CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Scythia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5a7c842d-b7d7-4824-a7ae-2ce76fa3fd0a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Scythia","wgTitle":"Scythia","wgCurRevisionId":1283144371,"wgRevisionId":1283144371,"wgArticleId":7299790,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Scythia","Historical regions","Classical geography","History of Ukraine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Scythia","wgRelevantArticleId":7299790,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q845909","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/1200px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="894"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/800px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="596"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/640px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="477"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Scythia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Scythia rootpage-Scythia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Scythia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Scythia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Scythia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Scythia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scythia_proper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scythia_proper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Scythia proper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scythia_proper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_Scythia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Scythia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Greater Scythia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Scythia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scythia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%A9%E1%89%B4%E1%88%B5" title="እስኩቴስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስኩቴስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%BE%C3%BEia" title="Sciþþia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sciþþia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سكيثيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكيثيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitia" title="Escitia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escitia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitia" title="Escitia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escitia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Scythia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скифия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скифия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Скіфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скіфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скития – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скития" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_d%27Esc%C3%ADtia" title="Regió d'Escítia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regió d'Escítia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%BDtie" title="Skýtie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skýtie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgythia" title="Sgythia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgythia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σκυθία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκυθία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitia" title="Escitia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escitia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skitio" title="Skitio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skitio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszitia" title="Eszitia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eszitia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سکاستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکاستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythie" title="Scythie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scythie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitia" title="Escitia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escitia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84" title="스키티아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스키티아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skithia" title="Skithia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skithia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Скифи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Скифи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scizia" title="Scizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scythia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skitija" title="Skitija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skitija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scitia" title="Scitia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scitia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Scythia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythi%C3%AB" title="Scythië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scythië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="スキシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スキシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytia" title="Skytia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skytia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytia" title="Skytia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skytia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skifiya" title="Skifiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skifiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسکیتیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسکیتیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيتيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytia" title="Scytia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Scytia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADtia" title="Cítia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cítia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C8%9Bia" title="Sciția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sciția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скифия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скифия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scizzia" title="Scizzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scizzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скитија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скитија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skitija" title="Skitija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skitija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyytia" title="Skyytia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skyytia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytien" title="Skytien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skytien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitia" title="Escitia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Escitia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Скифия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скифия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skitya" title="İskitya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskitya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Скіфія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скіфія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسکیتیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکیتیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Scythia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E" title="斯基提亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯基提亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q845909#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Scythia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scythia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scythia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Scythia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Scythia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&oldid=1283144371" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Scythia&id=1283144371&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScythia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScythia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Scythia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scythia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scythia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q845909" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Eurasia defined in antiquity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of the Pontic steppe. For kingdom of the Scythians, see <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Pontic_Scythian_kingdom" title="Scythians">Scythians § Pontic Scythian kingdom</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scythia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scythia (disambiguation)">Scythia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/500px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/750px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/1000px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Scythia at its maximum extent.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scythia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <b>Scythica</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was a geographic region defined in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman world</a> that encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>. It was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> equestrian <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic</a> people. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Scythia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Scythia">Scythia</a></i></span> and <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Scythica</i></span> are themselves Latinisations of the Ancient Greek names <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Skuthia</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Σκυθία">Σκυθία</a></span></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Skuthikē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:Σκυθική">Σκυθική</a></span></span>), which were themselves derived from the ancient Greek names for the Scythians, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Skuthēs</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Σκύθης">Σκύθης</a></span></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Skuthoi</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σκύθοι</span></span>), derived from the Scythian endonym <span title="Scythian-language romanization"><i lang="xsc-Latn">Skuδa</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scythia_proper">Scythia proper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scythia proper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of the Scythian kingdom of the Pontic steppe extended from the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don river</a> in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube river</a> in the west, and covered the territory of the treeless steppe immediately north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>'s coastline, which was inhabited by nomadic pastoralists, as well as the fertile black-earth forest-steppe area to the north of the treeless steppe, which was inhabited by an agricultural population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern border of this Scythian kingdom were the deciduous woodlands, while several rivers, including Don and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnipro</a>, flowed southwards across this region and emptied into the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 9th and 5th centuries BC, the climate in the steppes was cool and dry, which was a catalyst for the emergence of equestrian nomadic pastoralism in the northern Pontic region. The climate became warmer and wetter during the 5th century BC, which allowed the steppe nomads to move into the steppes proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these favourable climatic conditions grass grew abundantly on the treeless steppe and permitted the nomadic Scythians to rear large herds of cattle and horses. The country which the Greeks named <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Hylaea</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Υλαια</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hulaia</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Woodland'), consisting of the region of the lower Dnipro river along the territory of what is modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a> and the valleys further north along the river, was covered with forests. Conditions in the southern lands near the shores of the Black Sea were propitious for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991580-586_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991580-586-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the arrival of the Scythians, this region of the Pontic Steppe was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a>, who were nomadic Iranian people related to the Scythians. The Scythian migration pushed the Agathyrsi westwards, away from the steppes and from their original home around <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Lake Maeotis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and into the Carpathian region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991554_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991554-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 4th century BC, another related nomadic Iranian people, the Sarmatians, moved from the east into the Pontic steppe, where they replaced the Scythians as the dominant power of the Pontic steppe. Due to the Sarmatian incursion "<span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Europea</a></i></span>" (European Sarmatia) replaced "<span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Scythia</i></span>" as the name for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_Scythia">Greater Scythia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greater Scythia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the use of "Scythia" by Greek and Latin speakers was extended to also cover the southern Russian steppe in general,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991555_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991555-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the entire treeless steppe bounded by the Danubian plains in the west and the Chinese marches in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary modern scholarship, "Scythian" generally refers to the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a> who dominated the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, and the name "Scythia" is used to describe this region of the Pontic steppe inhabited by the Scythians.<sup id="cite_ref-nomenclature_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomenclature-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scytho-Siberian world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Scythia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/scythia"><i>Collins English Dictionary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythia&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fscythia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Scythia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Scythia"><i>Dictionary.com</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythia&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FScythia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTokhtasyev2005a">Tokhtasyev 2005a</a>, p. 68-84</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTokhtasyev2005b">Tokhtasyev 2005b</a>, p. 296</li><li><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik2018">Ivantchik 2018</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNovák2013">Novák 2013</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985149–150_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 97–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991577-580_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 577-580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991580-586-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991580-586_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 580-586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000">Olbrycht 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatty2007">Batty 2007</a>, p. 202-203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991554-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991554_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatty2007">Batty 2007</a>, p. 204-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik2018">Ivantchik 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991555-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991555_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomenclature-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nomenclature_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFCernenko2012">Cernenko 2012</a>, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik2018">Ivantchik 2018</a>: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFWest2002">West 2002</a>, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1995">Jacobson 1995</a>, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999">Di Cosmo 1999</a>, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Talbot_Rice" title="Tamara Talbot Rice">Rice, Tamara Talbot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts">"Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>[Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+arts%3A+Nomadic+cultures&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Tamara+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2FVisual-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Batty" title="Roger Batty">Batty, Roger</a> (2007). <i>Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1"><bdi>978-0-198-14936-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Nomads%3A+The+Pontic-Danubian+Realm+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-198-14936-1&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlekseevBokovenkoBoltrikChugunov2001" class="citation cs2">Alekseev, A Yu.; Bokovenko, N.A.; Boltrik, Yu; Chugunov, K.A.; Cook, G.; Dergachev, V.A.; Kovalyukh, N.; Possnert, G.; van der Plicht, J.; Scott, E.M.; Semeetsov, A.; Skripkin, V.; Vasiliev, S.; Zaitseva, G. (2001), "Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and C14 Data", <i>Radiocarbon</i>, <b>43</b> (2B): <span class="nowrap">1085–</span>1107, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200041746">10.1017/S0033822200041746</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Eurasian+Scythian+Antiquities+Born+by+New+Archaeological+and+C14+Data&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2B&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1085-%3C%2Fspan%3E1107&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200041746&rft.aulast=Alekseev&rft.aufirst=A+Yu.&rft.au=Bokovenko%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Boltrik%2C+Yu&rft.au=Chugunov%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Cook%2C+G.&rft.au=Dergachev%2C+V.A.&rft.au=Kovalyukh%2C+N.&rft.au=Possnert%2C+G.&rft.au=van+der+Plicht%2C+J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+E.M.&rft.au=Semeetsov%2C+A.&rft.au=Skripkin%2C+V.&rft.au=Vasiliev%2C+S.&rft.au=Zaitseva%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96120/rec/302"><i>Nomadic art of the eastern Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300096880" title="Special:BookSources/9780300096880"><bdi>9780300096880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+art+of+the+eastern+Eurasian+steppes%3A+the+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+other+New+York+collections&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780300096880&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F96120%2Frec%2F302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCernenko2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Chernenko" title="Yevhen Chernenko">Cernenko, E. V.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByzDCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Scythians 700–300 BC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-773-8"><bdi>978-1-78096-773-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scythians+700%E2%80%93300+BC&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-773-8&rft.aulast=Cernenko&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByzDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamayev, Muhammad</a> (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Harmatta, János Harmatta</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028464" title="Special:BookSources/9231028464"><bdi>9231028464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media+and+Achaemenid+Iran&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.+C.+to+A.+D.+250&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9231028464&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U6RlVVjpakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Di_Cosmo" title="Nicola Di Cosmo">Di Cosmo, Nicola</a> (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (1,500 – 221 BC)". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5191670"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">885–</span>996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7"><bdi>0-521-47030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Frontier+in+Pre-Imperial+China+%281%2C500+%E2%80%93+221+BC%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E885-%3C%2Fspan%3E996&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-47030-7&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5191670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians">"Scythians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation">Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation%3B+Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fscythians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Esther (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciZquFt9IFIC"><i>The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09856-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09856-9"><bdi>90-04-09856-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Scythians%3A+The+Interpenetration+of+Cultures+at+the+Edge+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-09856-9&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciZquFt9IFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov1975" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khazanov, A.M. (1975), <i>Золото скифов</i> [<i>Social history of Scythians</i>] (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaryshkovskij1988" class="citation cs2">Karyshkovskij, Pyotr O. (1988), <i>Монеты Ольвии</i>, Наукова думка, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-12-000104-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-12-000104-1"><bdi>5-12-000104-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=5-12-000104-1&rft.aulast=Karyshkovskij&rft.aufirst=Pyotr+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelyukova1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Melyukova" title="Anna Melyukova">Melyukova, A. I.</a> (1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians+and+Sarmatians&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Melyukova&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovák2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Novák, Ľubomír (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4896441"><i>Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Problem+of+Archaism+and+Innovation+in+the+Eastern+Iranian+Languages&rft.inst=Charles+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nov%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4896441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; Fear, Andrew (eds.). <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1985). "The Scyths". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, I.</a> (ed.). <i>The Median and Achaemenian Periods</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scyths&rft.btitle=The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05493-5&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Timothy Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, T. F.</a> (1991). "The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">547–</span>590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E590&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTokhtasyev2005a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Тохтасьев, Сергей Ремирович">Tokhtasyev, Sergey</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7169659">"Проблема Скифского Языка в Современной Науке"</a> [The Problem of the Scythian Language in Contemporary Studies]. In Cojocaru, Victor (ed.). <i>Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from the Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest: Proceedings of the International Symposium Ethnic contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea, Iaşi, June 12-17, 2005</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: Trinitas Publishing House; <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="Iași Institute of Archaeology">Iași Institute of Archaeology</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-737-83450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-737-83450-8"><bdi>978-9-737-83450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Contacts+and+Cultural+Exchanges+North+and+West+of+the+Black+Sea+from+the+Greek+Colonization+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+Ethnic+contacts+and+Cultural+Exchanges+North+and+West+of+the+Black+Sea%2C+Ia%C5%9Fi%2C+June+12-17%2C+2005&rft.place=Ia%C8%99i%2C+Romania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Trinitas+Publishing+House%3B+Ia%C8%99i+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9-737-83450-8&rft.aulast=Tokhtasyev&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7169659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTokhtasyev2005b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Тохтасьев, Сергей Ремирович">Tokhtasyev, Sergey</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (2005b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7169847">"Sauromatae - Syrmatae - Sarmatae"</a>. <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Херсонесский сборник">Херсонесский сборник</a></i> [<i>Chersonesian Collection</i>] (in Russian). <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">291–</span>306<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.atitle=Sauromatae+-+Syrmatae+-+Sarmatae&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tokhtasyev&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7169847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnterländer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Unterländer, Martina (March 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337992">"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>8</b>: 14615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...814615U">2017NatCo...814615U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms14615">10.1038/ncomms14615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337992">5337992</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28256537">28256537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancestry+and+demography+and+descendants+of+Iron+Age+nomads+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14615&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5337992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28256537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms14615&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...814615U&rft.aulast=Unterl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5337992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_West" title="Stephanie West">West, Stephanie</a> (2002). "Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Bakker" title="Egbert Bakker">Bakker, Egbert J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irene_de_Jong" title="Irene de Jong">de Jong, Irene J. F.</a>; van Wees, Hans (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004217584/BP000020.xml"><i>Brill's Companion to Herodotus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">437–</span>456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21758-4"><bdi>978-90-04-21758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythians&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Herodotus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21758-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004217584%2FBP000020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Велична Скіфія – Протоукраїна: науково-енциклопедичне видання / Гладкий М. В., Цибулькін В. В. – К.: ТОВ «НОВИЙ ДРУК», 2025. – 432 с.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s poems <i><a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></i> about his exile in Tomis contain some details of Scythia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Toxaris" title="Toxaris">Toxaris</a></i> tells stories of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/index.htm">Scythian friendship and heroism.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scythia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scythia">Scythia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsa.biblio.univ-lille3.fr/scythie.htm">"Scythie : Une bibliographie introductive"</a> [An Introductory Bibliography on Scythia], <i>Bibliothèque des Sciences de l'Antiquité, Université Lille</i> (in French)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+des+Sciences+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9%2C+Universit%C3%A9+Lille&rft.atitle=Scythie+%3A+Une+bibliographie+introductive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsa.biblio.univ-lille3.fr%2Fscythie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScythia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scythia111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scythia" title="Template:Scythia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scythia" title="Template talk:Scythia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scythia111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scythia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amardi" title="Amardi">Amardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Amyrgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauromatian_culture" title="Sauromatian culture">Sauromatians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaragantes" title="Agaragantes">Agaragantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissianti" title="Cissianti">Cissianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limigantes" title="Limigantes">Limigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoristae" title="Phoristae">Phoristae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimphaces" title="Rimphaces">Rimphaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondolici" title="Spondolici">Spondolici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abii" title="Abii">Abii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareitai" title="Dareitai">Dareitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelae_(tribe)" title="Gelae (tribe)">Gelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxobii" title="Hamaxobii">Hamaxobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spali" title="Spali">Spali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapurei" title="Tapurei">Tapurei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuri" title="Tapuri">Tapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssagetae" title="Thyssagetae">Thyssagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxii" title="Uxii">Uxii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/250px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/500px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythian and related populations</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine" title="History of jewellery in Ukraine">Jewellery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasene" title="Sakasene">Sakasene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parama Kamboja Kingdom">Parama Kamboja Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Scythia Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Crimea)" title="Scythia Minor (Crimea)">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica_and_Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" title="History of the western steppe">History of the western steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li>Iranian origin hypotheses of <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Category:Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_ancient_Scythia" title="Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia">Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845909#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845909#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845909#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1273">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\C\Scythia">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scythia&oldid=1283144371">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scythia&oldid=1283144371</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Scythia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_geography" title="Category:Classical geography">Classical geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 March 2025, at 18:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scythia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scythia</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>50 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-xtzbw","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.787","walltime":"0.960","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4160,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":155169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18020,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85793,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 869.544 1 -total"," 21.84% 189.896 7 Template:Transl"," 17.61% 153.168 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.01% 104.473 17 Template:Sfn"," 9.43% 82.027 2 Template:Cite_dictionary"," 8.78% 76.329 7 Template:Redirect_category_shell"," 8.55% 74.322 1 Template:Scythia"," 8.50% 73.884 7 Template:Mbox"," 8.30% 72.189 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.84% 68.147 12 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.564","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19127159,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlekseevBokovenkoBoltrikChugunov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCernenko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamayev1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvantchik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaryshkovskij1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazanov1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelyukova1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovák2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirski1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokhtasyev2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokhtasyev2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterländer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Scythia\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 7,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list citebundle\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-9x2hk","timestamp":"20250401183528","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Scythia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scythia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q845909","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q845909","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-05T10:20:09Z","dateModified":"2025-03-30T18:06:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/47\/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg","headline":"multinational region of Central Eurasia in the classical era"}</script> </body> </html>