropa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ibu_kota_di_Eropa" title="Templat:Ibu kota di Eropa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Ibu_kota_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ibu kota di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ibu_kota_di_Eropa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ibu_kota_negara_di_Eropa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">negara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Bukares" title="Bukares">Bukares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Nursultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursultan">Nursultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>‡</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Utara" title="Eropa Utara">Eropa Utara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>UE</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Selatan" title="Eropa Selatan">Eropa Selatan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Athena_(kota)" title="Athena (kota)">Athena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Beograd" title="Beograd">Beograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikosia" title="Nikosia">Nikosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>‡UE · <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/San_Marino_(kota)" title="San Marino (kota)">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Kota Vatikan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a>UE</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Barat" title="Eropa Barat">Eropa Barat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brussel_(kota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussel (kota)">Brussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Pulau_Man" title="Douglas, Pulau Man">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lisboa" title="Lisboa">Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg_(kota)" title="Luksemburg (kota)">Luksemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier,_Jersey" title="Saint Helier, Jersey">Saint Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> · <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">St. Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Tengah" title="Eropa Tengah">Eropa Tengah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Praha" title="Praha">Praha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Warsawa" title="Warsawa">Warsawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>UE · <a href="/wiki/Wina" title="Wina">Wina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>UE</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† Negara <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, ‡ Keseluruhannya di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat_Daya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Barat Daya">Asia Barat Daya</a> tapi memiliki hubungan sosial-politik dengan Eropa, UE <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_anggota_Uni_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara anggota Uni Eropa">negara anggota Uni Eropa</a> cetak miring <a href="/wiki/Dependensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependensi">ibu kota wilayah dependensi</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kota_penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kota_Penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" title="Templat:Kota Penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kota_Penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kota Penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kota_Penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kota_penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kota penyelenggara <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas">Olimpiade Musim Panas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1896" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1896">1896</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani"><img alt="Yunani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1900" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1900">1900</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis"><img alt="Prancis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1904" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1904">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1908" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1908">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><img alt="Britania Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1912" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1912">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia"><img alt="Swedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1916" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1916">1916</a>: Tidak ada[c1]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1920" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1920">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia"><img alt="Belgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen">Antwerpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1924" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1924">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis"><img alt="Prancis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1928" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1928">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda"><img alt="Belanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1932" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1932">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1936" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1936">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"><img alt="Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1940 (halaman belum tersedia)">1940</a>: Tidak ada[c2]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1944 (halaman belum tersedia)">1944</a>: Tidak ada[c2]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1948" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><img alt="Britania Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1952" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1952">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia"><img alt="Finlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1956" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1960" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1960">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia"><img alt="Italia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1964" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1964">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><img alt="Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1968" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1968">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko"><img alt="Meksiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kota_Meksiko" title="Kota Meksiko">Kota Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1972" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1972">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat"><img alt="Jerman Barat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1976" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada"><img alt="Kanada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1980" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%28dark_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1984" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1988" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><img alt="Korea Selatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1992" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1992">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol"><img alt="Spanyol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1996" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2000" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2004" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani"><img alt="Yunani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2008" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok"><img alt="Tiongkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2012" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><img alt="Britania Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2016" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil"><img alt="Brasil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2020" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><img alt="Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>[c3]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2024" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2024">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis"><img alt="Prancis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2028" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2028">2028</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2032" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2032">2032</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[c1] Batal karena <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>; [c2] Batal karena <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>; [c3] Ditunda hingga 2021 karena <a href="/wiki/Pandemi_koronavirus_2019%E2%80%932020" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020">Pandemi COVID-19</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moskow&oldid=26827311">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moskow&oldid=26827311</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kota_penyelenggara_Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" title="Kategori:Kota penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas">Kota penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Moskow" title="Kategori:Moskow">Moskow</a></li><li><a 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