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<li id="toc-Unionization_efforts_in_the_1940s_and_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionization_efforts_in_the_1940s_and_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Unionization efforts in the 1940s and 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionization_efforts_in_the_1940s_and_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICWU_unionization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICWU_unionization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 ICWU unionization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICWU_unionization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contract_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Contract negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_toward_strike_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_toward_strike_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Move toward strike action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_toward_strike_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Course of the strike </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_strike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of the strike subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_strike_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_strike_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early strike activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_strike_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_attempts_at_mediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attempts_at_mediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Initial attempts at mediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_attempts_at_mediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._and_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._and_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Involvement of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._and_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boycott" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Labor strike in Georgia, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1964–1965 Scripto strike</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">November 27, 1964 – January 9, 1965 (1 month, 1 week and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Disagreements over the terms of a labor contract</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Increased pay, improved employee benefits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Union and company agree to a three-year contract that included increased pay and more employee benefits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Workers Union">International Chemical Workers Union</a> Local 754</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <a href="/wiki/Scripto" title="Scripto">Scripto</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Workers for the <a href="/wiki/Scripto" title="Scripto">Scripto</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, United States, held a <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">labor strike</a> from November 27, 1964, to January 9, 1965. It ended when the company and union agreed to a three-year contract that included wage increases and improved employee benefits. The strike was an important event in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, as both civil rights leaders and organized labor activists worked together to support the strike. Scripto produced <a href="/wiki/Writing_implements" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing implements">writing implements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighters">lighters</a> in the 1960s. Its main production facility was based in <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African-American neighborhood</a> of Atlanta, and the company's workforce was primarily made up of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">black women</a>. Since 1940, there had been various attempts to <a href="/wiki/Unionize" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionize">unionize</a> the factory, including an effort by the <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">United Steelworkers</a> in the 1940s. By and large, unionization efforts were supported by members of Atlanta's black elite and by black church leaders in the area, who believed that a union could help improve the working conditions and wages for the workers. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Workers Union">International Chemical Workers Union</a> (ICWU) was able to unionize the plant. This came during the civil rights movement, and union organizers succeeded in part by tying their union drive to the larger fight for civil rights that was occurring throughout the country and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a>, where the plant was located. Following the unionization, the ICWU sought to secure a labor contract with Scripto, but the company instead challenged the union in court, arguing that the union election had been unfair. After the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> ruled against the company, they remained reluctant to negotiate with the union, and negotiations continued into November 1964. The main point of contention regarded wage increases, as the union wanted an eight-percent raise across the board while the company pushed for a four-percent wage increase for "skilled" employees and a two-percent raise for "unskilled" employees. The union argued that this was racially discriminatory, as almost all of the factory's <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> employees were considered skilled and nearly all of the African American employees were considered unskilled. On November 25, the day before <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a>, many workers gathered and announced plans for a <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">labor strike</a>. Working over the holiday to prepare <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picket signs</a> and coordinate logistics, they began their strike on November 27, with about 700 workers performing a <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkout</a>. From the onset, the strike had the support of several civil rights organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC), the latter of which was led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> King was an avid supporter of the strike, as many of the strikers were congregants of his <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a>, and he helped coordinate a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of Scripto products. However, as the strike continued, both the union and company remained at an impasse in negotiations, and eventually, King began to negotiate in secret with company president Carl Singer over an agreement to end the strike. After several weeks of discussions, King agreed to call off the boycott if Singer agreed to give the striking employees their <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_salary" title="Thirteenth salary">Christmas bonuses</a>. This deal, which was made without the knowledge of the union, was announced on December 24 and saw an end to King or the SCLC's involvement in the strike. Union representatives were upset with King's actions, which some historians say may have constitute an <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practice</a>. However, by this time, the union's <a href="/wiki/Strike_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike fund">strike fund</a> had been nearly depleted, and without the SCLC's support, they were willing to negotiate a compromise with the company. On January 9, 1965, the union and company signed a three-year labor contract that saw an across-the-board wage increase of $0.04 per hour for every year of the contract. Additionally, workers improved employee benefits, such as additional vacation days and increased pay for working afternoon shifts. In the aftermath of the strike, King received criticism from many different groups for his involvement, including labor activists and business leaders, and as a result, King and the SCLC refrained from involvement in another major labor dispute until the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> in 1968. Meanwhile, the company and the union developed a better relationship and jointly worked on a replacement to the "skilled"/"unskilled" system that had been at the root of the labor dispute. However, in 1977, with the Sweet Auburn facility considered outdated and the company facing increased competition, Scripto closed the plant and relocated to another facility in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta metropolitan area</a>. The plant was eventually demolished and today the site is a parking lot for the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a>. Discussing the strike in 2018, historian Joseph M. Thompson stated that, while it is primarily viewed by historians in the context of King's involvement and the larger civil rights movement, it also represents a longstanding history of labor organizing among African American women in Atlanta, comparing it to other events such as the <a href="/wiki/1881_Atlanta_washerwomen_strike" title="1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike">1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike</a> and saying, "Within this broader context, the 1964 Scripto strike looks less like a product of the midcentury civil rights movements and more like a victory in the long fight for black women's economic rights in Atlanta". <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripto">Scripto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scripto">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scripto" title="Scripto">Scripto</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_(30880925395).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg/250px-Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg/375px-Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg/500px-Scripto_Thick_Graphite_Leads_%2830880925395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sticks of <a href="/wiki/Pencil_graphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencil graphite">pencil graphite</a> produced by Scripto</figcaption></figure> The company now known as Scripto can trace its history back to the establishment of the National Pencil Company in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> In 1913, a young girl named <a href="/wiki/Mary_Phagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Phagan">Mary Phagan</a> was found dead in the company's factory, and in the ensuing firestorm that followed, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a>, the factory's superintendent, was <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The company's reputation suffered immensely from this series of events, and by the late 1910s, it had declared <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a> However, local businessman Monie Ferst, who was the son-in-law of National Pencil's owner Sigmund Montag, believed that the company's factory on Forsyth Street in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Atlanta" title="Downtown Atlanta">downtown Atlanta</a> was still valuable and purchased the company from Montag in 1919, renaming it Atlantic Pen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a> Ferst was already the owner of M. A. Ferst Ltd., the only manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Pencil_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencil lead">pencil lead</a> in the United States at that time, and Atlantic Pen became a manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencils" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical pencils">mechanical pencils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a> The company changed its name to Scripto in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> In 1931, the company built a new production facility east of downtown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The new plant was located at 425 Houston Street<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a> Avenue)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African-American neighborhood</a> of Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200749-6">[6]</a> From the 1930s through the 1960s, Scripto significantly expanded its operations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> becoming a manufacturer of not only mechanical pencils, but also of <a href="/wiki/Pens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pens">pens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighters">lighters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> Additionally, from 1951 to 1954, the company operated an ordnance plant that produced <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shells">artillery shells</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> By the 1960s, Scripto was one of the largest pen manufacturers in the country and one of the largest employers in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a> The company was selling its products internationally and was the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Writing_implements" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing implements">writing implements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionization_efforts_in_the_1940s_and_1950s">Unionization efforts in the 1940s and 1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unionization efforts in the 1940s and 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Following the company's relocation to Sweet Auburn, Scripto began to recruit employees from the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">local African American community</a> for low-wage positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">black women</a> viewed a job at Scripto as preferable to being a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic worker</a> for <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a>, and the company began to employ hundreds of black women at the factory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> By 1940, roughly 80 percent of the plant's workforce was made up of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> However, despite the perception of Scripto as a better employer than other options in the city, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace discrimination">workplace discrimination</a> against African American workers there was still persistent, and the company's management was still made up entirely of white people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> In light of these issues, starting in the 1940s, there were several unionization efforts among the plant employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">United Steelworkers</a> (USW) became the first <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor union</a> to attempt to organize the Scripto workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> Their efforts ultimately failed, with union organizers accusing the few white employees who worked in the factory of undermining support for the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Sr,_c1977-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg/200px-Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg/299px-Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg/399px-Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a> (pictured 1979) was an early supporter of the USW's union drive at Scripto.</figcaption></figure> In 1946, the USW again tried to organize a union at the Scripto plant, and following a union vote, they began to officially represent the workers in February of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The USW's success was due in large part to support from local <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a> leaders in the area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> King's church, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a>, was located only a few blocks from the Scripto plant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> and many of the Scripto employees were congregants of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> USW official W. H. Crawford later wrote to King to express his gratitude, saying that King's support of the unionization effort resulted in its success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> However, Scripto disputed the results of the union election and refused to <a href="/wiki/Collectively_bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectively bargain">collectively bargain</a> with the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> As a result, the USW called for a strike on October 7,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> and over 500 of the company's 600 African American workers took part in <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> The union's demands included a union contract, increased wages, paid vacations, and <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour shifts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The strike lasted for about six months, during which time the strikers were subjected to harassment from members of the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Police_Department" title="Atlanta Police Department">Atlanta Police Department</a>, which at the time included known members of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> However, on March 22, 1947, with little to no progress made on achieving their goals, the USW called off the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> Of the 400 workers who had remained on strike until the end, only 19 were rehired by Scripto, prompting the USW to file charges against the company with the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB), though the board later found the company free of any legal wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> In 1947, following the end of the USW strike, local businessman and former politician <a href="/wiki/James_V._Carmichael" title="James V. Carmichael">James V. Carmichael</a> became the president of Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> As a politician, Carmichael had served in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly" title="Georgia General Assembly">Georgia General Assembly</a> in the 1930s and was a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Georgia gubernatorial election">1946 Georgia gubernatorial election</a> against <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Talmadge" title="Eugene Talmadge">Eugene Talmadge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> Despite winning a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of votes, Carmichael lost the election to Talmadge due to Georgia's <a href="/wiki/County_unit_system" title="County unit system">county unit system</a> that was used in elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> As a businessman, Carmichael is known for his role in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft manufacturing">aircraft manufacturing</a>, as he was an assistant general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Bomber_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Bomber Plant">Bell Bomber Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and later convinced the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a> to locate a plant in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> He viewed himself as a benevolent employer and took a <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternalistic">paternalistic</a> approach to management.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> In 1952, before a speech at his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, he stated that workers had been exploited by business owners in the past and that unionization was one way that workers attempted to fight back against those abuses but also criticized workers for "blindly" following union leaders and advocated instead for an "enlightened management" that would eliminate the need for unions altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> On issues regarding race, Carmichael was viewed as either a moderate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> and in the 1946 election, he openly criticized Talmadge, a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a>, calling his previous administration a "ranting dictatorship" and saying, "No one is going to invest money in industry when you have in the governor’s office a man who is continually stirring up race and class hatred and creating unrest in labor’s ranks".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> Additionally, Carmichael took pride in Scripto's hiring policies, as it was one of the first companies in the city to employ African Americans in production roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> During the 1950s, when Sweet Auburn was experiencing an economic downturn, Scripto was one of the few companies to continue to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199492-11">[11]</a> During this same time, Carmichael turned down several offers to relocate the plant outside of the city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a> and company executives made it a point to continue to hire black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199669-13">[13]</a> However, during a unionization effort at the company's ordnance plant in 1953, Carmichael fired several of the workers who were involved before the plant shut down the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICWU_unionization">ICWU unionization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ICWU unionization">edit</a>]</div> In late 1962, the <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Workers Union">International Chemical Workers Union</a> (ICWU), an <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>-affiliated union that had had recent success in organizing smaller production facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta metropolitan area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> began a union drive at Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The ICWU believed that the organization effort would be difficult, as the plant's overwhelmingly majority workforce of black women constituted a demographic that the union felt was not typically responsive to organized labor efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> In an attempt to win support, the ICWU ensured that the drive focused not only on traditional labor activism topics but also on <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> The union called on James Hampton, an African American labor activist and <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> preacher, to go to Atlanta and help with their organizing efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> In discussions with the workers, Hampton compared his own work in labor organizing to the work of civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, drawing a connection between the ICWU's organizing efforts and the activities of the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> 1963 had been a momentous year for the civil rights movement, as many landmark events had taken place around the time that the ICWU was organizing the Scripto workers, including the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> field secretary <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> Hampton also worked with black church leaders in Atlanta, such as King Sr., to get their support for the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> Hampton was overall successful in getting African American clergy to support the ICWU's efforts, though one notable exception was <a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a>, the pastor of <a href="/wiki/Wheat_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Wheat Street Baptist Church">Wheat Street Baptist Church</a>, who declined to support the union drive because of his personal friendship with Carmichael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IhaveadreamMarines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IhaveadreamMarines.jpg/250px-IhaveadreamMarines.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IhaveadreamMarines.jpg/375px-IhaveadreamMarines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/IhaveadreamMarines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The union drive occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> taking place just a month before the vote.</figcaption></figure> By August 1963, the ICWU had <a href="/wiki/NLRB_election_procedures#Obtaining_authorization_cards" title="NLRB election procedures">obtained enough authorization cards</a> that they could petition for an NLRB election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> The company agreed to an election in late September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> In the meantime, hoping to prevent a successful union vote, the company instituted several changes, including the formation of an employee committee and the removal of racial segregation signs from the plant's bathrooms and water fountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">[5]</a> In the ensuing six weeks, the union focused on building <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> among the employees and assuaging fears over company reprisals against those involved in the union efforts, while the company focused on appealing to the goodwill that they felt they had fostered with longtime employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> On September 11,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> about two weeks before the vote was scheduled to take place,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> Carmichael gathered about 1,000 employees and gave a speech wherein he highlighted his progressive stance on race and urged the employees to vote against unionization, saying in part that "a vote for the union [would be] a slap in the face of one of the truest friends the <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> ever had in Georgia or in the entire <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">[8]</a> However, to many workers, support for the union drive was tied to the civil rights movement, and in the weeks leading up to the vote, other notable events, such as King Jr.'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, contributed to an atmosphere of heightened racial partisanship among the workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a> On September 27, the election was held, and of the 1,005 employees who were eligible to vote, 953, or approximately 95 percent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a> did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a> Of these 1,005, 855 were African American.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> In a 519–428 result, the union won and became the official representative of the workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a> Scripto employees were grouped under the <a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">local union</a> of ICWU Local 754,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> which was made up almost entirely of black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> A week after the election had taken place, Thomas C. Shelton of the Atlanta-based <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers, McClatchey & Regenstein, Scripto's <a href="/wiki/Legal_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal counsel">legal counsel</a>, filed objections with the NLRB, arguing that the union's use of racial rhetoric and drawing connections to the larger civil rights movement had caused the "sober, informed exercise of the employees' vote" to be impossible, rendering the election null.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999-16">[16]</a> While the Regional Director of the NLRB rejected the objection, Shelton continued to argue that the results of the election was unfair, citing previous NLRB rulings regarding the use of race-related issues in influencing union votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999-16">[16]</a> For instance, in 1962, the NLRB ruled in an election involving the Sewell Manufacturing Company that "appeals to racial prejudice in matters unrelated to the election issues ... have no place in Board electoral campaigns".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999-16">[16]</a> Additionally, in a 1957 case involving the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a>, the NLRB stated that "the consequences of injecting the racial issue where racial prejudices are likely to exist is to pit race against race and thereby distort a clear expression of choice on the issue of unionism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999-16">[16]</a> Shelton also argued that the characterization of Carmichael and Scripto by the union was unfair and inaccurate and collected testimony from several prominent individuals that highlighted Carmichael's and the company's stance on race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> and a longtime friend of Carmichael, spoke positively of his positions on racial issues, while former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Atlanta">mayor of Atlanta</a> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Hartsfield" title="William B. Hartsfield">William B. Hartsfield</a> said that Scripto was well known for their progressive stance on hiring African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910-17">[17]</a> Finally, on June 9, 1964, after about ten months of petitioning, the NLRB denied Shelton's requests and awarded the ICWU a certificate of representation for Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract_negotiations">Contract negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contract negotiations">edit</a>]</div> Despite the NLRB's awarding of a certificate of representation, the ICWU expressed dismay over the negotiations they were having with the company over the terms of a new <a href="/wiki/Labor_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor contract">labor contract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> Jerry Levine, a labor activist from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> who had joined the ICWU in October 1963, served as the representative for the ICWU in their negotiations with Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> Levine said that the contract negotiations lasted for about six months, during which time he said the company was "going through the motions" of bargaining in <a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">good faith</a>, often spending weeks at a time discussing the contents of a couple of paragraphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> Additionally, important issues such as wages and other economic policies were not being addressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> As the negotiations continued, Levine began to believe that <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> was the only way to convince the company to agree to a contract, and while negotiations were ongoing, the union sought to strengthen its ties and increase support in the local community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> Also during this time, Carmichael had been removed from his position of president by Ferst and placed in the ceremonial role of <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> The move came due to Carmichael's poor health and a steady decline in Scripto's sales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> For two years leading up to 1964, Scripto had had declining profits, which were attributed to labor costs and increased competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> In his new role, Carmichael was not involved in the contract negotiations and functioned mostly as a <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a> for the brand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Singer" title="Carl Singer">Carl Singer</a>, a businessman who had previously worked in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sealy_Mattress_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealy Mattress Company">Sealy Mattress Company</a>, was brought in to replace Carmichael as Scripto's president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> At the time, Singer was aware that there were contract negotiations, but was not made aware of the issues the company was having with the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> This corporate shakeup was kept private from the general public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> By November 1964,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> the company's proposal to the union would have seen a four-percent wage increase for workers categorized as "skilled" and two-percent wage increases for "unskilled" workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> At the time, unskilled workers at the factory were earning between $1.25 and $1.30 per hour,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> and the two-percent wage increase would have amounted to about $0.03 more per hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a> The union rebuffed with a proposal of an eight-percent wage increase across the board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a> The union also alleged that the company's proposed wage increase was not an actual pay increase, as the company was planning to offer the raises at the expense of its <a href="/wiki/Christmas_bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas bonus">Christmas bonuses</a>, which often amounted to about a week's pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> Additionally, the union called the company's proposal discriminatory, as only six African American workers at Scripto were considered skilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> The remainder of the company's skilled employees were white, while the rest of the African American employees were classified as unskilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> At the time, Scripto had about 700 African American employees, most of whom were women,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> and about 200 white workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Crisis''1965122–123-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 1]</a> On average, these unskilled workers at Scripto earned $400 below the national <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200749-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_toward_strike_action">Move toward strike action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Move toward strike action">edit</a>]</div> On November 25, 1964, the day before <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a> workers constituting almost the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/First_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="First shift">first shift</a> met at the ICWU union hall on <a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Avenue" title="Edgewood Avenue">Edgewood Avenue</a>, near the factory, and demanded that a strike be commenced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> The action caught Levine off guard, and he was unsure what had prompted the sudden movement, though he speculated that it stemmed from disappointment from the workers' <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">bargaining unit</a> that had spread to the rank-and-file employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> While Levine felt that the timing was not right for the strike, he nonetheless acquiesced to the workers' demands, and they began to prepare for a strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> The employees worked over the holiday in order to have <a href="/wiki/Picket_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Picket sign">picket signs</a> made for when the plant reopened on November 27, the day after Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a> Company executives who were on holiday vacations were alerted to the strike preparations, and many returned to Atlanta early.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_strike">Course of the strike</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Course of the strike">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_strike_activities">Early strike activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early strike activities">edit</a>]</div> The strike began on November 27, 1964,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> the day after Thanksgiving,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965b323-23">[23]</a> Approximately 85 percent of the plant's workforce participated in the strike,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> made up primarily of about 700 black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> However, 117 skilled workers, which included six black men, did not participate in the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> Under Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work laws</a>, the plant remained open during the strike,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> and according to the plant's <a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">general manager</a>, the factory was continuing to operate under its three-shift schedule without interruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> Outside the plant, the striking employees carried picket signs with slogans such as "We're Human Beings — Not Machines" and "We Won't Be Slaves No More" and sang <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest songs</a> including "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" class="mw-redirect" title="We Shall Not Be Moved">We Shall Not Be Moved</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> In the first week of the strike, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Daily_World" title="Atlanta Daily World">Atlanta Daily World</a>, the city's <a href="/wiki/African-American_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspaper">African-American newspaper</a>, reported on the strike with front-page coverage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> National <a href="/wiki/News_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="News agencies">news agencies</a> also covered the strike, with their reporting focusing primarily on the racial issues at play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> Through the course of the strike, Scripto hired <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">replacement workers</a> to keep the plant running, and they placed "Help Wanted" advertisements in many local newspapers, including the Daily World, which prompted controversy among the paper's primarily black readership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199916-25">[24]</a> Meanwhile, strikers received a weekly <a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">strike pay</a> of $57 from the union, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Fringe_benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe benefits">fringe benefits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> The ICWU did not initially have the provisions in place to fund the strike, and for the first two weeks, Levine met with local labor leaders and activist groups to help fund the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199915-26">[25]</a> While labor leaders were largely supportive of the strike and offered financial support, rank-and-file union members were less supportive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199915-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_attempts_at_mediation">Initial attempts at mediation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initial attempts at mediation">edit</a>]</div> A week after the strike began, representatives from the union and the company met with William S. Bradford, a <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediator</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Mediation_and_Conciliation_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)">Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service</a>, to attempt to resolve their issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> The main point of discussion in the meetings regarded the differences in pay increases between unskilled and skilled employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> The union viewed the issue as a racial one, as the company's proposal would have resulted in a vast majority of the African American workforce receiving a substantially lower raise than their white counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> Additionally, the union alleged that a reason for this was that the company did not offer training to African Americans that would have allowed them to be classified as skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> The company rejected the union's view that the matter was primarily racial and instead argued that the dispute was a purely economic one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> Throughout the strike, the company continued to downplay the racial aspect of the labor dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> During these mediation sessions, both sides held to the same pay raise proposals that they had made before the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> Additionally, the company's proposal would not have seen workers' <a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">union dues</a> withheld from their paychecks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> As a result, during the first few weeks of the strike, the two sides remained at an impasse in negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199918-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._and_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference">Involvement of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Involvement of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/200px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/300px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/400px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>, was a major supporter of the strike.</figcaption></figure> From the early days of the union drive, both King Jr. and King Sr., who were co-pastors at Ebenezer Baptist, voiced their support for the ICWU's efforts and kept up to date on the ongoings at Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914–15-28">[27]</a> The younger King had grown up in the same neighborhood that the plant was in, which was only a few blocks from his house,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a> and many of the employees who were involved in the union drive were church congregants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a> such as Mary Gurley, who was a leader of the strike and an influential member of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a> King Jr., who by this time was an internationally recognized leader in the civil rights movement, had returned to Atlanta in 1960 to pastor at Ebenezer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914–15-28">[27]</a> At that time, many members of Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/Black_elite" title="Black elite">black elite</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hill" title="Jesse Hill">Jesse Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodrow_Williams" title="Samuel Woodrow Williams">Samuel Woodrow Williams</a>, and the younger King's father, among others,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914-30">[29]</a> did not want to see him engage in the same type of high-profile activism that he had been involved in elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914–15-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a> The city's African American power brokers had spent years crafting agreements with the city's white power structure for racial progress, and many were fearful that the younger King's actions could jeopardize the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914–15-28">[27]</a> While the younger King had kept a primarily low-profile during most of his time in Atlanta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a> he nonetheless engaged in civil rights activism within the city, such as his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornsby2009104-31">[30]</a> Early in the strike, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that the younger King was among several prominent African American leaders who supported the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> On November 29, the younger King, acting in his role as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC), an Atlanta-based civil rights organization whose headquarters were only a few blocks from the plant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a> sent a telegram to Carmichael wherein he expressed his support for the strikers, criticized the company for being <a href="/wiki/Anti-union" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-union">anti-union</a> and racially discriminatory, and said that he would call for a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of Scripto products if the strike persisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199915-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 2]</a> On December 1, King was scheduled to speak to a large group of strikers at a rally held across the street from the factory, but he was unable to attend the meeting due to a meeting he had with <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation Director</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> that same day in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443–44-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a>, who had moved to Atlanta in 1963 to become an executive in the SCLC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199913-34">[32]</a> took his place,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443–44-33">[31]</a> while other speakers included the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Senator">Georgia State Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Johnson_(Georgia_politician)" title="Leroy Johnson (Georgia politician)">Leroy Johnson</a>, and union negotiator Phil Whitehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199912-20">[20]</a> SCLC executive <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> also became involved in the strike effort at this time and participated in picketing with protesting workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199924-35">[33]</a> Vivian had been the primary voice within the SCLC for supporting the strike, as he viewed unions as a way for African Americans to attain <a href="/wiki/Economic_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic equality">economic equality</a> based on his previous work experience in civil rights organizing in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a> By contrast, King's view of organized labor was more mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantler201346-36">[34]</a> While he was a vocal advocate for <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic justice</a> and often solicited unions for financial support, he was also often critical of unions as hindrances to economic mobility for African Americans, as many unions in the United States at the time discriminated against black people and barred them from membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenbloom2018101-37">[35]</a> Additionally, while some unions had supported King's March on Washington the previous year, the AFL–CIO did not, and many of their associated unions were not active in organizing workers in the southern United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200748-38">[36]</a> Overall, most of the support for the strike from black clergy and civil rights leaders in the city stemmed less from their support for organized labor and more from the fact that many of the strikers were members of their congregations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199913-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a> However, in a December 4 television interview, King stated, "We have decided that now is the time to identify our movement very closely with labor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> While Vivian viewed the strike as a way to strengthen the bond between organized labor and the civil rights movement, SCLC executive <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> saw the strike as a way for King to buck the local black leadership and lead a demonstration in Atlanta, which was viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">major center for African American culture</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199914-30">[29]</a> On December 4, King left Atlanta to travel to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> to accept the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> He spent about two weeks traveling during this time, including to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, New York City, and Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> before returning to Atlanta on December 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> The next day, within 24 hours of returning, King marched in a picket line with several other protestors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> including a union representative from the ICWU's international headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> Coming so soon after his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance, the action helped to bring international attention to the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> The following day, on December 20, King spoke to about 250 striking employees at a rally at Ebenezer Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> During the speech, he reiterated the SCLC's support for the strike and stressed the interconnectedness of the labor movement and the civil rights movement, saying, "Along with the struggle to desegregate, we must engage in the struggle for better jobs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919–20-41">[39]</a> Throughout the strike, King's involvement was highly criticized by many conservative groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124,_51-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922-43">[41]</a> Local businessman and politician <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a> placed an advertisement in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlanta Journal">The Atlanta Journal</a> that called King and the SCLC activists "<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> inspired racial agitators",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201151-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922-43">[41]</a> while Calvin Craig, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand dragon">grand dragon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Klans_of_America" title="United Klans of America">United Klans of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922-43">[41]</a> said that King was "overstepping the bounds of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>" by getting involved in the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boycott">Boycott</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boycott">edit</a>]</div> One of the biggest contributions that the SCLC had to the strike effort was in organizing a national boycott of Scripto products as a way to apply pressure to Scripto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a> Vivian contacted 2,500 SCLC affiliates to inform them of the boycott, and the organization made requests to merchants to remove Scripto displays from their stores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a> In addition, several other civil rights and labor organizations supported the boycott, including the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> the <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFonerLewisCvornyek1984152-45">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199917-46">[44]</a> and the Atlanta Labor Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> Over 500,000 leaflets were printed and distributed to local unions across the United States asking them to respect the boycott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a> These leaflets featured a crying <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> with a printed message reading, "Don't buy Scripto products".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, the chairman of the SNCC, wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency of the United States government">independent agency of the United States government</a>) urging them to also honor the boycott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> At the time, Scripto held two contracts with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922-43">[41]</a> and Lewis stated in his letter that Scripto had been able to underbid other manufacturers for these contracts by engaging in "<a href="/wiki/Economic_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic slavery">economic slavery</a>" with their African American workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> The GSA responded that they would investigate the matter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> specifically concerning whether Scripto was in violation of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Executive Order 10925</a>, which mandated <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a> in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922-43">[41]</a> However, nothing came of this investigation by the time the boycott ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199919-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_between_Singer_and_King_and_the_end_of_the_strike">Negotiations between Singer and King and the end of the strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Negotiations between Singer and King and the end of the strike">edit</a>]</div> At a meeting between union and company representatives on December 21, the company put forward a proposal that included a four-cent pay increase across the board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> However, the union balked at the proposal, which would have still included the removal of the workers' <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> bonuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> By this time, almost all parties involved in the strike were experiencing hardships caused by the labor dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> Strikers were losing approximately $50 a day in lost wages, while the ICWU had exhausted almost all of their <a href="/wiki/Strike_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike funds">strike funds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> Additionally, leaders within the SCLC were worried about the potential negative consequences that a failed strike could have on their organization, which they had helped to elevate from a local issue to a nationally known issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> Meanwhile, the company, despite reporting that their production levels and sales were comparable to pre-strike levels, had seen their reputation damaged by the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199921-47">[45]</a> Despite this, picketing continued,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200748-38">[36]</a> with Levine leading about 200 strikers on a march through downtown on December 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922–23-48">[46]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg/250px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg/375px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg/500px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>King may have been willing to negotiate an end to SCLC involvement in the strike because he wanted to focus his attention on the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma voting rights movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> Unbeknownst to Levine and others in the union, over the course of several weeks, Singer and King had been in contact with each other and had discussed ways to bring the strike to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> Singer, who had been unwilling to negotiate with the union,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> had telephoned King directly to negotiate with him, despite King having no authorization from the ICWU to act as a negotiator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> Over the course of several weeks, King and Singer had four meetings at Scripto's headquarters, with very few people on either side being made aware of these meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> During the discussions, both sides came to an agreement wherein King would have the SCLC end its boycott if the company agreed to give the workers their Christmas bonuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> King may have been willing to accept this agreement in part because he and the SCLC were planning for a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>, that would later include the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> and their planning was behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> This tentative agreement was reached on the evening of December 23, with Levine being alerted to it while at the march in downtown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199922–23-48">[46]</a> A meeting was swiftly set up at Ebenezer Baptist between ICWU and SCLC officials, including both Kings and Levine, and SCLC member <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> was responsible for informing the union officials of the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923-19">[19]</a> Vivian was not present and may not have been invited due to his strong union support, as SCLC members may have felt that he would have strongly opposed the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199924-35">[33]</a> Upon first hearing of the agreement, which he believed was only a proposal, Levine objected to it, as he said that the Christmas bonuses would have been guaranteed in any settlement since the workers were legally entitled to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199923–24-50">[48]</a> Despite Levine's objections, the agreement was made public the next day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199924-35">[33]</a> and both the boycott and any involvement between the SCLC and the strike ended on December 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> The union felt that King's actions had undermined the strike,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantler201346–47-51">[49]</a> and the secret meetings between King and Singer may have constituted an <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practice</a>, as the ICWU was the only legally recognized representative for bargaining with the ICWU workers they represented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199924-35">[33]</a> However, the ICWU never took legal action on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199924-35">[33]</a> With the agreement in place between the SCLC and Scripto, the union spent the rest of the year working on a formal proposal that would see an end to the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199925–26-52">[50]</a> Negotiations resumed on December 29, and though there were still some disagreements regarding pay, an agreement was reached shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a> On January 9, 1965, the union and company announced in a joint statement that they had come to an agreement on a new labor contract,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press196530-54">[52]</a> and the strike was called off that day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_of_the_contract">Terms of the contract</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terms of the contract">edit</a>]</div> The three-year contract signed between the ICWU and Scripto was the first in the company's history and affected about 900 workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965b323-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965a194-22">[22]</a> As part of the contract, Scripto's employees received across-the-board wage increases,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> with an annual raise of $0.04 every year for the three-year duration of the contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a> In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage in the United States</a> was increased from $1.25 to $1.40 per hour, and some of the workers who were making below this amount had their pay increases adjusted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a> Additionally, Scripto agreed to rehire 155 strikers whose positions had been taken over by replacements while also agreeing to retain the employees they had hired during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a> Employees were also guaranteed an additional $0.21 per hour for afternoon shift work and five paid holidays,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965a194-22">[22]</a> as well as two weeks of paid vacation after a year of working for the company and a paid day for attending <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965a323-55">[53]</a> The company also instituted a training program that would make it easier for unskilled employees to become skilled employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965a194-22">[22]</a> The company also agreed to officially recognize the union and instituted a system where union dues were automatically collected from employees' paychecks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Crisis''1965122–123-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199926-53">[51]</a> Following the strike, the company began to work with the union to address issues regarding racial discrimination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199930-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">[15]</a> and eventually the company's system of skilled and unskilled workers was replaced with a system of 22 different job grades that had been established in a joint effort between the company and the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199929-57">[55]</a> Additionally, King and Singer began to develop a better relationship following the strike,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199925-58">[56]</a> and during <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">King's funeral</a> in 1968, Scripto paid for security for the King family and also closed their plant to allow workers to pay their respects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201176,_175-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199930-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Martin Luther King Jr.">edit</a>]</div> King's involvement in the strike drew criticism from many people, including labor activists and business leaders. Among union organizers, King's secret negotiations with Singer were seen as an interference in the bargaining process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> Meanwhile, both white business leaders and the black elite in Atlanta felt that King's actions had disturbed a system that they had in place that saw gradual civil rights progress in exchange for a deemphasis on overt protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199927-60">[58]</a> Additionally, some members of the city's African American community felt that Scripto had been an unfair target for civil rights activism, given the company's reputation in the community as a provider of stable jobs and their executives' commitment to hiring African American workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> On January 27, King was honored with a banquet in Atlanta to celebrate his winning the Nobel Peace Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsdellBeasley2011213-61">[59]</a> However, many of the city's white business leaders voiced their displeasure with King's actions during the strike and initially threatened to not attend the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsdellBeasley2011213–214-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1996142-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199927–28-64">[62]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the strike, King had vowed that there would be "more to come" with regards to working with labor activists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantler201347-65">[63]</a> and in 1965, the SCLC considered training union organizers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011XVII-66">[64]</a> However, given the poor reception of the Scripto strike, the SCLC and King generally refrained from involvement in labor issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantler201347-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a> Additionally, Scripto and the ICWU excluded the SCLC from future negotiations after the initial three-year contract expired in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199930-56">[54]</a> King would not become deeply involved in another labor strike until the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> of 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014118-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenbloom2018101-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg/250px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg/375px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg/500px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._National_Historic_Site_0034038-R1-E001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>The site of the Scripto plant is now a parking lot for the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> Through the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Scripto faced increased competition from competitors such as <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Bic">Société Bic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mate" title="Paper Mate">Paper Mate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199930-56">[54]</a> Additionally, the Sweet Auburn facility, which the company had operated for several decades, had become outdated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199930-56">[54]</a> In December 1977,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199444-39">[37]</a> Scripto closed their Sweet Auburn facility and relocated their production to a plant in <a href="/wiki/Doraville,_Georgia" title="Doraville, Georgia">Doraville, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> Through the later part of the 20th century, Scripto would be bought out by several larger <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerates</a> and their production facilities would be relocated out of Georgia, first to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> The company continued to own the property in Sweet Auburn until the 1990s, by which point the property had been abandoned for many years and was listed as a <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic waste site">toxic waste site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> This was part of a larger downward trend for the neighborhood, which experienced a severe economic decline through the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> Around this same time, <a href="/wiki/The_Trust_for_Public_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trust for Public Land">The Trust for Public Land</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>, began to focus its efforts on combating <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> The organization purchased the industrial area and paid for their demolition and <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> removal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">[65]</a> This was done in part as preparations for the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a>, which were held in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> That same year, The Trust for Public Land turned over the property to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">[2]</a> and today the land is home to a <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lot</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201124-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">[1]</a> Discussing the strike in 2018, historian Joseph M. Thompson of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a> said that, while the strike is primarily viewed by historians only in the context of King's involvement and the relationship between the civil rights movement and the labor movement, it also reflected a tradition of organized labor among black women in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> He points to the previous unionization attempts at the plant as evidence of this and ties the 1960s strike to other moments in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">history of Atlanta</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/1881_Atlanta_washerwomen_strike" title="1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike">1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> According to Thompson, "Within this broader context, the 1964 Scripto strike looks less like a product of the midcentury civil rights movements and more like a victory in the long fight for black women's economic rights in Atlanta."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sources vary somewhat on the number of workers at Scripto during this time, as well as the breakdown of these workers. Multiple contemporary sources, including <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> state that the company had about 700 African American employees, primarily women, who were almost all considered unskilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">[9]</a> This number is additionally given in a 1965 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, the official organ of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, which also states that the company had about 200 white workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Crisis''1965122–123-21">[21]</a> Reports from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> in 1965 stated that Scripto had 750 unskilled workers and 900 workers total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965a194-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Monthly_Labor_Review''1965b323-23">[23]</a> A 1994 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> states that Scripto employed about 950 workers in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> That same report states that roughly 633 of the company's 836 maintenance and production workers were black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> A 1999 article in the journal <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta History">Atlanta History</a> states that in 1964, the company had 1,005 employees, of whom approximately 85 percent were black and considered unskilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">[12]</a> A 2018 article in the journal Atlanta Studies also uses the figure of 1,005 and states that 855 of these employees were black and classified as unskilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> A 1999 article in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta History">Atlanta History</a> states that King sent the telegram on November 29.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199915-26">[25]</a> However, a 1994 report by the National Park Service states that, "On November 30, Dr. King informed Scripto that the SCLC supported the strikers and threatened to lead a nationwide boycott of Scripto products if the strike remained unsettled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2021_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2021">Thompson 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19995_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199443_3-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlytheCarrollMoffson1994">Blythe, Carroll & Moffson 1994</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2018_4-23">x</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2018">Thompson 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19996_5-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200749-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200749_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200749_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoney2007">Honey 2007</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2013_7-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrummond2013">Drummond 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19997_8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''196446_9-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1964">The New York Times 1964</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAraiza2014117_10-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFAraiza2014">Araiza 2014</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199492-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlytheCarrollMoffson199492_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlytheCarrollMoffson1994">Blythe, Carroll & Moffson 1994</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19998_12-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199669-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen199669_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1996">Allen 1996</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Newsweek''196447_14-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsweek1964">Newsweek 1964</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinnell2021_15-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinnell2021">Quinnell 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper19999_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199910_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199911-18">^ <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011XVII-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011XVII_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2011">King 2011</a>, p. XVII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperHooper199931_67-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperHooper1999">Hooper & Hooper 1999</a>, p. 31. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen1996" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Frederick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UgsxY0tm_8C">Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City, 1946–1996</a>. Marietta, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Cox_Enterprises" title="Cox Enterprises">Longstreet Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6167-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-6167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlanta+Rising%3A+The+Invention+of+an+International+City%2C+1946%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Longstreet+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6167-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UgsxY0tm_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraiza2014" class="citation book cs1">Araiza, Lauren (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaZeAQAAQBAJ">To March for Others: The Black Freedom Struggle and the United Farm Workers</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4557-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+March+for+Others%3A+The+Black+Freedom+Struggle+and+the+United+Farm+Workers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4557-8&rft.aulast=Araiza&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaZeAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1965" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/10/archives/accord-reached-in-scripto-strike-negroes-walkout-in-atlanta-was.html">"Accord Reached in Scripto Strike; Negroes' Walkout in Atlanta Was Aided by Dr. King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 10, 1965. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919195533/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/10/archives/accord-reached-in-scripto-strike-negroes-walkout-in-atlanta-was.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022. 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(August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mtcyFE1QUXYC">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site: Historic Resource Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+National+Historic+Site%3A+Historic+Resource+Study&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Blythe&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Moffson%2C+Steven+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmtcyFE1QUXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Burns_(journalist)" title="Rebecca Burns (journalist)">Burns, Rebecca</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbbiSMRTuBUC">Burial for a King: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Funeral and the Week that Transformed Atlanta and Rocked the Nation</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4309-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-4309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burial+for+a+King%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+Funeral+and+the+Week+that+Transformed+Atlanta+and+Rocked+the+Nation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-4309-4&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbbiSMRTuBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Crisis1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olcEAAAAMBAJ">"NAACP Board Member Aids Strikers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>. 72 (2). <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>: 122–123. February 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.atitle=NAACP+Board+Member+Aids+Strikers&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-123&rft.date=1965-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolcEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2013" class="citation web cs1">Drummond, Traci (January 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.library.gsu.edu/2013/01/22/mlks-labor-legacy-began-in-atlanta/">"MLK's Labor Legacy began in Atlanta"</a>. University Library News. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107102921/https://blog.library.gsu.edu/2013/01/22/mlks-labor-legacy-began-in-atlanta/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Library+News&rft.atitle=MLK%27s+Labor+Legacy+began+in+Atlanta&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.library.gsu.edu%2F2013%2F01%2F22%2Fmlks-labor-legacy-began-in-atlanta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonerLewisCvornyek1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Foner, Philip S.</a>; Lewis, Ronald L.; Cvornyek, Robert, eds. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/blackworkerdocum0008unse">The Black Worker: A Documentary History from Colonial Times to the Present</a>. Vol. VIII: The Black Worker since the AFL–CIO Merger, 1955–1980. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-136-4"><bdi>978-0-87722-136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Worker%3A+A+Documentary+History+from+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-136-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackworkerdocum0008unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Honey" title="Michael Honey">Honey, Michael K.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ksiuwbbIicC">Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07832-9"><bdi>978-0-393-07832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Down+Jericho+Road%3A+The+Memphis+Strike%2C+Martin+Luther+King%27s+Last+Campaign&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07832-9&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ksiuwbbIicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperHooper1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hooper, Hartwell; Hooper, Susan (Fall 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/AHBull/id/16887/">"The Scripto Strike: Martin Luther King's "Valley of Problems": Atlanta, 1964–1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_History:_A_Journal_of_Georgia_and_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South">Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South</a>. XLIII (3). <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Historical Society">Atlanta Historical Society</a>: 5–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+History%3A+A+Journal+of+Georgia+and+the+South&rft.atitle=The+Scripto+Strike%3A+Martin+Luther+King%27s+%22Valley+of+Problems%22%3A+Atlanta%2C+1964%E2%80%931965&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-34&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Hartwell&rft.au=Hooper%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbum.atlantahistorycenter.com%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FAHBull%2Fid%2F16887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsby2009" class="citation book cs1">Hornsby, Alton Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/blackpowerindixi0000horn">Black Power in Dixie: A Political History of African Americans in Atlanta</a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Harrold" title="Stanley Harrold">Stanley Harrold</a> and Randall M. Miller. Gainesville, Florida: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3282-5"><bdi>978-0-8130-3282-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Power+in+Dixie%3A+A+Political+History+of+African+Americans+in+Atlanta&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3282-5&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=Alton+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackpowerindixi0000horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsdellBeasley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Neville_Isdell" title="E. 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Introductions by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Honey" title="Michael Honey">Michael K. Honey</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8602-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-8602-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22All+Labor+Has+Dignity%22&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-8602-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNtmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantler2013" class="citation book cs1">Mantler, Gordon K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RRS9aGqyMEC">Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960–1974</a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3851-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-3851-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+to+the+Poor%3A+Black-Brown+Coalition+and+the+Fight+for+Economic+Justice%2C+1960%E2%80%931974&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3851-8&rft.aulast=Mantler&rft.aufirst=Gordon+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RRS9aGqyMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonthly_Labor_Review1965a" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KlwEztwfUEC">"Chronology of Recent Labor Events"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Labor_Review" title="Monthly Labor Review">Monthly Labor Review</a>. 88 (2). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>: 194–195. February 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Recent+Labor+Events&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-195&rft.date=1965-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KlwEztwfUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonthly_Labor_Review1965b" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KlwEztwfUEC">"Developments in Industrial Relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Labor_Review" title="Monthly Labor Review">Monthly Labor Review</a>. 88 (3). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>: 321–325. March 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Developments+in+Industrial+Relations&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-325&rft.date=1965-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KlwEztwfUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1964" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/civil-rights-group-backs-scripto-strike-in-atlanta.html">"Civil Rights Group Backs Scripto Strike in Atlanta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 17, 1964. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919195329/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/civil-rights-group-backs-scripto-strike-in-atlanta.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Group+Backs+Scripto+Strike+in+Atlanta&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1964-12-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F12%2F17%2Farchives%2Fcivil-rights-group-backs-scripto-strike-in-atlanta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsweek1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsweek64octnewy/page/n1385/">"Bonds and Ball Points"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Post Company">The Washington Post Company</a>: 47. December 28, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Bonds+and+Ball+Points&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1964-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsweek64octnewy%2Fpage%2Fn1385%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinnell2021" class="citation web cs1">Quinnell, Kenneth (January 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aflcio.org/2021/1/19/pathway-progress-martin-luther-king-jr-and-scripto-strike">"Pathway to Progress: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Scripto Strike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724232713/https://aflcio.org/2021/1/19/pathway-progress-martin-luther-king-jr-and-scripto-strike">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFL%E2%80%93CIO&rft.atitle=Pathway+to+Progress%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Scripto+Strike&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Quinnell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faflcio.org%2F2021%2F1%2F19%2Fpathway-progress-martin-luther-king-jr-and-scripto-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbloom2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosenbloom, Joseph (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJJPDwAAQBAJ">Redemption: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Last 31 Hours</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8338-3"><bdi>978-0-8070-8338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemption%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+Last+31+Hours&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-8338-3&rft.aulast=Rosenbloom&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJJPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Joseph M. (September 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantastudies.org/2018/09/04/joseph-thompson-the-scripto-strikes-james-v-carmichael-and-black-womens-labor-organizing-in-downtown-atlanta/">"The Scripto Strikes: James V. Carmichael and Black Women's Labor Organizing in Downtown Atlanta"</a>. Atlanta Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18737%2Fatls20180904">10.18737/atls20180904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2471-3147">2471-3147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166241128">166241128</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031311/https://atlantastudies.org/2018/09/04/joseph-thompson-the-scripto-strikes-james-v-carmichael-and-black-womens-labor-organizing-in-downtown-atlanta/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Scripto+Strikes%3A+James+V.+Carmichael+and+Black+Women%27s+Labor+Organizing+in+Downtown+Atlanta&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166241128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2471-3147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18737%2Fatls20180904&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantastudies.org%2F2018%2F09%2F04%2Fjoseph-thompson-the-scripto-strikes-james-v-carmichael-and-black-womens-labor-organizing-in-downtown-atlanta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2021" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Joseph M. (December 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/the-scripto-strikes/">"The Scripto Strikes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Encyclopedia" title="New Georgia Encyclopedia">New Georgia Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627181655/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/the-scripto-strikes/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Scripto+Strikes&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-scripto-strikes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1964%E2%80%931965+Scripto+strike" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.library.gsu.edu/repositories/2/resources/489">Scripto strike records in the Georgia State University Library archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Peachtree" title="Standing Peachtree">Standing Peachtree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Historic districts in Atlanta">Historic districts</a></li> <li>Buildings listed on National Register: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Georgia">(Atlanta in Fulton Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in DeKalb County, Georgia">(Atlanta in DeKalb Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Atlanta">Demolished buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolished_public_housing_projects_in_Atlanta" title="Demolished public housing projects in Atlanta">Demolished public housing projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kennesaw Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek" title="Battle of Peachtree Creek">Peachtree Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ezra_Church" title="Battle of Ezra Church">Ezra Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek" title="Battle of Utoy Creek">Utoy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough" title="Battle of Jonesborough">Jonesborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">Race massacre</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Ripper" title="Atlanta Ripper">Ripper</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank lynching</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple_bombing" title="Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing">Temple bombing</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Peyton Road affair</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_murders_of_1979%E2%80%931981" title="Atlanta murders of 1979–1981">Child murders</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_prison_riots" title="Atlanta prison riots">Prison riots</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Centennial Olympic Park bombing</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherside_Lounge_bombing" title="Otherside Lounge bombing">Otherside Lounge bombing</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Atlanta_day_trading_firm_shootings" title="1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings">Day trading firm shootings</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Kathryn_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Kathryn Johnston">Shooting of Kathryn Johnston</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools_cheating_scandal" title="Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal">Public schools cheating scandal</a> (2009–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Scout_Schultz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Scout Schultz">Shooting of Scout Schultz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Ransomware attack</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks" title="Killing of Rayshard Brooks">Killing of Rayshard Brooks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">Spa shootings</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Atlanta_shooting" title="2023 Atlanta shooting">Northside Hospital shooting</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Atlanta" title="Opera in Atlanta">Opera in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Atlanta" title="Arts in Atlanta">Arts in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlanta_fire_of_1917" title="Great Atlanta fire of 1917">Great Atlanta Fire</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winecoff_Hotel_fire" title="Winecoff Hotel fire">Winecoff Hotel fire</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Air France Flight 007 crash</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University_bus_crash" title="Bluffton University bus crash">Bluffton University bus crash</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Atlanta_tornado_outbreak" title="2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak">Tornado strikes downtown</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_bridge_collapse" title="Interstate 85 bridge collapse">Interstate 85 bridge collapse</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Atlanta" title="Timeline of Atlanta">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition" title="International Cotton Exposition">International Cotton Exposition</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Exposition" title="Piedmont Exposition">Piedmont Exposition</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Cotton States and International Exposition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind premiere</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li>Atlanta International Pop Festival (<a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1969)">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXVIII">Super Bowl XXVIII</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/1991_World_Series" title="1991 World Series">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_World_Series" title="1992 World Series">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_World_Series" title="1995 World Series">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Series" title="1996 World Series">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Series" title="1999 World Series">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Series" title="2021 World Series">2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_XXVII" title="WrestleMania XXVII">WrestleMania XXVII</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII" title="Super Bowl LIII">Super Bowl LIII</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1881_Atlanta_washerwomen_strike" title="1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike">Washerwomen strike</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914%E2%80%931915_Fulton_Bag_and_Cotton_Mills_strike" title="1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike">Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Atlanta_streetcar_strike" title="1916 Atlanta streetcar strike">Streetcar strike</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Atlanta_transit_strike" title="1950 Atlanta transit strike">Transit strike</a> (1950)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scripto strike</a> (1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="1977 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="2018 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_DeKalb_County_School_District_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2018 DeKalb County School District bus drivers' strike">School bus drivers' strike</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Library_perversion_case" title="Atlanta Public Library perversion case">Library perversion case</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Cowboys_police_raid" title="Lonesome Cowboys police raid">Lonesome Cowboys police raid</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Pride" title="Atlanta Pride">Atlanta Pride</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Eagle_police_raid" title="Atlanta Eagle police raid">Atlanta Eagle police raid</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Atlanta" title="List of people from Atlanta">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta" title="List of mayors of Atlanta">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pioneers_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Pioneers of Atlanta">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_communities_in_Metro_Atlanta" title="Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta">History of Hispanics in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">History of African Americans in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_Atlanta" title="Gentrification of Atlanta">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_Atlanta" title="Racial segregation in Atlanta">Racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">History of the Jews in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Atlanta" title="Neighborhoods in Atlanta">History by neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_neighborhoods_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Former neighborhoods of Atlanta">Former neighborhoods and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_annexations_and_wards" title="Atlanta annexations and wards">Annexations and city wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Atlanta_street_names" title="List of former Atlanta street names">Street names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Georgia Institute of Technology">History of Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_mills_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic mills of the Atlanta area">Historic mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Zero_Mile_Post" title="Atlanta Zero Mile Post">Zero Mile Post</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> (1960-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_freeway_revolts" title="Atlanta freeway revolts">Freeway revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Atlanta" title="Occupy Atlanta">Occupy Atlanta</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Atlanta" title="George Floyd protests in Atlanta">George Floyd protests</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Cop_City" title="Stop Cop City">Stop Cop City</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mass_transit_in_Atlanta" title="Timeline of mass transit in Atlanta">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Transit_Company" title="Atlanta Transit Company">Atlanta Transit Company</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_bridges_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic bridges of the Atlanta area">Historic bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_ferries_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic ferries of the Atlanta area">Historic ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MARTA">MARTA</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="Western and Atlantic Railroad">Western and Atlantic Railroad</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Atlanta" title="Trolleybuses in Atlanta">Trolleybuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaducts_of_Atlanta" title="Viaducts of Atlanta">Viaducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History of Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlanta_timeline" title="Template:Atlanta timeline">Timeline of Atlanta history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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