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href="#Complicated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Complicated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complicated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Chaotic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Cynefin_and_theory_of_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cynefin and theory of constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynefin_and_theory_of_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="shows the four habitats of the Cynefin framework - Clear, Complicated, Complex, and Chaotic - plus Confusion as the state of not knowing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/220px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/330px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/440px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Cynefin framework as revised</figcaption></figure><p><span class="anchor" id="diagram"></span> </p><p>The <b>Cynefin framework</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kuh-<span style="font-size:90%">NEV</span>-in</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> used to aid <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Created in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Snowden" title="Dave Snowden">Dave Snowden</a> when he worked for <a href="/wiki/IBM_Global_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Global Services">IBM Global Services</a>, it has been described as a "<a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">sense-making</a> device".<sup id="cite_ref-Snowden1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowden1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KurtzSnowden2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurtzSnowden2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cynefin</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> word for 'habitat'.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cynefin offers five decision-making contexts or "domains"—<i>clear</i> (known as <i>simple</i> until 2014, then <i>obvious</i> until being recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> renamed),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015237,_n.&nbsp;7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015237,_n.&nbsp;7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>complicated</i>, <i>complex</i>, <i>chaotic</i>, and <i>confusion</i>—that help managers to identify how they perceive situations and make sense of their own and other people's behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoonedomains_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoonedomains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework draws on research into <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complexity_theory_and_organizations" title="Complexity theory and organizations">complexity theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">learning theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the Cynefin framework is that it offers decision-makers a "sense of place" from which to view their perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cynefin</i></span> is a Welsh word meaning 'habitat', 'haunt', 'acquainted', 'familiar'. Snowden uses the term to refer to the idea that we all have connections, such as tribal, religious and geographical, of which we may not be aware.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-definition_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> word <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tūrangawaewae</i></span>, meaning a place to stand, or the "ground and place which is your heritage and that you come from".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015236–237,_n.&nbsp;5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015236–237,_n.&nbsp;5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snowden, then of IBM Global Services, began work on a Cynefin model in 1999 to help manage <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_capital" title="Intellectual capital">intellectual capital</a> within the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowden1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowden1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenPauleen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenPauleen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued developing it as European director of IBM's Institute of Knowledge Management,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later as founder and director of the IBM Cynefin Centre for Organizational Complexity, established in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cynthia Kurtz, an IBM researcher, and Snowden described the framework in detail the following year in a paper, "The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world", published in <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KurtzSnowden2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurtzSnowden2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHummelbrunner201010,_163–164_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHummelbrunner201010,_163–164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cynefin Centre—a network of members and partners from industry, government and academia—began operating independently of IBM in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 Snowden and Mary E. Boone described the Cynefin framework in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their paper, "A Leader's Framework for Decision Making", won them an "Outstanding Practitioner-Oriented Publication in OB" award from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management" title="Academy of Management">Academy of Management</a>'s Organizational Behavior division.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clear">Clear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -180px; left: -190px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the clear domain there are tight constraints, no degrees of freedom, and best practice can be used to sense, categorize and respond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/400px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/600px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/800px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" title="File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg"> </a></div>In the clear domain there are tight constraints, no degrees of freedom, and best practice can be used to sense, categorize and respond </div> </div> </div> <p>The <i>clear</i> domain represents the "known knowns". This means that there are rules in place (or <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practice</a>), the situation is stable, and the relationship between cause and effect is clear: if you do X, expect Y. The advice in such a situation is to "sense–categorize–respond": establish the facts ("sense"), categorize, then respond by following the rule or applying best practice. Snowden and Boone (2007) offer the example of loan-payment processing. An employee identifies the problem (for example, a borrower has paid less than required), categorizes it (reviews the loan documents), and responds (follows the terms of the loan).<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Stewart" title="Thomas A. Stewart">Thomas A. Stewart</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>This is the domain of legal structures, standard operating procedures, practices that are proven to work. Never draw to an <a href="/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Inside_straight_draw" title="Draw (poker)">inside straight</a>. Never lend to a client whose monthly payments exceed 35 percent of gross income. Never end the meeting without asking for the sale. Here, decision-making lies squarely in the realm of reason: Find the proper rule and apply it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2002pp4-5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2002pp4-5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Snowden and Boone write that managers should beware of forcing situations into this domain by oversimplifying, by "entrained thinking" (being blind to new ways of thinking), or by becoming complacent (see <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>). When success breeds complacency ("best practice is, by definition, past practice"), there can be a catastrophic clockwise shift into the chaotic domain. They recommend that leaders provide a communication channel, if necessary an anonymous one, so that dissenters (for example, within a workforce) can warn about complacency.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complicated">Complicated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complicated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -200px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the complicated domain there are governing constraints, problems are tightly coupled, and appropriate good practice should be used to sense, analyze and respond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/400px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/600px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/800px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" title="File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg"> </a></div>In the complicated domain there are governing constraints, problems are tightly coupled, and appropriate good practice should be used to sense, analyze and respond </div> </div> </div> <p>The <i>complicated</i> domain consists of the "known unknowns". The relationship between cause and effect requires analysis or expertise; there are a range of right answers. The framework recommends "sense–analyze–respond": assess the facts, analyze, and apply the appropriate good operating practice.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stewart: "Here it is possible to work rationally toward a decision, but doing so requires refined judgment and expertise. ... This is the province of engineers, surgeons, intelligence analysts, lawyers, and other experts. Artificial intelligence copes well here: <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a> plays chess as if it were a complicated problem, looking at every possible sequence of moves."<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2002pp4-5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2002pp4-5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex">Complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the complex domain there are enabling constraints, problems are loosely coupled, and one should use emergent practice to probe, sense and respond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/400px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/600px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/800px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" title="File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg"> </a></div>In the complex domain there are enabling constraints, problems are loosely coupled, and one should use emergent practice to probe, sense and respond </div> </div> </div> <p>The <i>complex</i> domain represents the "unknown unknowns". Cause and effect can only be deduced in retrospect, and there are no right answers. "Instructive patterns ... can emerge," write Snowden and Boone, "if the leader conducts experiments that are safe to fail." Cynefin calls this process "probe–sense–respond".<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard insurance cases are one example. "Hard cases ... need human underwriters," Stewart writes, "and the best all do the same thing: Dump the file and spread out the contents." Stewart identifies battlefields, markets, ecosystems and corporate cultures as complex systems that are "impervious to a <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a>, take-it-apart-and-see-how-it-works approach, because your very actions change the situation in unpredictable ways."<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2002pp4-5_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2002pp4-5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaotic">Chaotic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chaotic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -180px; left: -20px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the chaotic domain there is a lack of constraints, the problems are de-coupled, and one creates novel practice by acting, sensing and responding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/400px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/600px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/800px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" title="File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg"> </a></div>In the chaotic domain there is a lack of constraints, the problems are de-coupled, and one creates novel practice by acting, sensing and responding </div> </div> </div> <p>In the <i>chaotic</i> domain, cause and effect are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events in this domain are "too confusing to wait for a knowledge-based response", writes Patrick Lambe. "Action—<i>any</i> action—is the first and only way to respond appropriately."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, managers "act–sense–respond": <i>act</i> to establish order; <i>sense</i> where stability lies; <i>respond</i> to turn the chaotic into the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowden and Boone write: </p> <blockquote><p>In the chaotic domain, a leader’s immediate job is not to discover patterns but to staunch the bleeding. A leader must first act to establish order, then sense where stability is present and from where it is absent, and then respond by working to transform the situation from chaos to complexity, where the identification of emerging patterns can both help prevent future crises and discern new opportunities. Communication of the most direct top-down or broadcast kind is imperative; there’s simply no time to ask for input.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> were an example of the <i>chaotic</i> category.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart offers others: "the firefighter whose gut makes him turn left or the trader who instinctively sells when the news about the stock seems too good to be true." One <a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis executive</a> said of the <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">collapse of Enron</a>: "People were afraid. ... Decision-making was paralyzed. ... You've got to be quick and decisive—make little steps you know will succeed, so you can begin to tell a story that makes sense."<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2002pp4-5_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2002pp4-5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snowden and Boone give the example of the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Chicken_massacre" title="Brown's Chicken massacre">Brown's Chicken massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palatine,_Illinois" title="Palatine, Illinois">Palatine</a>, Illinois—when robbers murdered seven employees in Brown's Chicken and Pasta restaurant—as a situation in which local police faced all the domains. Deputy Police Chief Walt Gasior had to act immediately to stem the early panic (<i>chaotic</i>), while keeping the department running (<i>clear</i>), calling in experts (<i>complicated</i>), and maintaining community confidence in the following weeks (<i>complex</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion">Confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 122px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 120px; height: 120px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -120px; left: -150px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the confusion domain it is uncertain which of the other domains apply" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/400px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/600px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg/800px-Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynefin_framework_2022.jpg" title="File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg"> </a></div>In the confusion domain it is uncertain which of the other domains apply </div> </div> </div> <p>The dark <i>confusion</i> domain in the centre represents situations where there is no clarity about which of the other domains apply (this domain has also been known as <i>disordered</i> in earlier versions of the framework). By definition it is hard to see when this domain applies. "Here, multiple perspectives jostle for prominence, factional leaders argue with one another, and cacophony rules", write Snowden and Boone. "The way out of this realm is to break down the situation into constituent parts and assign each to one of the other four realms. Leaders can then make decisions and intervene in contextually appropriate ways."<sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_through_domains">Moving through domains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moving through domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As knowledge increases, there is a "clockwise drift" from <i>chaotic</i> through <i>complex</i> and <i>complicated</i> to <i>clear</i>. Similarly, a "buildup of biases", complacency or lack of maintenance can cause a "catastrophic failure": a clockwise movement from <i>clear</i> to <i>chaotic</i>, represented by the "fold" between those domains. There can be counter-clockwise movement as people die and knowledge is forgotten, or as new generations question the rules; and a counter-clockwise push from <i>chaotic</i> to <i>clear</i> can occur when a lack of order causes rules to be imposed suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-KurtzSnowden2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurtzSnowden2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_reception">Applications and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif/260px-Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif/390px-Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif/520px-Leader%27s_Framework_for_Policing_Protest.gif 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Using the Cynefin framework to analyse policing of the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-Geron2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geron2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cynefin was used by its IBM developers in <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy-making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">product development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">branding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customer_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Customer relations">customer relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KurtzSnowden2003_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurtzSnowden2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later uses include analysing the impact of religion on policymaking within the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration,<sup id="cite_ref-faith-decision-making_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faith-decision-making-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-French2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network science</a> and the military,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the management of food-chain risks,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile software development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and policing the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupy Movement">Occupy Movement</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Geron2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geron2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been used in health-care research, including to examine the complexity of care in the British <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the nature of knowledge in health care,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fight against <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> used the Cynefin framework in a discussion of theories and models of decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Commission has published a field guide to use Cynefin as a "guide to navigate crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism of Cynefin includes that the framework is difficult and confusing, needs a more rigorous foundation, and covers too limited a selection of possible contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another criticism is that terms such as <i>known, knowable, sense,</i> and <i>categorize</i> are ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHummelbrunner2010182_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHummelbrunner2010182-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prof Simon French recognizes "the value of the Cynefin framework in categorising decision contexts and identifying how to address many uncertainties in an analysis" and as such believes it builds on seminal works such as <a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a>'s <i>Scientific Method: optimizing applied research decisions</i> (1962), <a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a>'s <i>Inquiring Systems</i> (1967), Rittel and Webber's <i>Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning</i> (1973), Douglas John White's <i>Decision Methodology</i> (1975), <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></i> (1977), Mike Pidd's <i>Tools for Thinking: Modelling in Management Science</i> (1996), and Ritchey's <i>General Morphological Analysis</i> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firestone and McElroy argue that Cynefin is a model of sensemaking rather than a full model of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a> and processing.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 118">: 118 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cynefin_and_theory_of_constraints">Cynefin and theory of constraints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cynefin and theory of constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steve Holt compares Cynefin to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">theory of constraints</a>. The theory of constraints argues that most systems outcomes are limited by certain bottlenecks (<i>constraints</i>) and improvements away from these constraints tend to be counterproductive because they just place more strain on a constraint. Holt places the theory of constraints within the Cynefin framing by arguing the theory of constraints moves from complex situations to complicated ones by using <a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">abductive reasoning</a> and intuition then logic to creating an understanding, before creating a probe to test understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </p><p>Cynefin defines several types of constraints. <i>Fixed constraints</i> stipulate that actions must be done in a certain way in a certain order and apply in the clear domain, <i>governing constraints</i> are looser and act more like rules or policies applying in the complicated domain, <i>enabling constraints</i> that operate in the complex domain are constraints that allow a system to function but do not control the entire process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 371">: 371 </span></sup>Holt argues that constraints in the theory of constraints correspond the Cynefin's fixed and governing constraints. Holt argues that <i>injections</i> in the theory of constraints correspond to enabling constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 373">: 373 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(conceptual_framework)" title="I-Space (conceptual framework)">I-Space (conceptual framework)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_E._Weick" title="Karl E. Weick">Karl E. Weick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis (problem-solving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">Narrative inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECI_model_of_knowledge_dimensions" title="SECI model of knowledge dimensions">SECI model of knowledge dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_are_known_knowns" class="mw-redirect" title="There are known knowns">There are known knowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility,_uncertainty,_complexity_and_ambiguity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity">Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPEC-T" title="VPEC-T">VPEC-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SnowdenBoonedomains-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoonedomains_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowden and Boone (2007): "The framework sorts the issues facing leaders into five contexts defined by the nature of the relationship between cause and effect. Four of these—simple (or obvious or clear), complicated, complex, and chaotic—require leaders to diagnose situations and to act in contextually appropriate ways. The fifth—disorder (or confusion)—applies when it is unclear which of the other four contexts is predominant." From 2014 Snowden used <i>obvious</i> in place of <i>simple</i>, and is now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> using the term <i>clear</i><sup id="cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowden (2000): "An early form of the Cynefin model using different labels for the dimension extremes and quadrant spaces was developed as a means of understanding the reality of intellectual capital management within IBM Global Services (Snowden 1999a)."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SnowdenPauleen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenPauleen_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowden, Pauleen, and Jansen van Vuuren (2011): "The framework was initially used in Snowden's early work in knowledge management, but now extends to aspects of leadership, strategy, cultural change, customer relationship management and more (Kurtz and Snowden 2003; Snowden and Boone 2007). The framework is particularly effective in helping decision-makers to make sense of complex problems, providing new ways of approaching intractable problems and allowing the emergence of shared understandings from collective groups."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynefin uses <i>chaotic</i> in the ordinary sense, rather than in the sense used in <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015237,_n.&nbsp;11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergerJohnston2015237,_n.&nbsp;11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCognitiveEdge2010" class="citation cs2">CognitiveEdge (11 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7oz366X0-8"><i>The Cynefin Framework</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/N7oz366X0-8">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cynefin+Framework&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.au=CognitiveEdge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN7oz366X0-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynefin+framework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SnowdenBoone2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnowdenBoone2007_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowdenBoone2007" class="citation journal cs1">Snowden, David J.; Boone, Mary E. 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Dave Snowden, Riva Greenberg, Boudewijn Bertsch. Cognitive Edge - The Cynefin Co. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7353799-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7353799-0-6"><bdi>978-1-7353799-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1226544685">1226544685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cynefin+weaving+sense-making+into+the+fabric+of+our+world&rft.place=Cognitive+Edge+-+The+Cynefin+Co&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1226544685&rft.isbn=978-1-7353799-0-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1226544685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynefin+framework" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&oldid=1256920526">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynefin_framework&oldid=1256920526</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">IBM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knowledge_management" title="Category:Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Strategy_consulting" title="Category:Strategy consulting">Strategy consulting</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 06:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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