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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the physics experiment and instrument. For the novel by Umberto Eco, see <a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Foucault pendulum</b> or <b>Foucault's pendulum</b> is a simple device named after French physicist <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a>, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>. If a long and heavy pendulum suspended from the high roof above a circular area is monitored over an extended period of time, its <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillation</a> appears to change spontaneously as the Earth makes its 24-hourly rotation. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG/250px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG/375px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG/500px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pendule_de_Foucault2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></a><figcaption>Foucault's pendulum in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> was introduced in 1851 and was the first experiment to give simple, direct evidence of the Earth's rotation. Foucault followed up in 1852 with a <a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_gyroscope_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foucault's gyroscope experiment">gyroscope experiment</a> to further demonstrate the Earth's rotation. Foucault pendulums today are popular displays in <a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">science museums</a> and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mechanism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Related_physical_systems"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Related physical systems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Installations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Installations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault_Pendulum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Foucault_Pendulum.jpg/170px-Foucault_Pendulum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1730"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Foucault_Pendulum.jpg/170px-Foucault_Pendulum.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Foucault_Pendulum.jpg/255px-Foucault_Pendulum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Foucault_Pendulum.jpg/340px-Foucault_Pendulum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A print of the Foucault Pendulum, 1895</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/260px--Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Foucault_pendulum_1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Foucault_pendulum_1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm/Foucault_pendulum_1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video></span><figcaption>Foucault Pendulum at <a href="/wiki/COSI_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="COSI Columbus">COSI Columbus</a> knocking over a ball</figcaption></figure> <p>Foucault was inspired by observing a thin flexible rod on the axis of a <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>, which vibrated in the same plane despite the rotation of the supporting frame of the lathe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Meridian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>. A few weeks later, Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28-kilogram (62 lb) brass-coated lead <a href="/wiki/Bob_(physics)" title="Bob (physics)">bob</a> with a 67-metre long (220 ft) wire from the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon, Paris</a>. </p><p>Because the latitude of its location was <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi =\mathrm {48^{\circ }52'N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>48</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mn>52</mn> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi =\mathrm {48^{\circ }52'N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3760e70bae03af35ccc2aa8f41d1ab36d7ec2c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.616ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi =\mathrm {48^{\circ }52'N} }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.616ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3760e70bae03af35ccc2aa8f41d1ab36d7ec2c2" data-alt="{\displaystyle \phi =\mathrm {48^{\circ }52'N} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>, the plane of the pendulum's swing made a full circle in approximately <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {23h56'} }{\sin \phi }}\approx \mathrm {31.8\,h} \;(\mathrm {31\,h\,50\,min} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>23</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <msup> <mn>56</mn> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>31.8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>31</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>50</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {23h56'} }{\sin \phi }}\approx \mathrm {31.8\,h} \;(\mathrm {31\,h\,50\,min} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9f6aba8ac658304d85cf870d6f490a972b7dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:27.915ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {23h56'} }{\sin \phi }}\approx \mathrm {31.8\,h} \;(\mathrm {31\,h\,50\,min} )}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27.915ex;height: 4.343ex;vertical-align: -1.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9f6aba8ac658304d85cf870d6f490a972b7dd" data-alt="{\textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {23h56'} }{\sin \phi }}\approx \mathrm {31.8\,h} \;(\mathrm {31\,h\,50\,min} )}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>, rotating clockwise approximately 11.3° per hour. The proper period of the pendulum was approximately <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 2\pi {\sqrt {l/g}}\approx 16.5\,\mathrm {s} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>g</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>16.5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 2\pi {\sqrt {l/g}}\approx 16.5\,\mathrm {s} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/155363e5f5b6c4e722553ac3115f3cbcd8234e22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.326ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\textstyle 2\pi {\sqrt {l/g}}\approx 16.5\,\mathrm {s} }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.326ex;height: 3.343ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/155363e5f5b6c4e722553ac3115f3cbcd8234e22" data-alt="{\textstyle 2\pi {\sqrt {l/g}}\approx 16.5\,\mathrm {s} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>, so with each oscillation, the pendulum rotates by about <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 9.05\times 10^{-4}\mathrm {rad} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>9.05</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 9.05\times 10^{-4}\mathrm {rad} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b902eede03d5d0a5acd8b616bea6fbb6f68cb05e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.999ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 9.05\times 10^{-4}\mathrm {rad} }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14.999ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b902eede03d5d0a5acd8b616bea6fbb6f68cb05e" data-alt="{\displaystyle 9.05\times 10^{-4}\mathrm {rad} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>. Foucault reported observing 2.3 mm of deflection on the edge of a pendulum every oscillation, which is achieved if the pendulum swing angle is 2.1°.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foucault explained his results in an 1851 paper entitled <i>Physical demonstration of the Earth's rotational movement by means of the pendulum</i>, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences</a></i>. He wrote that, at the North Pole:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>...an oscillatory movement of the pendulum mass follows an arc of a circle whose plane is well known, and to which the <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a> of matter ensures an unchanging position in space. If these oscillations continue for a certain time, the movement of the earth, which continues to rotate from west to east, will become sensitive in contrast to the immobility of the oscillation plane whose trace on the ground will seem animated by a movement consistent with the apparent movement of the celestial sphere; and if the oscillations could be perpetuated for twenty-four hours, the trace of their plane would then execute an entire revolution around the vertical projection of the point of suspension.</p></blockquote> <p>The original bob used in 1851 at the Panthéon was moved in 1855 to the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers">Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers</a> in Paris. A second temporary installation was made for the 50th anniversary in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During museum reconstruction in the 1990s, the original pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon (1995), but was later returned to the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a> before it reopened in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 6, 2010, the cable suspending the bob in the Musée des Arts et Métiers snapped, causing irreparable damage to the pendulum bob and to the marble flooring of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original, now damaged pendulum bob is displayed in a separate case adjacent to the current pendulum display. </p><p>An exact copy of the original pendulum has been operating under the dome of the Panthéon, Paris since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:816px;max-width:816px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Foucault-rotz.gif/200px-Foucault-rotz.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Foucault-rotz.gif/200px-Foucault-rotz.gif" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Foucault-rotz.gif/300px-Foucault-rotz.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Foucault-rotz.gif/400px-Foucault-rotz.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animation of a Foucault pendulum on the northern hemisphere, with the Earth's rotation rate and amplitude greatly exaggerated. The green trace shows the path of the pendulum bob over the ground (a rotating reference frame), while the bob moves in the corresponding vertical planes. The actual plane of swing appears to rotate relative to the Earth: sitting astride the bob like a swing, Coriolis fictitious force disappears: observer is in a "free rotational" reference. The wire should be as long as possible—lengths of 12–30 m (40–100 ft) are common.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault_pendulum_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Foucault_pendulum_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Foucault_pendulum_animated.gif" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animated Foucault pendulum but with a trajectory on the ground which does not correspond to a blob launched without initial velocity</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif/200px-Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif/200px-Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Foucault_pendulum_at_north_pole_animated.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Foucault pendulum at the North Pole: The pendulum swings in the same plane as the Earth rotates beneath it</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif/200px-Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif/200px-Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Foucault_pendulum_plane_of_swing_semi3D.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The animation describes the motion of a Foucault pendulum at a latitude of 30°N. The plane of oscillation rotates by an angle of −180° during one day, so after two days, the plane returns to its original orientation</div></div></div></div></div> <p>At either the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_North_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic North Pole">Geographic North Pole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geographic_South_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic South Pole">Geographic South Pole</a>, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum remains fixed relative to the <a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">distant masses of the universe</a> while Earth rotates underneath it, taking one <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> to complete a rotation. So, relative to Earth, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum at the North Pole (viewed from above) undergoes a full clockwise rotation during one day; a pendulum at the South Pole rotates counterclockwise. </p><p>When a Foucault pendulum is suspended at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, the plane of oscillation remains fixed relative to Earth. At other latitudes, the plane of oscillation <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precesses</a> relative to Earth, but more slowly than at the pole; the angular speed, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ω</span> (measured in clockwise <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> per sidereal day), is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =360^{\circ }\sin \varphi \ /\mathrm {day} ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>360</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>φ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =360^{\circ }\sin \varphi \ /\mathrm {day} ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bed4979bdea2cd8235da149f63304077c87cb1ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.308ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =360^{\circ }\sin \varphi \ /\mathrm {day} ,}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.308ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bed4979bdea2cd8235da149f63304077c87cb1ac" data-alt="{\displaystyle \omega =360^{\circ }\sin \varphi \ /\mathrm {day} ,}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </p><p>where latitudes north and south of the equator are defined as positive and negative, respectively. A "pendulum day" is the time needed for the plane of a freely suspended Foucault pendulum to complete an apparent rotation about the local vertical. This is one sidereal day divided by the sine of the latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a Foucault pendulum at 30° south latitude, viewed from above by an earthbound observer, rotates counterclockwise 360° in two days. </p><p>Using enough wire length, the described circle can be wide enough that the tangential displacement along the measuring circle of between two oscillations can be visible by eye, rendering the Foucault pendulum a spectacular experiment: for example, the original Foucault pendulum in Panthéon moves circularly, with a 6-metre pendulum amplitude, by about 5 mm each period. </p><p>A Foucault pendulum requires care to set up because imprecise construction can cause additional veering which masks the terrestrial effect. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (Nobel laureate 1913) performed precise experiments and developed a fuller theory of the Foucault pendulum for his doctoral thesis (1879). He observed the pendulum to go over from linear to elliptic oscillation in an hour. By a <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory" title="Perturbation theory">perturbation analysis</a>, he showed that geometrical imperfection of the system or elasticity of the support wire may cause a beat between two horizontal modes of oscillation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial launch of the pendulum is also critical; the traditional way to do this is to use a flame to burn through a thread which temporarily holds the bob in its starting position, thus avoiding unwanted sideways motion (see a <a href="/wiki/File:Le_petit_Parisien_illustre_2nov1902.jpg" title="File:Le petit Parisien illustre 2nov1902.jpg">detail of the launch at the 50th anniversary in 1902</a>). </p><p>Notably, veering of a pendulum was observed already in 1661 by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Viviani" title="Vincenzo Viviani">Vincenzo Viviani</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, but there is no evidence that he connected the effect with the Earth's rotation; rather, he regarded it as a nuisance in his study that should be overcome with suspending the bob on two ropes instead of one. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">Air resistance</a> damps the oscillation, so some Foucault pendulums in museums incorporate an electromagnetic or other drive to keep the bob swinging; others are restarted regularly, sometimes with a launching ceremony as an added attraction. Besides air resistance (the use of a heavy symmetrical bob is to reduce friction forces, mainly air resistance by a symmetrical and aerodynamic bob) the other main engineering problem in creating a 1-meter Foucault pendulum nowadays is said to be ensuring there is no preferred direction of swing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Related_physical_systems">Related physical systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related physical systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png/220px-Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png/220px-Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Wheatstone_Foucault_device_256x256.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The device described by Wheatstone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many physical systems precess in a similar manner to a Foucault pendulum. As early as 1836, the Scottish mathematician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sang" title="Edward Sang">Edward Sang</a> contrived and explained the precession of a spinning top.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described an apparatus that consists of a vibrating spring that is mounted on top of a disk so that it makes a fixed angle <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span> with the disk. The spring is struck so that it oscillates in a plane. When the disk is turned, the plane of oscillation changes just like the one of a Foucault pendulum at latitude <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span>. </p><p>Similarly, consider a nonspinning, perfectly balanced bicycle wheel mounted on a disk so that its axis of rotation makes an angle <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span> with the disk. When the disk undergoes a full clockwise revolution, the bicycle wheel will not return to its original position, but will have undergone a net rotation of <span class="texhtml">2π sin <i>φ</i></span>. </p><p>Foucault-like precession is observed in a virtual system wherein a massless particle is constrained to remain on a rotating plane that is inclined with respect to the axis of rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-psb1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psb1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spin of a relativistic particle moving in a circular orbit precesses similar to the swing plane of Foucault pendulum. The relativistic velocity space in <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_spacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski spacetime">Minkowski spacetime</a> can be treated as a sphere <i>S</i><sup>3</sup> in 4-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_space" title="Euclidean space">Euclidean space</a> with imaginary radius and imaginary timelike coordinate. Parallel transport of polarization vectors along such sphere gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a>, which is analogous to the rotation of the swing plane of Foucault pendulum due to parallel transport along a sphere <i>S</i><sup>2</sup> in 3-dimensional Euclidean space.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In physics, the evolution of such systems is determined by <a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase" title="Geometric phase">geometric phases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematically they are understood through parallel transport. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Installations">Installations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Installations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Foucault_pendulums" title="List of Foucault pendulums">List of Foucault pendulums</a></div> <p>There are numerous Foucault pendulums at universities, science museums, and the like throughout the world. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">United Nations General Assembly Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a> in New York City has one. The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Convention_Center" title="Oregon Convention Center">Oregon Convention Center</a> pendulum is claimed to be the largest, its length approximately 27 m (89 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there are larger ones listed in the article, such as the one in Gamow Tower at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a> of 39.3 m (129 ft). There used to be much longer pendulums, such as the 98 m (322 ft) pendulum in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The experiment has also been carried out at the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, where it was assumed that the rotation of the Earth would have maximum effect.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pendulum was installed in a six-story staircase of a new station under construction at the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station</a>. It had a length of 33 m (108 ft) and the bob weighed 25 kg (55 lb). The location was ideal: no moving air could disturb the pendulum. The researchers confirmed about 24 hours as the rotation period of the plane of oscillation. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_rotation" title="Absolute rotation">Absolute rotation</a> – Rotation independent of any external reference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a> – Apparent force in a rotating reference frame<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_experiment" title="Eötvös experiment">Eötvös experiment</a> – Physics experiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase" title="Geometric phase">Geometric phase</a> – Phase of a cycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a> – Device for measuring or maintaining the orientation and angular velocity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial frame">Inertial frame</a> – Fundamental concept of classical mechanics<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lariat_chain" title="Lariat chain">Lariat chain</a> – Science demonstration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a> – Periodic change in the direction of a rotation axis</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOprea,_John1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oprea, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/geometry-and-the-foucault-pendulum">"Geometry and the Foucault Pendulum"</a>. <i>Amer. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+Foucault+pendulum+in+Russia%2C+beyond+the+Arctic+Circle&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitmurmansk.info%2Fen%2Fthe-first-foucault-pendulum-in-russia-beyond-the-arctic-circle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Foucault+pendulum">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, George (September 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/24/science/here-they-are-science-s-10-most-beautiful-experiments.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Here They Are, Science's 10 Most Beautiful Experiments"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531225159/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/24/science/here-they-are-science-s-10-most-beautiful-experiments.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Here+They+Are%2C+Science%27s+10+Most+Beautiful+Experiments&rft.date=2002-09-24&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F24%2Fscience%2Fhere-they-are-science-s-10-most-beautiful-experiments.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Baker, G. P. (2011). <i>Seven Tales of the Pendulum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958951-7"><bdi>978-0-19-958951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Tales+of+the+Pendulum&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958951-7&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1989" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, V.I. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalmeth0000arno/page/123"><i>Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics</i></a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalmeth0000arno/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96890-2"><bdi>978-0-387-96890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Methods+of+Classical+Mechanics&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-387-96890-2&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicalmeth0000arno%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarionThornton1995" class="citation book cs1">Marion, Jerry B.; Thornton, Stephen T. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicaldynamic00mari_0/page/398"><i>Classical dynamics of particles and systems</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Brooks Cole. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicaldynamic00mari_0/page/398">398–401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-097302-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-097302-4"><bdi>978-0-03-097302-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+dynamics+of+particles+and+systems&rft.pages=398-401&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Brooks+Cole&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-03-097302-4&rft.aulast=Marion&rft.aufirst=Jerry+B.&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Stephen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicaldynamic00mari_0%2Fpage%2F398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Persson, Anders O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411174448/http://www.meteohistory.org/2005historyofmeteorology2/01persson.pdf">"The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History of Meteorology</i>. <b>2</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteohistory.org/2005historyofmeteorology2/01persson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=The+Coriolis+Effect%3A+Four+centuries+of+conflict+between+common+sense+and+mathematics%2C+Part+I%3A+A+history+to+1885&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Persson&rft.aufirst=Anders+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteohistory.org%2F2005historyofmeteorology2%2F01persson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Foucault_pendulums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Foucault pendulums">Foucault pendulums</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Wolfe, Joe, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/pendulumdetails.html">A derivation of the precession of the Foucault pendulum</a>".</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebits.com/foucault">The Foucault Pendulum</a>", derivation of the precession in polar coordinates.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/foucault_pendulum.html">The Foucault Pendulum</a>" By Joe Wolfe, with film clip and animations.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/FoucaultsPendulum/">Foucault's Pendulum</a>" by Jens-Peer Kuska with Jeff Bryant, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Demonstrations_Project" title="Wolfram Demonstrations Project">Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a>: a computer model of the pendulum allowing manipulation of pendulum frequency, Earth rotation frequency, latitude, and time.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pendelcam.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/">Webcam Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg</a>".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calacademy.org/products/pendulum/index.html">California academy of sciences, CA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160525163952/http://www.calacademy.org/products/pendulum/index.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-25 at the Portuguese Web Archive Foucault pendulum explanation, in friendly format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202075110/http://electron.physics.buffalo.edu/ubexpo/Foucault%20Pendulum.html">Foucault pendulum model</a> Exposition including a tabletop device that shows the Foucault effect in seconds.</li> <li>Foucault, M. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120202153/http://www.fi.edu/time/journey/Pendulum/foucault_paper_page_one.html"><i>Physical demonstration of the rotation of the Earth by means of the pendulum</i></a>, Franklin Institute, 2000, retrieved 2007-10-31. 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IATED Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-606-8243-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-606-8243-1"><bdi>978-84-606-8243-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foucault%27s+Pendulum.+Uncomplicated+Tool+in+the+Study+of+Geodesy+and+Cartography&rft.btitle=EDULEARN15+Proceedings+-+7th+International+Conference+on+Education+and+New+Learning+Technologies%2C+Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=IATED+Academy&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-84-606-8243-1&rft.aulast=Daliga&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Przyborski%2C+M.&rft.au=Szulwic%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F277464397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartmellFallerLockerbieHandous2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cartmell, Matthew P.; Faller, James E.; Lockerbie, Nicholas A.; Handous, Eva (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428043">"On the modelling and testing of a laboratory-scale Foucault pendulum as a precursor for the design of a high-performance measurement instrument"</a>. <i>Proc. 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A</i>. <b>476</b> (2238): 20190680. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPSA.47690680C">2020RSPSA.47690680C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2019.0680">10.1098/rspa.2019.0680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428043">7428043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32821234">32821234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+A&rft.atitle=On+the+modelling+and+testing+of+a+laboratory-scale+Foucault+pendulum+as+a+precursor+for+the+design+of+a+high-performance+measurement+instrument&rft.volume=476&rft.issue=2238&rft.pages=20190680&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7428043%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32821234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.2019.0680&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPSA.47690680C&rft.aulast=Cartmell&rft.aufirst=Matthew+P.&rft.au=Faller%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Lockerbie%2C+Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Handous%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7428043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFoucault+pendulum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&oldid=1258214178">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&oldid=1258214178</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_pendulum&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Nbrouard" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731958725"> <span>Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 19:38</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88" title="نواس فوكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواس فوكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ndulu_de_Foucault" title="Péndulu de Foucault – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Péndulu de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuko_k%C9%99fkiri" title="Fuko kəfkiri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fuko kəfkiri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="ফুকোর দোলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুকোর দোলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Маятнік Фуко – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маятнік Фуко" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Махало на Фуко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махало на Фуко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ndol_de_Foucault" title="Pèndol de Foucault – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pèndol de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultovo_kyvadlo" title="Foucaultovo kyvadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Foucaultovo kyvadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendil_Foucault" title="Pendil Foucault – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pendil Foucault" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultpendul" title="Foucaultpendul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Foucaultpendul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultsches_Pendel" title="Foucaultsches Pendel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Foucaultsches Pendel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%27_pendel" title="Foucault' pendel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foucault' pendel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8E" title="Εκκρεμές του Φουκώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκρεμές του Φουκώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ndulo_de_Foucault" title="Péndulo de Foucault – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Péndulo de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendolo_de_Foucault" title="Pendolo de Foucault – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pendolo de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaulten_pendulu" title="Foucaulten pendulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Foucaulten pendulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88" title="آونگ فوکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آونگ فوکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendule_de_Foucault" title="Pendule de Foucault – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendule de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luascad%C3%A1n_Foucault" title="Luascadán Foucault – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luascadán Foucault" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ndulo_de_Foucault" title="Péndulo de Foucault – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Péndulo de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%84%EC%9E%90" title="푸코의 진자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸코의 진자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%B8%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ֆուկոյի ճոճանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆուկոյի ճոճանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="फूको का लोलक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फूको का लोलक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultovo_njihalo" title="Foucaultovo njihalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Foucaultovo njihalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault-pendulo" title="Foucault-pendulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Foucault-pendulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandul_Foucault" title="Bandul Foucault – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bandul Foucault" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendolo_di_Foucault" title="Pendolo di Foucault – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pendolo di Foucault" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מטוטלת פוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטוטלת פוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფუკოს ქანქარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფუკოს ქანქარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Фуко маятнигі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фуко маятнигі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Фуко маятниги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фуко маятниги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuko_sv%C4%81rsts" title="Fuko svārsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fuko svārsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuko_%C5%A1vytuokl%C4%97" title="Fuko švytuoklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fuko švytuoklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault-inga" title="Foucault-inga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foucault-inga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Фукоово нишало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фукоово нишало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഫൗക്കോൾ പെൻഡുലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫൗക്കോൾ പെൻഡുലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinger_van_Foucault" title="Slinger van Foucault – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slinger van Foucault" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%AF%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%90" title="フーコーの振り子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フーコーの振り子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaults_pendel" title="Foucaults pendel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Foucaults pendel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultpendel" title="Foucaultpendel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Foucaultpendel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuko_mayatnigi" title="Fuko mayatnigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuko mayatnigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ndol_%C3%ABd_Foucault" title="Pèndol ëd Foucault – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pèndol ëd Foucault" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahad%C5%82o_Foucaulta" title="Wahadło Foucaulta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wahadło Foucaulta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAndulo_de_Foucault" title="Pêndulo de Foucault – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pêndulo de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendul_Foucault" title="Pendul Foucault – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pendul Foucault" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Маятник Фуко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маятник Фуко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8nnulu_di_Foucault" title="Pènnulu di Foucault – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pènnulu di Foucault" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum" title="Foucault pendulum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Foucault pendulum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultovo_kyvadlo" title="Foucaultovo kyvadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Foucaultovo kyvadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultovo_nihalo" title="Foucaultovo nihalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Foucaultovo nihalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фукоово клатно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фукоово клатно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultovo_klatno" title="Foucaultovo klatno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Foucaultovo klatno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%99n_heiluri" title="Foucault’n heiluri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foucault’n heiluri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucaultpendel" title="Foucaultpendel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Foucaultpendel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கோ தனி ஊசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கோ தனி ஊசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="ఫోకాల్ట్ లోలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోకాల్ట్ లోలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_sarkac%C4%B1" title="Foucault sarkacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Foucault sarkacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Маятник Фуко (фізика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маятник Фуко (фізика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ndo%C5%82o_de_Foucault" title="Péndoło de Foucault – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Péndoło de Foucault" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_l%E1%BA%AFc_Foucault" title="Con lắc Foucault – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con lắc Foucault" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91%E6%91%86" title="傅科摆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="傅科摆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91%E6%93%BA" title="傅科擺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傅科擺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91%E6%91%86" title="傅科摆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傅科摆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 19:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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