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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Settlement area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relationship with other ethnicities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>poor language.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orang_Kuala" title="Special:EditPage/Orang Kuala">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Duano' people<br /><small>Desin Duano' / Desin Dolak / Orang Kuala</small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">19,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></b>:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,500<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">          </span><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">331<sup id="cite_ref-TUSDDTSJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSDDTSJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">          </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N/a" class="mw-redirect" title="N/a">n/a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">          </span><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N/a" class="mw-redirect" title="N/a">n/a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">3,761 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-MOP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ people">Urak Lawoi’ people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duano'</b> people, also called <b>Desin Dolak</b> or <b>Desin Duano'</b> are an indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (where they are also referred to as <b>Orang Kuala</b>, meaning "People of the Estuary") and can be found in islands along the northeastern region of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> where most Duano' people have traditionally lived. They are one of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> group of cultures. Due to their nomadic boat lifestyle, based almost exclusively on fishing and collecting shellfish and crustaceans by using mud-boards,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duano' people are often categorized as <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> (lit. Sea People), a group that includes the <a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ people">Urak Lawoi’ people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken people</a> of the northern region of the Malacca Strait and the Andaman Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are similarities in their way of life, they are a separate ethnic group. Citing their own language, culture, identity, and economic complexities, they deny being <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their population is difficult to estimate and their geographical location and concentration is not easily defined. Despite living in a rather developed region and easily coming into contact with outsiders, the Duano’ remain little known to the outside world. Their settlements are scattered along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, where individual settlements form local groups that are loosely interconnected. </p><p>The Orang Kuala numbered about 2,000 people in 2000. They speak a <a href="/wiki/Para-Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Malay">Para-Malay</a> language called <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a>, which is currently endangered. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all the local subgroups of Duano people, the most studied are found on the west coast of the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, where they receive government services such as healthcare, police, education and infrastructure. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, they are called Orang Kuala and are officially recognized as <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> population, the general name for indigenous people in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>. In Indonesia, the Duano' people are called Desin Dolak (alternatively Desin Dola', Desin Dolak or Desin Dolaq), and are not included in the official statistics. The name Desin Dola' is only a translation into the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> of the Malay term for <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>, where <i>desin</i> means "people" and <i>dolak</i> means "sea". </p><p>Early sources of history and ethnography in the region referred to certain local groups of Duano' as <i>Orang Laut Bugis</i> (J.G. Schot, 1884),<sup id="cite_ref-OAOPM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAOPM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Orang Lahut</i> (Tassillo Adam, 1928)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Sendaur</i> (H. Kähler, 1949).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is likely the cause of confusion regarding the correct name of the group. </p><p>They refer to themselves as Desin Duano',<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply Duano'. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as noted by Sharifudin Mohamed Yusuf, only the older generation remembers Duano' as the true name of their tribe, since it has been almost completely replaced by the official name, Orang Kuala.<sup id="cite_ref-KBOADK_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBOADK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_area">Settlement area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Settlement area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duano' people live on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>, but the group on the Malaysian side is much smaller. </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the Duano' people settle the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and nearby islands, along a strip of coast between <a href="/wiki/Bengkalis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengkalis Island">Bengkalis Island</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar River</a> in the west, and the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a> in the east, including the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a>, within the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>. </p><p>Duano' villages in Indonesia are located on <a href="/wiki/Bengkalis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengkalis Island">Bengkalis Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundur_Island" title="Kundur Island">Kundur Island</a>, Burung Island, Bangkong Island, Punai Island, Mendulang Island, as well as Tanjung Datu, Pasang Api, Istira, Batang Tuato, Djamih, Perigi Radja, Concong Luar (Kuala Langan), including estuaries located in <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a>, Kateman River, <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungkal_River" title="Tungkal River">Tungkal River</a>, Retih River and <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_River" title="Indragiri River">Indragiri River</a>. In Indonesia, most Duano' people live in the <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_Hilir_Regency" title="Indragiri Hilir Regency">Indragiri Hilir Regency</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, when determining the area of resettlement for the Duano' people, it is necessary to take into consideration their lifestyle. They are always on the move, and villages are seen as providing only temporary shelter. The Duano' people could easily leave their village and if necessary, settle in a new place. </p><p>In West <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, Duano' villages are located on the southwest coast, mainly in estuaries in <a href="/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District" title="Batu Pahat District">Batu Pahat District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontian_District" title="Pontian District">Pontian District</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. They are located in towns like <a href="/wiki/Lenga,_Johor" title="Lenga, Johor">Lenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semerah" title="Semerah">Semerah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minyak_Beku" title="Minyak Beku">Minyak Beku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senggarang_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senggarang (Malaysia)">Senggarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rengit" title="Rengit">Rengit</a>, Kuala Benut, Pontian Besar and Sungai Layau.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Duano' people no longer form a single ethnic settlement, instead, there are only isolated villages, often among the settlements of other ethnicities, mainly the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a>. </p><p>The east coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> is almost entirely covered by mangrove forests and swamps, making it almost inaccessible. Inland areas can only be reached by river transport. Similar natural conditions exist on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>. Until recent development, the mangrove forests and swamps between the <a href="/wiki/Kluang_District" title="Kluang District">Kluang District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulai_District" title="Kulai District">Kulai District</a> were inaccessible, except via river mouths as wide as 20 km. These rivers flow into the shallow straits, and the Duano' settlements are found directly adjacent to the river mouths. Just inland are Malay villages, often with the same placenames. In these villages, there are Chinese stores where local fishermen can come to sell their products and buy necessities that are not available locally.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last 20 years of the 20th century, roads linking the cities of <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> were laid through the <a href="/wiki/Batu_Pahat_District" title="Batu Pahat District">Batu Pahat District</a>. These roads ended the isolation of the coastal region, and now the Duano' villages can be found further inland on <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> government authorities track and provide services to the indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, so there are good statistics regarding the population of <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>, and in particular, the Orang Kuala. </p><p>According to official data the population of Duano' (Kuala) people in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has been as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <td>1960<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1965<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1969<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1974<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1980<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1993<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2000<sup id="cite_ref-BD/S_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD/S-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2003<sup id="cite_ref-BD/S_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD/S-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2004<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2010<sup id="cite_ref-MOP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <td>936 </td> <td>1,259 </td> <td>1,480 </td> <td>1,612 </td> <td>1,625 </td> <td>2,492 </td> <td>3,221 </td> <td>4,066 </td> <td>4,066 </td> <td>3,761 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As for statistics on the Duano' in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, there are only estimates. For example, according to Ethnologue's data, there are 15,000 (2006, SIL) Duano' people in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and 19,000 (2006, E. Seidlitz) globally.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from the 2017 Joshua Project estimates that there are 18,000 in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and 4,800 in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, for a total of 22,800 people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malayan languages</a> group, along with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay language">Standard Malay language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> and many others. Along with other 35 languages, it is credited with <a href="/wiki/Malay_(macrolanguage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (macrolanguage)">Malay (macrolanguage)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So far the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> has not been thoroughly studied by any linguists. At different times, separate lists of words were identified, which are attributed with the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2000s, Mohd Sharifudin Yusop for the first time in his field research conducted in the territory of the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, composed the list of Duano' words presented in phonetic form. Using these records, the reader will be able to correctly pronounce the Duano' words, even if one has never spoken to the native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-KBOADK_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBOADK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results were published in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analysis of existing word lists suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> is close to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>. The discrepancies between them consist mainly of minor phonetic differences. However, the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> contains a whole group of words denoting action, body parts and various natural objects; for which it is difficult to determine their origin. Because of this, as well as the presence of a number of pronouns, questioning words, prefixes and adverbs, which are quite different from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, that it is incomprehensible to the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people</a>. In general, it can be said that, although the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> is different from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, there are every reason to consider it as one of the Malay dialects, which is slightly different from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay language">Standard Malay language</a> compared to, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Indonesian territory, the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> continues to be actively used.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is the situation in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, where it is vigorously supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay language">Standard Malay language</a>, while most of the older generation are still able to converse in their native language. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> is threatened with decay.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KBOADK_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBOADK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to their native language, most of the Duano' people are able to speak the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> (Bradley 2007a).<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duano' people does not have a proper written language. The level of literacy among the Malaysian Duano' people in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> is about 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-DE_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its place in the classification of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> remains unclear to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Duano' people, as well as the history of other stateless people, who lived in harmony with nature and led an appropriate way of life, is virtually unknown. There are no records about them in the historical sources of their neighboring peoples, and the oral tradition of the people is very poor. </p><p>The records of J.G. Schot (1884) mentions the historical tradition of the Orang Laut Bugis people,<sup id="cite_ref-OAOPM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAOPM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the Duano' local groups living in the <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_Hilir_Regency" title="Indragiri Hilir Regency">Indragiri Hilir Regency</a> in the east of the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>. They considered themselves descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> people, who, after participating in the wars in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> against Raja Kecil (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah of Johor) in the early 18th century, found shelter in the river mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_River" title="Indragiri River">Indragiri River</a>. Subsequently, a disaster destroyed their villages and caused many deaths; they vowed to no longer live in huts on the land and since then chose to remain in their boats. In this legend there are two themes, firstly the destruction of the original village, a very common folktale among the <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">sea nomads</a> of the region, and secondly the theme of <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> domination. Of course, there is no reason to associate the Orang Laut Bugis people with the true <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> people. Dictionary of the Orang Laut Bugis language, compiled by Shelter, fully corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano' language</a> and therefore, has little in common with the <a href="/wiki/Bugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis language">Bugis language</a> of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> people in the 18th century had actively pursued commercial activities in the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a>. They might well have close business relationships with certain groups of the Duano' people. The <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> people during this period also occupied leading positions in a number of <a href="/wiki/Malay_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay sultanate">Malay sultanates</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. It is not surprising, then, that the Duano' people, to whom their Malay neighbors were contemptuous, sought an alliance, whether true or apparently, with representatives of this prestigious group of people. Unlike the Malay people, the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> people have always been kind to the indigenous population, as they were interested in the local's services as experts of the coast of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the Duano' people began to accept <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After which they had already appeared on the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Malaysian Orang Kuala people are believed to be descended from the <a href="/wiki/Bengkalis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengkalis Island">Bengkalis Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regards to religion, the Duano' people are Muslims. They were converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, where the question of religion is related to the official status of the people, the Duano' people insist that they are not <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagans</a>, as they do not eat pork or <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, do not have dogs on their boats<sup id="cite_ref-IIS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore cannot be considered in the same category as with other indigenous <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> people of the peninsular part of the country. They are also advocates of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, according to official statistics held in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Thus, according to JHEOA 1997, in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, all 2,918 Orang Kuala were Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-LOTP_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the fact that the Duano' people have long been advocates of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, they are not diligent in daily prayers, nor do they visit mosques regularly, and do not usually attend to Friday prayers. It happens that during the execution of Muslim rituals, the Duano' people are always carefree, and in turn, offending the feelings of other believers.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another norm not seen in the Duano' people is also the typical of Muslims social segregation by gender.<sup id="cite_ref-IIS_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their everyday practice, the Duano' people often turn to their pre-Islamic traditional animistic beliefs. They believe that the world around them is filled with the spirits of nature (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, <i>hantu</i>). Causing dissatisfaction with the spirits, according to their beliefs, can result in one's illness, conflict, and death. A fisherman who dares to throw a fishing net in the rainy season without having fulfilled a pre-established ritual will inevitably suffer from it. The Duano' people have their own spiritual healers, who, in their opinion, have supernatural abilities. The only way to treat is to cast spell on the spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the Duano' people do not speak about their traditional religion, emphasizing their beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in every possible way.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duano' people have developed a highly specialized complex economic, based on rich, but very limited variety of composition, local natural resources. Their villages are on the very edge of the land, usually in the river mouths and quite close to the seaside coast. During the sea tides, the water level rises high. The Duano' people place their huts on a narrow marshy land strip that appears along the mangrove thickets only during the outflow. Duano' buildings are made of wooden platforms, mounted on stilts, and resemble like bridges. On this platform, there is a living room, as well as a spacious area for drying nets and drying fish. All the designs are casually built from wooden boards. For example, the Duano' village of Kuala <a href="/wiki/Benut" title="Benut">Benut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, located at the mouth of the same name <a href="/wiki/Benut" title="Benut">Benut</a> River, where in 1967 there were about 60 of such huts. </p><p>During flood the water reaches up to the floor of their houses. During a flood the wooden stairs allow one to descend from the platform to the ground where the boats are.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost every Duano' family has a boat. There are two main types of boats that they buy or build. The <i>jelo 'penat</i> is a dugout-boat with a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a>. Another type is a bigger boat called <i>kota'</i>. They have a dry palm leaf <i>atap</i> (roofing) and are able to seat a family on board. In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, this type of boat is called <i>sampan kotak</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main occupation of the Duano' people is fishing. Fishes are caught in the river mouths, trapping them with a net, or in the open sea with grids, fishing line or traps. Additionally, mollusks and other marine life that are found in the mud by the coast are harvested. For this purpose, they use a special board called <i>papantungka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no division of labor by gender in the Duano' society. Only young mothers caring for small children are exempted from fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Duano' people are often counted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a>, they are not sea nomads. Though they can live for a long time in their boats and go to sea for fishing, they would still return to their village by the coast. When, for example, in May, the southern winds interfere with navigation in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, the Duano' people often go to the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Peninsula">Malaysian Peninsula</a>. Thus, we can say that their practices are seasonally based. At the same time, their migrations pattern have always taken place and occur in a limited area, where for centuries their places have remained practically in the same region.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their villages are not permanent, people can easily change the location of the village, usually due to the variability of the coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duano' people are well known in the local waters, as it is also known to all <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a> tribes living in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish and seafood are used for both own consumption and for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the unique traditions of the Duano' people is to gather and harvest sumbun (<a href="/wiki/Solen_(bivalve)" title="Solen (bivalve)">Solen</a> grandis) once a year. Sumbun is a type of a local razor clam that is a favorite delicacy of the Duano' community in <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. This habit of catching the sumbun is common among the Duano' people and many of those that inhabit the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/East_Tanjung_Jabung_Regency" title="East Tanjung Jabung Regency">East Tanjung Jabung Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Tanjung_Jabung_Regency" title="West Tanjung Jabung Regency">West Tanjung Jabung Regency</a>. Sumbun is generally known to be found in China, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, and in the waters of <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In fact, these sumbuns that are found in muddy waters made <a href="/wiki/East_Tanjung_Jabung_Regency" title="East Tanjung Jabung Regency">East Tanjung Jabung Regency</a> as one of three special regions of sumbun producers in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Harvesting of the sumbun is a unique tradition of the locals with the potential for further development. The harvesting and gathering of sumbun can be introduced through this tradition, especially in <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> due to the uniqueness of the region's water biota. The special dish of the local Duano' community is the sumbun soup, which is known of its soft and uniquely distinct meat.<sup id="cite_ref-TUSDDTSJ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUSDDTSJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional way of managing their welfare does not allow these people to provide themselves with everything that they need. Clothing, foods and vegetables are bought from the neighboring Chinese or Malay population. They themselves offer fish and seafood. For this purpose, the Duano' people are regularly to go to the shops in the city, where they would carry out trading operations and store fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally known that the Duano' people are simple and peaceful. They are not particularly attracted to modern technology and only a small percentage graduate high school. At the same time, contacts with the outside world are important. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the Duanp' people, like all of the other <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> tribes, are supported by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Orang_Asli_Development" title="Department of Orang Asli Development">Department of Orang Asli Development</a> (JAKOA). Employees of the department regularly visit the Duano' community to implement various social, economic and educational programs. People are increasingly integrating into mainstream culture. They borrowed many aspects of Malay culture and lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional life of the Duano' people in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has now undergone significant changes. Their settlements have also appeared in inland areas, where their livelihood is not connected with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some existing small Duano' farms and plantations. While some of them are hired in the industry and agriculture. The development of infrastructure in the region has made it easier for them to travel to work in large cities. Some of the Duano' people have achieved some success in business or working in the service sector.<sup id="cite_ref-KHEKOKDOK_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHEKOKDOK-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one Duano' village specializes in the restoration and sale of used furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-DOKIM_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOKIM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the leading branch of the economy remains, as before, the fishery, although here the increasing numbers of Duano' people have begun to use modern methods and technical means.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Omar and Nor Hafizah Mohd Fizer, in 2015, published the results of a survey conducted in 2012 between the two communities of <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>: the Orang Kuala and <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tinggi_District" title="Kota Tinggi District">Kota Tinggi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Those that were interviewed included 51 heads of households in the village of Sungai Layau. As it turned out, the Duano' people markedly dominated the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a> on all indicators of living standards. None of them had a lower income than RM500 per month, that is, not being below the poverty line; 35.3% had earnings at RM500-999 per month, 37.3% at RM1,000-1,499, and 27.5% over RM1,500 per month. Significantly the Duano' people are more effective than the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a> in using state aid, which is allocated for education and development of entrepreneurial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-KHEKOKDOK_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHEKOKDOK-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_ethnicities">Relationship with other ethnicities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with other ethnicities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duano' people clearly position themselves as a separate people group. They believe that they have nothing to do with other non-Malaysian populations living in the Malacca Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indicative is the attitude of the Duano' people to the ethnic names imposed on them from the outside. Oranq Kuala in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> do not perceive the term "<a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>", they consider it only as an official euphemism, which should replace the obscene name of "Sakai", which in the past was applied to the "wild" tribes of the inland areas of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. These people are pagans, do not adhere to Muslim rules, and the Duano' people who practice the Islamic faith can not be united with them. Orang Kuala wants to officially recognize the name "<i>Orang Melayu Kuala</i>" (Kuala Malay people or Kuala Malays), that is, "estuary Malay people" or "Malay people of the estuary", as this would be more in line with their social status.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also reject the name "<a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a>" because of its disdainful shade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> So the inhabitants of the land scornfully call the sea nomads, "dirty" people living in boats, do not adhere to Muslim traditions, involved with witchcraft and find themselves with unclean power. The Duano' people do not consider themselves to be as such.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their relationship with their Malay neighbors, which they call Desin Damangami or Desin Damong, is ambiguous. These two peoples are very close in terms of language and culture, but they are clearly aware of the differences between them. The Duano' people have taken over many features of the Malay culture and lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but racial differences do not allow them to fully integrate into Malay society. At the forefront in the relations between peoples are political factors, given the dominant position of the Malay people in society. The Malay people, in general, are disdainful to the Duano' people and others like them, because they are of different origin. At the domestic level, they constantly reproached the Duano' people for their carefree attitude towards Islamic rituals and traditions. On the other hand, Duano' people that are not accepted in the Malay society, feel a clear image and do not want to recognize this state of affairs and do not consider themselves below the Malay people.<sup id="cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the nature of the relationship between the Malay people and the Duano' people, marriages between them are often not welcomed on both sides. Separate mixed marriages occur in the Duano' mostly with <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (originating from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a> (coming from the southeast <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>). Another is the situation in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_River" title="Indragiri River">Indragiri River</a>. Here the Duano' people often welcome marriages with local Malay people and in fact constitute a mixed group of people. </p><p>They practically do not contact other Duano' community and other people group from the sea nomads people that have resettled in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>. Such a closed way of life only accentuate the isolation of the people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiandara_Oryza;_Samsuddin_Samsuddin;_Irmawati_Sagala;_Aris_Dwi_Nugroho;_Jamaluddin_Jamaluddin;_Abdul_Malik;_Syamsul_Bahri2018" class="citation cs2">Diandara Oryza; Samsuddin Samsuddin; Irmawati Sagala; Aris Dwi Nugroho; Jamaluddin Jamaluddin; Abdul Malik; Syamsul Bahri (2018), "Duano's Local Wisdom in Preserving Marine Ecosystem at Jambi Coastal Area", <i>IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science</i>, <b>175</b> (1), IOP Publishing: 012227, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E&ES..175a2227O">2018E&ES..175a2227O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F175%2F1%2F012227">10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012227</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134293339">134293339</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Duano%27s+Local+Wisdom+in+Preserving+Marine+Ecosystem+at+Jambi+Coastal+Area&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012227&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134293339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F175%2F1%2F012227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018E%26ES..175a2227O&rft.au=Diandara+Oryza%3B+Samsuddin+Samsuddin%3B+Irmawati+Sagala%3B+Aris+Dwi+Nugroho%3B+Jamaluddin+Jamaluddin%3B+Abdul+Malik%3B+Syamsul+Bahri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kuala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dup">"Duano"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duano&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fdup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11623/ID">"Duano in Indonesia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duano+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F11623%2FID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUSDDTSJ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUSDDTSJ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUSDDTSJ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangun_Santoso2016" class="citation web cs1">Bangun Santoso (25 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.liputan6.com/read/2514744/tradisi-unik-suku-duano-di-tepi-sungai-jambi">"Tradisi Unik Suku Duano di Tepi Sungai Jambi"</a>. Liputan 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradisi+Unik+Suku+Duano+di+Tepi+Sungai+Jambi&rft.pub=Liputan+6&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.au=Bangun+Santoso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregional.liputan6.com%2Fread%2F2514744%2Ftradisi-unik-suku-duano-di-tepi-sungai-jambi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk_Endicott2015" class="citation book cs1">Kirk Endicott (2015). <i>Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli</i>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99-716-9861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-99-716-9861-4"><bdi>978-99-716-9861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+Original+People%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+the+Orang+Asli&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-99-716-9861-4&rft.au=Kirk+Endicott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_David_Edward_Sopher_(1965)." class="citation book cs1">Dr David Edward Sopher (1965). <i>The Sea Nomads: A Study of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia. National Museum Singapore</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Nomads%3A+A+Study+of+the+Maritime+Boat+People+of+Southeast+Asia.+National+Museum+Singapore.&rft.au=Dr+David+Edward+Sopher+%281965%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Moseley2008" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Moseley (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1357-9640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1357-9640-2"><bdi>978-1-1357-9640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Endangered+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-1357-9640-2&rft.au=Christopher+Moseley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSQPADLN-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSQPADLN_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Pelras1972" class="citation journal cs1">Christian Pelras (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1972_num_3_1_992">"Notes sur quelques populations aquatiques de l'Archipel nusantarien"</a>. <i>Archipel</i>. <b>3</b>. Archipel, Volume 3: 133–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1972.992">10.3406/arch.1972.992</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=Notes+sur+quelques+populations+aquatiques+de+l%27Archipel+nusantarien&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=133-168&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.1972.992&rft.au=Christian+Pelras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farch_0044-8613_1972_num_3_1_992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAOPM-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OAOPM_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OAOPM_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyōto_Daigaku._Tōnan_Ajia_Kenkyū_Sentā2001" class="citation book cs1">Kyōto Daigaku. Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū Sentā (2001). Tuck-Po Lye (ed.). <i>Orang asli of Peninsular Malaysia: a comprehensive and annotated bibliography</i>. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/49-016-6800-5" title="Special:BookSources/49-016-6800-5"><bdi>49-016-6800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orang+asli+of+Peninsular+Malaysia%3A+a+comprehensive+and+annotated+bibliography&rft.pub=Center+for+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Kyoto+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=49-016-6800-5&rft.au=Ky%C5%8Dto+Daigaku.+T%C5%8Dnan+Ajia+Kenky%C5%AB+Sent%C4%81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Social Science Abstracts, Volume 1</i>. Social Science Research Council (U.S.). 1929. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Science+Abstracts%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rft.date=1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Masyarakat Indonesia, Volume 5</i>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/11-341-0076-0" title="Special:BookSources/11-341-0076-0"><bdi>11-341-0076-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Malaysia%3A+Settling+the+Menraq+Forest+Nomads&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=11-341-0076-0&rft.au=Alberto+Gomes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11623">"Duano"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BRILL. pp. 104–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-041-3561-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-041-3561-8"><bdi>90-041-3561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%3A+14th+-+15th+centuries&rft.pages=104-108&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-041-3561-8&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiandara_Oryza2018" class="citation journal cs1">Diandara Oryza; et al. (2018). 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Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kelestarian+Hidup+Ekonomi+Komuniti+Orang+Kanaq+Dan+Orang+Kuala%2C+Johor%3A+Suatu+Penelitian+Dari+Aspek+Penguasaan+Ke+Atas+Modal+Kewangan&rft.pub=Universiti+Kebangsaan+Malaysia&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Mustaffa+Omar+%26+Nor+Hafizah+Mohd+Fizer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.ukm.my%2Febangi%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+Kuala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiandara_Oryza2018" class="citation journal cs1">Diandara Oryza; et al. (2018). 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orang_Asli" title="Template:Orang Asli"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orang_Asli" title="Template talk:Orang Asli"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orang_Asli" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orang Asli"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orang_Asli_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Jati</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Dagang</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a><br />(Other<br />Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Peranakan Arab</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Peranakan Siam</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> (Baba-Nyonya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Peranakan Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed ancestry<br />(non-Peranakan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities<br />/expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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