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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph E. Murray</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 52 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="جوزيف موراي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف موراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_M%C3%BCrrey" title="Cozef Mürrey – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Mürrey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جوزف موری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف موری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="জোসেফ মারি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসেফ মারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Джозеф Эдвард Мары – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Эдвард Мары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Joseph E. Murray" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جوزف موری – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف موری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(m%C3%A9decin)" title="Joseph Murray (médecin) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Murray (médecin)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="조지프 머리 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 머리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph E. Murray" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%90._%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ג'וזף א. מארי – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף א. מארי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джозеф Мюррей – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джозеф Мюррей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_E._Murray" title="Iosephus E. Murray – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus E. Murray" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87" title="ജോസഫ് മറേ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസഫ് മറേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="چوزيف موراى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف موراى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جوزف موری – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوزف موری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(chirurg)" title="Joseph Murray (chirurg) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Murray (chirurg)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ジョセフ・マレー – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフ・マレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%92" title="جازف مورے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جازف مورے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joseph Edward Murray" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph E. Murray" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Мюррей, Джозеф – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мюррей, Джозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekommenderad artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph E. Murray" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Җозеф Мөрри – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җозеф Мөрри" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="โจเซฟ เมอร์รีย์ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจเซฟ เมอร์รีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Murray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96" title="Джозеф Маррі – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Маррі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%92" title="جوزف میورے – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزف میورے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. 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.infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Joseph E. Murray <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobelmedalj.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin 1990"><img alt="Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/20px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/30px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/40px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/1_april" title="1 april">1 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a><sup id="cite_ref-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b0befec02227216d73800ef9ea52da984a4a7fa1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b0befec02227216d73800ef9ea52da984a4a7fa1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts" title="Milford, Massachusetts">Milford</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/26_november" title="26 november">26 november</a> <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a><sup id="cite_ref-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21f8090130b4ae7a91eb78d6627141b35f16b34d_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21f8090130b4ae7a91eb78d6627141b35f16b34d-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (93 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a><sup id="cite_ref-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School_(Q49121)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard Medical School (Q49121) [inte skriven än]">Harvard Medical School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milford_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milford High School [inte skriven än]">Milford High School</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192282?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kare" title="Läkare">Läkare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirurg">kirurg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A4rare" title="Universitetslärare">universitetslärare</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Barn</th><td class="" style=""><span class="modulwikidata2_missingswedishlabel" title="engelska" data-q="Q89953085">Richard W. Murray</span><sup id="cite_ref-35e96db5d2cd9012e2f83aa3e8272fdc29045ffb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35e96db5d2cd9012e2f83aa3e8272fdc29045ffb-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;">Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons<small> (1986)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cf0c2550dd5a7859b9281fb3683a757be831a90c_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cf0c2550dd5a7859b9281fb3683a757be831a90c-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</a><small> (1990)</small><sup id="cite_ref-4cb885ce3b8e359ef7a12c22e71ad114983dd0ec_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4cb885ce3b8e359ef7a12c22e71ad114983dd0ec-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f46543468d6dc357da75aaf287c357b7c40bfab4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f46543468d6dc357da75aaf287c357b7c40bfab4-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laetare-medaljen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laetare-medaljen [inte skriven än]">Laetare-medaljen</a><small> (2005)</small><sup id="cite_ref-69562f7dd6673236aa25c53dbdd415e80b558377_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69562f7dd6673236aa25c53dbdd415e80b558377-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Joseph_E._Murray" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Joseph E. Murray">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Edward Murray</b>, född <a href="/wiki/1_april" title="1 april">1 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a> i <a href="/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts" title="Milford, Massachusetts">Milford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ww_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> död <a href="/wiki/26_november" title="26 november">26 november</a> <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a> i <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, var en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastikkirurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastikkirurg">plastikkirurg</a>. Den <a href="/wiki/23_december" title="23 december">23 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> genomförde Murray tillsammans med sin kompanjon den första lyckade njur<a href="/wiki/Transplantation" title="Transplantation">transplantationen</a> mellan två <a href="/wiki/En%C3%A4ggstvillingar" class="mw-redirect" title="Enäggstvillingar">enäggstvillingar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ww_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natureobit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureobit-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray tilldelades <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</a> 1990 tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/E_Donnall_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="E Donnall Thomas">E Donnall Thomas</a> för deras upptäckter om <i>"organ- och celltransplantation vid behandling av mänsklig sjukdom"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murray var son till William A. och Mary (född DePasquale) Murray, och växte upp i Milford, Massachusetts. Han var av irländsk och italiensk härkomst. Hans far var en känd advokat och en tingsrättsdomare och modern var lärare. Efter grundexamen på Milford High School studerade Murray på <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a> med avsikt att kunna spela <a href="/wiki/Baseboll" title="Baseboll">baseboll</a>, men baseballträning och labbscheman var dock motstridiga, vilket tvingade honom att ge upp basebollen. Han studerade <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelska</a> och tog examen i <a href="/wiki/Humaniora" title="Humaniora">humaniora</a> 1940. Murray fortsatte därefter studera på <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Efter att ha tagit sin medicinska examen började Murray sin praktik på Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Under den tiden blev han uttagen till <a href="/wiki/USA:s_arm%C3%A9" title="USA:s armé">USA:s armés</a> medicinska kår. </p><p>Han tjänstgjorde på plastikkirurgiska enheten på Valley Forge General Hospital i <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. under en uppskattad plastikkirurg, Bradford Cannon, och utvecklade ett livslång intresse för plastikkirurgi. Hans enhet tog hand om tusentals soldater som skadades på slagfälten under <a href="/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget">andra världskriget</a>, och arbetade för att rekonstruera sina vanställda händer och ansikten. Hans intresse för transplantation växte fram ur hans arbete med brännskadade patienter under hans tid i armén. Murray och hans kollegor observerade att brännskadade patienterna avvisade tillfälliga hudtransplantationer från ickenärstående donatorer mycket långsammare än väntat, vilket tydde på en potential för organtransplantationer. </p><p>Efter sin militärtjänst avslutade Murray sin allmänna kirurgiska placering och gick över till den kirurgiska personalen på Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Han flyttade sedan till New York för att träna plastikkirurgi vid New York and Memorial Hospitals och återkom 1951 till Brigham som en i operationspersonalen. </p><p>År 2001 publicerade Murray sin självbiografi, <i>Surgery Of The Soul: Reflections on a Curious Career</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han utvaldes i mars 2005 till att ta emot Laetaremedaljen av <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> som ett erkännande av enastående tjänster i <a href="/wiki/Romersk-katolska_kyrkan" title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan">katolska kyrkan</a> och samhället. </p><p>Murray avled den 26 november 2012, 93 år gammal. Han drabbades av en <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> i sitt förortshem i Boston på <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a> och dog på Brigham and Women's Hospital, just det sjukhus där han hade utfört den första organtransplantationen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vetenskaplig_karriär"><span id="Vetenskaplig_karri.C3.A4r"></span>Vetenskaplig karriär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vetenskaplig karriär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vetenskaplig karriär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 23 december 1954 utförde Murray världens första lyckade <a href="/wiki/Njurtransplantation" title="Njurtransplantation">njurtransplantation</a> mellan de identiska Herrick-tvillingarna på Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (senare Brigham and Women's Hospital), en operation som varade i fem och en halv timme. Han biträddes av Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison och andra kända läkare. I operationssal 2 på Peter Bent Brigham Hospital transplanterade Murray en frisk njure donerad av Ronald Herrick till sin tvillingbror Richard, som var döende i kronisk nefrit. Richard levde i åtta år efter operationen. År 1959 fortsatte Murray att utföra världens första framgångsrika vävnadstransplantationen mellan genetiskt obesläktade personer och, 1962, världens första njurtransplantation av organ från en avliden person.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under de följande åren blev Murray internationellt ledande i studien av transplantationsbiologi, användningen av immunsuppressiva medel och studier om mekanismerna för avstötning. På 1960-talet samarbetade toppforskare som undersökte <a href="/wiki/Immunsuppressiva_l%C3%A4kemedel" title="Immunsuppressiva läkemedel">immunsuppressiva läkemedel</a> med Murray. Tillsammans skräddarsydde de det nya läkemedlet <i>Imuran</i> (generiskt azathioprin) för användning i transplantationer. Upptäckten av Imuran och andra antiavstötande droger, såsom prednisone, tillät Murray att utföra transplantationer från icke-närstående givare. År 1965 översteg överlevnadsgraden efter att ha fått en njurtransplantation från en icke-närstående donator 65 procent. </p><p>Som fakultetsmedlem vid Harvard Medical School utbildade Murray läkare från hela världen i transplantation och rekonstruktiv kirurgi, som ofta utförde operationer i utvecklingsländer. Under sina 20 år som chef för Surgical Research Laboratory vid Harvard och Peter Bent Brigham Hospital inspirerade han andra som blev ledare inom transplantation och biologi över hela världen. Han tjänstgjorde som plastikkirurg vid Peter Bent Brigham (som senare blev Brigham and Women's Hospital) fram till 1986. Han tjänstgjorde också som plastikkirurg vid Children's Hospital Boston 1972–1985 och avgick som <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> i kirurgi 1986 från <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser_och_hedersbetygelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser_och_hedersbetygelser"></span>Utmärkelser och hedersbetygelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser och hedersbetygelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser och hedersbetygelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murray valdes som </p> <ul><li>medlem av <i><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></i> och som</li> <li>föreståndare för <i>American College of Surgeons</i>.</li></ul> <p>Han fick </p> <ul><li><i>American Surgical Association's Medal for Distinguished Service to Surgery</i>,</li> <li><i>American Academy of Arts and Sciences Francis Amory Prize</i>,</li> <li><i>American Association of Plastic Surgeons' Honorary Award</i> och</li> <li><i>Clinician of the Year Award</i> och</li> <li><i>National Kidney Foundations Gift of Life Award</i>.</li></ul> <p>Han utsågs till en av de 350 mest framstående medborgarna, som representerade läkaryrket, vid staden Bostons 350-årsjubileum. </p><p>År 1990 hedrades Murray med <i>Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</i> för sitt banbrytande arbete inom organtransplantation och 1991 fick han <i>Golden Plate Award</i> av American Academy of Achievement. År 1996 utnämndes han till akademiker vid Pontifical Academy of Sciences i <a href="/wiki/Vatikanen" title="Vatikanen">Vatikanen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Engelskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray">Joseph E. Murray</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Murray&oldid=1040646910">25 augusti 2021</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e1817a2ee688c2d60459caabbfcffcf8b5f987f9_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="latin">Encyclopædia Britannica</span></i>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-E-Murray">biography/Joseph-E-Murray</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online">topic/Britannica-Online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f27c5b508d22c2ccc5ce62c3bddb081e5cbc974b_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fn413p">w6fn413p</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b0befec02227216d73800ef9ea52da984a4a7fa1-3"><a href="#cite_ref-b0befec02227216d73800ef9ea52da984a4a7fa1_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie-ID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/murray-joseph-edward">murray-joseph-edward</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21f8090130b4ae7a91eb78d6627141b35f16b34d-4"><a href="#cite_ref-21f8090130b4ae7a91eb78d6627141b35f16b34d_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find A Grave-ID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/103872311">103872311</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagraveforums.com/">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231-5"><a href="#cite_ref-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i>, läst: 31 december 2014.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35e96db5d2cd9012e2f83aa3e8272fdc29045ffb-6"><a href="#cite_ref-35e96db5d2cd9012e2f83aa3e8272fdc29045ffb_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/richard-murray-goes-to-washington/">läs online</a>, <i>www.bu.edu</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cf0c2550dd5a7859b9281fb3683a757be831a90c-7"><a href="#cite_ref-cf0c2550dd5a7859b9281fb3683a757be831a90c_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Plarr's Lives of the Fellows</i>, Pfarr-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E003325b.htm">E003325b</a>, läst: 8 januari 2024.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4cb885ce3b8e359ef7a12c22e71ad114983dd0ec-8"><a href="#cite_ref-4cb885ce3b8e359ef7a12c22e71ad114983dd0ec_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1990/summary/"><span title="engelska">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990</span></a>, Nobelprize.org</i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1990/summary/">läs online</a>, läst: 4 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f46543468d6dc357da75aaf287c357b7c40bfab4-9"><a href="#cite_ref-f46543468d6dc357da75aaf287c357b7c40bfab4_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf"><span title="engelska">Table showing prize amounts</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, april 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 4 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69562f7dd6673236aa25c53dbdd415e80b558377-10"><a href="#cite_ref-69562f7dd6673236aa25c53dbdd415e80b558377_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info2005">läs online</a>, <i>laetare.nd.edu</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ww-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ww_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSleeman2003">Sleeman, Elizabeth (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond">The International Who's Who 2004</a></i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-85743-217-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-85743-217-7">ISBN 1-85743-217-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond">https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Who%27s+Who+2004&rft.aulast=Sleeman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Sleeman%2C+Elizabeth&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=1-85743-217-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalwho2004ond&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natureobit-12"><a href="#cite_ref-natureobit_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPeter_Morris2013"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Morris_(surgeon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Morris (surgeon) [inte skriven än]">Peter Morris</a> (2013). ”Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012)”. <i>Nature</i> 493 (164): sid. 164. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F493164a">10.1038/493164a</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302851?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:23302851">PMID 23302851</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.493..164M">2013Natur.493..164M</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Joseph+E.+Murray+%281919%E2%80%932012%29&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Peter+Morris&rft.au=Peter+Morris&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=493&rft.issue=164&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B164&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F493164a&rft_id=info:pmid/23302851&rft_id=info:bibcode/2013Natur.493..164M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTullius2013">Tullius, S. G. (2013). ”Dr. Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012): A Life of Curiosity, Humanism, and Persistence”. <i>American Journal of Transplantation</i> 13 (1): sid. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fajt.12076">10.1111/ajt.12076</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279678?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:23279678">PMID 23279678</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dr.+Joseph+E.+Murray+%281919%E2%80%932012%29%3A+A+Life+of+Curiosity%2C+Humanism%2C+and+Persistence&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Transplantation&rft.aulast=Tullius&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.au=Tullius%2C+S.+G.&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B5%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fajt.12076&rft_id=info:pmid/23279678&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFGuildHarrisonMerrillMurray1955">Guild, W. R.; Harrison, J. H.; Merrill, J. P.; Murray, J. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248870">”Successful homotransplantation of the kidney in an identical twin.”</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association</i> 67: sid. 167–173. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13360847?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:13360847">PMID 13360847</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Successful+homotransplantation+of+the+kidney+in+an+identical+twin.&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Clinical+and+Climatological+Association&rft.aulast=Guild&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft.au=Guild%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Merrill%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Murray%2C+J.&rft.date=1955&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B167%E2%80%93173&rft_id=info:pmid/13360847&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWatts2011">Watts, G. (2011). ”Joseph Murray: Innovative surgeon and pioneer of transplantation”. <i>The Lancet</i> 377 (9770): sid. 987. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960375-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60375-9</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420544?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:21420544">PMID 21420544</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Joseph+Murray%3A+Innovative+surgeon+and+pioneer+of+transplantation&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Watts%2C+G.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=9770&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B987&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960375-9&rft_id=info:pmid/21420544&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/press.html">”The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990”</a>. Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/press.html">https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/press.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 november 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1990&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nobel+Assembly+at+the+Karolinska+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPai2002">Pai, Sanjay A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122735">”Surgery of the Soul: Reflections on a Curious Career”</a>. <i>BMJ</i> 324 (7340): sid. 795. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7340.795">10.1136/bmj.324.7340.795</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Surgery+of+the+Soul%3A+Reflections+on+a+Curious+Career&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Sanjay+A.&rft.au=Pai%2C+Sanjay+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=7340&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B795&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7340.795&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/whitecoatnotes/2012/11/26/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/ug9Npw3xfzaUtSyEz7pQPL/story.html">”Dr. Joseph E. Murray, who performed first successful organ transplant, dies at 93”</a>. Boston.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.boston.com/whitecoatnotes/2012/11/26/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/ug9Npw3xfzaUtSyEz7pQPL/story.html">http://www.boston.com/whitecoatnotes/2012/11/26/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/ug9Npw3xfzaUtSyEz7pQPL/story.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 november 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dr.+Joseph+E.+Murray%2C+who+performed+first+successful+organ+transplant%2C+dies+at+93&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Boston.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fwhitecoatnotes%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2Fjoseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies%2Fug9Npw3xfzaUtSyEz7pQPL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2012/11/27/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/IvEeI0foncsE3IIZAoag5J/story.html">”Joseph E. Murray, 93, performed first successful organ transplant”</a>. Boston Globe<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2012/11/27/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/IvEeI0foncsE3IIZAoag5J/story.html">https://www.bostonglobe.com/2012/11/27/joseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies/IvEeI0foncsE3IIZAoag5J/story.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Joseph+E.+Murray%2C+93%2C+performed+first+successful+organ+transplant&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2012%2F11%2F27%2Fjoseph-murray-who-performed-first-successful-organ-transplant-dies%2FIvEeI0foncsE3IIZAoag5J%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Joseph_E._Murray"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Murray&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> </p><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html">Nobelprize.org, Nobelpriset i medicin 1990</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611023316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/murray-autobio.html">Nobelprize.org, Joseph Murray - självbiografi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20506475">Dödsnotis - BBC (Engelska)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/442">Joseph E. Murray</a> hos <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a> (på engelska) including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 1990 <i>The First Successful Organ Transplants in Man</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HMS.Count:med00159">The Joseph E. Murray papers</a> can be found at The Center for the History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#FFE974;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Mall:Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1901–1925</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">von Behring</a> (1901)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> (1902)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Ryberg Finsen</a> (1903)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (1904)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> (1905)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Cajal</a> (1906)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> (1907)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Metjnikov" title="Ilja Metjnikov">Metjnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1908)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> (1909)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> (1910)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> (1911)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> (1912)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> (1913)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> (1914)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inga priser utdelades 1915–1918.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> (1919)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> (1920)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inget pris utdelades 1921.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_V._Hill" title="Archibald V. Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Meyerhof" title="Otto Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> (1922)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Banting" title="Frederick G. Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">Macleod</a> (1923)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> (1924)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inget pris utdelades 1925.</i></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/90px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/120px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1926–1950</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a> (1926)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> (1928)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> (1929)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> (1930)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(medicinare)" title="Otto Warburg (medicinare)">Warburg</a> (1931)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Adrian</a> (1932)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Morgan" title="Thomas H. Morgan">Morgan</a> (1933)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Whipple" title="George H. Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_R._Minot" title="George R. Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">Murphy</a> (1934)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> (1935)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> (1936)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> (1938)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> (1939)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inga priser utdelades 1940–1942.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Doisy" title="Edward A. Doisy">Doisy</a> (1943)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gasser" title="Herbert S. Gasser">Gasser</a> (1944)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey" title="Howard Walter Florey">Florey</a> (1945)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> (1946)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Cori" title="Carl Cori">C. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Houssay</a> (1947)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> (1948)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hess" title="Walter Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" title="Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> (1949)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Kendall" title="Edward C. Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Hench" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip S. Hench">Hench</a> (1950)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1951–1975</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> (1951)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Selman_A._Waksman" title="Selman A. Waksman">Waksman</a> (1952)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biokemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biokemist)">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a> (1953)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Enders" title="John F. Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Weller" title="Thomas H. Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Robbins" title="Frederick C. Robbins">Robbins</a> (1954)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> (1955)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_F._Cournand" title="André F. Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> (1956)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> (1957)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> (1958)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (1959)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> (1960)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">von Békésy</a> (1961)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> (1962)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_L._Hodgkin" title="Alan L. Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley" title="Andrew Fielding Huxley">Huxley</a> (1963)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod_(biolog)" title="Jacques Monod (biolog)">Monod</a> (1965)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" title="Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Huggins" title="Charles B. Huggins">Huggins</a> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> (1967)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Nirenberg" title="Marshall W. Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> (1968)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck_(biofysiker)" title="Max Delbrück (biofysiker)">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Hershey" title="Alfred D. Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_E._Luria" title="Salvador E. Luria">Luria</a> (1969)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">von Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> (1970)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland" title="Earl W. Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Edelman" title="Gerald M. Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_R._Porter" title="Rodney R. Porter">Porter</a> (1972)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">von Frish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> (1973)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">de Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Palade" title="George E. Palade">Palade</a> (1974)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Temin" title="Howard M. Temin">Temin</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1976–2000</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_S._Blumberg" title="Baruch S. Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._Carleton_Gajdusek" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_V._Schally" title="Andrew V. Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Smith</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Allan_M._Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan M. Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_N._Hounsfield" title="Godfrey N. Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_D._Snell" title="George D. Snell">Snell</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" title="Roger W. Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" title="John R. Vane">Vane</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> (1983)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" title="Michael S. Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Sharp</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" title="Eric R. Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">Från 2001</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. 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Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> (2007)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a> (2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> (2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> (2012)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> (2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. 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