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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eradication_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_Cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_Cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Biological and Cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_Cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Emerging markets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emerging_markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emerging markets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emerging_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_Seed_Banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Seed_Banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Local Seed Banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Seed_Banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dagga_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagga_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dagga Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagga_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagga_Couple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagga_Couple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dagga Couple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagga_Couple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Marijuana_Marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Marijuana_Marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Global Marijuana Marches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Marijuana_Marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mario_Oriani-Ambrosini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mario_Oriani-Ambrosini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mario Oriani-Ambrosini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mario_Oriani-Ambrosini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_regulatory_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_regulatory_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governmental regulatory bodies</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Medicines_Control_Council_(MCC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine_Research_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_Research_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medicine Research Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_Research_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Health_Products_Regulatory_Authority_(SAHPRA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Health_Products_Regulatory_Authority_(SAHPRA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Health_Products_Regulatory_Authority_(SAHPRA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decriminalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decriminalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Decriminalisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decriminalisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decriminalisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decriminalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_Cape_High_Court_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Cape_High_Court_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Initial Cape High Court ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Cape_High_Court_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Constitutional_Court_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Constitutional_Court_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>2018 Constitutional Court ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Constitutional_Court_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabis_for_Private_Purposes_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis_for_Private_Purposes_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis_for_Private_Purposes_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in South Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cannabis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/180px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/240px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arts</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a> (<a href="/wiki/420chan" title="420chan">chan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magu_(deity)" title="Magu (deity)">Magu (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism" title="Cannabis and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Spiritual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a> (INN)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Semi-synthetic cannabinoids</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">THC-O-acetate</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">Synthetic cannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids" title="List of AM cannabinoids">AM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM-2201" title="AM-2201">AM-2201</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids" title="List of CP cannabinoids">CP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,940" title="CP 55,940">CP-55940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids" title="List of HU cannabinoids">HU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HU-210" title="HU-210">HU-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HU-331" title="HU-331">HU-331</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids" title="List of JWH cannabinoids">JWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-073" title="JWH-073">JWH-073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-133" title="JWH-133">JWH-133</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonantradol" title="Levonantradol">Levonantradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA" title="MDMB-CHMICA">MDMB-CHMICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-144,528" title="SR-144,528">SR144528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Pharmacology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid receptors</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">Cannabinoid receptor type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">Cannabinoid receptor type 2</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoids</a></b> <small>(activate cannabinoid receptors)</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink" title="Cannabis consumption">Drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Edibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual cannabis use by country</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_house" title="Grow house">Grow house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_shop" title="Grow shop">Grow shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine" title="Marijuana vending machine">Marijuana vending machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_(cannabis_cigar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt (cannabis cigar)">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Flower essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_protein" title="Hemp protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(smoking)" title="Roach (smoking)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabis">Synthetic cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law" title="Cannabis and international law">Cannabis and international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">UN 2020 descheduling</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Non-medical</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory" title="Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory">Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada" title="Legal history of cannabis in Canada">Legal history of cannabis in Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_country" title="Cannabis by country">Cannabis by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain" title="Cannabis in Spain">Cannabis in Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cannabis in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand" title="Cannabis in Thailand">Cannabis in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy of Portugal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids">Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Genus</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Species</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco Gold (cannabis)">Acapulco Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte's web (cannabis)">Charlotte's web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(Cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kush (Cannabis)">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi Gold">Malawi Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_Diesel" title="Sour Diesel">Sour Diesel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/23px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="790" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/15px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/23px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/30px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/15px-Veranotrigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/23px-Veranotrigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/30px-Veranotrigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cannabis in South Africa</b> is an indigenous plant with a rich historical, social, and cultural significance for various communities. South Africa’s cannabis policy evolution has been marked by significant shifts, particularly following decriminalisation by the Constitutional Court in 2018, and the passing of the Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill in May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the lifting of the prohibition of cannabis in 2018, advocates pressured the government to amend laws restricting cannabis that were first established in 1922 to allow exceptions for <a href="/wiki/Medical_use_of_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical use of cannabis">medical use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious use of cannabis">religious practices</a>, and other purposes. The Afrikaans term commonly used to refer to cannabis is <a href="/wiki/Dagga" title="Dagga">dagga</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Afrikaans pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="af-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">[/ˈdaχa/]</a></span>), derived from the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> word <span title="Khoisan languages collective text"><i lang="khi">dacha</i></span>, which was adopted by early European colonial settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cannabis is believed to have been introduced to Africa by early Arab or Indian traders, centuries ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was already in widespread use among South Africa's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Town" title="History of Cape Town">European settlement in the Cape in 1652</a>. Additionally, it was traditionally utilized by <a href="/wiki/Basotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Basotho">Basotho</a> communities to facilitate childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author Hazel Crampton, historical <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner cuisine">Afrikaner recipes</a> for teas and foods incorporated the use of cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant's use was primarily associated with traditional African populations and individuals of lower economic status.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toit1991_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toit1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-term research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council" title="South African Medical Research Council">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) indicates that the number of cannabis users in South Africa was 2.2 million in 2004, which increased to 3.2 million by 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> ranked South Africa as the world's fourth-largest cannabis producer, and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> reported that a significant portion of cannabis seized in the United Kingdom, and a third seized globally, originated from South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first written record of the plant in South Africa is by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>, who ordered officers of the <i>Voorman</i> to purchase "daccha" in <a href="/wiki/Natal_(province)" title="Natal (province)">Natal</a> for trade with the Khoikhoi. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> attempted to establish a monopoly on its sale, and to that end prohibited cultivation of the plant by Cape settlers from 1680. However, the ready availability of cannabis in the wild and through trade with indigenous peoples meant that there was little profit to be made. Consequently, the prohibition was lifted in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_laws">Provincial laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provincial laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> began to import Indian workers (called "<a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a>" at the time) to supplement their labour force. These Indians brought with them the habit of consuming cannabis and hashish, which blended with local, extant African traditions. The European authorities were concerned by this practice, believing it sapped the vitality of their workers;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently, in 1870, Natal's <i>Coolie Law Consolidation</i> prohibited "the smoking, use, or possession by and the sale, barter, or gift to, any Coolies whatsoever, of any portion of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)..."<sup id="cite_ref-Toit1991_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toit1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Cape and Transvaal colonies restricted the growth of the plant, which they considered a "noxious weed";<sup id="cite_ref-:15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1891, the Cape Colony prohibited cannabis under Act 34, and the Free State outlawed dealing in cannabis in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, Natal began to regulate the sale of cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Transvaal, dagga was sold "openly and normally" by storekeepers to miners.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although white farmers did cultivate cannabis in the 18th century and early 19th century, consumption by the farmers themselves was rare. However, even cultivation fell out of favour later in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, "serious signs of a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> focusing around dagga" appeared, centred on the Western Cape. A concern developed about the "'camaraderie' which led some to lay aside race and other prejudices with regard to fellow" drug users.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_laws">National laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, regulations were issued under an amended Customs and Excises Duty Act which criminalised the possession and use of "habit forming drugs", including dagga. Under regulation 14, the cultivation, possession, sale, and use of the plant were prohibited. The burden of proof for any defence against a charge lay with the accused; legal scholar Professor Chanock contrasted this with laws regulating alcohol at the time, which laws placed the burden of proof on the accuser; he reasoned that the cannabis regulations were applied differently because they were intended to target black people.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Fifth Session of the League of Nations <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Traffic_in_Opium_and_Other_Dangerous_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs">Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs</a>, it was at South Africa's wish, expressed by Secretary to the Prime Minister J. C. Van Tyen in 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-Mills2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that dagga was included in a list of prohibited narcotics, which list had hitherto been almost entirely concerned with <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and its derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cannabis was subsequently outlawed internationally in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg/220px-Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg/330px-Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg/440px-Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>People marching in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> against the prohibition of cannabis in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 9 May 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Cannabis was wholly criminalised in South Africa in 1928 under the <a href="/wiki/Medical,_Dental,_and_Pharmacy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Act">Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Act</a>, for political and moral reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin1975_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin1975-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the government of South Africa introduced the Weeds Act, which made the occupant or owner of a property accountable for preventing the growth of cannabis, or any other plant classified as a "weed", on the property.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concern about the extent of dagga use in South Africa continued to grow, resulting eventually in the enactment, in 1971, of the Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act of 1992, people found in possession of more than 115 grams of dagga were presumed to be guilty of dealing. However, following the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Constitution of 1993">interim constitution of South Africa</a>, courts found that this unjustifiably infringed the constitutionally enshrined presumption of innocence, and consequently invalidated those parts of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 September 2018 the South African Constitutional Court decriminalized the use and cultivation of cannabis in a private space, and provided a 24-month period in which the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a> could amend the relevant laws, failing which the court judgement would prevail. Even though private use of cannabis has been decriminalized the buying and selling of cannabis, cannabis oil and cannabis seeds remains illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation,_eradication,_and_bio-cultural_heritage"><span id="Cultivation.2C_eradication.2C_and_bio-cultural_heritage"></span>Cultivation, eradication, and bio-cultural heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivation, eradication, and bio-cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg/189px-Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg/283px-Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg/378px-Police_arresting_Rastafarian_in_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">South African Police</a> arrest a <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian">Rastafarian</a> for a cannabis related offense during prohibition</figcaption></figure> <p>Cannabis grows well in South Africa's climate,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the "dagga belt", an area including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> provinces<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, per the 2011 <i>International Narcotics Control Strategy Report</i>, it is a traditional crop. According to GroundUp, cannabis is "an important cash crop" that "sustains entire communities in the rural Eastern Cape", which otherwise survive in a <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural farmers are typically poor and produce low quality local product that is consumed domestically by the lower class, while middle class growers produce product for the rest of the national and international marijuana market.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the national product is consumed domestically or regionally, but increasing amounts are seized in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownfield2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownfield2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa)">Department of Land and Agriculture</a>, the Tobacco and Cotton Research Institute, and the Southern African Hemp Company conducted agricultural research on the viability of farming non-psychoactive hemp strains of the plant in the <a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eradication_programs">Eradication programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eradication programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state conducted cannabis eradication programs since the 1950s. Police initially uprooted dagga plantations and burned the crops but in 1980 switched to using herbicides, which they would dispense with hand-held pumps. By the end of the 1980s, helicopters replaced ground patrols, and helicopter patrols would release herbicides aerially to destroy entire crops in minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, a coalition of civil society organisations successfully lobbied government in the former Natal province to ban the herbicide <a href="/wiki/Paraquat" title="Paraquat">paraquat</a> from use in aerial eradication programmes. The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> (SAPS) now uses a herbicide formulation which includes <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, and maintains that it is safe, posing "no threat to human, animal, or environmental health". However, a new coalition of the non-profit organisations Fields of Green For All and the Amapondo Children’s Project launched legal proceedings in 2016 to stop the SAPS from performing aerial eradications.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_Cultural_heritage">Biological and Cultural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological and Cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Africa, the third largest centre of biodiversity in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of Indigenous peoples and local communities have cultivated cannabis for long time and have developed special ties with the plant, including the custodianship of traditional cannabis <a href="/wiki/Plant_variety_(law)" title="Plant variety (law)">plant varieties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a>) and associated agricultural or medical skills and know-hows (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a>) which have been <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospected</a> for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These elements are today protected against misappropriation and <a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a> by international law, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> that the country has ratified<sup id="cite_ref-:19_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">GRATK Treaty</a> signed by South Africa in May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Biopiracy is an ongoing issue in the country. According to the reform organisation <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Green_for_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields of Green for All">Fields of Green for All</a>:</p><blockquote><p>there are cases of international research organisations taking advantage of small scale rural farmers, by exploiting their landrace genetics without adequate compensation or moral recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical cannabis</a> products may be prescribed for any health condition, once the presiding physician determines that it could assist in treatment. Patients may request medical cannabis through authorised health practitioners who are licensed by the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA). The health practitioner must apply online on their patient's behalf to SAHPRA. Once a prescription has been issued to the patient, it can be fulfilled by pharmacists registered with the South African Pharmacy Council (SAPC).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_markets">Emerging markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emerging markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that the African cannabis market will grow to be worth $7 bn by 2023, with the main stakeholders being Nigeria with $3.7bn, South Africa $1.7bn, Morocco $900m, Lesotho $90m and Zimbabwe $80m. The potential growth has acted as a motivation for legalization considering the traditionally stagnant economic growth of South Africa. A major driving force in the emerging market is European demand with Germany being the largest cannabis market in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_Seed_Banks">Local Seed Banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local Seed Banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the large overseas market which draws many investors into the new industry, the local South African market is proving to be another avenue for economic growth. The aforementioned plant, locally known as 'dagga', has had a long history in Southern Africa, dating back to the 1500's. This long history of cultivation within the area has led to the plant being socially accepted by many indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its acceptance spreading further within South Africa after the decimalization in 2018. This is clearly seen with the increase in hobby growers and local small-scale farmers who are curious about the plant, and its recently outlawed reputation. Before the decriminalization of Cannabis, procuring the seeds necessary to grow the plant was largely considered illegal and difficult. However, laws allowing people to grow the plant within their own homes as well as the government's mandate to not exclude the poor from the industry, has made the procurement of certified quality seeds a necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeremy_Acton,_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg/233px-Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg/350px-Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg/467px-Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Clarke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>The Dagga Couple (seated) with Jeremy Acton of the Dagga Party</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dagga_Party">Dagga Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dagga Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dagga_Party" title="Dagga Party">Dagga Party</a></div> <p>Iqela Lentsango: <a href="/wiki/Dagga_Party" title="Dagga Party">The Dagga Party of South Africa</a> (more commonly known as the Dagga Party) is a South African political party founded in February 2009 by Jeremy Acton, who remains the party's leader. The Dagga Party was established to allow voters who support the legalisation of dagga to have representation in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's position is that cannabis users should have the same rights as people who use tobacco and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dagga_Couple">Dagga Couple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dagga Couple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a></div> <p>Julian Stobbs and Myrtle Clarke are known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a>" in South African media.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, their property was raided and they were arrested on charges of possessing and dealing in dagga. In February 2011, they argued before a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court_(South_Africa)" title="Magistrate's court (South Africa)">magistrate's court</a> that they had a "human right to ingest anything" they chose, provided that it did not harm them, and applied for leave to make their case before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their case was struck from the court roll, pending the result of their constitutional challenge of the legality of cannabis prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Marijuana_Marches">Global Marijuana Marches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global Marijuana Marches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png/250px-Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png/375px-Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png/500px-Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Cape Town Cannabis Walk 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2000, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">Global Marijuana March</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=NORML_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NORML South Africa (page does not exist)">NORML</a> initiative, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and other cities have hosted an annual pro-legalisation Cannabis Walk on the first Saturday of May each year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 400 people took part in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a crowd of 500 in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "a few thousand" people marched in 2014/15.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participants increased to 3,000 in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 6,000 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mario_Oriani-Ambrosini">Mario Oriani-Ambrosini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mario Oriani-Ambrosini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a>'s Dr <a href="/wiki/Mario_Oriani-Ambrosini" title="Mario Oriani-Ambrosini">Mario Oriani-Ambrosini</a> introduced the Medical Innovations Bill, which would legalise cannabis for medical treatment and industrial use. Under the proposed bill, with the patient's informed consent, doctors can administer unproven but harmless cancer treatments such as cannabis if other treatments are not efficacious; informed consent will shield doctors from common law liability and the requirements of their medical profession in such circumstances. Dr Oriani-Ombrosini was diagnosed with lung cancer, and had been on cannabinoid treatment in the last months leading to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oriani-Ambrosini's bill was rejected by Parliament’s Portfolio Committee on Health in November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_regulatory_bodies">Governmental regulatory bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governmental regulatory bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Drug_Authority">Central Drug Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Drug Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official position of the CDA is that dagga should be decriminalised, reasoning that criminalisation has been shown to have little effect on the prevalence of drug use, and that decriminalisation could improve public health.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the CDA does not currently support commercialisation of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Development_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Social Development (South Africa)">Department of Social Development</a> commissioned the CDA to conduct research into the feasibility of partially legalising dagga. That research is yet to be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicines_Control_Council_(MCC)"><span id="Medicines_Control_Council_.28MCC.29"></span>Medicines Control Council (MCC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medicines Control Council (MCC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South African regulatory body for drugs, the Medicines Control Council (MCC), initially classified dagga as a Schedule 7 substance, which meant that it had no medicinal value and was "illegal to cultivate, analyse, possess, research, use, sell or supply without authorisation from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Health (South Africa)">Department of Health</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, it published regulations providing for the use of dagga for medical reasons, and expressed a desire to reclassify "cannabinoid medication" as a Schedule 6 substance, which would make it available for medicinal use.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Dagga Couple noted that partial decriminalisation in 2017 has reduced the significance of the proposed change in scheduling, and have called for a more drastic reclassification of the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_Research_Council">Medicine Research Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medicine Research Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2016, following a systematic review of scientific studies on cannabis, the Medicine Research Council concluded that there was evidence that cannabinoids could be used to treat chronic pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Health_Products_Regulatory_Authority_(SAHPRA)"><span id="South_African_Health_Products_Regulatory_Authority_.28SAHPRA.29"></span>South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Medicines Control Council (MCC) was replaced by the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) in 2018. They have reclassified CBD as a Schedule 4 substance or Schedule 0 under certain criteria. Similarly, THC now falls under Schedule 6 or Schedule 0 under certain conditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalcannabisdispensary.co.za/articles/current-cannabis-laws-in-south-africa">See here for a summary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_organisations">Other organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2014, a report by the Anti-Drug Alliance of South Africa argued that the criminalisation of cannabis had "created victims rather than solutions", and recommended legalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Prisons_Civil_Rights_Union" title="Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union">Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union</a> have since 2009 recommended that dagga be legalised. They argued this would free up the police for other work, and would allow the South African government to benefit from cannabis by taxing sales of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decriminalisation">Decriminalisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Decriminalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_Cape_High_Court_ruling">Initial Cape High Court ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Initial Cape High Court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 March 2017, in a case brought by Gareth Prince, Jeremy Acton, and Jonathan Rubin before the Western Cape <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">High Court</a>, presiding Judge Dennis Davis ruled that any law disallowing the use and cultivation of cannabis by an adult in a private dwelling was unconstitutional and therefore invalid, on the grounds that such infringement of the constitutional right to privacy could not be justified.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However due to appeals from the state, this decision needed to be confirmed by the Constitutional Court before taking effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court also ruled that, in the interim, prosecutions related to the transgression of the laws in question should be stayed. The judge further ordered that “it will be deemed to be a defence that the use, possession, purchase or cultivation of cannabis in a private dwelling is for the personal consumption of the adult accused”.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Drug Authority">Central Drug Authority</a>'s chairperson David Bayever encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Development_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Social Development (South Africa)">Department of Social Development</a> to appeal the ruling, citing concerns about the possibility of an increase in road accidents, and the difficulty in limiting children's exposure to the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing all appeals in the Constitutional Court during the month of November 2017, the panel announced their decision to reserve judgment in the matter until further notice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Constitutional_Court_ruling">2018 Constitutional Court ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2018 Constitutional Court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Constitutional_Development_v_Prince" title="Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince">Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince</a></div> <p>After announcing their decision to rule on the matter, the full panel of judges convened on 18 September 2018 at the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg with <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Zondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Zondo">Raymond Zondo</a> reading out what he described as a unanimous decision. In his ruling it was stated: </p> <ul><li>An adult person may, [sic] use or be in possession of cannabis in private for his or her personal consumption in private.</li> <li>The use, including smoking, of cannabis in public or in the presence of children or in the presence of non-consenting adult persons is not permitted.</li> <li>The use or possession of cannabis in private other than by an adult for his or her personal consumption is not permitted.</li> <li>The cultivation of cannabis by an adult in a private place for his or her personal consumption in private is no longer a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>He placed no limits on quantities that adults would be allowed to carry, consume or grow and said that it would be up to parliament to decide once a bill was drawn up to accommodate these recommended changes. The government has been given a period of 24 months to implement the landmark ruling's findings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis_for_Private_Purposes_Bill">Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First filed in 2020, the bill proposed no limits on the personal cultivation, possession, sharing and use of cannabis by adults and in private (out of sight). It makes provision for publicly possessing as well as gifting (without any exchange of remuneration) cannabis plants, seeds/seedlings and dried flowers, or the equivalents thereof. It also depicts what quantities will be considered as trafficable and commercial offences, leading to fines and/or up to 6-years and 15-years imprisonment, respectively. </p><p>During the four years of debates that followed the initial proposal, the bill was largely edited, with many controversial points withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final version was approved early 2024 by South Africa's Parliament, and signed by the President on 28 May 2024 (on the eve of <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">election day</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHowellClarkeClemenceKlantschnig2024" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Simon; Clarke, K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Dagga%27+brings+riches+to+new+drug+barons&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=correspondent%2C+crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Fnov%2F02%2Fdrugsandalcohol.southafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Craig (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daggacouple.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Prohibition-ResistanceA-Socio-Political-Exploration-of-the-Changing-Dynamics-of-the-Southern-African-Cannabis-Trade.pdf"><i>Prohibition & Resistance: A Socio-Political Exploration of the Changing Dynamics of the Southern African Cannabis Trade, c. 1850 – the present</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909053144/https://daggacouple.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Prohibition-ResistanceA-Socio-Political-Exploration-of-the-Changing-Dynamics-of-the-Southern-African-Cannabis-Trade.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition+%26+Resistance%3A+A+Socio-Political+Exploration+of+the+Changing+Dynamics+of+the+Southern+African+Cannabis+Trade%2C+c.+1850+%E2%80%93+the+present&rft.place=South+Africa&rft.pub=Rhodes+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaggacouple.co.za%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F02%2FProhibition-ResistanceA-Socio-Political-Exploration-of-the-Changing-Dynamics-of-the-Southern-African-Cannabis-Trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-weed-edition-20170419">The Weed Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425120823/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-weed-edition-20170419">Archived</a> 2017-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" News24 23/04/2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanock2001" class="citation book cs1">Chanock, Martin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sw0w04BlxVYC"><i>The Making of South African Legal Culture 1902-1936: Fear, Favour and Prejudice</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521791564" title="Special:BookSources/9780521791564"><bdi>9780521791564</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420220416/https://books.google.com/books?id=sw0w04BlxVYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+African+Legal+Culture+1902-1936%3A+Fear%2C+Favour+and+Prejudice&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521791564&rft.aulast=Chanock&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsw0w04BlxVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Burchell, Jonathan M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PoY5d5wIbsC"><i>Principles of Criminal Law</i></a>. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd. p. 798. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781485100805" title="Special:BookSources/9781485100805"><bdi>9781485100805</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420220513/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PoY5d5wIbsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Criminal+Law&rft.place=South+Africa&rft.pages=798&rft.pub=Juta+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781485100805&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PoY5d5wIbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mills2003_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">James H. Mills (11 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMhaD7iuF8gC"><i>Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition 1800-1928</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 160–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155465-0"><bdi>978-0-19-155465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Britannica%3A+Empire%2C+Trade%2C+and+Prohibition+1800-1928&rft.pages=160-1&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-155465-0&rft.au=James+H.+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMhaD7iuF8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin1975-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin1975_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera_Rubin1975" class="citation book cs1">Vera Rubin (1 January 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCRNRGOhNA4C&pg=PA107"><i>Cannabis and Culture</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081206-0"><bdi>978-3-11-081206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+Culture&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1975-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081206-0&rft.au=Vera+Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCRNRGOhNA4C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Burchell, Jonathan M. (2013). <i>Principles of Criminal Law</i>. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781485100805" title="Special:BookSources/9781485100805"><bdi>9781485100805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Criminal+Law&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Juta+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781485100805&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergman_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergman_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2018" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, Derrick (2018-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/concourt-rules-that-law-banning-dagga-use-in-private-is-unconstitutional-17124308">"ConCourt rules that law banning dagga use in private is unconstitutional"</a>. <i>Weekend Argus</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919115850/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/concourt-rules-that-law-banning-dagga-use-in-private-is-unconstitutional-17124308">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekend+Argus&rft.atitle=ConCourt+rules+that+law+banning+dagga+use+in+private+is+unconstitutional&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fconcourt-rules-that-law-banning-dagga-use-in-private-is-unconstitutional-17124308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/1996-07-26-south-africas-first-legal-dagga-farm">"South Africa's first legal dagga farm"</a>. <i>The M&G Online</i>. 1996-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909070100/https://mg.co.za/article/1996-07-26-south-africas-first-legal-dagga-farm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+M%26G+Online&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+first+legal+dagga+farm&rft.date=1996-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F1996-07-26-south-africas-first-legal-dagga-farm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Greef2016" class="citation news cs1">de Greef, Kimon (2016-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groundup.org.za/article/cash-crops-poisoned-pondoland/">"Cash crops poisoned in Pondoland"</a>. <i>GroundUp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505145904/http://www.groundup.org.za/article/cash-crops-poisoned-pondoland/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GroundUp&rft.atitle=Cash+crops+poisoned+in+Pondoland&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.aulast=de+Greef&rft.aufirst=Kimon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groundup.org.za%2Farticle%2Fcash-crops-poisoned-pondoland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Greef2016" class="citation news cs1">de Greef, Kimon (2016-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groundup.org.za/article/battle-stop-dagga-spraying/">"Battle to stop dagga spraying"</a>. <i>GroundUp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411164921/http://www.groundup.org.za/article/battle-stop-dagga-spraying/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GroundUp&rft.atitle=Battle+to+stop+dagga+spraying&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=de+Greef&rft.aufirst=Kimon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groundup.org.za%2Farticle%2Fbattle-stop-dagga-spraying%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownfield2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brownfield2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Brownfield2011" class="citation book cs1">William R. Brownfield (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jnyNWFuhXYC&pg=PA554"><i>International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-8272-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-8272-5"><bdi>978-1-4379-8272-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Narcotics+Control+Strategy+Report%3A+Volume+I%3A+Drug+and+Chemical+Control&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-8272-5&rft.au=William+R.+Brownfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jnyNWFuhXYC%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/cannabis--hemp/979326/bioprospecting-in-south-africa-unique-opportunities-in-the-cannabis-sector-and-the-biodiversity-economy">"South Africa - - Bioprospecting In South Africa: Unique Opportunities In The Cannabis Sector And The Biodiversity Economy"</a>. <i>www.mondaq.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekend+Argus&rft.atitle=Dagga+ruling+leaves+authorities+in+a+haze&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fcrime-courts%2Fdagga-ruling-leaves-authorities-in-a-haze-8565690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigbudsmag.com/dagga-couple-talks-cannabis-legalization-judgment-in-south-africa/">"South Africa Legalizes Cannabis: 'We're Light-Years Ahead Of The USA, Canada And Europe From The Outset'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Big Buds Mag</i>. 2018-10-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008155853/http://bigbudsmag.com/dagga-couple-talks-cannabis-legalization-judgment-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Big+Buds+Mag&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Legalizes+Cannabis%3A+%27We%27re+Light-Years+Ahead+Of+The+USA%2C+Canada+And+Europe+From+The+Outset%27&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigbudsmag.com%2Fdagga-couple-talks-cannabis-legalization-judgment-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning2024" class="citation web cs1">Henning, Charl (2024-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldsofgreenforall.org.za/the-correct-version-of-the-cannabis-for-private-purposes-bill-now-signed/">"The CORRECT Version Of The Cannabis For Private Purposes Bill (Now Signed)"</a>. <i>Fields of Green for ALL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fields+of+Green+for+ALL&rft.atitle=The+CORRECT+Version+Of+The+Cannabis+For+Private+Purposes+Bill+%28Now+Signed%29&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Charl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffieldsofgreenforall.org.za%2Fthe-correct-version-of-the-cannabis-for-private-purposes-bill-now-signed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannabis+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.concourt.org.za/handle/20.500.12144/34547">Full judgment of the September 2018 Constitutional Court case</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannabis_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis_by_country" title="Template:Cannabis by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_by_country" title="Template talk:Cannabis by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannabis_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_country" title="Cannabis by country">Cannabis by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Algeria" title="Cannabis in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Angola" title="Cannabis in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Benin" title="Cannabis in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Botswana" title="Cannabis in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Cannabis in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Burundi" title="Cannabis in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cameroon" title="Cannabis in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cape_Verde" title="Cannabis in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cannabis in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Chad" title="Cannabis in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cannabis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cannabis in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Djibouti" title="Cannabis in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cannabis in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Eritrea" title="Cannabis in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Eswatini" title="Cannabis in Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ethiopia" title="Cannabis in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Gabon" title="Cannabis in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Gambia" title="Cannabis in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ghana" title="Cannabis in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cannabis in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kenya" title="Cannabis in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lesotho" title="Cannabis in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Liberia" title="Cannabis in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malawi" title="Cannabis in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mali" title="Cannabis in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mauritania" title="Cannabis in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mauritius" title="Cannabis in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Madagascar" title="Cannabis in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Morocco" title="Cannabis in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mozambique" title="Cannabis in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Namibia" title="Cannabis in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nigeria" title="Cannabis in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rwanda" title="Cannabis in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cannabis in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Senegal" title="Cannabis in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Seychelles" title="Cannabis in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Cannabis in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Somalia" title="Cannabis in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sudan" title="Cannabis in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tanzania" title="Cannabis in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Togo" title="Cannabis in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tunisia" title="Cannabis in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uganda" title="Cannabis in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Zambia" title="Cannabis in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Zimbabwe" title="Cannabis in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Antarctica" title="Cannabis in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Cannabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bahrain" title="Cannabis in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bangladesh" title="Cannabis in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bhutan" title="Cannabis in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Brunei" title="Cannabis in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cambodia" title="Cannabis in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_China" title="Cannabis in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cannabis in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Macau" title="Cannabis in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_East_Timor" title="Cannabis in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_India" title="Cannabis in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indonesia" title="Cannabis in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iran" title="Cannabis in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iraq" title="Cannabis in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Israel" title="Cannabis in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Japan" title="Cannabis in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Jordan" title="Cannabis in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Cannabis in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Korea" title="Cannabis in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Korea" title="Cannabis in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kuwait" title="Cannabis in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cannabis in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Laos" title="Cannabis in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lebanon" title="Cannabis in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malaysia" title="Cannabis in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Maldives" title="Cannabis in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mongolia" title="Cannabis in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Myanmar" title="Cannabis in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nepal" title="Cannabis in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pakistan" title="Cannabis in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Philippines" title="Cannabis in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Qatar" title="Cannabis in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cannabis in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Singapore" title="Cannabis in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cannabis in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Syria" title="Cannabis in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Taiwan" title="Cannabis in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tajikistan" title="Cannabis in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand" title="Cannabis in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkey" title="Cannabis in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkmenistan" title="Cannabis in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cannabis in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uzbekistan" title="Cannabis in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vietnam" title="Cannabis in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Yemen" title="Cannabis in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Albania" title="Cannabis in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Andorra" title="Cannabis in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Austria" title="Cannabis in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Armenia" title="Cannabis in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Azerbaijan" title="Cannabis in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belarus" title="Cannabis in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belgium" title="Cannabis in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Cannabis in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bulgaria" title="Cannabis in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Croatia" title="Cannabis in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cyprus" title="Cannabis in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cannabis in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Denmark" title="Cannabis in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greenland" title="Cannabis in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Estonia" title="Cannabis in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Finland" title="Cannabis in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_France" title="Cannabis in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guadeloupe" title="Cannabis in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_French_Guiana" title="Cannabis in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Martinique" title="Cannabis in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Caledonia" title="Cannabis in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Cannabis in Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Cannabis in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany" title="Cannabis in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hungary" title="Cannabis in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iceland" title="Cannabis in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ireland" title="Cannabis in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Italy" title="Cannabis in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cannabis_in_Italy" title="History of cannabis in Italy">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kosovo" title="Cannabis in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Latvia" title="Cannabis in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Liechtenstein" title="Cannabis in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lithuania" title="Cannabis in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Luxembourg" title="Cannabis in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Moldova" title="Cannabis in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Monaco" title="Cannabis in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montenegro" title="Cannabis in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Macedonia" title="Cannabis in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Norway" title="Cannabis in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Svalbard" title="Cannabis in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Poland" title="Cannabis in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Portugal" title="Cannabis in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Romania" title="Cannabis in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_San_Marino" title="Cannabis in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Serbia" title="Cannabis in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Slovakia" title="Cannabis in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Slovenia" title="Cannabis in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain" title="Cannabis in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sweden" title="Cannabis in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Switzerland" title="Cannabis in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkey" title="Cannabis in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ukraine" title="Cannabis in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bermuda" title="Cannabis in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Gibraltar" title="Cannabis in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montserrat" title="Cannabis in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Cannabis in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Bahamas" title="Cannabis in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Barbados" title="Cannabis in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belize" title="Cannabis in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Costa_Rica" title="Cannabis in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cuba" title="Cannabis in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Dominica" title="Cannabis in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Cannabis in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_El_Salvador" title="Cannabis in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Grenada" title="Cannabis in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guatemala" title="Cannabis in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Haiti" title="Cannabis in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Honduras" title="Cannabis in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Jamaica" title="Cannabis in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico" title="Cannabis in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Panama" title="Cannabis in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Cannabis in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Cannabis in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Cannabis in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Cannabis in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada" title="Legal history of cannabis in Canada">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory" title="Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory">Legality by jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Non-medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality by jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Australia" title="Cannabis in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Fiji" title="Cannabis in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kiribati" title="Cannabis in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Cannabis in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Zealand" title="Cannabis in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Palau" title="Cannabis in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Cannabis in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Samoa" title="Cannabis in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tonga" title="Cannabis in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tuvalu" title="Cannabis in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vanuatu" title="Cannabis in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Argentina" title="Cannabis in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bolivia" title="Cannabis in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Brazil" title="Cannabis in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Chile" title="Cannabis in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colombia" title="Cannabis in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ecuador" title="Cannabis in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guyana" title="Cannabis in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Paraguay" title="Cannabis in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Peru" title="Cannabis in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Suriname" title="Cannabis in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Venezuela" title="Cannabis in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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