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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolutionary War (1775–1782) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_War_(1775–1782)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early military career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Washington's_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Washington's_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 George Washington's staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Washington's_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Field command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_civilian_life_(1782–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_civilian_life_(1782–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Return to civilian life (1782–1789) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_civilian_life_(1782–1789)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to civilian life (1782–1789) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_civilian_life_(1782–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congress_of_the_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_the_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Congress of the Confederation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_the_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_and_the_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_and_the_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Congress and the army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_and_the_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Return to New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_and_The_Federalist_Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_and_The_Federalist_Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Constitution and The Federalist Papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_and_The_Federalist_Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Federalist_Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Federalist_Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 The Federalist Papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Federalist_Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasury_secretaryship_(1789–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasury_secretaryship_(1789–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Treasury secretaryship (1789–1795) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treasury_secretaryship_(1789–1795)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treasury secretaryship (1789–1795) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treasury_secretaryship_(1789–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Report_on_Public_Credit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Report_on_Public_Credit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Report on Public Credit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Report_on_Public_Credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Report_on_a_National_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Report_on_a_National_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Report on a National Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Report_on_a_National_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_mint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_mint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Establishing the mint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_mint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue_Cutter_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_Cutter_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Revenue Cutter Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_Cutter_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whiskey_as_tax_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whiskey_as_tax_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Whiskey as tax revenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whiskey_as_tax_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Manufacturing and industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jay_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jay_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Jay Treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jay_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_from_public_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_from_public_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Resignation from public office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_from_public_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Emergence of political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-secretaryship_(1795–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secretaryship_(1795–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-secretaryship (1795–1804) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-secretaryship_(1795–1804)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-secretaryship (1795–1804) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-secretaryship_(1795–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1796_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1796_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1796 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1796_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reynolds_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reynolds_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Reynolds affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reynolds_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasi-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasi-War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Quasi-War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasi-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1800 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duel_with_Burr_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duel_with_Burr_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Duel with Burr and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duel_with_Burr_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religious faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Jews_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Jews_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Relationship with Jews and Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Jews_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Public administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alexander Hamilton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ألكسندر هاميلتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر هاميلتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Hamilton" title="Aleksandr Hamilton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکساندر همیلتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر همیلتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="আলেকজান্ডার হ্যামিল্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্ডার হ্যামিল্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аляксандр Гамільтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Гамільтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Александър Хамилтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Хамилтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Αλεξάντερ Χάμιλτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Χάμιλτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکساندر همیلتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر همیلتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4" title="알렉산더 해밀턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 해밀턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ալեքսանդր Համիլթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Համիլթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="ऐलॅक्ज़ैण्डर हैमिलटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐलॅक्ज़ैण्डर हैमिलटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלכסנדר המילטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר המילטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಹ್ಯಾಮಿಲ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಹ್ಯಾಮಿಲ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალეგზანდერ ჰამილტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალეგზანდერ ჰამილტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Александр Гамильтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Гамильтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonius" title="Alexander Hamiltonius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Hamiltonius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Hamiltons" title="Aleksandrs Hamiltons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Hamiltons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="अलेक्झांडर हॅमिल्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर हॅमिल्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ ჰამილტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ ჰამილტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="الكسندر هاميلتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر هاميلتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Александр Хамильтон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Хамильтон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဟာမီတန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဟာမီတန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="アレクサンダー・ハミルトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンダー・ハミルトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਲੇਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਹੈਮਿਲਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲੇਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਹੈਮਿਲਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86" title="الکساندر هميلټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکساندر هميلټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Гамильтон, Александр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамильтон, Александр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%27_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ' හැමිල්ටන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ' හැමිල්ටන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Александер Хамилтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александер Хамилтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் ஆமில்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் ஆமில்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అలెగ్జాండర్ హామిల్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెగ్జాండర్ హామిల్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Александер Гамільтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Гамільтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="الیگزینڈر ہیملٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزینڈر ہیملٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%BC%A2%E5%AF%86%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" title="亞歷山大·漢密爾頓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞歷山大·漢密爾頓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Hamilton_and_slavery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hamilton and slavery">Alexander Hamilton and slavery</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Founding Father and statesman (1755/1757–1804)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alexander Hamilton (disambiguation)">Alexander Hamilton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexander Hamilton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hamilton portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, 1792</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 11, 1789 – January 31, 1795</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Senior_Officer_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Officer of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the United States Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 14, 1799 – June 15, 1800</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">George Washington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> from New York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 3, 1788 – March 2, 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Benson" title="Egbert Benson">Egbert Benson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Seat abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 4, 1782 – June 21, 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Seat established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Seat abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1755-01-11)January 11, 1755 or 1757<a href="#cite_note-birthyear-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Nevis">Colony of Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><time class="dday deathdate" datetime="1804-07-12">July 12, 1804</time> (aged 47 or 49) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Gunshot wound</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Schuyler">Elizabeth Schuyler</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1780)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton" title="Philip Hamilton">Philip</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Hamilton" title="Angelica Hamilton">Angelica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr." title="Alexander Hamilton Jr.">Alexander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Hamilton" title="James Alexander Hamilton">James</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hamilton_Holly" title="Eliza Hamilton Holly">Eliza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Hamilton (the second)">Philip</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_family" title="Hamilton family">Hamilton family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">King's College</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Hamilton's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg/128px-Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg/192px-Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg/256px-Alexander_Hamilton_Signaturert.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="49" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>New York (1775–1777)</li><li>United States (1777–1800)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Company_of_Artillery" title="New York Provincial Company of Artillery">New York Provincial Company of Artillery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1775–1776 (militia)</li><li>1776–1782</li><li>1798–1800</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">U.S. Army Senior Officer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757<a href="#cite_note-birthyear-1">[a]</a> – July 12, 1804) was an American military officer, statesman, and <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> who served as the first <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_the_treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of the treasury">U.S. secretary of the treasury</a> from 1789 to 1795 during <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington's presidency">George Washington's presidency</a>. Born out of <a href="/wiki/Wedlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedlock">wedlock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown, Nevis</a>, Hamilton was orphaned as a child and taken in by a prosperous merchant. He pursued his education in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> where, despite his young age, he was a prolific and widely read <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a> advocating for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American revolutionary cause</a>, though an anonymous one. He then served as an artillery officer in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, where he saw military action against the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a>, served for years as an aide to General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, and helped secure American victory at the climactic <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>. After the Revolutionary War, Hamilton served as a delegate from New York to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. He resigned to practice law and founded the <a href="/wiki/BNY_Mellon" title="BNY Mellon">Bank of New York</a>. In 1786, Hamilton led <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">the Annapolis Convention</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, which he helped ratify by writing 51 of the 85 installments of <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>. As a trusted member of President Washington's first <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet</a>, Hamilton served as the first U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>. He envisioned a central government led by an energetic president, a strong national defense, and an industrial economy. He successfully argued that the <a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">implied powers</a> of the Constitution provided the legal authority to fund the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>, assume the states' debts, and create the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>, which was funded by a tariff on imports and a <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey tax">whiskey tax</a>. He opposed American entanglement with the succession of unstable <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutionary governments</a> and advocated in support of the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> under which the U.S. resumed friendly trade relations with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. He also persuaded <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a>. Hamilton's views became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, which was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. Hamilton and other Federalists supported the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, and Hamilton helped draft the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. After resigning as Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton resumed his legal and business activities. He was a leader in the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">international slave trade</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, Hamilton called for mobilization against <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> appointed him major general. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">army</a>, however, did not see combat. Outraged by Adams' response to the crisis, Hamilton opposed his <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">reelection campaign</a>. Jefferson and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> tied for the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> and, despite philosophical differences, Hamilton endorsed Jefferson over Burr, whom he found unprincipled. When Burr <a href="/wiki/1804_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1804 New York gubernatorial election">ran for governor of New York in 1804</a>, Hamilton again campaigned against him, arguing that he was unworthy. Taking offense, Burr challenged Hamilton to <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">a duel</a>. In the July 11, 1804, duel in <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>, Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach. Hamilton was immediately transported to the home of <a href="/wiki/William_Bayard_Jr." title="William Bayard Jr.">William Bayard Jr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> for medical attention, but succumbed to his wounds the following day. Scholars generally regard Hamilton as an astute and intellectually brilliant administrator, politician, and financier who was sometimes impetuous. His ideas are credited with laying the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">American government</a> and finance. British historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> stated that Hamilton was a "genius—the only one of the Founding Fathers fully entitled to that accolade—and he had the elusive, indefinable characteristics of genius."<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Hamilton was born and spent the early part of his childhood in Charlestown, the capital of Nevis in the <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a>. Hamilton and his older brother, James Jr.,<a href="#cite_note-ramsing-7">[6]</a> were born out of wedlock to Rachel <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Lavien" title="Johann Michael Lavien">Lavien</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Faucette),<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> a married woman of half-British and half-<a href="/wiki/French_Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="French Huguenot">French Huguenot</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> and James A. Hamilton, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scotsman</a> who was the fourth son of Alexander Hamilton, the <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">laird</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerelaw_Castle" title="Kerelaw Castle">Grange, Ayrshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Randall1-19">[16]</a> Rachel Lavien was married on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow10-12-20">[17]</a> In 1750, Lavien left her husband and first son before travelling to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>, where she met James Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-chernow10-12-20">[17]</a> Hamilton and Lavien moved together to Nevis, her birthplace, where she had inherited a seaside lot in town from her father.<a href="#cite_note-chernow17-2">[1]</a> While their mother was living, Alexander and James Jr. received individual tutoring<a href="#cite_note-chernow17-2">[1]</a> and classes in a private school led by a Jewish headmistress.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Alexander supplemented his education with a family library of 34 books.<a href="#cite_note-chernow24-22">[19]</a> James Hamilton later abandoned Rachel Lavien and their two sons, allegedly to "spar[e] [her] a charge of <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>...after finding out that her first husband intend[ed] to divorce her under Danish law on grounds of adultery and desertion."<a href="#cite_note-Randall1-19">[16]</a> Lavien then moved with her two children to Saint Croix, where she supported them by managing a small store in <a href="/wiki/Christiansted,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands">Christiansted</a>. Lavien contracted <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and died on February 19, 1768, leaving Hamilton orphaned.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Lavien's death may have had a severe emotional impact on Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">probate court</a>, Lavien's "first husband seized her estate"<a href="#cite_note-Randall1-19">[16]</a> and obtained the few valuables that she had owned, including some household silver. Many items were auctioned off, but a friend purchased the family's books and returned them to Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-chernow25-30-25">[22]</a> The brothers were briefly taken in by their cousin Peter Lytton. However, Lytton took his own life in July 1769, leaving his property to his mistress and their son, and the Hamilton brothers were subsequently separated.<a href="#cite_note-chernow25-30-25">[22]</a> James Jr. apprenticed with a local carpenter, while Alexander was given a home by Thomas Stevens, a merchant from Nevis.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Hamilton became a clerk at Beekman and Cruger, a local import-export firm that traded with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Despite being only a teenager, Hamilton proved capable enough as a trader to be left in charge of the firm for five months in 1771 while the owner was at sea.<a href="#cite_note-Founders1771-28">[25]</a> He remained an avid reader, and later developed an interest in writing and a life outside Saint Croix. He wrote a detailed letter to his father regarding a hurricane that devastated Christiansted on August 30, 1772.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Presbyterian</a> Reverend Hugh Knox, a tutor and mentor to Hamilton, submitted the letter for publication in the Royal Danish-American Gazette. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> found the letter astounding because "for all its bombastic excesses, it does seem wondrous [that a] self-educated clerk could write with such verve and gusto" and that a teenage boy produced an apocalyptic "fire-and-brimstone sermon" viewing the hurricane as a "divine rebuke to human vanity and pomposity."<a href="#cite_note-chernow37-30">[27]</a> The essay impressed community leaders, who collected a fund to send Hamilton to the North American colonies for his education.<a href="#cite_note-gordon-31">[28]</a> In October 1772, Hamilton arrived by ship in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and proceeded from there to New York City, where he took lodgings with the Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Mulligan" title="Hercules Mulligan">Hercules Mulligan</a>, brother of a trader known to Hamilton's benefactors, who assisted Hamilton in selling cargo that was used to pay for his education and support.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien-Mulligan-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton64-33">[30]</a> Later that year, in preparation for college, Hamilton began to fill gaps in his education at the <a href="/wiki/Snyder_Academy" title="Snyder Academy">Elizabethtown Academy</a>, a preparatory school run by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Barber_(Colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Barber (Colonel)">Francis Barber</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>. While there, he came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a>, a local leading intellectual and <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">revolutionary</a> with whom he lived for a time.<a href="#cite_note-Newton2019-227-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Hamilton entered Mulligan's alma mater <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">King's College</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, in New York City, in the autumn of 1773 as a private student, while again boarding with Mulligan until officially matriculating in May 1774.<a href="#cite_note-Newton69-37">[34]</a> His college roommate and lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Robert_Troup" title="Robert Troup">Robert Troup</a> spoke glowingly of Hamilton's clarity in concisely explaining the patriots' case against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> in what is credited as Hamilton's first public appearance on July 6, 1773.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> As King's College students, Hamilton, Troup, and four other undergraduates formed an unnamed literary society that is regarded as a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Philolexian_Society" title="Philolexian Society">Philolexian Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow53-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardozo1902-40">[37]</a> In 1774, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> clergyman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury" title="Samuel Seabury">Samuel Seabury</a> published a series of pamphlets promoting the <a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalist</a> cause and Hamilton responded anonymously to it, with his first published political writings, <a href="/wiki/A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress" title="A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress">A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_Refuted" title="The Farmer Refuted">The Farmer Refuted</a>. Seabury essentially tried to provoke fear in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonies</a> with an objective of preventing the colonies from uniting against the British.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Hamilton published two additional pieces attacking the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> and may have also authored the 15 anonymous installments of "The Monitor" for Holt's <a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newton116-117-43">[40]</a> Hamilton was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolutionary cause</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">war</a> began, although he did not approve of mob reprisals against <a href="/wiki/Loyalism_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalism (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>. On May 10, 1775, Hamilton won credit for saving his college's president, Loyalist <a href="/wiki/Myles_Cooper" title="Myles Cooper">Myles Cooper</a>, from an angry mob by speaking to the crowd long enough to allow Cooper to escape.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Hamilton was forced to discontinue his studies before graduating when the college closed its doors during the British occupation of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_War_(1775–1782)">Revolutionary War (1775–1782)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Oak_(New_York_militia)" title="Hearts of Oak (New York militia)">Hearts of Oak (New York militia)</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_1757_1804_hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Hamilton in the Uniform of the New York Artillery, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel" title="Alonzo Chappel">Alonzo Chappel</a></figcaption></figure> In 1775, after the first engagement of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">American patriot</a> troops with the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a>, Hamilton and other King's College students joined a New York volunteer <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> company called <a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Oak_(New_York_militia)" title="Hearts of Oak (New York militia)">the Corsicans</a>, whose name reflected the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a> that was suppressed six years earlier and young American patriots regarded as a model to be emulated.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Hamilton drilled with the company before classes in the graveyard of nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Chapel" title="St. Paul's Chapel">St. Paul's Chapel</a>. He studied military history and tactics on his own and was soon recommended for promotion.<a href="#cite_note-Newton127-47">[44]</a> Under fire from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Asia_(1764)" title="HMS Asia (1764)">HMS Asia</a>, and with support from Hercules Mulligan and the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>, he led his newly renamed unit the "Hearts of Oak" on a successful raid for British cannons in <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">the Battery</a>. The seizure of the cannons resulted in the unit being re-designated an artillery company.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 13  Through his connections with influential <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> patriots, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, Hamilton raised the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Company_of_Artillery" title="New York Provincial Company of Artillery">New York Provincial Company of Artillery</a> of 60 men in 1776, and was elected <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Continental_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (Continental Army)">captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow72-49">[46]</a> The company took part in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Campaign">campaign of 1776</a> in and around New York City; as <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> of the Continental Army's retreat up Manhattan, serving at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a> shortly after, and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a> a month later. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, the company was stationed at the high point of <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a> at the intersection of present-day Warren and Broad streets to keep the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessians</a> pinned in their Trenton barracks.<a href="#cite_note-stryker158-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ketchum361-64-51">[48]</a> Hamilton participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a> on January 3, 1777. After an initial setback, Washington rallied the Continental Army troops and led them in a successful charge against the British forces. After making a brief stand, the British fell back, some leaving <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, and others taking up refuge in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>. Hamilton transported three cannons to the hall, and had them fire upon the building as others rushed the front door and broke it down. The British subsequently put a white flag outside one of the windows;<a href="#cite_note-ketchum361-64-51">[48]</a> 194 British soldiers walked out of the building and laid down their arms, ending the battle in an American victory.<a href="#cite_note-stryker290-52">[49]</a> While being stationed in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>, from December 1779 to March 1780, Hamilton met <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Schuyler">Elizabeth Schuyler</a>, a daughter of General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Van_Rensselaer" title="Catherine Van Rensselaer">Catherine Van Rensselaer</a>. They married on December 14, 1780, at the <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Mansion" title="Schuyler Mansion">Schuyler Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow128-129-53">[50]</a> They had eight children, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton" title="Philip Hamilton">Philip</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chernow654-655-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Hamilton" title="Angelica Hamilton">Angelica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr." title="Alexander Hamilton Jr.">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Hamilton" title="James Alexander Hamilton">James</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hamilton_Holly" title="Eliza Hamilton Holly">Eliza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Hamilton (the second)">another Philip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Washington's_staff">George Washington's staff</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Washington's aides-de-camp</a></div> Hamilton was invited to become an aide to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> general <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">William Alexander, Lord Stirling</a>, and another general, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newton189-190-57">[54]</a> He declined these invitations, believing his best chance for improving his station in life was glory on the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>'s battlefields. Hamilton eventually received an invitation he felt he could not refuse: to serve as Washington's aide with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Washington believed that "Aides de camp are persons in whom entire confidence must be placed and it requires men of abilities to execute the duties with propriety and dispatch."<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Hamilton served four years as Washington's chief staff aide. He handled letters to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, state governors, and the most powerful generals of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. He drafted many of Washington's orders and letters under Washington's direction, and he eventually issued orders on Washington's behalf over his own signature.<a href="#cite_note-chernow90-60">[57]</a> Hamilton was involved in a wide variety of high-level duties, including <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, and negotiation with senior army officers as Washington's emissary.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> During the Revolutionary War, Hamilton became the close friend of several fellow officers. His letters to the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/John_Laurens" title="John Laurens">John Laurens</a>, employing the <a href="/wiki/Sentimentalism_(literature)" title="Sentimentalism (literature)">sentimental literary conventions</a> of the late 18th century and alluding to Greek history and mythology,<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> have been read by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ned_Katz" title="Jonathan Ned Katz">Jonathan Ned Katz</a> as revelatory of a <a href="/wiki/Homosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosocial">homosocial</a> or even homosexual relationship.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Biographer Gregory D. Massey amongst others, by contrast, dismisses all such speculation as unsubstantiated, describing their friendship as purely platonic camaraderie instead and placing their correspondence in the context of the flowery diction of the time.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_command">Field command</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a></div> While on Washington's staff, Hamilton long sought command and a return to active combat. As the war drew nearer to an end, he knew that opportunities for military glory were diminishing. On February 15, 1781, Hamilton was reprimanded by Washington after a minor misunderstanding. Although Washington quickly tried to mend their relationship, Hamilton insisted on leaving his staff.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> He officially left in March, and settled with his new wife Elizabeth Schuyler close to Washington's headquarters. He continued to repeatedly ask Washington and others for a field command. Washington continued to demur, citing the need to appoint men of higher rank. This continued until early July 1781, when Hamilton submitted a letter to Washington with his <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a> enclosed, "thus tacitly threatening to resign if he didn't get his desired command."<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> On July 31, Washington relented and assigned Hamilton as commander of <a href="/wiki/The_Light_Infantry_Division_at_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Light Infantry Division at Yorktown (1781)">a battalion of light infantry companies</a> of the 1st and 2nd New York Regiments and two provisional companies from Connecticut.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> In the planning for <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">the assault on Yorktown</a>, Hamilton was given command of three <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, which were to fight in conjunction with the allied <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">French troops</a> in taking <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubts</a> No. 9 and No. 10 of the British fortifications at Yorktown. Hamilton and his battalions took Redoubt No. 10 with <a href="/wiki/Bayonets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonets">bayonets</a> in a nighttime action, as planned. The French also suffered heavy casualties and took Redoubt No. 9. These actions forced the British surrender of an entire army at Yorktown, marking the de facto end of the war, although small battles continued for two more years until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> and the departure of the last British troops.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris1970-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_civilian_life_(1782–1789)">Return to civilian life (1782–1789)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_the_Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></div> After Yorktown, Hamilton returned to New York City and resigned his commission in March 1782. He passed the bar in July after six months of self-directed education and, in October, was licensed to argue cases before the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray2007-72">[69]</a> He also accepted an offer from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> to become receiver of continental taxes for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Hamilton was appointed in July 1782 to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> as a New York representative for the term beginning in November 1782.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Before his appointment to Congress in 1782, Hamilton was already sharing his criticisms of Congress. He expressed these criticisms in his letter to James Duane dated September 3, 1780: "The fundamental defect is a want of power in Congress ... the confederation itself is defective and requires to be altered; it is neither fit for war, nor peace."<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> While on Washington's staff, Hamilton had become frustrated with the decentralized nature of the wartime Continental Congress, particularly its dependence upon the states for voluntary financial support that was not often forthcoming. Under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, Congress had no power to collect taxes or to demand money from the states. This lack of a stable source of funding had made it difficult for the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> both to obtain its necessary provisions and to pay its soldiers. During the war, and for some time after, Congress obtained what funds it could from subsidies from the King of France, European loans, and aid requested from the several states, which were often unable or unwilling to contribute.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> An amendment to the Articles had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Burke (North Carolina)">Thomas Burke</a>, in February 1781, to give Congress the power to collect a five percent impost, or duty on all imports, but this required ratification by all states; securing its passage as law proved impossible after it was rejected by Rhode Island in November 1782. <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> joined Hamilton in influencing Congress to send a delegation to persuade Rhode Island to change its mind. Their report recommending the delegation argued the national government needed not just some level of financial autonomy, but also the ability to make laws that superseded those of the individual states. Hamilton transmitted a letter arguing that Congress already had the power to tax, since it had the power to fix the sums due from the several states; but Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">rescission</a> of its own ratification of this amendment ended the Rhode Island negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-chernow176-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_and_the_army">Congress and the army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></div> While Hamilton was in Congress, discontented soldiers began to pose a danger to the young United States. Most of the army was then posted at <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh, New York</a>. Those in the army were funding much of their own supplies, and they had not been paid in eight months. Furthermore, after <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a>, the Continental officers had been promised in May 1778 a pension of half their pay when they were discharged.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> By the early 1780s, due to the structure of the government under the Articles of Confederation, it had no power to tax to either raise revenue or pay its soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker15-80">[77]</a> In 1782, after several months without pay, a group of officers organized to send a delegation to lobby Congress, led by Captain Alexander McDougall. The officers had three demands: the army's pay, their own pensions, and commutation of those pensions into a lump-sum payment if Congress were unable to afford the half-salary pensions for life. Congress rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker15-80">[77]</a> Several congressmen, including Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, attempted to use the so-called <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> as leverage to secure support from the states and in Congress for funding of the national government. They encouraged MacDougall to continue his aggressive approach, implying unknown consequences if their demands were not met, and defeated proposals designed to end the crisis without establishing general taxation: that the states assume the debt to the army, or that an impost be established dedicated to the sole purpose of paying that debt.<a href="#cite_note-ellis141-81">[78]</a> Hamilton suggested using the Army's claims to prevail upon the states for the proposed national funding system.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Morrises and Hamilton contacted General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> to suggest he and the officers defy civil authority, at least by not disbanding if the army were not satisfied. Hamilton wrote Washington to suggest that Hamilton covertly "take direction" of the officers' efforts to secure redress, to secure continental funding but keep the army within the limits of moderation.<a href="#cite_note-chernow177-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Washington wrote Hamilton back, declining to introduce the army.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> After the crisis had ended, Washington warned of the dangers of using the army as leverage to gain support for the national funding plan.<a href="#cite_note-chernow177-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington1783-86">[83]</a> On March 15, Washington defused the Newburgh situation by addressing the officers personally.<a href="#cite_note-ellis141-81">[78]</a> Congress ordered the Army officially disbanded in April 1783. In the same month, Congress passed a new measure for a 25-year impost—which Hamilton voted against<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a>—that again required the consent of all the states; it also approved a commutation of the officers' pensions to five years of full pay. Rhode Island again opposed these provisions, and Hamilton's robust assertions of national prerogatives in his previous letter were widely held to be excessive.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> In June 1783, a different group of disgruntled soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, sent Congress a petition demanding their back pay. When they began to march toward <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Congress charged Hamilton and two others with intercepting the mob.<a href="#cite_note-chernow177-83">[80]</a> Hamilton requested militia from Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council, but was turned down. Hamilton instructed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a> to intercept the men. Jackson was unsuccessful. The mob arrived in Philadelphia, and the soldiers proceeded to harangue Congress for their pay. Hamilton argued that Congress ought to adjourn to <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>. Congress agreed, and relocated there.<a href="#cite_note-chernow182-89">[86]</a> Frustrated with the weakness of the central government, Hamilton while in Princeton, drafted a call to revise the Articles of Confederation. This resolution contained many features of the future Constitution of the United States, including a strong federal government with the ability to collect taxes and raise an army. It also included the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">judicial</a> branches.<a href="#cite_note-chernow182-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_New_York">Return to New York</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention (1786)</a></div> Hamilton resigned from Congress in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">the British left New York in 1783</a>, he practiced there in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harison" title="Richard Harison">Richard Harison</a>. He specialized in defending <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Tories</a> and British subjects, as in <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_v._Waddington" title="Rutgers v. Waddington">Rutgers v. Waddington</a>, in which he defeated a claim for damages done to a brewery by the Englishmen who held it during the military occupation of New York. He pleaded for the mayor's court to interpret state law consistent with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which had ended the Revolutionary War.<a href="#cite_note-chernow197-199-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 64–69  In 1784, Hamilton founded the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of New York">Bank of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Globe2011-92">[89]</a> Long dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation as too weak to be effective, Hamilton played a major leadership role at the <a href="/wiki/1786_Annapolis_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1786 Annapolis Convention">1786 Annapolis Convention</a>. He drafted its resolution for a constitutional convention, and in doing so brought one step closer to reality his longtime desire to have a more effectual, more financially self-sufficient federal government.<a href="#cite_note-Morris1988-93">[90]</a> As a member of the legislature of New York, Hamilton argued forcefully and at length in favor of a bill to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">sovereignty of the State of Vermont</a>, against numerous objections to its constitutionality and policy. Consideration of the bill was deferred to a later date. From 1787 to 1789, Hamilton exchanged letters with <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Chipman" title="Nathaniel Chipman">Nathaniel Chipman</a>, a lawyer representing Vermont. After the Constitution of the United States went into effect, Hamilton said, "One of the first subjects of deliberation with the new Congress will be the independence of Kentucky, for which the southern states will be anxious. The northern will be glad to send a counterpoise in Vermont."<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In 1788, he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree from his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, the former King's College, now reconstituted as Columbia College.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> It was during this post-war period that Hamilton served on the college's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Trustees">board of trustees</a>, playing a part in the reopening of the college and placing it on firm financial footing.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_and_The_Federalist_Papers">Constitution and The Federalist Papers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_making_the_first_draft_of_the_Constitution_for_the_United_States_1787_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Hamilton authoring the first draft of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> in 1787</figcaption></figure> In 1787, Hamilton served as assemblyman from <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> and was chosen as a delegate at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> by his father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 191 <a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Even though Hamilton had been a leader in calling for a new Constitutional Convention, his direct influence at the Convention itself was quite limited. Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>'s faction in the New York legislature had chosen New York's other two delegates, <a href="/wiki/John_Lansing_Jr." title="John Lansing Jr.">John Lansing Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)" title="Robert Yates (politician)">Robert Yates</a>, and both of them opposed Hamilton's goal of a strong national government.<a href="#cite_note-chernow227-228-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morton15-101">[98]</a> Thus, whenever the other two members of the New York delegation were present, they decided New York's vote, to ensure that there were no major alterations to the Articles of Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 195  Early in the convention, Hamilton made a speech proposing a president-for-life; it had no effect upon the deliberations of the convention. <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#Alternative_plans" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">He proposed</a> to have an elected president and elected <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> who would serve for life, contingent upon "good behavior" and subject to removal for corruption or abuse; this idea contributed later to the hostile view of Hamilton as a monarchist sympathizer, held by James Madison.<a href="#cite_note-chernow232-102">[99]</a> According to Madison's notes, Hamilton said in regards to the executive, "The English model was the only good one on this subject. The hereditary interest of the king was so interwoven with that of the nation, and his personal emoluments so great, that he was placed above the danger of being corrupted from abroad... Let one executive be appointed for life who dares execute his powers."<a href="#cite_note-LarsonWinship2005-103">[100]</a> Hamilton argued, "And let me observe that an executive is less dangerous to the liberties of the people when in office during life than for seven years. It may be said this constitutes as an elective monarchy ... But by making the executive subject to impeachment, the term 'monarchy' cannot apply ..."<a href="#cite_note-LarsonWinship2005-103">[100]</a> In his notes of the convention, Madison interpreted Hamilton's proposal as claiming power for the "rich and well born". Madison's perspective all but isolated Hamilton from his fellow delegates and others who felt they did not reflect the ideas of revolution and liberty.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> During the convention, Hamilton constructed a draft for the Constitution based on the convention debates, but he never presented it. This draft had most of the features of the actual Constitution. In this draft, the Senate was to be elected in proportion to the population, being two-fifths the size of the House, and the president and senators were to be elected through complex multistage elections, in which chosen electors would elect smaller bodies of electors; they would hold office for life, but were removable for misconduct. The president would have an absolute veto. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> was to have immediate jurisdiction over all <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits">lawsuits</a> involving the United States, and state governors were to be appointed by the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> At the end of the convention, Hamilton was still not content with the final Constitution, but signed it anyway as a vast improvement over the Articles of Confederation, and urged his fellow delegates to do so also.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Since the other two members of the New York delegation, Lansing and Yates, had already withdrawn, Hamilton was the only New York signer to the United States Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 206  He then took a highly active part in the successful campaign for the document's ratification in New York in 1788, which was a crucial step in its national ratification. He first used the popularity of the Constitution by the masses to compel George Clinton to sign, but was unsuccessful. The state convention in Poughkeepsie in June 1788 pitted Hamilton, Jay, <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Le_Roy_Livingston" title="Robert Le Roy Livingston">Robert Livingston</a>, and Richard Morris against the Clintonian faction led by <a href="/wiki/Melancton_Smith" title="Melancton Smith">Melancton Smith</a>, Lansing, Yates, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Livingston_(legislator)" title="Gilbert Livingston (legislator)">Gilbert Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denboer15-107">[104]</a> Clinton's faction wanted to amend the Constitution, while maintaining the state's right to secede if their attempts failed, and members of Hamilton's faction were against any conditional ratification, under the impression that New York would not be accepted into the Union. During the state convention, New Hampshire and Virginia becoming the ninth and tenth states to ratify the Constitution, respectively, had ensured any adjournment would not happen and a compromise would have to be reached.<a href="#cite_note-Denboer15-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan15-108">[105]</a> Hamilton's arguments used for the ratifications were largely iterations of work from The Federalist Papers, and Smith eventually went for ratification, though it was more out of necessity than Hamilton's rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan15-108">[105]</a> The vote in the state convention was ratified 30 to 27, on July 26, 1788.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Federalist_Papers">The Federalist Papers</h4></div> Hamilton recruited John Jay and James Madison to write The Federalist Papers, a series of essays, to defend the proposed Constitution. He made the largest contribution to that effort, writing 51 of the 85 essays published. Hamilton supervised the entire project, enlisted the participants, wrote the majority of the essays, and oversaw the publication. During the project, each person was responsible for their areas of expertise. Jay covered foreign relations. Madison covered the history of republics and confederacies, along with the anatomy of the new government. Hamilton covered the branches of government most pertinent to him: the executive and judicial branches, with some aspects of the Senate, as well as covering military matters and taxation.<a href="#cite_note-chernow247-110">[107]</a> The papers first appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Journal" title="The Independent Journal">The Independent Journal</a> on October 27, 1787.<a href="#cite_note-chernow247-110">[107]</a> Hamilton wrote the first paper signed as <a href="/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)" title="Publius (praenomen)">Publius</a>, and all of the subsequent papers were signed under the name.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 210  Jay wrote the next four papers to elaborate on the confederation's weakness and the need for unity against foreign aggression and against splitting into rival confederacies, and, except for <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._64" title="Federalist No. 64">No. 64</a>, was not further involved.<a href="#cite_note-chernow252-257-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 211  Hamilton's highlights included discussion that although republics have been culpable for disorders in the past, advances in the "science of politics" had fostered principles that ensured that those abuses could be prevented, such as the division of powers, legislative checks and balances, an independent judiciary, and legislators that were represented by electors (No. 7–9).<a href="#cite_note-chernow252-257-111">[108]</a> Hamilton also wrote an extensive defense of the constitution (No. 23–36), and discussed the Senate and executive and judicial branches (No. 65–85). Hamilton and Madison worked to describe the anarchic state of the confederation (No. 15–22), and the two have been described as not being significantly different in thought during this time period—in contrast to their stark opposition later in life.<a href="#cite_note-chernow252-257-111">[108]</a> Subtle differences appeared with the two when discussing the necessity of standing armies.<a href="#cite_note-chernow252-257-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treasury_secretaryship_(1789–1795)">Treasury secretaryship (1789–1795)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg/220px-JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg/330px-JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg/440px-JEFraser_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)">statue of Hamilton</a> on the south patio of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure>In 1789, Washington—who had become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">first president of the United States</a>—appointed Hamilton to be his cabinet's Secretary of the Treasury on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, Washington's initial pick.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> On September 11, 1789, Hamilton was nominated and confirmed in the Senate<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and sworn in the same day as the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Report_on_Public_Credit">Report on Public Credit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Report_on_the_Public_Credit" title="First Report on the Public Credit">First Report on the Public Credit</a></div> Before the adjournment of the House in September 1789, they requested Hamilton to make a report on suggestions to improve the public credit by January 1790.<a href="#cite_note-Murray121-115">[112]</a> Hamilton had written to Morris as early as 1781, that fixing the public credit will win their objective of independence.<a href="#cite_note-Murray121-115">[112]</a> The sources that Hamilton used ranged from Frenchmen such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> to British writers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malachy_Postlethwayt" title="Malachy Postlethwayt">Malachy Postlethwayt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow296-299-116">[113]</a> While writing the report he also sought out suggestions from contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a> and Madison. Although they agreed on additional taxes such as distilleries and duties on imported liquors and land taxes, Madison feared that the securities from the government debt would fall into foreign hands.<a href="#cite_note-chernow121-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 244–45  In the report, Hamilton felt that the securities should be paid at full value to their legitimate owners, including those who took the financial risk of buying government bonds that most experts thought would never be redeemed. He argued that liberty and property security were inseparable, and that the government should honor the contracts, as they formed the basis of public and private morality. To Hamilton, the proper handling of the government debt would also allow America to borrow at affordable interest rates and would also be a stimulant to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-chernow296-299-116">[113]</a> Hamilton divided the debt into national and state, and further divided the national debt into foreign and domestic debt. While there was agreement on how to handle the foreign debt, especially with France, there was not with regards to the national debt held by domestic creditors. During the Revolutionary War, affluent citizens had invested in bonds, and war veterans had been paid with <a href="/wiki/Promissory_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory notes">promissory notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOU" title="IOU">IOUs</a> that plummeted in price during the Confederation. In response, the war veterans sold the securities to speculators for as little as fifteen to twenty cents on the dollar.<a href="#cite_note-chernow296-299-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Hamilton felt the money from the bonds should not go to the soldiers who had shown little faith in the country's future, but the speculators that had bought the bonds from the soldiers. The process of attempting to track down the original bondholders along with the government showing discrimination among the classes of holders if the war veterans were to be compensated also weighed in as factors for Hamilton. As for the state debts, Hamilton suggested consolidating them with the national debt and label it as federal debt, for the sake of efficiency on a national scale.<a href="#cite_note-chernow296-299-116">[113]</a> The last portion of the report dealt with eliminating the debt by utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Sinking_fund" title="Sinking fund">sinking fund</a> that would retire five percent of the debt annually until it was paid off. Due to the bonds being traded well below their face value, the purchases would benefit the government as the securities rose in price.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 300  When the report was submitted to the House of Representatives, detractors soon began to speak against it. Some of the negative views expressed in the House were that the notion of programs that resembled British practice were wicked, and that the balance of power would be shifted away from the representatives to the executive branch. <a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (politician)">William Maclay</a> suspected that several congressmen were involved in government securities, seeing Congress in an unholy league with New York speculators.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 302  Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_(Georgia_politician)" title="James Jackson (Georgia politician)">James Jackson</a> also spoke against New York, with allegations of speculators attempting to swindle those who had not yet heard about Hamilton's report.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 303  The involvement of those in Hamilton's circle such as Schuyler, <a href="/wiki/William_Duer_(Continental_Congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Duer (Continental Congressman)">William Duer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a>, Gouverneur Morris, and <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> as speculators was not favorable to those against the report, either, though Hamilton personally did not own or deal a share in the debt.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 304 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 250  Madison eventually spoke against it by February 1790. Although he was not against current holders of government debt to profit, he wanted the windfall to go to the original holders. Madison did not feel that the original holders had lost faith in the government but sold their securities out of desperation.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 305  The compromise was seen as egregious to both Hamiltonians and their dissidents such as Maclay, and Madison's vote was defeated 36 votes to 13 on February 22.<a href="#cite_note-chernow300-305-119">[116]</a>: 305 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 255  The fight for the national government to assume state debt was a longer issue and lasted over four months. During the period, the resources that Hamilton was to apply to the payment of state debts was requested by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_White_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander White (Virginia)">Alexander White</a>, and was rejected due to Hamilton's not being able to prepare information by March 3, and was even postponed by his own supporters in spite of configuring a report the next day, which consisted of a series of additional duties to meet the interest on the state debts.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 297–98  Duer resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, and the vote of assumption was voted down 31 votes to 29 on April 12.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 258–59  During this period, Hamilton bypassed the rising issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in Congress, after <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a> petitioned for its abolition, returning to the issue the following year.<a href="#cite_note-chernow307-120">[117]</a> Another issue in which Hamilton played a role was the temporary location of the capital from New York City. <a href="/wiki/Tench_Coxe" title="Tench Coxe">Tench Coxe</a> was sent to speak to Maclay to bargain about the capital being temporarily located to Philadelphia, as a single vote in the Senate was needed and five in the House for the bill to pass.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 263  Thomas Jefferson wrote years afterward that Hamilton had a discussion with him, around this time period, about the capital of the United States being relocated to Virginia by means of a "pill" that "would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them".<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 263  The bill passed in the Senate on July 21 and in the House 34 votes to 28 on July 26, 1790.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 263  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Report_on_a_National_Bank">Report on a National Bank</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">History of central banking in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Bank_of_the_United_States,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-First_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011633532_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6815" data-file-height="5305" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, commissioned by Hamilton when the nation adopted a single currency</figcaption></figure> Hamilton's Report on a National Bank was a projection from the first Report on the Public Credit. Although Hamilton had been forming ideas of a national bank as early as 1779,<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 268  he had gathered ideas in various ways over the past eleven years. These included theories from Adam Smith,<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> extensive studies on the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, the blunders of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> and his experience in establishing the Bank of New York.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke82-122">[119]</a> He also used American records from <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, Pelatiah Webster, Gouverneur Morris, and from his assistant treasury secretary Tench Coxe.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke82-122">[119]</a> He thought that this plan for a National Bank could help in any sort of financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Hamilton suggested that Congress should charter <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">the national bank</a> with a capitalization of $10 million, one-fifth of which would be handled by the government. Since the government did not have the money, it would borrow the money from the bank itself, and repay the loan in ten even annual installments.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 194  The rest was to be available to individual investors.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The bank was to be governed by a twenty-five-member board of directors that was to represent a large majority of the private shareholders, which Hamilton considered essential for his being under a private direction.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 268  Hamilton's bank model had many similarities to that of the Bank of England, except Hamilton wanted to exclude the government from being involved in <a href="/wiki/Public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Public debt">public debt</a>, but provide a large, firm, and elastic money supply for the functioning of normal businesses and usual economic development, among other differences.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 194–95  The tax revenue to initiate the bank was the same as he had previously proposed, increases on imported spirits: rum, liquor, and whiskey.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 195–96  The bill passed through the Senate practically without a problem, but objections to the proposal increased by the time it reached the House of Representatives. It was generally held by critics that Hamilton was serving the interests of the Northeast by means of the bank,<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> and those of the agrarian lifestyle would not benefit from it.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 270  Among those critics was <a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_(Georgia_politician)" title="James Jackson (Georgia politician)">James Jackson</a> of Georgia, who also attempted to refute the report by quoting from The Federalist Papers.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 270  Madison and Jefferson also opposed the bank bill. The potential of the capital not being moved to the Potomac if the bank was to have a firm establishment in Philadelphia was a more significant reason, and actions that Pennsylvania members of Congress took to keep the capital there made both men anxious.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 199–200  The Whiskey Rebellion also showed how in other financial plans, there was a distance between the classes as the wealthy profited from the taxes.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Madison warned the Pennsylvania congress members that he would attack the bill as unconstitutional in the House, and followed up on his threat.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 200  Madison argued his case of where the power of a bank could be established within the Constitution, but he failed to sway members of the House, and his authority on the constitution was questioned by a few members.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 200–01  The bill eventually passed in an overwhelming fashion 39 to 20, on February 8, 1791.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 271  Washington hesitated to sign the bill, as he received suggestions from Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> and Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson dismissed the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> as reasoning for the creation of a national bank, stating that the enumerated powers "can all be carried into execution without a bank."<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 271–72  Along with Randolph and Jefferson's objections, Washington's involvement in the movement of the capital from Philadelphia is also thought to be a reason for his hesitation.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 202–03  In response to the objection of the clause, Hamilton stated that "Necessary often means no more than needful, requisite, incidental, useful, or conductive to", and the bank was a "convenient species of medium in which [taxes] are to be paid."<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 272–73  Washington would eventually sign the bill into law.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 272–73  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_the_mint">Establishing the mint</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 234px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 232px; height: 232px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -3px; left: -3px; width: 475px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:NNC-US-1795-G$10-Turban_Head_(small_eagle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Turban Head eagle was one of the first gold coins minted under the Coinage Act of 1792." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg/475px-NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="475" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg/713px-NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1795-G%2410-Turban_Head_%28small_eagle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9402" data-file-height="4750" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NNC-US-1795-G$10-Turban_Head_(small_eagle).jpg" title="File:NNC-US-1795-G$10-Turban Head (small eagle).jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Turban_Head_eagle" title="Turban Head eagle">Turban Head eagle</a> was one of the first gold coins minted under the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a>. </div> </div> </div> In 1791, Hamilton submitted the Report on the Establishment of a Mint to the House of Representatives. Many of Hamilton's ideas for this report were from European economists, resolutions from the 1785 and 1786 Continental Congress meetings, and people such as Robert Morris, Gouverneur Morris and Thomas Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 197 <a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Because the most circulated coins in the United States at the time were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish currency</a>, Hamilton proposed that minting a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> weighing almost as much as the Spanish peso would be the simplest way to introduce a national currency.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Hamilton differed from European monetary policymakers in his desire to overprice gold relative to silver, on the grounds that the United States would always receive an influx of silver from the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 197  Despite his own preference for a monometallic <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Studentski-129">[126]</a> he ultimately issued a bimetallic currency at a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 197 <a href="#cite_note-nussbaum-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Hamilton proposed that the U.S. dollar should have fractional coins using decimals, rather than eighths like the Spanish coinage.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> This innovation was originally suggested by <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, with whom Hamilton corresponded after examining one of Morris's <a href="/wiki/Nova_Constellatio" title="Nova Constellatio">Nova Constellatio</a> coins in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> He also desired the minting of small value coins, such as silver ten-cent and copper cent and half-cent pieces, for reducing the cost of living for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 198 <a href="#cite_note-Cooke82-122">[119]</a> One of his main objectives was for the general public to become accustomed to handling money on a frequent basis.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 198  By 1792, Hamilton's principles were adopted by Congress, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a>, and the creation of the mint. There was to be a ten-dollar gold Eagle coin, a silver dollar, and fractional money ranging from one-half to fifty cents.<a href="#cite_note-Studentski-129">[126]</a> The coining of silver and gold was issued by 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Studentski-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_Cutter_Service">Revenue Cutter Service</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">United States Revenue Cutter Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USRC_Massachusetts_(1791).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg/260px-USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg/390px-USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg/520px-USRC_Massachusetts_%281791%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century portrait of a Revenue Marine cutter, which may be of either the <a href="/wiki/USRC_Massachusetts_(1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Massachusetts (1791)">USRC Massachusetts</a> or its replacement, the Massachusetts II</figcaption></figure> Smuggling off American coasts was an issue before the Revolutionary War, and after the Revolution it was more problematic. Along with smuggling, lack of shipping control, pirating, and a revenue unbalance were also major problems.<a href="#cite_note-Gibowicz07-134">[131]</a> In response, Hamilton proposed to Congress to enact a naval police force called <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Cutter_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue Cutter Service">revenue cutters</a> in order to patrol the waters and assist the custom collectors with confiscating contraband.<a href="#cite_note-chernow340-135">[132]</a> This idea was also proposed to assist in tariff controlling, boosting the American economy, and promote the merchant marine.<a href="#cite_note-Gibowicz07-134">[131]</a> It is thought that his experience obtained during his apprenticeship with Nicholas Kruger was influential in his decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-chernow32-136">[133]</a> Concerning some of the details of the System of Cutters,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Hamilton wanted the first ten <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutters</a> in different areas in the United States, from New England to Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-chernow340-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Each of those cutters was to be armed with ten muskets and bayonets, twenty pistols, two chisels, one broad-ax and two lanterns. The fabric of the sails was to be domestically manufactured;<a href="#cite_note-chernow340-135">[132]</a> and provisions were made for the employees' food supply and etiquette when boarding ships.<a href="#cite_note-chernow340-135">[132]</a> Congress established the Revenue Cutter Service on August 4, 1790, which is viewed as the birth of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibowicz07-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whiskey_as_tax_revenue">Whiskey as tax revenue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_(1792_portrait)_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Google_Arts_Project_-_Alexander_Hamilton_%281792_portrait%29_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10166" data-file-height="15442" /></a><figcaption>Hamilton in 1792, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a></figcaption></figure> One of the principal sources of revenue Hamilton prevailed upon Congress to approve was an <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> on whiskey. In his first Tariff Bill in January 1790, Hamilton proposed to raise the three million dollars needed to pay for government operating expenses and interest on domestic and foreign debts by means of an increase on duties on imported wines, distilled spirits, tea, coffee, and domestic spirits. It failed, with Congress complying with most recommendations excluding the excise tax on whiskey. The same year, Madison modified Hamilton's tariff to involve only imported duties; it was passed in September.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In response of diversifying revenues, as three-fourths of revenue gathered was from commerce with Great Britain, Hamilton attempted once again during his Report on Public Credit when presenting it in 1790 to implement an excise tax on both imported and domestic spirits.<a href="#cite_note-chernow342-343-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray141-141">[138]</a> The taxation rate was graduated in proportion to the whiskey proof, and Hamilton intended to equalize the tax burden on imported spirits with imported and domestic liquor.<a href="#cite_note-Murray141-141">[138]</a> In lieu of the excise on production citizens could pay 60 cents by the gallon of dispensing capacity, along with an exemption on small stills used exclusively for domestic consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Murray141-141">[138]</a> He realized the loathing that the tax would receive in rural areas, but thought of the taxing of spirits more reasonable than land taxes.<a href="#cite_note-chernow342-343-140">[137]</a> Opposition initially came from Pennsylvania's House of Representatives protesting the tax. William Maclay had noted that not even the Pennsylvanian legislators had been able to enforce excise taxes in the western regions of the state.<a href="#cite_note-chernow342-343-140">[137]</a> Hamilton was aware of the potential difficulties and proposed inspectors the ability to search buildings that distillers were designated to store their spirits, and would be able to search suspected illegal storage facilities to confiscate contraband with a warrant.<a href="#cite_note-Murray40-142">[139]</a> Although the inspectors were not allowed to search houses and warehouses, they were to visit twice a day and file weekly reports in extensive detail.<a href="#cite_note-chernow342-343-140">[137]</a> Hamilton cautioned against expedited judicial means, and favored a jury trial with potential offenders.<a href="#cite_note-Murray40-142">[139]</a> As soon as 1791, locals began to shun or threaten inspectors, as they felt the inspection methods were intrusive.<a href="#cite_note-chernow342-343-140">[137]</a> Inspectors were also <a href="/wiki/Tarred_and_feathered" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarred and feathered">tarred and feathered</a>, blindfolded, and whipped. Hamilton had attempted to appease the opposition with lowered tax rates, but it did not suffice.<a href="#cite_note-chernow468-143">[140]</a> Strong opposition to the whiskey tax by <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage producers</a> in remote, rural regions erupted into the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> in 1794; in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, whiskey was the basic export product and was fundamental to the local economy. In response to the rebellion, believing compliance with the laws was vital to the establishment of federal authority, Hamilton accompanied to the rebellion's site President Washington, General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee</a>, and more federal troops than were ever assembled in one place during the Revolution. This overwhelming display of force intimidated the leaders of the insurrection, ending the rebellion virtually without bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_industry">Manufacturing and industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">Report on Manufactures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg/290px-Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg/435px-Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg/580px-Great_Falls_of_Paterson_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6604" data-file-height="4405" /></a><figcaption>The Great Falls of the Passaic River in <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, which Hamilton envisioned using to power new factories</figcaption></figure> Hamilton's next report was his Report on Manufactures. Although he was requested by Congress on January 15, 1790, for a report for manufacturing that would expand the United States' independence, the report was not submitted until December 5, 1791.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 274, 277  In the report, Hamilton quoted from <a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a> and used the French <a href="/wiki/Physiocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrats">physiocrats</a> as an example for rejecting <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a> and the physiocratic theory, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 233  Hamilton also refuted Smith's ideas of government noninterference, as it would have been detrimental for trade with other countries.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 244  Hamilton also thought that the United States, being a primarily agrarian country, would be at a disadvantage in dealing with Europe.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> In response to the agrarian detractors, Hamilton stated that the agriculturists' interest would be advanced by manufactures,<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 276  and that agriculture was just as productive as manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 233 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 276  Hamilton argued for <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> to support a modern manufacturing industry in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bairoch-147">[144]</a> Among the ways that the government should assist manufacturing, Hamilton argued for government assistance to "<a href="/wiki/Infant_industry_argument" title="Infant industry argument">infant industries</a>" so they can achieve <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, by levying protective duties on imported foreign goods that were also manufactured in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Cooke101-148">[145]</a> for withdrawing duties levied on raw materials needed for domestic manufacturing,<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-Cooke101-148">[145]</a> and pecuniary boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 277  He also called for encouraging immigration for people to better themselves in similar employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke101-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Congress shelved the report without much debate, except for Madison's objection to Hamilton's formulation of the <a href="/wiki/General_welfare_clause" title="General welfare clause">general welfare clause</a>, which Hamilton construed liberally as a legal basis for his extensive programs.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> In 1791, Hamilton, along with Coxe and several entrepreneurs from New York City and Philadelphia formed the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Establishment_of_Useful_Manufactures" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures">Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures</a>, a private industrial corporation. In May 1792, the directors decided to examine the <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_(Passaic_River)" title="Great Falls (Passaic River)">Great Falls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Passaic_River" title="Passaic River">Passaic River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> as a possible location for a manufacturing center. On July 4, 1792, the society directors met <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Godwin" title="Abraham Godwin">Abraham Godwin</a>'s hotel on the Passaic River, where they led a tour prospecting the area for the national manufactory. It was originally suggested that they dig mile-long trenches and build the factories away from the falls, but Hamilton argued that it would be too costly and laborious.<a href="#cite_note-Shriner-151">[148]</a> The location at Great Falls of the Passaic River in New Jersey was selected due to access to raw materials, it being densely inhabited, and having access to water power from the falls of the Passaic.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 231  The factory town was named Paterson after New Jersey's Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a>, who signed the charter.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 232 <a href="#cite_note-Cooke103-152">[149]</a> The profits were to derive from specific corporates rather than the benefits to be conferred to the nation and the citizens, which was unlike the report.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke102-153">[150]</a> Hamilton also suggested the first stock to be offered at $500,000 and to eventually increase to $1 million, and welcomed state and federal government subscriptions alike.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 280 <a href="#cite_note-Cooke102-153">[150]</a> The company was never successful, with numerous shareholders reneged on stock payments and some going bankrupt. <a href="/wiki/William_Duer_(Continental_Congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Duer (Continental Congressman)">William Duer</a>, the governor of the program, was sent to debtors' prison, where he died.<a href="#cite_note-Matson-154">[151]</a> In spite of Hamilton's efforts to mend the disaster, the company folded.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke103-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jay_Treaty">Jay Treaty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></div> When <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France and Britain went to war</a> in early 1793, all four members of the Cabinet were consulted on what to do. They and Washington unanimously agreed to remain neutral, and to have the French ambassador who was raising privateers and mercenaries on American soil, <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Edmond-Charles Genêt</a>, recalled.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_McK-155">[152]</a>: 336–41  However, in 1794, policy toward Britain became a major point of contention between the two parties. Hamilton and the Federalists wished for more trade with Britain, the largest trading partner of the newly formed United States. The Republicans saw monarchist Britain as the main threat to republicanism and proposed instead to start a trade war.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 327–28  To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate with the British, with Hamilton largely writing Jay's instructions. The result was a treaty denounced by the Republicans, but Hamilton mobilized support throughout the land.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The Jay Treaty passed the Senate in 1795 by exactly the required two-thirds majority. The treaty resolved issues remaining from the Revolution, averted war, and made possible ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_McK-155">[152]</a>: Ch 9  Historian George Herring notes the "remarkable and fortuitous economic and diplomatic gains" produced by the Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Several European states had formed the <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">Second League of Armed Neutrality</a> against incursions on their neutral rights; the cabinet was also consulted on whether the United States should join the alliance and decided not to. It kept that decision secret, but Hamilton revealed it in private to George Hammond, the British minister to the United States, without telling Jay or anyone else. His act remained unknown until Hammond's dispatches were read in the 1920s. This revelation may have had limited effect on the negotiations; Jay did threaten to join the League at one point, but the British had other reasons not to view the alliance as a serious threat.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins_McK-155">[152]</a>: 411 ff <a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_from_public_office">Resignation from public office</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Report_on_Public_Credit" title="Second Report on Public Credit">Second Report on Public Credit</a></div> Hamilton's wife suffered a miscarriage<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> while he was absent during his armed repression of the Whiskey Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Chernow478-160">[157]</a> In the wake of this, Hamilton tendered his resignation from office on December 1, 1794, giving Washington two months' notice,<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Before leaving his post on January 31, 1795, Hamilton submitted the <a href="/wiki/Report_on_a_Plan_for_the_Further_Support_of_Public_Credit" title="Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit">Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit</a> to Congress to curb the debt problem. Hamilton grew dissatisfied with what he viewed as a lack of a comprehensive plan to fix the public debt. He wished to have new taxes passed with older ones made permanent and stated that any surplus from the excise tax on liquor would be pledged to lower public debt. His proposals were included in a bill by Congress within slightly over a month after his departure as treasury secretary.<a href="#cite_note-chernow480-162">[159]</a> Some months later, Hamilton resumed his law practice in New York to remain closer to his family.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_political_parties">Emergence of political parties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/220px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/330px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>A 1791 portrait of Hamilton's political rival <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></figcaption></figure> Hamilton's vision was challenged by Virginia agrarians <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and James Madison, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>. They favored strong state governments based in rural America and protected by state militias as opposed to a strong national government supported by a national army and navy. They denounced Hamilton as insufficiently devoted to republicanism, too friendly toward corrupt Britain and the monarchy in general, and too oriented toward cities, business and banking.<a href="#cite_note-Henretta2011-164">[161]</a> The two-party system <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">began to emerge</a> as political parties coalesced around competing interests. A congressional caucus, led by Madison, Jefferson, and <a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a>, began as an opposition group to Hamilton's financial programs. Hamilton and his allies began to call themselves <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">the Federalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith832-166">[163]</a> Hamilton assembled a nationwide coalition to garner support for the administration, including the expansive financial programs Hamilton had made administration policy and especially the president's policy of neutrality in the European war between Britain and France. Hamilton publicly denounced French minister Genêt, who commissioned American <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> and recruited Americans for private militias to attack British ships and colonial possessions of British allies. Eventually, even Jefferson joined Hamilton in seeking Genêt's recall.<a href="#cite_note-Young2011-167">[164]</a> If Hamilton's administrative republic was to succeed, Americans had to see themselves first as citizens of a nation and experience an administration that proved firm and demonstrated the concepts found within the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Cook2014-168">[165]</a> The Federalists did impose some internal direct taxes, but they departed from most implications of Hamilton's administrative republic as risky.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The Republicans opposed banks and cities and favored the series of unstable revolutionary governments in France. They built their own national coalition to oppose the Federalists. Both sides gained the support of local political factions, and each side developed its own partisan newspapers. <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fenno" title="John Fenno">John Fenno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a> were energetic editors for the Federalists, while <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin Franklin Bache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> were fiery Republican editors. All of their newspapers were characterized by intense personal attacks, major exaggerations, and invented claims. In 1801, Hamilton established a daily newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a>, and brought in <a href="/wiki/William_Coleman_(editor)" title="William Coleman (editor)">William Coleman</a> as its editor.<a href="#cite_note-Nevins1922-170">[167]</a> Hamilton's and Jefferson's incompatibility was heightened by the unavowed wish of each to be Washington's principal and most trusted advisor.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> An additional partisan irritant to Hamilton was the <a href="/wiki/1791_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1791 United States Senate election in New York">1791 United States Senate election in New York</a>, which resulted in the election of Democratic-Republican candidate <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> over Federalist candidate Philip Schuyler, the incumbent and Hamilton's father-in-law. Hamilton blamed Burr personally for this outcome, and negative characterizations of Burr began to appear in his correspondence thereafter. The two men did work together from time to time thereafter on various projects, including Hamilton's army of 1798 and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Water_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Water Company">Manhattan Water Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-secretaryship_(1795–1804)">Post-secretaryship (1795–1804)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1796_presidential_election">1796 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 United States presidential election</a></div> Hamilton's resignation as secretary of the treasury in 1795 did not remove him from public life. With the resumption of his law practice, he remained close to Washington as an advisor and friend. Hamilton influenced Washington in the composition of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">his farewell address</a> by writing drafts for Washington to compare with the latter's draft, although when Washington contemplated retirement in 1792, he had consulted Madison for a draft that was used in a similar manner to Hamilton's.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">election of 1796</a>, under the Constitution as it stood then, each of the presidential electors had two votes, which they were to cast for different men from different states. The one who received the most votes would become president, the second-most, vice president. This system was not designed with the operation of parties in mind, as they had been thought disreputable and factious. The Federalists planned to deal with this by having all their electors vote for <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, then vice president, and all but a few for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow117-175">[172]</a> Adams resented Hamilton's influence with Washington and considered him overambitious and scandalous in his private life; Hamilton compared Adams unfavorably with Washington and thought him too emotionally unstable to be president.<a href="#cite_note-chernow510-176">[173]</a> Hamilton took the election as an opportunity: he urged all the northern electors to vote for Adams and Pinckney, lest Jefferson get in; but he cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a> to have South Carolina's electors vote for Jefferson and Pinckney. If all this worked, Pinckney would have more votes than Adams, Pinckney would become president, and Adams would remain vice president, but it did not work. The Federalists found out about it and northern Federalists voted for Adams but not for Pinckney, in sufficient numbers that Pinckney came in third and Jefferson became vice president.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Adams resented the intrigue since he felt his service to the nation was much more extensive than Pinckney's.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reynolds_affair">Reynolds affair</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Reynolds_affair" title="Hamilton–Reynolds affair">Hamilton–Reynolds affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_(1758-1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/170px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/255px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/340px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Democratic-Republican congressman and Hamilton's political rival <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1797, Hamilton became the first major American politician publicly involved in a sex scandal.<a href="#cite_note-Brookhiser3-179">[176]</a> Six years earlier, in the summer of 1791, 34-year-old Hamilton became involved in an affair with 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Maria_Reynolds" title="Maria Reynolds">Maria Reynolds</a>. According to Hamilton's account Maria approached him at his house in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, claiming that her husband James Reynolds was abusive and had abandoned her, and she wished to return to her relatives in New York but lacked the means.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 366–69  Hamilton recorded her address and subsequently delivered $30 personally to her boarding house, where she led him into her bedroom and "Some conversation ensued from which it was quickly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable". The two began an intermittent illicit affair that lasted approximately until June 1792.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Pamphlet-180">[177]</a> Over the course of that year, while the affair was taking place, James Reynolds was well aware of his wife's infidelity, and likely orchestrated it from the beginning. He continually supported their relationship to extort blackmail money regularly from Hamilton. The common practice of the day for men of equal social standing was for the wronged husband to seek retribution in a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>, but Reynolds, of a lower social status and realizing how much Hamilton had to lose if his activity came into public view, resorted to extortion.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> After an initial request of $1,000<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> to which Hamilton complied, Reynolds invited Hamilton to renew his visits to his wife "as a friend"<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> only to extort forced "loans" after each visit that, most likely in collusion, Maria solicited with her letters. In the end, the blackmail payments totaled over $1,300 including the initial extortion.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 369  Hamilton at this point may have been aware of both spouses being involved in the blackmail,<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> and he welcomed and strictly complied with James Reynolds' eventual request to end the affair.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Pamphlet-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> In November 1792, James Reynolds and his associate Jacob Clingman were arrested for counterfeiting and <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculating</a> in Revolutionary War veterans' unpaid back wages. Clingman was released on bail and relayed information to Democratic-Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> that Reynolds had evidence incriminating Hamilton in illicit activity as Treasury Secretary. Monroe consulted with congressmen Muhlenberg and Venable on what actions to take and the congressmen confronted Hamilton on December 15, 1792.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Pamphlet-180">[177]</a> Hamilton refuted the suspicions of <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">financial speculation</a> by exposing his affair with Maria and producing as evidence the letters by both of the Reynolds, proving that his payments to James Reynolds related to blackmail over his adultery, and not to treasury misconduct. The trio agreed on their honor to keep the documents privately with the utmost confidence.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 366–69  Five years later however, in the summer of 1797, the "notoriously scurrilous" journalist <a href="/wiki/James_T._Callender" title="James T. Callender">James T. Callender</a> published A History of the United States for the Year 1796.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 334  The pamphlet contained accusations based on documents from the confrontation of December 15, 1792, taken out of context, that James Reynolds had been an agent of Hamilton. On July 5, 1797, Hamilton wrote to Monroe, Muhlenberg, and Venable, asking them to confirm that there was nothing that would damage the perception of his integrity while Secretary of Treasury. All but Monroe complied with Hamilton's request. Hamilton then published a 100-page booklet, later usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Reynolds_affair" title="Hamilton–Reynolds affair">Reynolds Pamphlet</a>, and discussed the affair in indelicate detail for the time. Hamilton's wife Elizabeth eventually forgave him, but never forgave Monroe.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Although Hamilton faced ridicule from the Democratic-Republican faction, he maintained his availability for public service.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 334–36  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></div> During the military build-up of the Quasi-War with France, and with the strong endorsement of Washington, Adams reluctantly appointed Hamilton a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> of the army. At Washington's insistence, Hamilton was made the senior major general, prompting Continental Army major general Henry Knox to decline the appointment to serve as Hamilton's junior, believing it would be degrading to serve beneath him.<a href="#cite_note-chernow558-560-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Hamilton served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of Inspectors General of the United States Army">inspector general of the United States Army</a> from July 18, 1798, to June 15, 1800. Because Washington was unwilling to leave Mount Vernon unless it were to command an army in the field, Hamilton was the de facto head of the army, to Adams's considerable displeasure. If full-scale war broke out with France, Hamilton argued that the army should conquer the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish North America">North American colonies</a> of France's ally, Spain, bordering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Hamilton was prepared to march the army through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> To fund this army, Hamilton wrote regularly to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a>, his successor at the treasury, Representative <a href="/wiki/William_Loughton_Smith" title="William Loughton Smith">William Loughton Smith</a>, and U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Theodore Sedgwick</a>. He urged them to pass a direct tax to fund the war. Smith resigned in July 1797, as Hamilton complained to him for slowness, and urged Wolcott to tax houses instead of land.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> The eventual program included taxes on land, houses, and slaves, calculated at different rates in different states and requiring assessment of houses, and a stamp act like that of the British before the Revolution, though this time Americans were taxing themselves through their own representatives.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> This provoked resistance in southeastern Pennsylvania nevertheless, led primarily by men such as <a href="/wiki/John_Fries" title="John Fries">John Fries</a> who had marched with Washington against the Whiskey Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Hamilton aided in all areas of the army's development, and after Washington's death he was by default the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">senior officer of the United States Army</a> from December 14, 1799, to June 15, 1800. The army was to guard against invasion from France. Adams, however, derailed all plans for war by opening negotiations with France that led to peace.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> There was no longer a direct threat for the army Hamilton was commanding to respond to.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Adams discovered that key members of his cabinet, namely Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> and Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a>, were more loyal to Hamilton than himself; Adams fired them in May 1800.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800_presidential_election">1800 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg/220px-Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg/330px-Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg/440px-Aaron_Burr_post-failure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Prior to running for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a>, Hamilton's foe Aaron Burr was shut out of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">President Jefferson's administration</a> and the Democratic-Republican Party.</figcaption></figure> In November 1799, the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> had left one Democratic-Republican newspaper functioning in New York City. When the last newspaper, the New Daily Advertiser, reprinted an article saying that Hamilton had attempted to purchase the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Aurora" title="Philadelphia Aurora">Philadelphia Aurora</a> to close it down, and said the purchase could have been funded by "British secret service money". Hamilton urged the New York Attorney General to prosecute the publisher for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>, and the prosecution compelled the owner to close the paper.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> In the 1800 election, Hamilton worked to defeat not only the Democratic-Republicans, but also his party's own nominee, John Adams.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 392–99  Aaron Burr had won New York for Jefferson in May via the New York City legislative elections, as the legislature was to choose New York's electors; now Hamilton proposed a direct election, with carefully drawn districts where each district's voters would choose an elector—such that the Federalists would split the electoral vote of New York. Jay, who had resigned from the Supreme Court to be governor of New York, wrote on the back of a letter, "Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt," and declined to reply.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Adams was running this time with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, the elder brother of former vice presidential candidate Thomas. Hamilton toured New England, again urging northern electors to hold firm for Pinckney in the renewed hope of making Pinckney president; and he again intrigued in South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 350–51  Hamilton's ideas involved coaxing middle-state Federalists to assert their non-support for Adams if there was no support for Pinckney and writing to more of the modest supports of Adams concerning his supposed misconduct while president.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 350–51  Hamilton expected to see southern states such as the Carolinas cast their votes for Pinckney and Jefferson, and would result in the former being ahead of both Adams and Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 394–95  In accordance with the second of the aforementioned plans, and a recent personal rift with Adams,<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 351  Hamilton wrote a pamphlet called Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States that was highly critical of him, though it closed with a tepid endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 396  Jefferson had beaten Adams, but both he and Aaron Burr had received 73 votes in the Electoral College. With Jefferson and Burr tied, the House of Representatives had to choose between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 352 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 399  Several Federalists who opposed Jefferson supported Burr, and for the first 35 ballots, Jefferson was denied a majority. Before the 36th ballot, Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson, supporting the arrangement reached by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(politician,_born_1767)" title="James A. Bayard (politician, born 1767)">James A. Bayard</a> of Delaware, in which five Federalist representatives from Maryland and Vermont abstained from voting, allowing those states' delegations to go for Jefferson, ending the impasse and electing Jefferson president rather than Burr.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 350–51  Even though Hamilton did not like Jefferson and disagreed with him on many issues, he viewed Jefferson as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser of two evils">lesser of two evils</a>. Hamilton spoke of Jefferson as being "by far not so a dangerous man" and of Burr as a "mischievous enemy" to the principal measure of the past administration.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> It was for that reason, along with the fact that Burr was a northerner and not a Virginian, that many Federalist representatives voted for him.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] Hamilton wrote many letters to friends in Congress to convince the members to see otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 352 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 401  In the end, Burr would become vice president after losing to Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-Monticello-201">[198]</a> However, according to several historians, the Federalists had rejected Hamilton's diatribe as reasons to not vote for Burr.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-48">[45]</a>: 353 <a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 401  In his book American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy, historian John Lamberton Harper stated Hamilton could have "perhaps" contributed "to a degree" in Burr's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Ron Chernow, alternatively, claimed that Hamilton "squelched" Burr's chance at becoming president.<a href="#cite_note-chernow638-203">[200]</a> When it became clear that Jefferson had developed his own concerns about Burr and would not support his return to the vice presidency,<a href="#cite_note-Monticello-201">[198]</a> Burr sought the New York governorship <a href="/wiki/1804_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1804 New York gubernatorial election">in 1804</a> with Federalist support, against the Jeffersonian <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Morgan Lewis</a>, but was defeated by forces including Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duel_with_Burr_and_death">Duel with Burr and death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Burr–Hamilton duel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg/220px-Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg/330px-Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg/440px-Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>A 1901 illustration of Burr wounding Hamilton in <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">their 1804 duel</a> in Weehawken, New Jersey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Hamilton's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a></figcaption></figure> Soon after Lewis' gubernatorial victory, the Albany Register published <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Cooper" title="Charles D. Cooper">Charles D. Cooper</a>'s letters, citing Hamilton's opposition to Burr and alleging that Hamilton had expressed "a still more despicable opinion" of the vice president at an upstate New York dinner party.<a href="#cite_note-jbf-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Cooper claimed that the letter was intercepted after relaying the information, but stated he was "unusually cautious" in recollecting the information from the dinner.<a href="#cite_note-chernow680-681-207">[204]</a> Burr, sensing an attack on his honor, and recovering from his defeat, demanded an apology in the form of a letter. Hamilton wrote a letter in response and ultimately refused because he could not recall the instance of insulting Burr. Hamilton would also have been accused of recanting Cooper's letter out of cowardice.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 423–24  After a series of attempts to reconcile were to no avail, a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> was arranged through liaisons on June 27, 1804.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 426  The concept of honor was fundamental to Hamilton's vision of himself and of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Historians have noted, as evidence of the importance that honor held in Hamilton's value system, that Hamilton had previously been a party to seven "affairs of honor" as a principal, and to three as an advisor or second.<a href="#cite_note-chernow-interview-209">[206]</a> Such affairs of honor were often concluded prior to reaching the final stage of a duel.<a href="#cite_note-chernow-interview-209">[206]</a> Before the duel, Hamilton wrote an explanation of his decision to participate while at the same time intending to "<a href="/wiki/Deloping" title="Deloping">throw away</a>" his shot.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> His desire to be available for future political matters also played a factor.<a href="#cite_note-jbf-205">[202]</a> A week before the duel, at an annual Independence Day dinner of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, both Hamilton and Burr were in attendance. Separate accounts confirm that Hamilton was uncharacteristically effusive while Burr was, by contrast, uncharacteristically withdrawn. Accounts also agree that Burr became roused when Hamilton, again uncharacteristically, sang a favorite song, which recent scholarship indicates that it was "<a href="/wiki/How_Stands_the_Glass_Around" title="How Stands the Glass Around">How Stands the Glass Around</a>", an anthem sung by military troops about fighting and dying in war.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The duel began at dawn on July 11, 1804, along the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> on a rocky ledge in <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Both opponents were rowed over from Manhattan separately from different locations, as the spot was not accessible from the west due to the steepness of the adjoining cliffs. Coincidentally, the duel took place relatively close to the location of the duel that had ended the life of Hamilton's eldest son, Philip, three years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Lots were cast for the choice of position and which second should start the duel. Both were won by Hamilton's second, who chose the upper edge of the ledge for Hamilton facing the city to the east, toward the rising sun.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Duel#Offence_and_satisfaction" title="Duel">seconds</a> had measured the paces Hamilton, according to both <a href="/wiki/William_P._Van_Ness" title="William P. Van Ness">William P. Van Ness</a> and Burr, raised his pistol "as if to try the light" and had to wear his glasses to prevent his vision from being obscured.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Hamilton also refused the more sensitive <a href="/wiki/Hair_trigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair trigger">hairspring</a> setting for the dueling pistols offered by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pendleton" title="Nathaniel Pendleton">Nathaniel Pendleton</a>, and Burr was unaware of the option.<a href="#cite_note-Brookhiser212-216">[213]</a> Vice President Burr shot Hamilton, delivering what proved to be a fatal wound. Hamilton's shot was said to have broken a tree branch directly above Burr's head.<a href="#cite_note-chernow117-175">[172]</a> Neither of the seconds, Pendleton nor Van Ness, could determine who fired first,<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> as each claimed that the other man had fired first.<a href="#cite_note-Brookhiser212-216">[213]</a> Soon after, they measured and triangulated the shooting, but could not determine from which angle Hamilton had fired. Burr's shot hit Hamilton in the lower abdomen above his right hip. The bullet ricocheted off Hamilton's second or third <a href="/wiki/False_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="False ribs">false rib</a>, fracturing it and causing considerable damage to his internal organs, particularly his <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, before becoming lodged in his first or second <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar vertebra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schachner-98">[95]</a>: 429 <a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The biographer Ron Chernow considers the circumstances to indicate that, after taking deliberate aim, Burr fired second,<a href="#cite_note-chernow704-219">[216]</a> while the biographer James Earnest Cooke suggests that Burr took careful aim and shot first, and Hamilton fired while falling, after being struck by Burr's bullet.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The paralyzed Hamilton was immediately attended by <a href="/wiki/David_Hosack" title="David Hosack">the same surgeon</a> who tended Philip Hamilton, and ferried to the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> boarding house of his friend <a href="/wiki/William_Bayard_Jr." title="William Bayard Jr.">William Bayard Jr.</a>, who had been waiting on the dock.<a href="#cite_note-chernow705-221">[218]</a> On his deathbed, Hamilton asked the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York" title="Episcopal Diocese of New York">Episcopal Bishop of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_(bishop)" title="Benjamin Moore (bishop)">Benjamin Moore</a>, to give him <a href="/wiki/Holy_communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy communion">holy communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-papers-v26-222">[219]</a> Moore initially declined to do so on the grounds that participating in a duel was a <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> and that Hamilton, although undoubtedly sincere in his faith, was not a member of the Episcopalian denomination.<a href="#cite_note-fleming-223">[220]</a> After leaving, Moore was persuaded to return that afternoon by the urgent pleas of Hamilton's friends. Upon receiving Hamilton's solemn assurance that he repented for his part in the duel, Moore gave him communion.<a href="#cite_note-fleming-223">[220]</a> After final visits from his family, friends, and considerable suffering for at least 31 hours, Hamilton died at two o'clock the following afternoon, July 12, 1804,<a href="#cite_note-chernow705-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-jch836-224">[221]</a> at Bayard's home just below the present <a href="/wiki/Gansevoort_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansevoort Street">Gansevoort Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1990-225">[222]</a> The city fathers halted all business at noon two days later for Hamilton's funeral. The procession route of about two miles organized by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> had so many participants of every class of citizen that it took hours to complete and was widely reported nationwide by newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Moore conducted the funeral service at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-papers-v26-222">[219]</a> Gouverneur Morris gave the eulogy and secretly established a fund to support his widow and children.<a href="#cite_note-chernow712-713-725-227">[224]</a> Hamilton was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">church's cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_faith">Religious faith</h3></div> As a youth in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Hamilton was an orthodox and conventional Presbyterian of the <a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">New Lights</a>; he was mentored there by a former student of <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>, a moderate of the New School.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> He wrote two or three <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a>, which were published in the local newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-chernow38-230">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Troup" title="Robert Troup">Robert Troup</a>, his college roommate, noted that Hamilton was "in the habit of <a href="/wiki/Praying" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying">praying</a> on his knees night and morning".<a href="#cite_note-jch-life-231">[228]</a>: 10  According to Gordon Wood, Hamilton dropped his youthful religiosity during the Revolution and became "a conventional liberal with theistic inclinations who was an irregular churchgoer at best"; however, he returned to religion in his last years.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Chernow wrote that Hamilton was nominally an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>, but: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[H]e was not clearly affiliated with the denomination and did not seem to attend church regularly or take communion. Like Adams, Franklin, and Jefferson, Hamilton had probably fallen under the sway of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, which sought to substitute reason for revelation and dropped the notion of an active God who intervened in human affairs. At the same time, he never doubted God's existence, embracing Christianity as a system of morality and cosmic justice.<a href="#cite_note-chernow205-233">[230]</a></blockquote> Stories were circulated that Hamilton had made two quips about God at the time of the Constitutional Convention in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-adair1955-234">[231]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he displayed a utilitarian approach to using religion for political ends, such as by maligning Jefferson as "the atheist", and insisting that Christianity and Jeffersonian democracy were incompatible.<a href="#cite_note-adair1955-234">[231]</a>: 316  After 1801, Hamilton further attested his belief in Christianity, proposing a Christian Constitutional Society in 1802 to take hold of "some strong feeling of the mind" to elect "fit men" to office, and advocating "Christian welfare societies" for the poor. After being shot, Hamilton spoke of his belief in God's mercy.<a href="#cite_note-235">[d]</a> On his deathbed, Hamilton asked the Episcopal Bishop of New York, Benjamin Moore, to give him holy communion.<a href="#cite_note-papers-v26-222">[219]</a> Moore initially declined to do so, on two grounds: that to participate in a duel was a <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a>, and that Hamilton, although undoubtedly sincere in his faith, was not a member of the Episcopalian denomination.<a href="#cite_note-fleming1-236">[232]</a> After leaving, Moore was persuaded to return that afternoon by the urgent pleas of Hamilton's friends, and upon receiving Hamilton's solemn assurance that he never intended to shoot Burr and repented for his part in the duel, Moore gave him communion.<a href="#cite_note-fleming-223">[220]</a> Bishop Moore returned the next morning, stayed with Hamilton for several hours until his death, and conducted the funeral service at Trinity Church.<a href="#cite_note-papers-v26-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Jews_and_Judaism">Relationship with Jews and Judaism</h3></div> Hamilton's birthplace had a large Jewish community, constituting one quarter of Charlestown's white population by the 1720s.<a href="#cite_note-chernow17-2">[1]</a> He came into contact with Jews on a regular basis; as a small boy, he was tutored by a Jewish schoolmistress, and had learned to recite the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> in the original <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jch-life-231">[228]</a> Hamilton exhibited a degree of respect for Jews that was described by Chernow as "a life-long reverence."<a href="#cite_note-chernow18-237">[233]</a> He believed that Jewish achievement was a result of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The state and progress of the Jews, from their earliest history to the present time, has been so entirely out of the ordinary course of human affairs, is it not then a fair conclusion, that the cause also is an extraordinary one—in other words, that it is the effect of some great providential plan? The man who will draw this conclusion, will look for the solution in the Bible. He who will not draw it ought to give us another fair solution.<a href="#cite_note-jch-711-238">[234]</a></blockquote> Based primarily on the phonetic similarity of Lavien to a common Jewish surname, it has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Lavien" title="Johann Michael Lavien">Johann Lavien</a>, the first husband of Hamilton's mother, was Jewish or of Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-chernow10-26-239">[235]</a> On this contested foundation, it was rumored that Hamilton himself was born Jewish, a claim that gained some popularity early in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Newton34-240">[236]</a> and that was given serious consideration by one present-day historian.<a href="#cite_note-Porwancher-241">[237]</a> The belief that Lavien was Jewish was popularized by Gertrude Atherton in her 1902 novel The Conqueror, a fictionalized biography of Hamilton which made the earliest known written assertion of the claim.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> The consensus of mainstream scholars and historians who have addressed the underlying question of whether Lavien was Jewish, such as Ron Chernow, is that the assertion is not credible.<a href="#cite_note-chernow_10-12_26-244">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Alexander_Hamilton" title="List of things named after Alexander Hamilton">List of things named after Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton">Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History of the United States Constitution</a></div> Hamilton's interpretations of the Constitution set forth in The Federalist Papers remain highly influential, as seen in scholarly studies and court decisions.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> Although the Constitution was ambiguous as to the exact balance of power between national and state governments, Hamilton consistently took the side of greater federal power at the expense of the states.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton found himself in opposition to then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Thomas Jefferson, who opposed establishing a de facto central bank. Hamilton justified the creation of this bank, and other federal powers, under Congress's constitutional authority to issue currency, regulate interstate commerce, and do anything else that would be "necessary and proper" to enact the provisions of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Frederick_Wilson_1992_94-247">[243]</a> Jefferson, however, took a stricter view of the Constitution. Parsing the text carefully, he found no specific authorization for the establishment of a national bank. This controversy was eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a>, which essentially adopted Hamilton's view, granting the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> broad freedom to select the best means to execute its constitutionally enumerated powers, essentially confirming the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">implied powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Frederick_Wilson_1992_94-247">[243]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> demonstrated the sorts of crises and politics Hamilton's administrative republic sought to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-Tulis1987-248">[244]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] Hamilton's policies have had great influence on the development of the U.S. government. His constitutional interpretation, particularly of the Necessary and Proper Clause, set precedents for federal authority that are still used by the courts and are considered an authority on constitutional interpretation. French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, who spent 1794 in the United States, wrote, "I consider <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a>, and Hamilton the three greatest men of our epoch, and if I were forced to decide between the three, I would give without hesitation the first place to Hamilton," adding that Hamilton had intuited the problems of European conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> Opinions of Hamilton run the gamut. Both <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a> and Jefferson viewed him as unprincipled and dangerously aristocratic. Hamilton's reputation was mostly negative in the eras of <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a>. The older Jeffersonian view attacked Hamilton as a centralizer, sometimes to the point of accusations that he advocated <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow397-398-250">[246]</a> By the Progressive Era, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> praised his leadership of a strong government. Several <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans in 19th and 20th centuries</a> entered politics by writing laudatory biographies of Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>, more recent views of Hamilton and his reputation have been favorable among scholars, who portray Hamilton as the visionary architect of the modern liberal capitalist economy and of a dynamic federal government headed by an energetic executive.<a href="#cite_note-wilentz-252">[248]</a> Conversely, modern scholars favoring Hamilton have portrayed Jefferson and his allies as naïve, dreamy idealists.<a href="#cite_note-wilentz-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3></div> Hamilton is not known to have ever owned slaves, although members of his family did. At the time of her death, Hamilton's mother owned two slaves and wrote a will leaving them to her sons. However, due to their illegitimacy, Hamilton and his brother were held ineligible to inherit her property and never took ownership of the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a>: 17  Later, as a youth in Saint Croix, Hamilton worked for a company trading in commodities that included slaves.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a>: 17  Historians have discussed whether Hamilton personally owned slaves later in life.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> Biographer Ron Chernow argued that while there is "no definite proof" that Hamilton personally owned slaves, "oblique hints" in Hamilton's papers suggest "he and Eliza may have owned one or two household slaves."<a href="#cite_note-chernow210-258">[254]</a> Hamilton occasionally handled slave transactions as the legal representative of his own family members, and his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLane_Hamilton" title="Allan McLane Hamilton">Allan McLane Hamilton</a>, interpreted some of these journal entries as being purchases for himself.<a href="#cite_note-Allan_McLane_Hamilton-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> In 1840, however, his son John maintained that his father "never owned a slave; but on the contrary, having learned that a domestic whom he had hired was about to be sold by her master, he immediately purchased her freedom."<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> By the time of Hamilton's early participation in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, his abolitionist sensibilities had become evident. He was active during the Revolutionary War in trying to raise black troops for the army with the promise of freedom. In the 1780s and 1790s, Hamilton generally opposed pro-slavery southern interests, which he saw as hypocritical to the values of the revolution. In 1785, he joined his close associate John Jay in founding the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a>, which successfully promoted the abolition of the international slave trade in New York City and passed a state law to end slavery in New York through a decades-long process of emancipation with a final end to slavery in the state on July 4, 1827.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a> At a time when most white leaders doubted the capacity of blacks, Hamilton believed slavery was morally wrong and wrote that "their natural faculties are as good as ours."<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Unlike contemporaries such as Jefferson, who considered the removal of freed slaves to a western territory, West Indies, or Africa to be essential to any plan for emancipation, Hamilton pressed for abolition without such provisions.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a>: 22  Hamilton and other Federalists supported the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, which had originated as a slave revolt.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a>: 23  His suggestions helped shape the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian constitution">Haitian constitution</a>. In 1804, when Haiti became an independent state with a majority Black population, Hamilton urged closer economic and diplomatic ties.<a href="#cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">[249]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg/310px-US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg/465px-US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg/620px-US10dollarbill-Series_2004A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7727" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>Hamilton has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill</a> since 1928.</figcaption></figure> Hamilton has been portrayed as the patron saint<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[259]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a> economic philosophy that, according to one historian, later dominated American economic policy after 1861.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[259]</a> His ideas and work influenced the 19th-century German economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s chief economic advisor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey" title="Henry Charles Carey">Henry Charles Carey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> As early as the fall of 1781, Hamilton firmly supported government intervention in favor of business after the manner of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chernow170-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> In contrast to the British policy of international <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, which he believed skewed benefits to colonial and imperial powers, Hamilton was a pioneering advocate of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> He is credited with the idea that industrialization would only be possible with <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to protect the "<a href="/wiki/Infant_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant industries">infant industries</a>" of an emerging nation.<a href="#cite_note-Bairoch-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_administration">Public administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div> Political theorists credit Hamilton with the creation of the modern administrative state, citing his arguments in favor of a strong executive, linked to the support of the people, as the linchpin of an administrative republic.<a href="#cite_note-Green2002-270">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerthick1999122-271">[267]</a> The dominance of executive leadership in the formulation and carrying out of policy was, in his view, essential to resist the deterioration of a republican government.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Some scholars have raised similarities between Hamiltonian recommendations and the development of <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Japan">Meiji Japan</a> as evidence of the global influence of Hamilton's theory.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton">Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg/220px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg/330px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg/440px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> performing the title role in the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">2015 musical Hamilton</a></figcaption></figure> Hamilton has appeared as a significant figure in popular works of historical fiction, including many that focused on other American political figures of his time. In comparison to other <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, Hamilton attracted relatively little attention in American popular culture in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-274">[270]</a> In 2015, he gained significant mainstream attention after the debut of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">the Broadway show Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> played the title role and wrote the musical based on <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(book)" title="Alexander Hamilton (book)">a biography</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a>. The musical was described by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> as "an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining. In Miranda's telling, the headlong rise of one self-made immigrant becomes the story of America."<a href="#cite_note-Mead2015-275">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> production of Hamilton won the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical</a> as well as seven other <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk Awards</a>. In 2016, Hamilton received the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>, and set a record with 16 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> nominations,<a href="#cite_note-nyti-Ham-276">[272]</a> of which the show won 11, including <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Musical">Best Musical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Viagas2016-277">[273]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">presidency of Barack Obama</a>, a plan to replace Hamilton on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">ten-dollar bill</a> was shelved due in part to the popularity of the musical.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> On July 3, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> released the movie <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">Hamilton</a>, an authorized film of the Broadway stage production performed by the original cast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthyear-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthyear_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthyear_1-1">b</a> It is unclear whether Hamilton was born in 1755 or 1757.<a href="#cite_note-chernow17-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan2018-3">[2]</a> Most historical evidence supports the idea that he was born in 1757.<a href="#cite_note-Brookhiser16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton19-5">[4]</a> Hamilton celebrated his birthday on January 11. In his later life, he tended to give his age in round figures. Historians accepted 1757 as his birth year until the 1930s when additional documentation was published, including a 1768 probate paper from Saint Croix listing him as thirteen years old. Since then, some historians favored 1755.<a href="#cite_note-chernow17-2">[1]</a> If he was born in 1757, the probate paper may have included an error or Hamilton may have given his age as thirteen to appear older and more employable. Historians have pointed out other inaccuracies in the paper, demonstrating its unreliability.<a href="#cite_note-Brookhiser16-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Primary sources disagree on the spelling of Hamilton's mother's surname.<a href="#cite_note-Newton2019-115-8">[7]</a> Hamilton's grandfather signed his name "John Faucett" on a legal document dated May 31, 1720, which some historians consider authoritative.<a href="#cite_note-Newton2019-28-9">[8]</a> Hamilton himself spelled the surname as Faucette in a letter dated August 26, 1800, which was corrected to Faucett in a footnote by the editor of Hamilton's papers.<a href="#cite_note-HamPapers1800-10">[9]</a> Hamilton's son, <a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John</a>, wrote Faucette.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton1879-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> and many early historians followed Hamilton by writing Faucette,<a href="#cite_note-chernow8-9-12">[11]</a> while another group of historians adopted the anglicized name Fawcett, reflecting an absence of consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Newton2015-10-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Although there are persistent claims that Hamilton's mother was of mixed race, this is not substantiated by any verifiable evidence. Rachel Faucette was listed as white on tax rolls.<a href="#cite_note-chernow9-734-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owens2004-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Adair and Harvey, "Christian Statesman?"; Quotes on the Christian Constitutional Society are from Hamilton's letter to James A. Bayard of April 1802, quoted by Adair and Harvey. McDonald, says p. 356, that Hamilton's faith "had not entirely departed" him before the crisis of 1801. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chernow17-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow17_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow17_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow17_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow17_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow17_2-4">e</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/17">p. 17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan2018-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Logan2018_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLogan2018" class="citation news cs1">Logan, Erin B. (July 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/07/12/alexander-hamilton-immigrant-and-statesman-dies-at-47-or-49/">"Alexander Hamilton, immigrant and statesman, dies at 47 – or 49"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909093244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/07/12/alexander-hamilton-immigrant-and-statesman-dies-at-47-or-49/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+immigrant+and+statesman%2C+dies+at+47+%E2%80%93+or+49&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Erin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2018%2F07%2F12%2Falexander-hamilton-immigrant-and-statesman-dies-at-47-or-49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookhiser16-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookhiser16_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookhiser16_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookhiser2000" class="citation book cs1">Brookhiser, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNqw3yCfG5YC&pg=PA16">Alexander Hamilton, American</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7"><bdi>978-1-4391-3545-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+American&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3545-7&rft.aulast=Brookhiser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNqw3yCfG5YC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton19-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton19_5-0">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">pp. 19–30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mymission.lamission.edu/userdata/dennisda/docs/Paul%20Johnson%20A%20History%20Of%20The%20American%20People.pdf">A History of the American People</a> (PDF). New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093034-9"><bdi>978-0-06-093034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093034-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmymission.lamission.edu%2Fuserdata%2Fdennisda%2Fdocs%2FPaul%2520Johnson%2520A%2520History%2520Of%2520The%2520American%2520People.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsing-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ramsing_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsing1939" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramsing, Holger Utke (1939). "Alexander Hamilton". Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift (in Danish): 225–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personalhistorisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pages=225-70&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Ramsing&rft.aufirst=Holger+Utke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2019-115-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2019-115_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2019" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">Discovering Hamilton: New Discoveries in the Lives of Alexander Hamilton, His Family, Friends, and Colleagues, from Various Archives Around the World</a>. Eleftheria Publishing. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9826040-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Hamilton%3A+New+Discoveries+in+the+Lives+of+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+His+Family%2C+Friends%2C+and+Colleagues%2C+from+Various+Archives+Around+the+World&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Eleftheria+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-9826040-4-5&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oOiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2019-28-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2019-28_9-0">^</a> Newton (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">p. 28</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HamPapers1800-10"><a href="#cite_ref-HamPapers1800_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1800" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander (August 26, 1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-25-02-0068#ARHN-01-25-02-0068-fn-0004">"From Alexander Hamilton to William Jackson"</a>. Founders Online (Letter). National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331120905/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-25-02-0068#ARHN-01-25-02-0068-fn-0004">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=From+Alexander+Hamilton+to+William+Jackson&rft.date=1800-08-26&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-25-02-0068%23ARHN-01-25-02-0068-fn-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Archived from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1977" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1977) [July 1800 – April 1802]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbL7xJhUIVoC&q=faucett&pg=PA91">The Papers of Alexander Hamilton</a>. Vol. 25. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 88–91 & n.4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231089241" title="Special:BookSources/9780231089241"><bdi>9780231089241</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123161839/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbL7xJhUIVoC&pg=PA91&dq=%22faucett%22&q=faucett">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88-91+%26+n.4&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780231089241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbL7xJhUIVoC%26q%3Dfaucett%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton1879-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton1879_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1879" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Church (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FQSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41">Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in His Writings and in Those of His Contemporaries</a>. Houghton, Osgood and Company. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+History+of+the+Republic+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+as+Traced+in+His+Writings+and+in+Those+of+His+Contemporaries&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Osgood+and+Company&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FQSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow8-9-12"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow8-9_12-0">^</a> Chernow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/8/mode/2up">8–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2015-10-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2015-10_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2015" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years</a>. Eleftheria Publishing. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8"><bdi>978-0-9826040-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+Formative+Years&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Eleftheria+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9826040-3-8&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GvpCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow9-734-15"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow9-734_15-0">^</a> Chernow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/9">9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/734">734–35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Owens2004-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Owens2004_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2004" class="citation news cs1">Owens, Mitchell (January 8, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08/garden/surprises-in-the-family-tree.html">"Surprises in the Family Tree"</a>. The New York Times. Appended correction dated January 15, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120064220/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08/garden/surprises-in-the-family-tree.html?">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2016. <q>While there have been suggestions that the mother, Rachel Faucett or Fawcett—and therefore Hamilton himself—was of mixed ancestry, it is not an established fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Surprises+in+the+Family+Tree&rft.pages=Appended+correction+dated+January+15%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F01%2F08%2Fgarden%2Fsurprises-in-the-family-tree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#chernow">Chernow, 2005</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randall1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall1_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall1_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2004" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (2004). Foreword. Practical Proceedings in the Supreme Court of the State of New York. By Hamilton, Alexander. New York: New York Law Journal. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Practical+Proceedings+in+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=New+York+Law+Journal&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow10-12-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow10-12_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow10-12_20-1">b</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/10">pp. 10–12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisohnAmerican_Revolution_Bicentennial_Commission_of_the_Virgin_Islands1975" class="citation book cs1">Lewisohn, Florence; American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of the Virgin Islands (1975). 'What so proudly we hail': the Danish West Indies and the American Revolution. [St. Thomas, U.S.V.I.]: American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of the Virgin Islands. pp. 17–30. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2150775">2150775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27What+so+proudly+we+hail%27%3A+the+Danish+West+Indies+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=%5BSt.+Thomas%2C+U.S.V.I.%5D&rft.pages=17-30&rft.pub=American+Revolution+Bicentennial+Commission+of+the+Virgin+Islands&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2150775&rft.aulast=Lewisohn&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft.au=American+Revolution+Bicentennial+Commission+of+the+Virgin+Islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow24-22"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow24_22-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/24">p. 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockenbrough2017" class="citation book cs1">Brockenbrough, Martha (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKAvDwAAQBAJ">Alexander Hamilton, Revolutionary</a>. Feiwel & Friends. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-12319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-12319-0"><bdi>978-1-250-12319-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Revolutionary&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Feiwel+%26+Friends&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-250-12319-0&rft.aulast=Brockenbrough&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKAvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> E.g., Flexner, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow25-30-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow25-30_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow25-30_25-1">b</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/25">pp. 25–30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCissel" class="citation web cs1">Cissel, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginislandspace.org/Division%20of%20Libraries/cisselpaper.pdf">"The West Indian Founding Father, 2004"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.virginislandspace.org/Division%20of%20Libraries/cisselpaper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+West+Indian+Founding+Father%2C+2004&rft.aulast=Cissel&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginislandspace.org%2FDivision%2520of%2520Libraries%2Fcisselpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4z5eL5SGjEoC&pg=PA29">p. 29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Founders1771-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Founders1771_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-01-02-0004">"To Alexander Hamilton from Walton and Cruger, [19 October 1771]"</a>. Founders Online (Letter). National Archives. fn. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729040747/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-01-02-0004">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=To+Alexander+Hamilton+from+Walton+and+Cruger%2C+%5B19+October+1771%5D&rft.pages=fn.+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-01-02-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Archived from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1961" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1961) [1768–1778]. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 8 n.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8+n.1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_by_Alexander_Hamilton_on_the_hurricane_of_August_1772">"Letter on the hurricane of August 1772"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108135550/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_by_Alexander_Hamilton_on_the_hurricane_of_August_1772">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+on+the+hurricane+of+August+1772&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLetter_by_Alexander_Hamilton_on_the_hurricane_of_August_1772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow37-30"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow37_30-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/37">p. 37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gordon-31"><a href="#cite_ref-gordon_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a> (April–May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119235829/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2004/2/2004_2_42.shtml">"The Self Made Founder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2004/2/2004_2_42.shtml">the original</a> on November 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Self+Made+Founder&rft.date=2004-04%2F2004-05&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=John+Steele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F2004%2F2%2F2004_2_42.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien-Mulligan-32"><a href="#cite_ref-OBrien-Mulligan_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1916" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Michael J. (1916) [October 30, 1915]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica15amer_0#page/n291/mode/2up/search/Mulligan">"Field Day of the American Irish Historical Society Held in New York City"</a>. The Journal of the American Irish Historical Society (transcript of address). 1 (1): 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Irish+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Field+Day+of+the+American+Irish+Historical+Society+Held+in+New+York+City&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournalofamerica15amer_0%23page%2Fn291%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FMulligan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton64-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton64_33-0">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">p. 64</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2019-227-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2019-227_34-0">^</a> Newton (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">pp. 227–28</a>. "Thus, when Alexander Hamilton arrived in Elizabethtown in October 1772 and moved in with the Livingstons, they lived in this house rented from Jacob De Hart." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Adair and Harvey. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornfield2016" class="citation news cs1">Cornfield, Josh (July 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-dance/2016/07/07/group-upset-that-hamilton-alleges-martha-washington-named-tomcat-after-him/XSoUG3OaDUtbxxu1plxbyJ/story.html">"Did Martha Washington Really Name a Cat After Alexander Hamilton?"</a>. Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043151/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-dance/2016/07/07/group-upset-that-hamilton-alleges-martha-washington-named-tomcat-after-him/XSoUG3OaDUtbxxu1plxbyJ/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Did+Martha+Washington+Really+Name+a+Cat+After+Alexander+Hamilton%3F&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Cornfield&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Farts%2Ftheater-dance%2F2016%2F07%2F07%2Fgroup-upset-that-hamilton-alleges-martha-washington-named-tomcat-after-him%2FXSoUG3OaDUtbxxu1plxbyJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton69-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton69_37-0">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">p. 69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Randall, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow53-39"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow53_39-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/53">p. 53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardozo1902-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo1902_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardozo1902" class="citation book cs1">Cardozo, Ernest Abraham (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8aEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT23">A History of the Philolexian Society of Columbia University from 1802–1902</a>. New York: Philolexian Society. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philolexian+Society+of+Columbia+University+from+1802%E2%80%931902&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Philolexian+Society&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Cardozo&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8aEAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Miller, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Mitchell 1:65–73; Miller, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton116-117-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton116-117_43-0">^</a> Newton (2015), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">116</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">117</a>, 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Mitchell, I:74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0">^</a> Robert Troup "Memoir of General Hamilton", March 22, 1810 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. Penguin Press, (2004) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-009-2">1-59420-009-2</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton127-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton127_47-0">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">pp. 127–28</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_48-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1982" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr">Alexander Hamilton: A Biography</a>. W. W. Norton Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2"><bdi>978-0-393-30048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30048-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00forr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow72-49"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow72_49-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n87">p. 72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-stryker158-50"><a href="#cite_ref-stryker158_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker1898" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, William S. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/battlesoftrenton00stry#page/158/mode/2up">The Battles of Trenton and Princeton</a> (page image). Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. pp. 158–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=158-59&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+%26+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbattlesoftrenton00stry%23page%2F158%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ketchum361-64-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ketchum361-64_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ketchum361-64_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1999" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard (1999). The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton (1st Owl Books ed.). Holt Paperbacks. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6098-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-6098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+Soldiers%3A+The+Battles+for+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=1st+Owl+Books&rft.pub=Holt+Paperbacks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6098-0&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stryker290-52"><a href="#cite_ref-stryker290_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker1898" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, William S. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/battlesoftrenton00stry#page/290/mode/2up">The Battles of Trenton and Princeton</a> (page image). Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+%26+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbattlesoftrenton00stry%23page%2F290%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow128-129-53"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow128-129_53-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n145">pp. 128–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow654-655-54"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow654-655_54-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n689">pp. 654–55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/09/26/86541502.pdf">James Alexander Hamilton obituary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045627/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/09/26/86541502.pdf">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 26, 1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/655807/alexander-hamilton-children">"The Rundown on Alexander Hamilton's 8 Children"</a>. Mental Floss. March 7, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113234342/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/655807/alexander-hamilton-children">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=The+Rundown+on+Alexander+Hamilton%27s+8+Children&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F655807%2Falexander-hamilton-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton189-190-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton189-190_57-0">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">pp. 189–90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Lefkowitz, Arthur S., George Washington's Indispensable Men: The 32 Aides-de-Camp Who Helped Win the Revolution, Stackpole Books, 2003, pp. 15, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamilton0000hend">Hamilton I (1757–1789)</a>. New York: Mason/Charter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamilton0000hend/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88405-139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88405-139-8"><bdi>978-0-88405-139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+I+%281757%E2%80%931789%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Mason%2FCharter&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-88405-139-8&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamilton0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow90-60"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow90_60-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n105">p. 90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Lodge, pp. 1:15–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Miller, pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Trees, Andrew S., "The Importance of Being Alexander Hamilton", Reviews in American History 2005, pp. 33(1):8–14, finding Chernow's inferences to be overreading the contemporary style. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ned_Katz" title="Jonathan Ned Katz">Katz, Jonathan Ned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_American_History:_Lesbians_and_Gay_Men_in_the_U.S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.">Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.</a>, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-01164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-690-01164-7">978-0-690-01164-7</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Gregory D. Massey, John Laurens and the American Revolution; University of South Carolina Press, 2000. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Chernow 2004, pp. 151–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Chernow 2004, pp. 153–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Murray, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Mitchell, pp. I:254–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1970-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1970_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1970" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard Brandon (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tS4twEACAAJ">The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence</a>. Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacemakers%3A+The+Great+Powers+and+American+Independence&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tS4twEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray2007-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray2007_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Joseph A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2If-6zJM8VIC&pg=PT74">Alexander Hamilton: America's Forgotten Founder</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-502-7"><bdi>978-0-87586-502-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+America%27s+Forgotten+Founder&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-502-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2If-6zJM8VIC%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Chernow, pp. 165–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Syrett, p. III:117; for a one-year term beginning the "first Monday in November next", arrived in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> between November 18 and 25, and resigned July 1783. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hamilton, Alexander. Alexander Hamilton: Writings. Compiled by <a href="/wiki/Joanne_B._Freeman" title="Joanne B. Freeman">Joanne B. Freeman</a>. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 2001. pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Kohn; Brant, p. 45; Rakove, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow176-77"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow176_77-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n195">p. 176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Brant, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Martin and Lender, pp. 109, 160: at first for seven years, increased to life after Arnold's treason. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker15-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker15_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker15_80-1">b</a> Tucker, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis141-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis141_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis141_81-1">b</a> Kohn; Ellis 2004, pp. 141–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Kohn, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow177-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow177_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow177_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow177_83-2">c</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n196">pp. 177–80</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Hamilton's letter of February 13, 1783; Syrett, pp. III:253–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Washington to Hamilton, March 4 and 12, 1783; Kohn; Martin and Lender, pp. 189–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington1783-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington1783_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0202">"To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 4 April 1783"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319223520/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0202">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=To+Alexander+Hamilton+from+George+Washington%2C+4+April+1783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-03-02-0202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Rakove, pp. 322, 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Brant, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow182-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow182_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow182_89-1">b</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n201">pp. 182–83</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/">"Timeline | Articles and Essays | Alexander Hamilton Papers | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"</a>. 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Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Timeline+%7C+Articles+and+Essays+%7C+Alexander+Hamilton+Papers+%7C+Digital+Collections+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Falexander-hamilton-papers%2Farticles-and-essays%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow197-199-91"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow197-199_91-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n216">pp. 197–99</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Globe2011-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Globe2011_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallack2011" class="citation news cs1">Wallack, Todd (December 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2011/12/20/oldest-bank-america-accounts-vary/WAqvIlmipfFhyKsx8bhgAJ/story.html">"Which bank is the oldest? Accounts vary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025202634/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2011/12/20/oldest-bank-america-accounts-vary/WAqvIlmipfFhyKsx8bhgAJ/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Which+bank+is+the+oldest%3F+Accounts+vary&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.aulast=Wallack&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2F12%2F20%2Foldest-bank-america-accounts-vary%2FWAqvIlmipfFhyKsx8bhgAJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1988-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1988_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgingofunion00morr_0">The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789</a>. 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Journal of Economic Perspectives. 38 (4): 111–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.38.4.111">10.1257/jep.38.4.111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%27s+Report+on+Manufactures+and+Industrial+Policy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=111-130&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.38.4.111&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft.aulast=Sylla&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fjep.38.4.111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bairoch-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bairoch_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bairoch_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1995" class="citation book cs1">Bairoch, Paul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA33">Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8"><bdi>978-0-226-03463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+World+History%3A+Myths+and+Paradoxes&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03463-8&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaF_cCknJScC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke101-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke101_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke101_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke101_148-2">c</a> Cooke, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mitchell, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Stephen F. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth (2002), pp. 43, 54, 56, 83, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shriner-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Shriner_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShriner2017" class="citation web cs1">Shriner, Charles Anthony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtQwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA59">"Four Chapters of Paterson History"</a>. Lont & Overkamp Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Chapters+of+Paterson+History&rft.pub=Lont+%26+Overkamp+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Shriner&rft.aufirst=Charles+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtQwAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke103-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke103_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke103_152-1">b</a> Cooke, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke102-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke102_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke102_153-1">b</a> Cooke, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matson-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Matson_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matson, Cathy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409230828/http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-10/no-03/matson/">"Flimsy Fortunes: Americans' Old Relationship with Paper Speculation and Panic"</a>. Common-place. 10 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-10/no-03/matson/">the original</a> on April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common-place&rft.atitle=Flimsy+Fortunes%3A+Americans%27+Old+Relationship+with+Paper+Speculation+and+Panic&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.common-place-archives.org%2Fvol-10%2Fno-03%2Fmatson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins_McK-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_McK_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_McK_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_McK_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkinsMcKitrick1994" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki">The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506890-0"><bdi>978-0-19-506890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Federalism%3A+The+Early+American+Republic%2C+1788%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506890-0&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft.au=McKitrick%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffederalism00elki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Estes, Todd (2000). "Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate". Journal of the Early Republic. 20 (3): 393–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3125063">10.2307/3125063</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125063">3125063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Shaping+the+Politics+of+Public+Opinion%3A+Federalists+and+the+Jay+Treaty+Debate&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-422&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3125063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3125063%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe1776herr">From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe1776herr/page/n98">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+since+1776&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe1776herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemis1922" class="citation journal cs1">Bemis, Samuel Flagg (April 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mMSAAAAYAAJ">"Jay's Treaty and the Northwest Boundary Gap"</a>. The American Historical Review. 27 (3): 465–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1837800">10.2307/1837800</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044020001764">2027/hvd.32044020001764</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1837800">1837800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Jay%27s+Treaty+and+the+Northwest+Boundary+Gap&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-84&rft.date=1922-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044020001764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1837800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1837800&rft.aulast=Bemis&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Flagg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mMSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox" class="citation web cs1">Knox, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-17-02-0369">"Letter from Henry Knox to Alexander Hamilton, 24 November 1794"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020084259/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-17-02-0369">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Henry+Knox+to+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+24+November+1794&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-17-02-0369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chernow478-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Chernow478_160-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n513">p. 478</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-17-02-0392">"Letter from Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 1 December 1794"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922135026/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-17-02-0392">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Alexander+Hamilton+to+George+Washington%2C+1+December+1794&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-17-02-0392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow480-162"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow480_162-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n515">p. 480</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-18-02-0181">"Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Schuyler Church, 6 March 1795"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920225625/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-18-02-0181">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Alexander+Hamilton+to+Angelica+Schuyler+Church%2C+6+March+1795&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-18-02-0181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henretta2011-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Henretta2011_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenretta2011" class="citation book cs1">Henretta, James A.; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA207">America's History, Volume 1: To 1877</a>. Macmillan. pp. 207–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38791-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38791-4"><bdi>978-0-312-38791-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+History%2C+Volume+1%3A+To+1877&rft.pages=207-08&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38791-4&rft.aulast=Henretta&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PmY3sBubw8C%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=05/mjm05.db&recNum=591">"Madison to Jefferson"</a>. March 2, 1794. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114125555/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=05%2Fmjm05.db&recNum=591">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2006. <q>I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madison+to+Jefferson&rft.date=1794-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmjm%26fileName%3D05%2Fmjm05.db%26recNum%3D591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith832-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith832_166-0">^</a> See also Smith (2004), p. 832. </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2011-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Young2011_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2011" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Christopher J. (Fall 2011). "Connecting the President and the People: Washington's Neutrality, Genet's Challenge, and Hamilton's Fight for Public Support". Journal of the Early Republic. 31 (3): 435–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2011.0040">10.1353/jer.2011.0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144349420">144349420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+President+and+the+People%3A+Washington%27s+Neutrality%2C+Genet%27s+Challenge%2C+and+Hamilton%27s+Fight+for+Public+Support&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-66&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjer.2011.0040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144349420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook2014-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook2014_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2014" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Brian J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUxjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Bureaucracy and Self-Government</a>. JHU Press. pp. 56 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1552-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-1552-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bureaucracy+and+Self-Government&rft.pages=56+ff&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1552-9&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUxjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Balogh 2009, 72–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevins1922-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Nevins1922_170-0">^</a> Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eveningpostacen00nevigoog">ch. 1 online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Cooke, pp. 109–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Lomask, pp. 139–40, 216–17, 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Garrity and Spalding, pp. 47, 50–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Murray, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow117-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow117_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow117_175-1">b</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n132">p. 117</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow510-176"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow510_176-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n545">p. 510</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Elkins and McKitrick; Age of Federalism, pp. 523–28, 859. Rutledge had his own plan, to have Pinckney win with Jefferson as Vice President. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Elkins and McKitrick, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookhiser3-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookhiser3_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookhiser2011" class="citation book cs1">Brookhiser, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNqw3yCfG5YC&pg=PA3">Alexander Hamilton, American</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7"><bdi>978-1-4391-3545-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+American&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3545-7&rft.aulast=Brookhiser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNqw3yCfG5YC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_Pamphlet-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Pamphlet_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Pamphlet_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Pamphlet_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0002">"Printed Version of the "Reynolds Pamphlet", 1797"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710111423/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0002">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Printed+Version+of+the+%22Reynolds+Pamphlet%22%2C+1797&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-21-02-0138-0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2001">Freeman 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0045">"Letter from James Reynolds to Alexander Hamilton, 19 December 1791"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021529/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0045">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+James+Reynolds+to+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+19+December+1791&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-10-02-0045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0106">"Letter from James Reynolds to Alexander Hamilton, 17 January 1792"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020238/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0106">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+James+Reynolds+to+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+17+January+1792&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-10-02-0106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Murray, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0284">"Letter from James Reynolds to Alexander Hamilton, 2 May 1792"</a>. Founders Online. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020135/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0284">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Letter+from+James+Reynolds+to+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+2+May+1792&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-11-02-0284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Chernow (December 26, 2004). "Epilogue". Alexander Hamilton (Audiobook). Event occurs at 12:58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.date=2004-12-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow558-560-187"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow558-560_187-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n593">pp. 558–60</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Kaplan, pp. 147–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Morison and Commager, p. 327; Mitchell II:445. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2004). His Excellency. Vintage Books. pp. 250–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-3253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Excellency&rft.pages=250-55&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3253-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Newman, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Kaplan, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Newman, pp. 44, 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2010" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Neil A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hikn4BGc2nUC&pg=PA18">Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. Infobase. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2751-4"><bdi>978-1-4381-2751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2751-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhikn4BGc2nUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Mitchell II:483 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2011" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Lynn H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828</a>. Oxford UP. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975424-3"><bdi>978-0-19-975424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Politics%3A+Andrew+Jackson%2C+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+and+the+Election+of+1828&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975424-3&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> James Morton Smith, Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, repr. 1966), pp. 400–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Monaghan, pp. 419–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Harper, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Isenberg, Nancy. Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr, New York: Penguin Books, 2007, pp. 211–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Monticello-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monticello_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monticello_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Jefferson_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/aaron-burr">"Aaron Burr"</a>. Monticello.org. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203172527/https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/aaron-burr">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello.org&rft.atitle=Aaron+Burr&rft.au=Thomas+Jefferson+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Faaron-burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2004" class="citation book cs1">Harper, John Lamberton (2004). American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83485-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83485-8</bdi></a>. p. 260: <q>The result could be seen as a moral victory for Hamilton, but had he actually contributed to it? The answer is perhaps and to a degree. Bayard wrote him afterward, "Your views in relation to the election, differed very little from my own, but I was obliged to yield to a torrent [of anti-Jefferson sentiment] which I perceived might be diverted, but could not be opposed." Bayard was no doubt familiar with the terms of the deal Hamilton had wished to make with Jefferson. In fact, though Jefferson would later deny it, before changing his vote Bayard had received assurances through Jefferson's friend, Congressman Samuel Smith of Maryland, similar to those Hamilton had proposed. But Bayard, as he recounted to things Hamilton, had also sought assurances from Burr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Machiavelli%3A+Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Origins+of+US+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=260-61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83485-8&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=John+Lamberton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow638-203"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow638_203-0">^</a> Chernow, p. 638. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> ANB, "Aaron Burr". </li> <li id="cite_note-jbf-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbf_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbf_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Joanne B. (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1996-04_53_2/page/289">"Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton Duel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_and_Mary_Quarterly" title="William and Mary Quarterly">William and Mary Quarterly</a> (subscription). Third Series. 53 (2): 289–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2947402">10.2307/2947402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947402">2947402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dueling+as+Politics%3A+Reinterpreting+the+Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton+Duel&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-318&rft.date=1996-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2947402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Joanne+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1996-04_53_2%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow680-681-207"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow680-681_207-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n715">pp. 680–81</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrees2004" class="citation book cs1">Trees, Andrew S. 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The New-York Journal of American History: 59–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org/about/Ron%20Chernow%20Interview.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New-York+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Ron+Chernow&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft.au=Paley%2C+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org%2Fabout%2FRon%2520Chernow%2520Interview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0241">"Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr, (28 June – 10 July 1804)"</a>. Founders Online. 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(April 1955), "What Was Hamilton's "Favorite Song"?", The William and Mary Quarterly (in German), vol. 12, no. 2, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, pp. 298–307, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920510">10.2307/1920510</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920510">1920510</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What+Was+Hamilton%27s+%22Favorite+Song%22%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=pp.-298-307&rft.date=1955-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Adams, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Warren (2010). 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Chapter 8,"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703220610/http://duel2004.weehawkenhistory.org/winfieldch8duels.pdf">Duels</a>." pp. p.219 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Fleming, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookhiser212-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookhiser212_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookhiser212_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookhiser2000" class="citation book cs1">Brookhiser, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNqw3yCfG5YC&pg=PA212">Alexander Hamilton, American</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3545-7"><bdi>978-1-4391-3545-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+American&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3545-7&rft.aulast=Brookhiser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNqw3yCfG5YC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Fleming, p. 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Emery, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow704-219"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow704_219-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n739">p. 704</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Cooke, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow705-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chernow705_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chernow705_221-1">b</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n740">pp. 705–08</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-papers-v26-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papers-v26_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers-v26_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers-v26_222-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers-v26_222-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1979" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Benjamin (1979) [July 12, 1804]. "Letter to William Coleman (Editor, New-York Evening Post)". In Syrett, Harold Coffin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=La4WnvtSBzkC&pg=PA316">The Papers of Alexander Hamilton</a>. Vol. 26. Columbia University Press. pp. 314–16, 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08925-8"><bdi>978-0-231-08925-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+William+Coleman+%28Editor%2C+New-York+Evening+Post%29&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pages=314-16%2C+328&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08925-8&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLa4WnvtSBzkC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleming-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fleming_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleming_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleming_223-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1999" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duelalexanderham00flem">Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America</a>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duelalexanderham00flem/page/328">328</a>–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01736-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01736-2"><bdi>978-0-465-01736-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel%3A+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Aaron+Burr+and+the+Future+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=328-29&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01736-2&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduelalexanderham00flem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jch836-224"><a href="#cite_ref-jch836_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1879" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Church (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA836">Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in His Writings and in Those of His Contemporaries, Volume VII</a>. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company. p. 836. <q>At two in the afternoon, my father died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+History+of+the+Republic+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+as+Traced+in+His+Writings+and+in+Those+of+His+Contemporaries%2C+Volume+VII&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=836&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Osgood+and+Company&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lYSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1990-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1990_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1990" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Terry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sZ4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22present+Gansevoort%22&pg=PA164">Greenwich Village and How It Got That Way</a>. Crown Publishers. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57322-8"><bdi>978-0-517-57322-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenwich+Village+and+How+It+Got+That+Way&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-517-57322-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sZ4AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522present%2BGansevoort%2522%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2011" class="citation news cs1">Pollak, Michael (July 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/nyregion/answers-to-questions-about-new-york.html">"F.Y.I.: Answers to Questions About New York"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719130201/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/nyregion/answers-to-questions-about-new-york.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.Y.I.%3A+Answers+to+Questions+About+New+York&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fanswers-to-questions-about-new-york.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0271">"Founders Online: The Funeral, [14 July 1804]"</a>. founders.archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181350/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0271">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Founders+Online%3A+The+Funeral%2C+%5B14+July+1804%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-26-02-0001-0271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow712-713-725-227"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow712-713-725_227-0">^</a> Chernow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n747">712–13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n760">725</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeister2011" class="citation book cs1">Keister, Doug (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkNldfGIyCcC&pg=PA127">Stories in Stone New York: A Field Guide to New York City Area Cemeteries & Their Residents</a>. Gibbs Smith. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7"><bdi>978-1-4236-2102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+in+Stone+New+York%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+New+York+City+Area+Cemeteries+%26+Their+Residents&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4236-2102-7&rft.aulast=Keister&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkNldfGIyCcC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> McDonald, Alexander Hamilton p. 11; Adair and Harvey (1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow38-230"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow38_230-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n53">p. 38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-jch-life-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jch-life_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-life_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1834" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Church (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifealexanderha05hamigoog">The Life of Alexander Hamilton, Vol. 1</a>. New York: Halsted & Voorhies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifealexanderha05hamigoog/page/n16">3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Halsted+%26+Voorhies&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifealexanderha05hamigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Wood, Gordon. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009) pp. 589–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow205-233"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow205_233-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n224">p. 205</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-adair1955-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adair1955_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adair1955_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdairHarvey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Adair, Douglass; Harvey, Marvin (April 1955). "Was Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman?". The William and Mary Quarterly. 12 (2). pp. 308–29 at 315 n.8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920511">10.2307/1920511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920511">1920511</a>. <q>The first story alleges [that he was asked] why <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> had not been suitably recognized in the Constitution. 'Indeed, Doctor,' Hamilton is supposed to have replied, 'we forgot it.' ... The second story [is of a] purported remark on the Convention floor, when Franklin moved that each session in the future be opened with prayer. Hamilton is supposed to have replied that there was no need for calling in 'foreign aid.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Was+Alexander+Hamilton+a+Christian+Statesman%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=pp.+308-29+at+315+n.8&rft.date=1955-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleming1-236"><a href="#cite_ref-fleming1_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1999" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (1999). Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 328–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel%3A+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Aaron+Burr+and+the+Future+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=328-29&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow18-237"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow18_237-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n33">p. 18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-jch-711-238"><a href="#cite_ref-jch-711_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1879" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Church (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA711">Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in His Writings and in Those of His Contemporaries, Volume VII</a>. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company. p. 711.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+History+of+the+Republic+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+as+Traced+in+His+Writings+and+in+Those+of+His+Contemporaries%2C+Volume+VII&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Osgood+and+Company&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lYSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow10-26-239"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow10-26_239-0">^</a> Chernow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/10">10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n41">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton34-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton34_240-0">^</a> Newton (2015),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">p. 34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Porwancher-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Porwancher_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorwancher2021" class="citation book cs1">Porwancher, Andrew (2021). The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21115-2"><bdi>978-0-691-21115-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1240494084">1240494084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+World+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240494084&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21115-2&rft.aulast=Porwancher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Newton (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">p. 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Newton (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">p. 18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226171807/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow_10-12_26-244"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow_10-12_26_244-0">^</a> Chernow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iafgTEhU3QC&pg=PA10">10–12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iafgTEhU3QC&pg=PA26">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Susan Welch, John Gruhl and John Comer, Understanding American Government (2011) p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Melvyn R. Durchslag, State sovereign immunity: a reference guide to the United States Constitution (2002) p xix </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Frederick_Wilson_1992_94-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Frederick_Wilson_1992_94_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Frederick_Wilson_1992_94_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas Frederick (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIAbb1cKqp4C&pg=PA94">The Power "to Coin" Money: The Exercise of Monetary Powers by the Congress</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-795-4"><bdi>978-0-87332-795-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+%22to+Coin%22+Money%3A+The+Exercise+of+Monetary+Powers+by+the+Congress&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-795-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIAbb1cKqp4C%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tulis1987-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Tulis1987_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulis1987" class="citation book cs1">Tulis, Jeffrey (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhetoricalpresid0000tuli">The Rhetorical Presidency</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhetoricalpresid0000tuli/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02295-6"><bdi>978-0-691-02295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetorical+Presidency&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02295-6&rft.aulast=Tulis&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhetoricalpresid0000tuli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9AXpiJXw48C&pg=PA284">Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4618-1"><bdi>978-1-4616-4618-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Westward+the+Course+of+Empire&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-4618-1&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9AXpiJXw48C%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow397-398-250"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow397-398_250-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n416">pp. 397–98</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Before they became senators, Lodge and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a> wrote highly favorable biographies. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson" title="Merrill D. Peterson">Peterson, Merrill D.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QNrZoAgGAsC">The Jefferson Image in the American Mind</a>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 114, 278–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1851-8"><bdi>978-0-8139-1851-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jefferson+Image+in+the+American+Mind&rft.pages=114%2C+278-80&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1851-8&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QNrZoAgGAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilentz-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilentz_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilentz_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wilentz, Sean (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2010-09_97_2/page/476">"Book Reviews"</a>. Journal of American History. 97 (2): 476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=476&rft.date=2010-09&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-american-history_2010-09_97_2%2Fpage%2F476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New-York_Journal-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York_Journal_253-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Horton, James Oliver (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org/about/Horton%20-%20Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf">"Alexander Hamilton: slavery and race in a revolutionary generation"</a> (PDF). New-York Journal of American History. 65: 16–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708062531/http://www.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org/about/Horton%20-%20Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+slavery+and+race+in+a+revolutionary+generation&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=16-24&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=James+Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org%2Fabout%2FHorton%2520-%2520Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1959" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Chester (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00mill/page/122/mode/2up">Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation</a>. New York: Harper Torchbooks. p. 122 (note). <q>Although Hamilton was a member of the New York Manumission Society, he held slaves throughout his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Growth+of+the+New+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122+%28%27%27note%27%27%29&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00mill%2Fpage%2F122%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1982" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr">Alexander Hamilton: A Biography</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr/page/373">373</a> (Footnotes). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2"><bdi>978-0-393-30048-2</bdi></a>. <q>Historians have sometimes asserted that Hamilton, despite his activities in behalf of emancipation, did personally own slaves, though his family stoutly denied it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=373+%28%27%27Footnotes%27%27%29&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30048-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00forr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterne2003" class="citation book cs1">Sterne, William Randall (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00rand/page/292/mode/2up">Alexander Hamilton: A Life</a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060195496" title="Special:BookSources/9780060195496"><bdi>9780060195496</bdi></a>. <q>Hamilton himself never owned a slave, but he could never convince his wife to free her one slave, her body servant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780060195496&rft.aulast=Sterne&rft.aufirst=William+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00rand%2Fpage%2F292%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogeland2018" class="citation book cs1">Hogeland, William (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3BADwAAQBAJ">"From Ron Chernow's 'Alexander Hamilton' to 'Hamilton: An American Musical'"</a>. In Romano, Renee C.; Potter, Claire Bond (eds.). Historians on Hamilton: How a Blockbuster Musical Is Restaging America's Past. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-9033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-9033-2</bdi></a>. <q>Many in both the North and South had deep concerns, no doubt often sincere, about the vileness of the institution [of slavery]. Many of those same people also held people in bondage, including Hamilton himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Ron+Chernow%27s+%27Alexander+Hamilton%27+to+%27Hamilton%3A+An+American+Musical%27&rft.btitle=Historians+on+Hamilton%3A+How+a+Blockbuster+Musical+Is+Restaging+America%27s+Past&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rutgers+University&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-9033-2&rft.aulast=Hogeland&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3BADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow210-258"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow210_258-0">^</a> Chernow, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/210">210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan_McLane_Hamilton-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Allan_McLane_Hamilton_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLane_Hamilton" title="Allan McLane Hamilton">Hamilton, Allan McLane</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmgoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA268">"Friends and Enemies"</a>. The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton: Based Chiefly Upon Original Family Letters and Other Documents, Many of Which Have Never Been Published. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 268. Retrieved October 13, 2016. <q>It has been stated that Hamilton never owned a negro slave, but this is untrue. We find that in his books there are entries showing that he purchased them for himself and for others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friends+and+Enemies&rft.btitle=The+Intimate+Life+of+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Based+Chiefly+Upon+Original+Family+Letters+and+Other+Documents%2C+Many+of+Which+Have+Never+Been+Published&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Allan+McLane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmgoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1982" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr">Alexander Hamilton: A Biography</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr/page/373">373</a> (Footnotes). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2"><bdi>978-0-393-30048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=373+%28%27%27Footnotes%27%27%29&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30048-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00forr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Hamilton, John C., The Life of Alexander Hamilton, D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1834–1840, vol. 2, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1964" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Chester (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWRbVDAUP2gC&pg=PA41">Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation</a>. Transaction. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1675-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-1675-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Growth+of+the+New+Nation&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1675-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWRbVDAUP2gC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_263-1">b</a> Lind, Michael, Hamilton's Republic, 1997, pp. xiv–xv, 229–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotz1926" class="citation journal cs1">Notz, William (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_1926-06_16_2/page/248">"Friedrich List in America"</a>. American Economic Review. 16 (2): 248–65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1805356">1805356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Friedrich+List+in+America&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-65&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1805356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Notz&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-economic-review_1926-06_16_2%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevermore1890" class="citation journal cs1">Levermore, Charles H. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139529">"Henry C. Carey and his Social System"</a>. Political Science Quarterly. 5 (4). The Academy of Political Science: 561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2139529">10.2307/2139529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139529">2139529</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302071958/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139529">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Henry+C.+Carey+and+his+Social+System&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2139529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levermore&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chernow170-266"><a href="#cite_ref-chernow170_266-0">^</a> Chernow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/n189">p. 170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Continentalist V, April 1782 (but written in fall 1781). </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Syrett, p. 3:77. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Bairoch, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA17">17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA33">33</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2002-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2002_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Richard T. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_administration-society_2002-11_34_5/page/541">"Alexander Hamilton: Founder of the American Public Administration"</a>. Administration & Society. 34 (5): 541–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009539902237275">10.1177/009539902237275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145232233">145232233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Administration+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Founder+of+the+American+Public+Administration&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=541-62&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009539902237275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145232233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_administration-society_2002-11_34_5%2Fpage%2F541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerthick1999122-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerthick1999122_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerthick1999">Derthick 1999</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Harvey Flaumenhaft, "Hamilton's Administrative Republic and the American Presidency", in Joseph M. Bessette and Jeffrey Tulis, The Presidency in the Constitutional Order (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981) </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Austin, pp. 261–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Browne-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Browne_274-0">^</a> Hamilton was not mentioned in standard reference guides to popular culture. See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowneBrowne2001" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&pg=PA971">The Guide to United States Popular Culture</a> (index). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-821-2"><bdi>978-0-87972-821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+United+States+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=971&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-821-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3rJxPYT32MC%26pg%3DPA971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead2015-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Mead2015_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Mead, Rebecca (February 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons">"All About the Hamiltons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219195610/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=All+About+the+Hamiltons&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F02%2F09%2Fhamiltons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyti-Ham-276"><a href="#cite_ref-nyti-Ham_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2016" class="citation news cs1">Paulson, Michael (May 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/theater/hamilton-tony-nominations-record.html">"Hamilton Makes History With 16 Tony Nominations"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hamilton+Makes+History+With+16+Tony+Nominations&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F04%2Ftheater%2Fhamilton-tony-nominations-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viagas2016-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Viagas2016_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViagas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Viagas, Robert (June 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130021429/http://www.playbill.com/article/tony-time-its-broadways-biggest-night">"Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins"</a>. Playbill. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/tony-time-its-broadways-biggest-night">the original</a> on January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Hamilton+Tops+Tony+Awards+With+11+Wins&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft.aulast=Viagas&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Ftony-time-its-broadways-biggest-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMcCaskill2016" class="citation web cs1">White, Ben; McCaskill, Nolan D. (April 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/treasurys-lew-to-announce-hamilton-to-stay-on-10-bill-222204">"Tubman replacing Jackson on the $20, Hamilton spared"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved January 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Tubman+replacing+Jackson+on+the+%2420%2C+Hamilton+spared&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=McCaskill%2C+Nolan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F04%2Ftreasurys-lew-to-announce-hamilton-to-stay-on-10-bill-222204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbroseMartin2006" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Douglas; Martin, Robert W.T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manyfacesofalexa0000unse">The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton: The Life & Legacy of America's Most Elusive Founding Father</a>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0714-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-0714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+Life+%26+Legacy+of+America%27s+Most+Elusive+Founding+Father&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0714-2&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Martin%2C+Robert+W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanyfacesofalexa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1933" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Ralph Edward (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59580">An American Colossus: The Singular Career of Alexander Hamilton</a>. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Colossus%3A+The+Singular+Career+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Shepard+Co&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.59580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookhiser2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brookhiser" title="Richard Brookhiser">Brookhiser, Richard</a> (2000). Alexander Hamilton, American. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86331-3"><bdi>978-0-684-86331-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+American&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86331-3&rft.aulast=Brookhiser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="chernow" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2005). Alexander Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303475-9"><bdi>978-0-14-303475-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35261741M">35261741M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35261741M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303475-9&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1982" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Jacob Ernest (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cook">Alexander Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-17344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-17344-3"><bdi>978-0-684-17344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-684-17344-3&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingbrothers0000elli">Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation</a>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70524-3"><bdi>978-0-375-70524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Brothers%3A+The+Revolutionary+Generation&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70524-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingbrothers0000elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2005" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Joseph J. (2005). His Excellency: George Washington. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-3253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Excellency%3A+George+Washington&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3253-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1982" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Noemie (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00emer">Alexander Hamilton: An intimate portrait</a>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12681-9"><bdi>978-0-399-12681-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+An+intimate+portrait&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-399-12681-9&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Noemie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaumenhaft1980" class="citation book cs1">Flaumenhaft, Harvey (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJh2HwAACAAJ">The Administrative Republic of Alexander Hamilton</a>. 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Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01737-9"><bdi>978-0-465-01737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel%3A+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Aaron+Burr%2C+and+the+Future+of+America&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01737-9&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduelalexanderham00flem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">Flexner, James Thomas</a> (1997). The Young Hamilton: A Biography. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> Press (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1790-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1790-8"><bdi>978-0-8232-1790-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Hamilton%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1790-8&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamilton0000hend">Hamilton I (1757–1789)</a>. Mason/Charter, 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88405-139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88405-139-8"><bdi>978-0-88405-139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+I+%281757%E2%80%931789%29&rft.pub=Mason%2FCharter%2C+1976&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-88405-139-8&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamilton0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1982" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00forr">Alexander Hamilton: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W. 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Norton Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30048-2"><bdi>978-0-393-30048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30048-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00forr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1959" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Chester (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0000mill">Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012975-0"><bdi>978-0-06-012975-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Portrait+in+Paradox&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-06-012975-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1957" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Broadus (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0001mitc">Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity (1755–1788), Volume 1</a>. 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Algora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-501-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-501-0"><bdi>978-0-87586-501-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+America%27s+Forgotten+Founder&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-501-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2015" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael E. (2015). Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years. Eleftheria Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8"><bdi>978-0-9826040-3-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28143176M">28143176M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+Formative+Years&rft.pub=Eleftheria+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28143176M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-9826040-3-8&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="randall" class="citation book cs1">Randall, William Sterne (2015). Alexander Hamilton: A Life. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201532-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201532-7"><bdi>978-0-06-201532-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35758376M">35758376M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35758376M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-06-201532-7&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=William+Sterne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchachner1946" class="citation book cs1">Schachner, Nathan (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0000scha_p8e9">Alexander Hamilton</a>. New York City: D. Appleton Century Co. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006AQUG2">B0006AQUG2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+Century+Co&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006AQUG2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Schachner&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto0000scha_p8e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdairHarvey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Adair, Douglas & Harvey, Marvin (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1955-04_12_2/page/308">"Was Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman?"</a>. William and Mary Quarterly. 12 (2): 308–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920511">10.2307/1920511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920511">1920511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Was+Alexander+Hamilton+a+Christian+Statesman%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=308-29&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1955-04_12_2%2Fpage%2F308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2009" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Ian Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmg3gNJ5L44C&pg=PR7">Common Foundations of American and East Asian Modernisation: From Alexander Hamilton to Junichero Koizumi</a>. Singapore: Select Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4022-52-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4022-52-1"><bdi>978-981-4022-52-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmg3gNJ5L44C&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Foundations+of+American+and+East+Asian+Modernisation%3A+From+Alexander+Hamilton+to+Junichero+Koizumi&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Select+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-4022-52-1&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Ian+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmg3gNJ5L44C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Jeremy D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894750">"The New Unitary Executive and Democratic Theory: The Problem of Alexander Hamilton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. 102 (4): 453–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055408080337">10.1017/S0003055408080337</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713154221/https://zenodo.org/record/894750">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Unitary+Executive+and+Democratic+Theory%3A+The+Problem+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-65&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055408080337&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Balogh, Brian. 2009. A Government out of Sight: The Mystery of National Authority in Nineteenth Century American. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (2016) on 1789–91.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant1970" class="citation book cs1">Brant, Irving (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthpresidentl00bran">The Fourth President: a Life of James Madison</a>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+President%3A+a+Life+of+James+Madison&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merill&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthpresidentl00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> A one-volume recasting of Brant's six-volume life.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2007" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Eric (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infamousscribble00burn">Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism</a>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-428-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-428-6"><bdi>978-1-58648-428-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infamous+Scribblers%3A+The+Founding+Fathers+and+the+Rowdy+Beginnings+of+American+Journalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-428-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfamousscribble00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Michael D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050003727x">"Alexander Hamilton on Slavery"</a>. Review of Politics. 66 (2): 207–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050003727x">10.1017/s003467050003727x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1408953">1408953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton+on+Slavery&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-31&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003467050003727x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1408953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs003467050003727x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenboer1987" class="citation book cs1">Denboer, Gordon R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rklx9c7MJFoC&pg=PA196">The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788–1790, Volume III</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10650-8"><bdi>978-0-299-10650-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094823/https://books.google.com/books?id=rklx9c7MJFoC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+First+Federal+Elections%2C+1788%E2%80%931790%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10650-8&rft.aulast=Denboer&rft.aufirst=Gordon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drklx9c7MJFoC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerthick1999" class="citation book cs1">Derthick, Martha (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X11p-A_vbpoC">Dilemmas of Scale in America's Federal Democracy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64039-8"><bdi>978-0-521-64039-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094828/https://books.google.com/books?id=X11p-A_vbpoC">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Scale+in+America%27s+Federal+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64039-8&rft.aulast=Derthick&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX11p-A_vbpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkinsMcKitrick1993" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230710/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-age-of-federalism-by-stanley-elkins-eric-mckitrick.jsp">Age of Federalism</a> (online edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-age-of-federalism-by-stanley-elkins-eric-mckitrick.jsp">the original</a> on May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Federalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=McKitrick%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fthe-age-of-federalism-by-stanley-elkins-eric-mckitrick.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Detailed political history of the 1790s; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngermanGallman2000" class="citation book cs1">Engerman, Stanley L.; Gallman, Robert E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sDXBGMbrWkC&pg=PA644">The Cambridge Economic History of the United States</a>. Cambridge University Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55307-0"><bdi>978-0-521-55307-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094842/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sDXBGMbrWkC&pg=PA644">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55307-0&rft.aulast=Engerman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rft.au=Gallman%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sDXBGMbrWkC%26pg%3DPA644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatovic2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fatovic, Clement (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-political-science_2004-07_48_3/page/429">"Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative: Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian Perspectives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="American Journal of Political Science">American Journal of Political Science</a>. 48 (3): 429–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0092-5853.2004.00079.x">10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00079.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Constitutionalism+and+Presidential+Prerogative%3A+Jeffersonian+and+Hamiltonian+Perspectives&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-44&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0092-5853.2004.00079.x&rft.aulast=Fatovic&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-journal-of-political-science_2004-07_48_3%2Fpage%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederici2012" class="citation book cs1">Federici, Michael P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-sfIjGNDQC&pg=PA33">The Political Philosophy of Alexander Hamilton</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0539-1"><bdi>978-1-4214-0539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094828/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-sfIjGNDQC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0539-1&rft.aulast=Federici&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6-sfIjGNDQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaumenhaft1992" class="citation book cs1">Flaumenhaft, Harvey (1992). The Effective Republic: Administration and Constitution in the Thought of Alexander Hamilton. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1214-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1214-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-1214-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effective+Republic%3A+Administration+and+Constitution+in+the+Thought+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1214-7&rft.aulast=Flaumenhaft&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1965–1972" class="citation book cs1">Flexner, James Thomas (1965–1972). George Washington. Little Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1965%2F1972&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988">. Four volumes, with various subtitles, cited as "Flexner, Washington". Vol. IV. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-28602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-28602-2">978-0-316-28602-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarritySpalding2000" class="citation book cs1">Garrity, Patrick J.; Spalding, Matthew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4axDZ5OMdcC&pg=PA196">A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington's Farewell Address and the American Character</a>. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8262-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-8262-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093629/https://books.google.com/books?id=q4axDZ5OMdcC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sacred+Union+of+Citizens%3A+George+Washington%27s+Farewell+Address+and+the+American+Character&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8262-1&rft.aulast=Garrity&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4axDZ5OMdcC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gaspar, Vitor. "The making of a continental financial system: Lessons for Europe from early American history." Journal of European Integration 37.7 (2015): 847–59, summarizes Hamilton's achievements in Atlantic perspective.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibowicz2007" class="citation book cs1">Gibowicz, Charles J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vo62GFJlpoC&pg=PA256">Mess Night Traditions</a>. Author House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-8446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-8446-5"><bdi>978-1-4259-8446-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093750/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vo62GFJlpoC&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mess+Night+Traditions&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4259-8446-5&rft.aulast=Gibowicz&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Vo62GFJlpoC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2004" class="citation book cs1">Harper, John Lamberton (2004). American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83485-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Machiavelli%3A+Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Origins+of+US+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83485-8&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=John+Lamberton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogeland2024" class="citation book cs1">Hogeland, William (2024). The Hamilton Scheme: An Epic Tale of Money and Power in the American Founding. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374167837" title="Special:BookSources/9780374167837"><bdi>9780374167837</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1393205277">1393205277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hamilton+Scheme%3A+An+Epic+Tale+of+Money+and+Power+in+the+American+Founding&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1393205277&rft.isbn=9780374167837&rft.aulast=Hogeland&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Reviewed in <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, July 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://reason.com/2024/06/16/the-dark-side-of-alexander-hamilton/">https://reason.com/2024/06/16/the-dark-side-of-alexander-hamilton/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Horton, James Oliver (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org/about/Horton%20-%20Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf">"Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation"</a> (PDF). New York Journal of American History. 65 (3): 16–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708062531/http://www.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org/about/Horton%20-%20Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Slavery+and+Race+in+a+Revolutionary+Generation&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-24&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=James+Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderhamiltonexhibition.org%2Fabout%2FHorton%2520-%2520Hamiltsvery_Race.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1999" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Edward (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLX8Q_pXSagC&pg=PA21">The Bank of the United States and the American Economy</a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30866-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30866-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093751/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLX8Q_pXSagC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+the+United+States+and+the+American+Economy&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30866-6&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLX8Q_pXSagC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUY3zsMtIB0C&pg=PA155">Alexander Hamilton: Ambivalent Anglophile</a>. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2878-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2878-3"><bdi>978-0-8420-2878-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093701/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUY3zsMtIB0C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Ambivalent+Anglophile&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2878-3&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUY3zsMtIB0C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeister2011" class="citation book cs1">Keister, Doug (2011). Stories in Stone New York: A Field Guide to New York City Area Cemeteries & Their Residents. Gibbs Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2102-7"><bdi>978-1-4236-2102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+in+Stone+New+York%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+New+York+City+Area+Cemeteries+%26+Their+Residents&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4236-2102-7&rft.aulast=Keister&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2000" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Roger G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burrhamiltonjeff00kenn_0">Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513055-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burr%2C+Hamilton%2C+and+Jefferson%3A+A+Study+in+Character&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513055-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Roger+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburrhamiltonjeff00kenn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Knott, Stephen F. "The Four Faces of Alexander Hamilton: Jefferson's Hamilton, Hollywood's Hamilton, Miranda's Hamilton, and the Real Hamilton." American Political Thought 7.4 (2018): 543–64.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott2002" class="citation book cs1">Knott, Stephen F. (2002). Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1157-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1157-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-1157-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Persistence+of+Myth&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1157-7&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Richard H. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1970-04_27_2/page/188">"The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat"</a>. The William and Mary Quarterly. 27 (2): 188–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1918650">10.2307/1918650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918650">1918650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Inside+History+of+the+Newburgh+Conspiracy%3A+America+and+the+Coup+d%27Etat&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-220&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1918650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1918650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1970-04_27_2%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> A review of the evidence on Newburgh; despite the title, Kohn is doubtful that a coup d'état was ever seriously attempted.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1952" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Harold (1952). "Alexander Hamilton: The Fact and Fiction of His Early Years". William and Mary Quarterly. 9 (2): 139–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1925345">10.2307/1925345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925345">1925345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+Fact+and+Fiction+of+His+Early+Years&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-51&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1925345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1925345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2007" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Yitzchok (May 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615161002/http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/21464">"The Jews of Nevis And Alexander Hamilton"</a>. Glimpses into American Jewish History. The Jewish Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/21464">the original</a> on June 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Nevis+And+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.btitle=Glimpses+into+American+Jewish+History&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Press&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Yitzchok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fpageroute.do%2F21464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind, Michael</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-quarterly_summer-1994_18_3/page/40">"Hamilton's Legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a>. 18 (3): 40–52. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40258878">40258878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hamilton%27s+Legacy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-52&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40258878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_wilson-quarterly_summer-1994_18_3%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlefield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Littlefield, Daniel C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-history_2000-01_81_1/page/91">"John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery"</a>. New York History. 81 (1): 91–132. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X">0146-437X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=John+Jay%2C+the+Revolutionary+Generation%2C+and+Slavery&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-132&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0146-437X&rft.aulast=Littlefield&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_new-york-history_2000-01_81_1%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomask1979" class="citation book cs1">Lomask, Milton (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aaronburr0000loma">Aaron Burr, the Years from Princeton to Vice President, 1756–1805</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10016-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10016-2"><bdi>978-0-374-10016-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aaron+Burr%2C+the+Years+from+Princeton+to+Vice+President%2C+1756%E2%80%931805&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-374-10016-2&rft.aulast=Lomask&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faaronburr0000loma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> First volume of two, contains Hamilton's lifetime.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Robert W. T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-early-republic_spring-2005_25_1/page/21">"Reforming Republicanism: Alexander Hamilton's Theory of Republican Citizenship and Press Liberty"</a>. Journal of the Early Republic. 25 (1): 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2005.0012">10.1353/jer.2005.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143255588">143255588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Reforming+Republicanism%3A+Alexander+Hamilton%27s+Theory+of+Republican+Citizenship+and+Press+Liberty&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjer.2005.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143255588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-early-republic_spring-2005_25_1%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matson, Cathy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409230828/http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-10/no-03/matson/">"Flimsy Fortunes: Americans' Old Relationship with Paper Speculation and Panic"</a>. Common-place. 10 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-10/no-03/matson/">the original</a> on April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common-place&rft.atitle=Flimsy+Fortunes%3A+Americans%27+Old+Relationship+with+Paper+Speculation+and+Panic&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.common-place-archives.org%2Fvol-10%2Fno-03%2Fmatson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Summarizes speculations of William Duer and others in the context of the national economy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCraw2012" class="citation book cs1">McCraw, Thomas K. (2012). The Founders and Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+and+Finance%3A+How+Hamilton%2C+Gallatin%2C+and+Other+Immigrants+Forged+a+New+Economy&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McCraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus1966" class="citation book cs1">McManus, Edgar J. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnegrosl0000mcma">History of Negro Slavery in New York</a>. Syracuse University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Negro+Slavery+in+New+York&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Edgar+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnegrosl0000mcma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1951" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Broadus (1951). "The man who 'discovered' Alexander Hamilton". Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society. 69: 88–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+New+Jersey+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+man+who+%27discovered%27+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=88-115&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Broadus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan1972" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Frank (1972) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnjaydefendero00mona/mode/2up">John Jay: Defender of Liberty Against Kings & Peoples, Author of the Constitution & Governor of New York, President of the Continental Congress, Co-Author of the Federalist, Negotiator of the Peace of 1783 & the Jay Treaty of 1794, First Chief Justice of the United States</a> (Reprint ed.). New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0404046479" title="Special:BookSources/0404046479"><bdi>0404046479</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74-153339">74-153339</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/424884">424884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+Defender+of+Liberty+Against+Kings+%26+Peoples%2C+Author+of+the+Constitution+%26+Governor+of+New+York%2C+President+of+the+Continental+Congress%2C+Co-Author+of+the+Federalist%2C+Negotiator+of+the+Peace+of+1783+%26+the+Jay+Treaty+of+1794%2C+First+Chief+Justice+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F424884&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74-153339&rft.isbn=0404046479&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnjaydefendero00mona%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganO'Shaughnessy2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip D. & O'Shaughnessy, A. J. (2006). "Arming Slaves in the American Revolution". In Brown, Christopher Leslie & Morgan, Philip D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armingslavesfrom00brow_039">Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age</a>. New York: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armingslavesfrom00brow_039/page/n194">180</a>–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10900-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arming+Slaves+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.btitle=Arming+Slaves%3A+From+Classical+Times+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180-208&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10900-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=O%27Shaughnessy%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmingslavesfrom00brow_039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNester2012" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William (June 2012). The Hamiltonian Vision, 1789–1800: The Art of American Power During the Early Republic. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-675-6"><bdi>978-1-59797-675-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hamiltonian+Vision%2C+1789%E2%80%931800%3A+The+Art+of+American+Power+During+the+Early+Republic&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2012-06&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-675-6&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettels1962" class="citation book cs1">Nettels, Curtis P. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnatio0000nett">The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815</a>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+a+National+Economy%2C+1775%E2%80%931815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Nettels&rft.aufirst=Curtis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceofnatio0000nett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Paul Douglas (2004). Fries's Rebellion: The Enduring Struggle for the American Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3815-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-3815-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fries%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Enduring+Struggle+for+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3815-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Paul+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2019" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ">Discovering Hamilton: New Discoveries in the Lives of Alexander Hamilton, His Family, Friends, and Colleagues, from Various Archives Around the World</a>. Eleftheria Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9826040-4-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093756/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oOiDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Hamilton%3A+New+Discoveries+in+the+Lives+of+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+His+Family%2C+Friends%2C+and+Colleagues%2C+from+Various+Archives+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Eleftheria+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-9826040-4-5&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oOiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthupTurneyStockwell2003" class="citation book cs1">Northup, Cynthia Clark; Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Stockwell, Mary (2003). Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31943-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tariffs+and+Trade+in+U.S.+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31943-3&rft.aulast=Northup&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Clark&rft.au=Turney%2C+Elaine+C.+Prange&rft.au=Stockwell%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2005" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zcjYPZxPV0C&pg=PA131">Shapers of the Great Debate at the Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Biographical Dictionary (Shapers of the Great American Debates)</a>. Greenwood; annotated edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33021-6"><bdi>978-0-313-33021-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093725/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zcjYPZxPV0C&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shapers+of+the+Great+Debate+at+the+Constitutional+Convention+of+1787%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+%28Shapers+of+the+Great+American+Debates%29&rft.pub=Greenwood%3B+annotated+edition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33021-6&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zcjYPZxPV0C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove1979" class="citation book cs1">Rakove, Jack N. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningsofnati00jack">The beginnings of National Politics: an interpretive history of the Continental Congress</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-42370-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-42370-8"><bdi>978-0-394-42370-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+beginnings+of+National+Politics%3A+an+interpretive+history+of+the+Continental+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-394-42370-8&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningsofnati00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter1964" class="citation book cs1">Rossiter, Clinton (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00ross">Alexander Hamilton and the Constitution</a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Constitution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1995" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpolitics0000shar_g0z6">American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06519-0"><bdi>978-0-300-06519-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Politics+in+the+Early+Republic%3A+The+New+Nation+in+Crisis&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06519-0&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpolitics0000shar_g0z6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Survey of politics in the 1790s.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, Colleen (2004). "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion". American Political Science Review. 98 (3): 405–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055404001248">10.1017/S0003055404001248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145693742">145693742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Madison+v.+Hamilton%3A+The+Battle+Over+Republicanism+and+the+Role+of+Public+Opinion&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-24&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055404001248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145693742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert W. (2004). Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-326-5"><bdi>978-0-87580-326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Republic%3A+Ideology+and+Early+American+Diplomacy&rft.place=DeKalb&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-326-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaloff2005" class="citation book cs1">Staloff, Darren (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamiltonadamsjef00stal">Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7784-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7784-7"><bdi>978-0-8090-7784-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton%2C+Adams%2C+Jefferson%3A+The+Politics+of+Enlightenment+and+the+American+Founding&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-7784-7&rft.aulast=Staloff&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamiltonadamsjef00stal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="stewart" class="citation book cs1">Steward, David O. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poGMCwAAQBAJ">Madison's Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America</a>. imon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8859-7"><bdi>978-1-4516-8859-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093759/https://books.google.com/books?id=poGMCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison%27s+Gift%3A+Five+Partnerships+That+Built+America&rft.pub=imon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8859-7&rft.aulast=Steward&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoGMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorbridgeNoble1999" class="citation book cs1">Storbridge, Truman R.; Noble, Dennis L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSx7-ZqB1C0C&pg=PA2">Alaska and the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service: 1867–1915</a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-845-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-845-4"><bdi>978-1-55750-845-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093633/https://books.google.com/books?id=VSx7-ZqB1C0C&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska+and+the+U.+S.+Revenue+Cutter+Service%3A+1867%E2%80%931915&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-845-4&rft.aulast=Storbridge&rft.aufirst=Truman+R.&rft.au=Noble%2C+Dennis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSx7-ZqB1C0C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStourzh1970" class="citation book cs1">Stourzh, Gerald (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0000stou">Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0724-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-0724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Idea+of+Republican+Government&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0724-4&rft.aulast=Stourzh&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto0000stou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker1898" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, William S. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/battlesoftrenton00stry">The Battles of Trenton and Princeton</a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+%26+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbattlesoftrenton00stry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudenskiKrooss2003" class="citation book cs1">Studenski, Paul; Krooss, Herman Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0UqxH-5fdkC&pg=PA62">Financial History of the United States</a> (5th ed.). Frederick, Md.: Beard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58798-175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58798-175-3"><bdi>978-1-58798-175-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094210/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0UqxH-5fdkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Frederick%2C+Md.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58798-175-3&rft.aulast=Studenski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Krooss%2C+Herman+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0UqxH-5fdkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyllaWrightCowen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sylla, Richard; Wright, Robert E. & Cowen, David J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_business-history-review_2009_spring_83_1/page/61">"Alexander Hamilton, Central Banker: Crisis Management during the US Financial Panic of 1792"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_History_Review" title="Business History Review">Business History Review</a>. 83 (1): 61–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0007680500000209">10.1017/s0007680500000209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153842455">153842455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton%2C+Central+Banker%3A+Crisis+Management+during+the+US+Financial+Panic+of+1792&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-86&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0007680500000209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153842455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sylla&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wright%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Cowen%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_business-history-review_2009_spring_83_1%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1931" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Charles Marion (1931). 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Reviews in American History. 33 (1): 8–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2005.0019">10.1353/rah.2005.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143944159">143944159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Being+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2005.0019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143944159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trees&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrees2004" class="citation book cs1">Trees, Andrew S. (2004). The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11552-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11552-8"><bdi>978-0-691-11552-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers+and+the+Politics+of+Character&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11552-8&rft.aulast=Trees&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812 [three volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-156-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-156-5"><bdi>978-1-59884-156-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Early+American+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931812+%5Bthree+volumes%5D%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-156-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1915" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, David Duncan (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrylaure00walluoft">Life of Henry Laurens, with a sketch of the life of Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens</a>. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Henry+Laurens%2C+with+a+sketch+of+the+life+of+Lieutenant-Colonel+John+Laurens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=David+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofhenrylaure00walluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1994" class="citation journal cs1">Weston, Rob N. (1994). "Alexander Hamilton and the Abolition of Slavery in New York". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 18 (1): 31–45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-2437">0364-2437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Americans+in+New+York+Life+and+History&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery+in+New+York&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-45&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0364-2437&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Rob+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> An undergraduate paper, which concludes that Hamilton was ambivalent about slavery.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1944" class="citation journal cs1">White, Leonard D. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/bulr24&i=146">"Public Administration Under the Federalists"</a>. Boston University Law Review. 24: 144–187 – via <a href="/wiki/HeinOnline" title="HeinOnline">HeinOnline</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Public+Administration+Under+the+Federalists&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=144-187&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Leonard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Fbulr24%26i%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1949" class="citation book cs1">White, Leonard D. (1949). The Federalists. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Leonard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> Coverage of how the Treasury and other departments were created and operated.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation journal cs1">White, Richard D. (2000). "Exploring the Origins of the American Administrative State: Recent Writings on the Ambiguous Legacy of Alexander Hamilton". Public Administration Review. 60 (2): 186–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0033-3352.00077">10.1111/0033-3352.00077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Origins+of+the+American+Administrative+State%3A+Recent+Writings+on+the+Ambiguous+Legacy+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-90&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0033-3352.00077&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood">Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503914-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> The most recent synthesis of the era.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert E. (2002). Hamilton Unbound: Finance and the Creation of the American Republic. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32397-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+Unbound%3A+Finance+and+the+Creation+of+the+American+Republic&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32397-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">——— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onenationunderde0000wrig">One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-154393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-154393-4"><bdi>978-0-07-154393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation+Under+Debt%3A+Hamilton%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+History+of+What+We+Owe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-154393-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonenationunderde0000wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2024" class="citation book cs1">James, Davida Siwisa (April 2, 2024). Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill: Alexander Hamilton's Old Harlem Neighborhood Through the Centuries. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781531506155" title="Special:BookSources/9781531506155"><bdi>9781531506155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+Heights+and+Sugar+Hill%3A+Alexander+Hamilton%27s+Old+Harlem+Neighborhood+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft.isbn=9781531506155&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Davida+Siwisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Cooke, Jacob E., ed. Alexander Hamilton: A Profile. 1967. (Short excerpts from Hamilton and his critics.)</li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Confrontations that Shaped a Nation. 2000. (Short collection of primary sources, with commentary.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Joanne B., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00alex_0/page/1108">Alexander Hamilton: Writings</a>. The Library of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00alex_0/page/1108">1108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-04-4"><bdi>978-1-931082-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+Writings&rft.pages=1108&rft.pub=The+Library+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-931082-04-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00alex_0%2Fpage%2F1108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"> (All of Hamilton's major writings and many of his letters.)</li> <li>Freeman, Joanne B., ed., The Essential Hamilton: Letters & Other Writings (abridged ed.) (Library of America, 2017) 424 pp.</li> <li>Frisch, Morton J., ed. Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton. 1985.</li> <li>Goebel, Julius Jr., and Joseph H. Smith, eds. The Law Practice of Alexander Hamilton. 5 vols. Columbia University Press, 1964–80. (Comprehensive edition of Hamilton's legal papers.)</li> <li>Hamilton, Alexander. <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">Report on Manufactures</a>. (Economic program for the United States.)</li> <li>Hamilton, Alexander. <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Public_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on Public Credit">Report on Public Credit</a>. (Financial program for the United States.)</li> <li>Hamilton, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">Hamilton, John Church</a>. The Works of Alexander Hamilton: Miscellanies, 1789–1795: France; Duties on imports; National bank; Manufactures; Revenue circulars; Reports on claims. 1850. John F. Trow, printer. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75YoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">free online e-book edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405165725/https://books.google.com/books?id=75YoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">Archived</a> April 5, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Hamilton, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay, John</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>. (Published under the shared pseudonym "Publius".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1904" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Henry Cabot, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksalexanderh10hamigoog">The Works of Alexander Hamilton, 10 vols</a> (Full text online at the Internet Archive). New York; London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Alexander+Hamilton%2C+10+vols.&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksalexanderh10hamigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Hamilton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Morris, Richard, ed. Alexander Hamilton and the Founding of the Nation. 1957. (Excerpts from Hamilton's writings.)</li> <li>National Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/about">Founders Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413112423/https://founders.archives.gov/about">Archived</a> April 13, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – searchable edition</li> <li>Sylla, Richard and David J. Cowen, eds. Alexander Hamilton on Finance, Credit, and Debt (Columbia UP, 2018) 346 pp. (partly abridged version of key documents; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/?s=Sylla+Cowen%2C">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805131517/http://eh.net/?s=Sylla+Cowen%2C">Archived</a> August 5, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Syrett, Harold C., Jacob E. Cooke, and Barbara Chernow, eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 27 vols. Columbia University Press, 1961–87. (Includes all letters and writings by Hamilton, and all important letters written to him; the definitive edition of Hamilton's works, intensively annotated.)</li> <li>Taylor, George Rogers, ed. Hamilton and the National Debt. 1950. (Excerpts from 1790s writings representing all sides.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Alexander Hamilton at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hamiltonism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hamiltonism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" 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U.S. History/The Formation of a National Government">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Alexander Hamilton <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Alexander+Hamilton&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Alexander+Hamilton">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Alexander+Hamilton&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">8th Senior Officer of the United States Army (1799–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">1st Secretary of the Treasury (1789–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1782–1783, 1788–1789)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress" title="A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress">A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_Refuted" title="The Farmer Refuted">The Farmer Refuted (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of the Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Revenue Marine (U.S. Coast Guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">U.S. Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_economic_program" title="Hamiltonian economic program">Hamiltonian economic program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1790" title="Funding Act of 1790">Funding Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">Tariff of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Bill_of_1791" title="Bank Bill of 1791">Bank Bill of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">Tariff of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">Tariff of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">U.S. Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li>Reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Report_on_the_Public_Credit" title="First Report on the Public Credit">"First Report on the Public Credit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Report_on_Public_Credit" title="Second Report on Public Credit">"Second Report on Public Credit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">"Report On Manufactures"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_a_Plan_for_the_Further_Support_of_Public_Credit" title="Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit">"Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Establishing_Useful_Manufactures" title="Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures">Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Company_of_Artillery" title="New York Provincial Company of Artillery">New York Provincial Company of Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Washington's aide-de-camp</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Founder, Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNY" class="mw-redirect" title="BNY">Founder, Bank of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America#Congressional_Charter" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">Founder, New-York Evening Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Reynolds_affair" title="Hamilton–Reynolds affair">Hamilton–Reynolds affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_v._Waddington" title="Rutgers v. Waddington">Rutgers v. Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hamilton and slavery">Relationship with slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Burr–Hamilton duel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Trumbull)" title="Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull)">Trumbull portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Ceracchi)" title="Alexander Hamilton (Ceracchi)">Ceracchi bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Central_Park)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Central Park)">Central Park statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)">U.S. Treasury statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Columbia_University)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Columbia University)">Columbia University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Boston)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hamilton_on_U.S._postage">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)" title="Greenback (1860s money)">Greenbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">U.S. $10 bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Alexander_Hamilton" title="List of things named after Alexander Hamilton">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Historical_and_Conservation_Society#Alexander_Hamilton_Museum" title="Nevis Historical and Conservation Society">Boyhood home and museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_U.S._Custom_House" title="Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House">Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Bridge" title="Alexander Hamilton Bridge">Alexander Hamilton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_High_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles)">Alexander Hamilton High School</a> (Los Angeles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton" title="Fort Hamilton">Fort Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial" title="Hamilton Grange National Memorial">Hamilton Grange National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)" title="Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)">Hamilton Hall</a> (Columbia University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Salem,_Massachusetts)" title="Hamilton Hall (Salem, Massachusetts)">Hamilton Hall</a> (Salem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hamilton Heights, Manhattan">Hamilton Heights, Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alexander_Hamilton" title="USS Alexander Hamilton">USS Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Alexander_Hamilton" title="PS Alexander Hamilton">PS Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(play)" title="Hamilton (play)">Hamilton</a> (1917 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(film)" title="Alexander Hamilton (film)">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1931 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty!</a> (1997 documentary series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a> (2002 animated series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(book)" title="Alexander Hamilton (book)">Alexander Hamilton</a> (2004 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (2015 musical, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">2020 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington</a> (2020 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall_(New_Jersey)" title="Liberty Hall (New Jersey)">Liberty Hall</a> (New Jersey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">"American System" economic plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_family" title="Hamilton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton" title="Philip Hamilton">Philip Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Hamilton" title="Angelica Hamilton">Angelica Hamilton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr." title="Alexander Hamilton Jr.">Alexander Hamilton Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Hamilton" title="James Alexander Hamilton">James Alexander Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John Church Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hamilton_Holly" title="Eliza Hamilton Holly">Eliza Hamilton Holly</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton_(lawyer)" title="Philip Hamilton (lawyer)">Philip Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Schuyler Hamilton">Schuyler Hamilton</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr._(1816%E2%80%931889)" title="Alexander Hamilton Jr. (1816–1889)">Alexander Hamilton Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLane_Hamilton" title="Allan McLane Hamilton">Allan McLane Hamilton</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Alexander Hamilton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Federalist_Papers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Papers" title="Template talk:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Federalist_Papers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">(papers)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._1" title="Federalist No. 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._2" title="Federalist No. 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._3" title="Federalist No. 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._4" title="Federalist No. 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._5" title="Federalist No. 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._6" title="Federalist No. 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._7" title="Federalist No. 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._8" title="Federalist No. 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._9" title="Federalist No. 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._11" title="Federalist No. 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._12" title="Federalist No. 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._13" title="Federalist No. 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._14" title="Federalist No. 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._16" title="Federalist No. 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._17" title="Federalist No. 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._18" title="Federalist No. 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._19" title="Federalist No. 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._21" title="Federalist No. 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._22" title="Federalist No. 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._23" title="Federalist No. 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._24" title="Federalist No. 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._25" title="Federalist No. 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._26" title="Federalist No. 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._27" title="Federalist No. 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._28" title="Federalist No. 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._29" title="Federalist No. 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._30" title="Federalist No. 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._31" title="Federalist No. 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._32" title="Federalist No. 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._33" title="Federalist No. 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._34" title="Federalist No. 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._35" title="Federalist No. 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._36" title="Federalist No. 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._37" title="Federalist No. 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._38" title="Federalist No. 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._41" title="Federalist No. 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._42" title="Federalist No. 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._43" title="Federalist No. 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._44" title="Federalist No. 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._45" title="Federalist No. 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._47" title="Federalist No. 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._48" title="Federalist No. 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._49" title="Federalist No. 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._50" title="Federalist No. 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._52" title="Federalist No. 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._53" title="Federalist No. 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._54" title="Federalist No. 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._56" title="Federalist No. 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._57" title="Federalist No. 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._58" title="Federalist No. 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._59" title="Federalist No. 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._60" title="Federalist No. 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._61" title="Federalist No. 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._63" title="Federalist No. 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._64" title="Federalist No. 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._65" title="Federalist No. 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._66" title="Federalist No. 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._67" title="Federalist No. 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._68" title="Federalist No. 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._70" title="Federalist No. 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._71" title="Federalist No. 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._72" title="Federalist No. 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._73" title="Federalist No. 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._74" title="Federalist No. 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._75" title="Federalist No. 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._76" title="Federalist No. 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._77" title="Federalist No. 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._78" title="Federalist No. 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._79" title="Federalist No. 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._80" title="Federalist No. 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._81" title="Federalist No. 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._82" title="Federalist No. 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._83" title="Federalist No. 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._84" title="Federalist No. 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._85" title="Federalist No. 85">85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Journal" title="The Independent Journal">The Independent Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Anti-Federalist" title="The Complete Anti-Federalist">complete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Federalist_Papers" title="Category:The Federalist Papers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">Portal:History</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Federalist">The Federalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> 1789–1795 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Humphrey_Cushing" title="Thomas Humphrey Cushing">Thomas Cushing</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Inspectors_General_of_the_U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Inspectors General of the U.S. Army">Inspector General of the United States Army</a> 1798–1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Humphrey_Cushing" title="Thomas Humphrey Cushing">Thomas Cushing</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the United States Army</a> 1799–1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> 1800–1804 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Pinckney</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Alexander_Hamilton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Alexander_Hamilton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Alexander Hamilton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federalist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Party" title="Template talk:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federalist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Federalist Party">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">T. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Jonathan Trumbull Jr.</a> (1791–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Theodore Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1800–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1800–1801)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1798–1801)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecTreas" title="Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecTreas" title="Template talk:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretaries of the treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_Washington_(1789–1797)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_cabinet" title="Template:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_cabinet" title="Template talk:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_Washington_(1789–1797)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1789–1797)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/100px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/150px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/200px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5619" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer / Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Template:Inspectors General of the United States Army"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Template talk:Inspectors General of the United States Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inspectors General of the United States Army"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inspectors_General_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army">Inspectors General of the United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_La_Balme" title="Augustin de La Balme">La Balme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles_Tronson_du_Coudray" title="Philippe Charles Tronson du Coudray">du Coudray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Butts" title="Henry De Butts">De Butts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rudolph" title="Michael Rudolph">Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(soldier)" title="Edward Butler (soldier)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills_(soldier)" title="John Mills (soldier)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haskell" title="Jonathan Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(soldier)" title="Edward Butler (soldier)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Humphrey_Cushing" title="Thomas Humphrey Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Humphrey_Cushing" title="Thomas Humphrey Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Youngs_Nicoll" title="Abimael Youngs Nicoll">Nickoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">Winder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parker_(general)" title="Daniel Parker (general)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Hayne" title="Arthur P. Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gadsden" title="James Gadsden">Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_B._Archer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel B. Archer (page does not exist)">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Croghan_(soldier)" title="George Croghan (soldier)">Croghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Churchill" title="Sylvester Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._McCall" title="George A. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Mansfield" title="Joseph K. Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_L._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry L. Scott (page does not exist)">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_B._Marcy" title="Randolph B. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos_Bennett_Sackett" title="Delos Bennett Sackett">Sackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bell_Van_Rensselaer" title="Henry Bell Van Rensselaer">Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Schriver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Schriver (page does not exist)">Schriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_Hardie" title="James Allen Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Davis" title="Nelson H. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absalom_Baird" title="Absalom Baird">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Jones_(Inspector_General)" title="Roger Jones (Inspector General)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabell_Breckinridge_Sr." title="Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Dumont_Vroom,_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Dumont Vroom, Jr (page does not exist)">Vroom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_H._Burton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George H. Burton (page does not exist)">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Albert_Garlington" title="Ernest Albert Garlington">Garlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Loomis_Chamberlain" title="John Loomis Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Alva_Helmick" title="Eli Alva Helmick">Helmick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Rivers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Rivers (page does not exist)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Aloysius_Drum" title="Hugh Aloysius Drum">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Preston" title="John F. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Reed" title="Walter L. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_L._Peterson" title="Virgil L. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Isom_Sultan" title="Daniel Isom Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_T._Wyche" title="Ira T. Wyche">Wyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Craig" title="Louis A. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noce" title="Daniel Noce">Noce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_C._Zimmerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne C. Zimmerman (page does not exist)">Zimmerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ayres_Depue_Ogden" title="David Ayres Depue Ogden">Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pierson_(soldier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Pierson (soldier) (page does not exist)">Pierson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_H._McDaniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward H. McDaniel (page does not exist)">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiram_D._Ives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiram D. Ives (page does not exist)">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Richardson_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Richardson III (page does not exist)">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Garrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Garrison (page does not exist)">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Enemark" title="William A. Enemark">Enemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_H._Woodward" title="Gilbert H. Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herron_N._Maples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herron N. Maples (page does not exist)">Maples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_D._Fuller" title="Marvin D. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trefry" title="Richard Trefry">Trefry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_R._Thompson,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel R. Thompson, Jr. (page does not exist)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Doctor_Jr." title="Henry Doctor Jr.">Doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_H._Corns" title="Johnnie H. Corns">Corns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_R._Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry R. Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_W._Ackerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael W. Ackerman (page does not exist)">Ackerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Mikolashek" title="Paul T. Mikolashek">Mikolashek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_E._Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley E. Green (page does not exist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Steven_Whitcomb" title="R. Steven Whitcomb">Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_M._Vangjel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter M. Vangjel (page does not exist)">Vangjel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Quantock" title="David E. Quantock">Quantock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Smith" title="Leslie C. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_W._Martin" title="Donna W. Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement (by  colony or location)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The Turtle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BNY" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BNY_Mellon" title="Template:BNY Mellon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BNY_Mellon" title="Template talk:BNY Mellon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BNY_Mellon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BNY Mellon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BNY" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BNY" class="mw-redirect" title="BNY">BNY</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mellon" title="Thomas Mellon">Thomas Mellon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:BNY_logo_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BNY_logo_2024.svg/140px-BNY_logo_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BNY_logo_2024.svg/210px-BNY_logo_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BNY_logo_2024.svg/280px-BNY_logo_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="45" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hassell" title="Gerald Hassell">Gerald Hassell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Renyi" title="Tom Renyi">Tom Renyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNY_Investments" title="BNY Investments">BNY Investments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation" title="Dreyfus Corporation">Dreyfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight_Investment" title="Insight Investment">Insight Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Investment_Management" title="Newton Investment Management">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott_(investment_manager)" title="Walter Scott (investment manager)">Walter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIBC_Mellon" title="CIBC Mellon">CIBC Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Investment_Systems" title="Eagle Investment Systems">Eagle Investment Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing LLC">Pershing LLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Trust" title="Irving Trust">Irving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_and_Farmers%27_Bank_of_Albany" title="Mechanics' and Farmers' Bank of Albany">Mechanics' and Farmers' Bank of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellon_Financial" title="Mellon Financial">Mellon Financial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Wall_Street" title="1 Wall Street">1 Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNY_Mellon_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="BNY Mellon Center (Philadelphia)">BNY Mellon Center (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNY_Mellon_Center_(Pittsburgh)" title="BNY Mellon Center (Pittsburgh)">BNY Mellon Center (Pittsburgh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellon_National_Bank_Building" title="Mellon National Bank Building">Mellon National Bank Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEXEN_(platform)" title="NEXEN (platform)">NEXEN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178903#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121019825">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66496514">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31768/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRV7HRkbwQ78YMFcjBfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118545302">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021633">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121043321">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121043321">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00467848">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV012292">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35165662">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001393&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1300537">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/556028">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068351704">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13004631">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000083886&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000051715&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000104597">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=126267">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058337">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199611348">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhl5gl06003dn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572541605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/145648">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262340405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527462606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14769126">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00567773?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000101">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/848603">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118545302.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118545302">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029409268">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581887">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67n11t3">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Hamilton&oldid=1255774569#Slavery">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Hamilton&oldid=1255774569#Slavery</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Hamilton" 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