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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Internal exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>For individuals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-For_individuals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle For individuals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-For_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exiled_heads_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exiled_heads_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exiled heads of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exiled_heads_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoiding_tax_or_legal_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_tax_or_legal_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Avoiding tax or legal matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_tax_or_legal_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoiding_violence_or_persecution,_or_in_the_aftermath_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_violence_or_persecution,_or_in_the_aftermath_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_violence_or_persecution,_or_in_the_aftermath_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euphemism_for_convict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euphemism_for_convict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Euphemism for convict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euphemism_for_convict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_groups,_nations,_and_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_groups,_nations,_and_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>For groups, nations, and governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-For_groups,_nations,_and_governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle For groups, nations, and governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-For_groups,_nations,_and_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nation_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nation in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Government in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_inanimate_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_inanimate_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>For inanimate objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_inanimate_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil" title="Exil – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Exil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A_(%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="نفي (عقوبة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفي (عقوبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCn" title="Sürgün – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sürgün" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تبعید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تبعید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="নির্বাসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzil" title="Egzil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egzil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exili" title="Exili – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exili" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil" title="Exil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksil" title="Eksil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil" title="Exil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagulus" title="Pagulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pagulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εξορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilio" title="Exilio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exilio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzilo" title="Ekzilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekzilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbeste" title="Erbeste – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erbeste" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تبعید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبعید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil" title="Exil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferballing" title="Ferballing – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferballing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilio" title="Exilio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exilio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%AA%85" title="망명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Աքսոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքսոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वासन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वासन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progonstvo" title="Progonstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Progonstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksil" title="Eksil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esilio" title="Esilio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esilio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גלות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಡೀಪಾರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಡೀಪಾರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გაძევება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაძევება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsilium" title="Exsilium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exsilium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimda" title="Trimda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trimda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1m%C5%B1zet%C3%A9s" title="Száműzetés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Száműzetés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Прогонство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прогонство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD" title="നാടുകടത്തൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാടുകടത്തൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buangan" title="Buangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballingschap" title="Ballingschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ballingschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E5%91%BD" title="亡命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亡命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksil" title="Eksil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksil" title="Eksil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eksil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exili" title="Exili – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exili" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgun" title="Surgun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Surgun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchod%C5%BAstwo" title="Uchodźstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uchodźstwo" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event by which a person is forced away from home</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Exile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Exile (disambiguation)">Exile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Banish" and "Banishment" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Banish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Banish (disambiguation)">Banish (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/220px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/330px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/440px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s Exile on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></i> by Franz Josef Sandman (1820)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg/220px-The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg/330px-The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>The First Night in Exile</i> – This painting comes from a series illustrating the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a>. It depicts prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father's kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dante_exile.jpg/220px-Dante_exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dante_exile.jpg/330px-Dante_exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dante_exile.jpg/440px-Dante_exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> in Exile</i> by Domenico Petarlini</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Exile</b> or <b>banishment</b> is primarily penal expulsion from one's native <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>, and secondarily <a href="/wiki/Expatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriation">expatriation</a> or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suffer exile, but sometimes social entities like institutions (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papacy</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government</a>) are forced from their homeland. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">exsilium</i></span> denoted both voluntary exile and banishment as a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> alternative to death. <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a> was forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property. <a href="/wiki/Relegatio" title="Relegatio">Relegation</a> was a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> describes group exile, both voluntary and forced. "<a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Government in exile</a>" describes a government of a country that has relocated and argues its legitimacy from outside that country. Voluntary exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person who claims it, to avoid persecution and prosecution (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular pursuit. </p><p>Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> states that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_exile">Internal exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Internal exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Internal exile is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_individuals">For individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: For individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exiled_heads_of_state">Exiled heads of state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exiled heads of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_have_been_in_exile" title="List of heads of state and government who have been in exile">List of heads of state and government who have been in exile</a></div> <p>In some cases the <a href="/wiki/List_of_deposed_politicians" title="List of deposed politicians">deposed</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is allowed to go into exile following a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoiding_tax_or_legal_matters">Avoiding tax or legal matters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Avoiding tax or legal matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tax_exile" title="Tax exile">Tax exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugitive" title="Fugitive">Fugitive</a></div> <p>A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed a <i>tax exile</i>. Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include the British-Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hailey" title="Arthur Hailey">Arthur Hailey</a>, who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes following the runaway success of his novels <i>Hotel</i> and <i>Airport</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the English rock band the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> who, in the spring of 1971, owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for the album that came to be called <i>Exile on Main Street</i>, the Main Street of the title referring to the French Riviera.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a>, one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. citizenship before his company's <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen's decision to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, the <a href="/wiki/Ex-PATRIOT_Act" title="Ex-PATRIOT Act">Ex-PATRIOT Act</a>, which would have forced such wealthy <i>tax exiles</i> to pay a special tax in order to re-enter the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Criminal_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal prosecution">criminal prosecution</a>. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Asil_Nadir" title="Asil Nadir">Asil Nadir</a>, who fled to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> for 17 years rather than face <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a> in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company <a href="/wiki/Polly_Peck" title="Polly Peck">Polly Peck</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoiding_violence_or_persecution,_or_in_the_aftermath_of_war"><span id="Avoiding_violence_or_persecution.2C_or_in_the_aftermath_of_war"></span>Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> academics asked to return home "from exile" to help rebuild Iraq in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>People undertaking a religious or <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example, in Czechoslovakia, <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> were internally exiled to small villages along the northern border that had been stripped of their original German populations (such as <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1_Voda" title="Bílá Voda">Bílá Voda</a>) following the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état of 1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibaw_Min" title="Thibaw Min">Thibaw Min</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supayalat" title="Supayalat">Supayalat</a> were exiled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a>, named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pataw_Mu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pataw Mu (page does not exist)">Pataw Mu</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euphemism_for_convict">Euphemism for convict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Euphemism for convict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exile, government man and assigned servant were all <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemisms</a> used in the 19th century for <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convicts under sentence</a> who had been <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a> from Britain to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_groups,_nations,_and_governments"><span id="For_groups.2C_nations.2C_and_governments"></span>For groups, nations, and governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: For groups, nations, and governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation_in_exile">Nation in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nation in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></div> <p>When a large group, or occasionally a whole people or <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israelites</a> by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> in 720 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judeans</a> who were deported by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> in 586 BC, and the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> following the destruction of the second <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> in AD 70. Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as "<a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">Next Year in Jerusalem</a>". </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a>) against the partitioning powers (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known as <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polonia</a>), especially <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_France" title="Poles in France">in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire population of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (numbering 200,000 in all) that remained in their homeland of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a> was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> on false accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-changonrevison_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changonrevison-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, over a million <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a> have left <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a>. Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-NorthAmerica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorthAmerica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of a political variety, during the 19th and 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exiled political groups often develop complex media strategies, including diaspora engagement and investigative reporting, to maintain visibility, mobilise support, and address challenges of operating outside their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_in_exile">Government in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Government in exile</a></div> <p>During a foreign <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> or after a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, a <i>government in exile</i> of a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, a government in exile that commanded <a href="/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish contribution to World War II">Polish armed forces</a> operating outside Poland, and the African-based <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German Occupation</a> of Poland and France in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>. Other post-war examples include the client <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All Palestine Government</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_inanimate_objects">For inanimate objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: For inanimate objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> once exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "When the inhabitants of the town of <a href="/wiki/Uglich" title="Uglich">Uglich</a> rang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/220px-Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/330px-Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/440px-Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Medea#Jason_and_Medea" title="Medea">Jason and Medea</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Exile is an early motif in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the play <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> in the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides' <i>Medea</i> has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaus_Mann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Klaus_Mann.jpg/220px-Klaus_Mann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Klaus_Mann.jpg/330px-Klaus_Mann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Klaus_Mann.jpg/440px-Klaus_Mann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Exiled <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a> as Staff Sergeant of the 5th US Army, Italy 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg/220px-Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg/330px-Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg/440px-Anna_Seghers_Das_siebte_Kreuz_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a>' <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Cross" title="The Seventh Cross">Das siebte Kreuz</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> was abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and had become a murderess out of revenge, she fled to Athens and married king <a href="/wiki/Aigeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigeus">Aigeus</a> there, and became the stepmother of the hero <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>. Due to a conflict with him, she must leave the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a> and go away into exile. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a> (1849–1917), the English <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> painter's famous picture <i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_Medea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason and Medea">Jason and Medea</a></i> shows a key moment before, when Medea tries to poison Theseus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Rome, the Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, who lived during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, now <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>. There he wrote his famous work <i>Tristia</i> (Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, at least in a temporary exile, was <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>. </p><p>The German-language writer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> described the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novel <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(novel)" title="Amerika (novel)">Amerika</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a>. So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klaus Mann finished his novel <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Vulkan</i></span> (<i>The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants</i>) in 1939<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das siebte Kreuz</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Cross" title="The Seventh Cross">The Seventh Cross</a></i>, published in the United States in 1942). </p><p>Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winners <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> as well as the novelists <a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Selvon" title="Sam Selvon">Sam Selvon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_in_the_Torah" title="Banishment in the Torah">Banishment in the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">Ban (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echols_County,_Georgia" title="Echols County, Georgia">Echols County, Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> has at times banished criminals from all of its counties except this one.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minus_six_(exile)" title="Minus six (exile)">Minus six</a> – form of exile in the Soviet Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> – procedure under the Athenian democracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlawry" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawry">Outlawry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petalism" title="Petalism">Petalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcian_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcian Laws">Porcian Laws</a>, the Roman laws granting citizens the right to voluntary exile in place of capital punishment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a> (political asylum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimanagashi" title="Shimanagashi">Shimanagashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exiles_by_nationality" title="Category:Exiles by nationality">Category:Exiles by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armies_in_exile" title="Category:Armies in exile">Category:Armies in exile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Smith1890" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> (1890), "Banishment (Roman)", <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i></a> (3rd ed.), pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>137</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banishment+%28Roman%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1890&rft.au=William+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2011" class="citation news cs1">Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13052996">"BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+What+happens+to+deposed+leaders%3F&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-13052996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevie Cameron, <i>Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money,</i> 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Greenfield, <i>Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones,</i> 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKucera2012" class="citation news cs1">Kucera, Danielle (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-11/facebook-co-founder-saverin-gives-up-u-s-citizenship-before-ipo.html">"Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Gives Up U.S. Citizenship Before IPO"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. Bloomberg News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Facebook+Co-Founder+Saverin+Gives+Up+U.S.+Citizenship+Before+IPO&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.aulast=Kucera&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-05-11%2Ffacebook-co-founder-saverin-gives-up-u-s-citizenship-before-ipo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrawbaugh2012" class="citation news cs1">Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-taxes-idUSBRE84G11A20120517">"Facebook's Saverin fires back at tax-dodge critics"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Iraq+Appeals+Anew+to+Exiled+Academics+to+Return+Home&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FIraq-Appeals-Anew-to-Exiled%2F47791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher1990" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-20-mn-233-story.html">"For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=For+Exiled+Nuns%2C+It%27s+Too+Late+%3A+Banished+by+the+Communist+regime%2C+Czechoslovakia%27s+sisters+of+Bila+Voda+were+symbols+of+persecution.+Now+most+are+too+old+or+weak+to+benefit+from+the+revolution&rft.date=1990-01-20&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-01-20-mn-233-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Edward E., (1898, reprinted 1973), <i>A dictionary of Austral English</i>, Sydney, Sydney University Press, pp. 140, 166. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0424063905" title="Special:BookSources/0424063905">0424063905</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Richardson, <i>Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans</i>, Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, p.98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</i>. Routledge. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-changonrevison-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-changonrevison_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK._Chang2019" class="citation journal cs1">K. Chang, Jon (8 April 2019). "Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History". <i>Academic Questions</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12129-019-09791-8">10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150711796">150711796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Questions&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+and+Revisionist+Russian+and+Soviet+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=270&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12129-019-09791-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150711796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K.+Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorthAmerica-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NorthAmerica_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Powell, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&q=%22cubans+are+usually+considered+to+be+the+most+successful%22&pg=PA68">"Cuban immigration"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of North American Immigration</i>. Facts on File. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110127" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110127"><bdi>9781438110127</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuban+immigration&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Immigration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781438110127&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNCX6UsdZYkC%26q%3D%2522cubans%2Bare%2Busually%2Bconsidered%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bsuccessful%2522%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSznajderRoniger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sznajder, Mario; Roniger, Luis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27648031">"Political Exile in Latin America"</a>. <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X07302891">10.1177/0094582X07302891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-582X">0094-582X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27648031">27648031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145378385">145378385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Political+Exile+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0094-582X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145378385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27648031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582X07302891&rft.aulast=Sznajder&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Roniger%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27648031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Chumakov, A. (2023). Media Strategies of Russian Opposition in Exile: Values, Visibility, and Virtual Mobilisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1800879&dswid=-1474">https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1800879&dswid=-1474</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, 1963, page 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, Copyright 1963, page 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Helene_P._Foley" title="Helene P. Foley">Helene P. Foley</a>: <i>Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage</i>. University of California Press, 2012, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Elisabeth Prettejohn: <i>Art of the Pre-Raphaelites</i>. Princeton University Press, London 2000, pp. 165–207. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07057-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07057-1">0-691-07057-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaggott2015" class="citation news cs1">Baggott, Sophie (2015-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/21/tristia-by-ovid-high-drama-and-hoax">"Tristia by Ovid – high drama and hoax"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tristia+by+Ovid+%E2%80%93+high+drama+and+hoax&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Baggott&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Faug%2F21%2Ftristia-by-ovid-high-drama-and-hoax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. an unabridged reading by <a href="/wiki/Sven_Regener" title="Sven Regener">Sven Regener</a>: <i>Amerika</i>, Roof Music, Bochum 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Martin Mauthner: <i>German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940</i>, Vallentine Mitchell, London 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-540-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-540-4">978-0-85303-540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">which he started in September 1936, when he came to New York. Cf. Jan Patocka in: <i>Escape to Life. German Intellectuals in New York. A Compendium on Exile after 1933</i>, ed. by Eckart Goebel/Sigrid Weigel. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, p. 354. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025867-7">978-3-11-025867-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Klaus Mann: <i>Der Wendepunkt. Ein Lebensbericht</i>. (1949), Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Timo (2016). "Forms of Exile: Experimental Self-Positioning in Postcolonial Caribbean Poetry". <i>Atlantic Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810.2016.1220790">10.1080/14788810.2016.1220790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152181840">152181840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=Forms+of+Exile%3A+Experimental+Self-Positioning+in+Postcolonial+Caribbean+Poetry&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2016.1220790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152181840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2023/08/230823-Kulturabend-Exil.html">"Rede: Kulturabend Von Verlust und Zuflucht. Exil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Bundespräsident">Der Bundespräsident</a></i> (in German). 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Rede%3A+Kulturabend+Von+Verlust+und+Zuflucht.+Exil&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FSharedDocs%2FReden%2FDE%2FFrank-Walter-Steinmeier%2FReden%2F2023%2F08%2F230823-Kulturabend-Exil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exile" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exile">Exile</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_familial_exterminations" title="Nine familial exterminations">Nine familial exterminations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a 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slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a 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