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</li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="شمش شوم أوكين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمش شوم أوكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaix-xuma-ukin" title="Xamaix-xuma-ukin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xamaix-xuma-ukin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC_%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Σαμάς σουμ ουκίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμάς σουμ ουκίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شمش شوم اوکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمش شوم اوکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syamas-syum-ukin" title="Syamas-syum-ukin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syamas-syum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שמש-שום-אוכין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמש-שום-אוכין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1umkinas" title="Šamašumkinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šamašumkinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="شمش شوم اوكين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمش شوم اوكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3" title="シャマシュ・シュム・ウキン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャマシュ・シュム・ウキン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamasz-szuma-ukin" title="Szamasz-szuma-ukin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szamasz-szuma-ukin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samassumuquim" title="Samassumuquim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samassumuquim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88-%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Шамаш-шум-укин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шамаш-шум-укин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1um-ukin" title="Šamaš-šum-ukin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šamaš-šum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1um-ukin" title="Šamaš-šum-ukin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šamaš-šum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shamash-shum-ukin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88-%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Шамаш-шум-укін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шамаш-шум-укін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E9%87%91" title="沙马什·舒姆·乌金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙马什·舒姆·乌金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg/440px-Seal_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_BM_77611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="719" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Šamaš-šuma-ukin, as king of Babylon, depicted on a tablet recording his confirmation of a grant</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">668–648 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">before 685 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">648 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Akkadian</th><td class="infobox-data">Šamaš-šuma-ukin<br />Šamaš-šumu-ukīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" title="Ešarra-ḫammat">Ešarra-ḫammat</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Šamaš-šuma-ukin</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒌋𒌋𒈬𒁺</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Šamaš-šuma-ukin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> or <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Šamaš-šumu-ukīn</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> has established the name"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">king of Babylon</a> as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> from 668 BC to his death in 648. Born into the Assyrian royal family, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was the son of the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> and the elder brother of Esarhaddon's successor <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>. </p><p>Despite being the elder son, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was for unknown reasons bypassed as heir to Assyria. His designation as heir to Babylonia was likely devised by Esarhaddon as a means to counteract future rivalry and jealousy between the brothers. Although Esarhaddon specified that Šamaš-šuma-ukin was to swear an oath of allegiance to Ashurbanipal, the clear primary heir, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was also referred to as Ashurbanipal's "equal brother" and Ashurbanipal was to stay out of his affairs. This part of the succession plans were not upheld by Ashurbanipal after Esarhaddon's death; Šamaš-šuma-ukin only acceded to the Babylonian throne months after Ashubanipal had become king and was throughout his reign a closely monitored vassal, not entrusted with all of Babylonia or substantial military forces and only allowed to make decisions if they were approved and verified by Ashurbanipal. </p><p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin assimilated well into Babylonia, despite being ethnically and culturally Assyrian. His royal inscriptions are far more "quintessentially Babylonian" than those of other Assyrian rulers of southern Mesopotamia, using Babylonian imagery and rhetoric to an unprecedented extent. He participated in the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">New Year's festival</a> and is recorded as partaking in other Babylonian traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">Statue of Marduk</a>, the main cult image of Babylon's patron deity <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, was returned to Babylon in 668 at Šamaš-šuma-ukin's coronation, having been stolen from the city by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> twenty years prior. </p><p>Though Šamaš-šuma-ukin maintained peaceful relations with his younger brother for many years, resentment gradually grew between them due to Ashurbanipal's overbearing control. In 652, Šamaš-šuma-ukin revolted, inspiring the Babylonians to join him and recruiting a coalition of enemies of Assyria, including the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>. Though the conflict was initially indecisive, it eventually ended in disaster for Šamaš-šuma-ukin. Babylon was captured by Ashurbanipal in 648 after a lengthy siege and Šamaš-šuma-ukin died, though the exact circumstances of his death are unclear. After his defeat and death there is evidence of a large-scale <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> campaign, with images of the king being mutilated, erasing his face. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa,_Iraq_and_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq_and_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq_and_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Shamash-shum-ukin_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq_and_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Stone monument of Šamaš-šuma-ukin as a basket-bearer. The face of the sculpture has been mutilated.</figcaption></figure> <p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin was probably the second eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, the third king of the <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>, younger only than the crown prince <a href="/wiki/Sin-nadin-apli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-nadin-apli">Sin-nadin-apli</a>.<i><b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></i> Upon the unexpected death of Sin-nadin-apli in 674 BC, the Assyrian court was thrown into upheaval. Esarhaddon had only become king through great difficulty and wished to avoid his own eventual death initiating a succession crisis. He thus soon began to draw up new succession plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201863_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201863-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esarhaddon decided that the fourth-eldest son Ashurbanipal would inherit Assyria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearly the primary title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin, the next-eldest son after Sin-nadin-apli, was instead designated as the heir to <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, with the two designated as "equal brothers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third eldest son Šamaš-metu-uballiṭ was entirely bypassed, perhaps because he suffered from poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009170_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite proclaiming his two sons as equals, Esarhaddon also made it clear that Šamaš-šuma-ukin was to swear an oath of allegiance to Ashurbanipal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Esarhaddon made his decision, the two princes arrived at the Assyrian capital of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> together and partook in a celebration<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 672<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with foreign representatives, Assyrian nobles and elements of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoting one son as heir to Assyria and the other as heir to Babylonia was a novel idea; for the past decades the Assyrian king had simultaneously ruled Babylonia.<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003170-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> The decision to bypass Šamaš-šuma-ukin as heir to Assyria was also a remarkable one, given that Esarhaddon's own accession issues had been the direct result of his father <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> acting in a similar way. Sennacherib had bypassed the elder son <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a> in favor of the younger Esarhaddon; in Sennacherib's case this decision led to Arda-Mulissu murdering him and fighting a civil war against Esarhaddon. Why Esarhaddon made nearly the same decision is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One hypothesis in regard to why a younger son was designated as the heir to what was clearly Esarhaddon's primary title is that Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukin could have had different mothers. Though it is equally likely that Šamaš-šuma-ukin and Ashurbanipal shared a mother, possibly <a href="/wiki/E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" title="Ešarra-ḫammat">Ešarra-ḫammat</a> (Esarhaddon's primary consort),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also possible that Ashurbanipal was the son of an Assyrian woman and Šamaš-šuma-ukin was the son of a Babylonian woman; Šamaš-šuma-ukin accceding to the Assyrian throne could thus have been problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to grant Šamaš-šuma-ukin Babylonia and designate him and Ashurbanipal as "equal brothers" could perhaps be due to Esarhaddon wishing to avoid the rivalry and jealousy involved in his own accession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Šamaš-šuma-ukin had Babylonian heritage, Esarhaddon could have surmised that he was a superior candidate for the Babylonian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As crown prince, Šamaš-šuma-ukin would have undergone training for traditional royal duties, such as hunting, riding, scholarship and wisdom, archery, chariotry and other forms of military training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Esarhaddon was constantly ill, much of the administrative duties of the empire fell upon Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukin during the last few years of their father's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003170-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was important for the crown princes to gain real experience in ruling. Letters of correspondence between Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal from this time for instance show that Ashurbanipal prominently participated in the Assyrian intelligence network, gathering information on foreign enemies and rivals and compiling reports for his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashurbanipal immediately became king of Assyria upon Esarhaddon's death. Šamaš-šuma-ukin was somewhat belatedly crowned as king of Babylon in the spring of the next year. His coronation was marked by Ashurbanipal returning the religiously important <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">Statue of Marduk</a>, stolen by Sennacherib twenty years prior, to Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return of the statue was particularly important as it in the eyes of the Babylonians cemented the approval of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the Babylonian national deity, of the new king's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Šamaš-šuma-ukin, an Assyrian prince, being installed as the king of Babylon was in a way an embodiment of Assyrian hegemony, his coronation ceremony (parallelling that of Ashurbanipal) and the return of the Statue of Marduk were efforts made to portray him as an independent king of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin would rule at <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> for sixteen years, apparently mostly peacefully in regard to his younger brother, but there would be repeated disagreements on the exact extent of his control;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the requirement of an oath of allegiance to Ashurbanipal, Esarhaddon had also specified that Ashurbanipal was not to interfere in Šamaš-šuma-ukin's affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part of the succession plans were not upheld by Ashurbanipal, who perhaps shifted the balanace of power in his own favor and diminished Šamaš-šuma-ukin's intended status out of fear that his elder brother given a strong power-base would threaten his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201817_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201817-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign_and_status">Early reign and status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early reign and status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg/260px-Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg/390px-Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg/520px-Confirmation_of_land_grant_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_-_BM_77611-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4599" data-file-height="3163" /></a><figcaption>Confirmation by Šamaš-šuma-ukin of a grant originally made by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin was the only member of the Assyrian royal family to accede to the Babylonian throne and intentionally never to the Assyrian one. The only other Assyrian prince who ruled Babylon and not Assyria was Šamaš-šuma-ukin's uncle <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>, though he had been the crown prince of Sennacherib and the intended successor in Assyria as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Ashurbanipal, as king of Assyria, was more powerful, Šamaš-šuma-ukin's kingship of Babylon, important to the Assyrians for military, political, religious and ideological reasons, was prestigious in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was however very clearly a closely monitored vassal rather than an autonomous ruler. Though Esarhaddon's inscriptions suggest that Šamaš-šuma-ukin should have been granted the entirety of Babylonia to rule, contemporary records only definitely prove that Šamaš-šuma-ukin held Babylon itself and its vicinity. The governors of some Babylonian cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and the rulers in the Sea Land, all ignored the existence of a king in Babylon and saw Ashurbanipal as their monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin was also not entrusted with any substantial military forces;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Elamite king <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> invaded Babylonia in 653,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198450_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198450-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin was unable to defend his country and had to rely on Ashurbanipal for military support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin is recorded as having participated in several traditional Babylonian royal activities. He rebuilt the walls of the city <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> and is known to have participated in the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">New Year's festival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been suspended during the time that the god's statue was absent from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave considerable attention to the temples of his domain, confirming offerings in several temples in his inscriptions and increasing the land of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> temple in Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin was ethnically and culturally Assyrian, but appears to have assimilated well into Babylonia. His royal inscriptions are far more "quintessentially Babylonian" than those of other Assyrian rulers of southern Mesopotamia, using Babylonian imagery and rhetoric to an unprecedented extent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost as if overriding his actual cultural and ethnic origin as an Assyrian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was in Assyria at some points, such on one occasion when he was feeling sick, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was presumably the first of his dynasty to live in Babylon full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his reign, Šamaš-šuma-ukin partook in several building projects, an important aspect of Babylonian kingship to the same degree as military campaigns were important in Assyrian kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is recorded as restoring shrines in several cities and as rebuilding the city wall of Sippar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his kingship having been designated by Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal refers to himself in his inscriptions as the man who granted Šamaš-šuma-ukin rule over Babylon. This is possibly due to Šamaš-šuma-ukin only being formally crowned as king a few months after Ashurbanipal had become the Assyrian monarch. It would also theoretically have been within Ashurbanipal's power to stop Šamaš-šuma-ukin's coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worsening_relations">Worsening relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Worsening relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/220px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/440px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Locations of some major <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cities.</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact reasons for Šamaš-šuma-ukin's revolt against Ashurbanipal are unknown, but there are several possibilities. Perhaps the most commonly believed reason is that although Esarhaddon had designated Šamaš-šuma-ukin to inherit control of all of Babylonia, this had not been respected by Ashurbanipal once Esarhaddon was dead. Although business documents from Šamaš-šuma-ukin are known throughout Babylonia (suggesting that most of the region saw him as their king), similar documents dated to the reign of Ashurbanipal are also known from Babylonia, which suggests that Ashurbanipal had assumed the authority of a Babylonian monarch despite there already being a king in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882–83_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882–83-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cities Babylon, Dilbat, Borsippa and Sippar all lack business documents from Ashurbanipal, suggesting that these cities were firmly under Šamaš-šuma-ukin's rule, but Ashurbanipal had agents throughout the south that reported directly to him (not to Šamaš-šuma-ukin) and inscriptions suggest that any orders Šamaš-šuma-ukin gave to his subjects first had to be verified and approved by Ashurbanipal before they could be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201883_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201883-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashurbanipal had a permanent garrison of troops and officials stationed at Borsippa, a city which would have been deep inside Šamaš-šuma-ukin's domain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201884_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201884-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also preserved petitions sent by officials in Babylon directly to Ashurbanipal. Had Šamaš-šuma-ukin been the universally respected sovereign of Babylon, he would probably have been the receiver of such letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Royal records from Babylonia during the time of peaceful coexistence between Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukin mention the names of both monarchs, but contemporary documents from Assyria only mention Ashurbanipal, reinforcing that the two kings were not equal in status. Kudurru, who was the governor of Uruk, addressed Ashurbanipal in his letters with the title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">king of the Lands</a>", despite Uruk being located in Babylonia, indicating that Kudurru saw Ashurbanipal, and not Šamaš-šuma-ukin, as his overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201886_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201886-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin himself seems to have seen himself as Ashurbanipal's equal, simply addressing him as "my brother" in his letters (unlike how he addressed his father Esarhaddon, "the king, my father"). Although there are several letters preserved from Šamaš-šuma-ukin to Ashurbanipal, there are no known replies preserved. It is possible that Ashurbanipal, on account of his network of informers, did not feel a need to write to his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 650s, the relations between Šamaš-šuma-ukin and Ashurbanipal had worsened considerably. A letter from Zakir, a courtier at Šamaš-šuma-ukin's court, to Ashurbanipal described how visitors from the Sea Land had publicly criticized Ashurbanipal in front of Šamaš-šuma-ukin, using the phrase "this is not the word of a king!". Zakir reported that though Šamaš-šuma-ukin was angered, he and his governor of Babylon, Ubaru, chose to not take action against the visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201888_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201888-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most important factors behind Šamaš-šuma-ukin's revolt was his dissatisfaction with his position relative to that of his brother, the constant resentment of Assyria in general by the Babylonians and the constant willingness of the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> to join anyone who waged war against Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201890_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201890-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_against_Ashurbanipal">Revolt against Ashurbanipal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolt against Ashurbanipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard,_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE,_Nineveh,_ME_124788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg/350px-Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg/525px-Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg/700px-Babylonian_prisoners_under_Assyrian_guard%2C_reign_of_Ashurbanipal_668-630_BCE%2C_Nineveh%2C_ME_124788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption>Babylonian prisoners under Assyrian guard in <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>'s reign</figcaption></figure> <p>Aspiring to become independent of Ashurbanipal and free Babylonia under his own rule,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosa2019329-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin revolted in 652.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis198838_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis198838-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosa2019329-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> According to later <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-language legends, Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukin's sister <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%93r%C5%AB%CA%BEa-%C4%93%E1%B9%ADirat" title="Šērūʾa-ēṭirat">Šērūʾa-ēṭirat</a> attempted to intervene and stop the two from fighting; after the war broke out the legends hold that she disappeared into self-imposed exile.<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2006183_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2006183-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></b> The war between the brothers lasted for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was not an attempt to claim the Assyrian throne, but rather an attempt at securing the independence of Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscription evidence suggests that Šamaš-šuma-ukin addressed the citizens of Babylon to join him in his revolt. In Ashurbanipal's inscriptions, Šamaš-šuma-ukin is quoted to have said "Ashurbanipal will cover with shame the name of the Babylonians", which Ashurbanipal refers to as "wind" and "lies". Soon after Šamaš-šuma-ukin began his revolt, the rest of southern Mesopotamia rose up against Ashurbanipal alongside him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201891_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201891-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the war, Ashurbanipal tried to get various local governors in the south to join his side instead, writing to them in hopes that some of them might be interested in de-escalating the war. In these letters, Ashurbanipal never refers to Šamaš-šuma-ukin by name, instead calling him <i>lā aḫu</i> ("no-brother"). In many inscriptions, Šamaš-šuma-ukin is simply identified as the "unfaithful brother", "enemy brother" or just "the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201931_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201931-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of the letters Ashurbanipal referred to him as "this man whom Marduk hates" in an effort to undermine his legitimacy as a Babylonian king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the inscriptions of Ashurbanipal, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was very successful in finding allies. Ashurbanipal identified three groups who aided his brother: first and foremost there were the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and the other peoples of Babylonia, then there were the Elamites, and lastly the kings of <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a>. This last group of kings might refer to the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> (as Gutium, Amurru and Meluhha no longer existed at this point) but this is uncertain. Meluhha might have referred to Egypt, though the Egyptians are not documented to have aided Šamaš-šuma-ukin in the war. Šamaš-šuma-ukin's ambassadors to the Elamites had offered gifts (called "bribes" by Ashurbanipal) and their king, <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a>, sent an army under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undashe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undashe (page does not exist)">Undashe</a>, the son of Teumman, to aid in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201893_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201893-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first two years of the conflict, battles were fought all across Babylonia, some won by the Assyrians and some won by Šamaš-šuma-ukin and his allies. The war quickly turned chaotic; several minor players repeatedly changed sides and both Ashurbanipal and Šamaš-šuma-ukin found it difficult to keep track of their allies. Among the most notorious <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a> were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabu-bel-shumati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabu-bel-shumati (page does not exist)">Nabu-bel-shumati</a>, a governor of the far south in Babylonia whose repeated betrayals enraged Ashurbanipal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny2018203_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny2018203-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Babylon_and_death">Siege of Babylon and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Siege of Babylon and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon,_645-640_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg/260px-Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg/390px-Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg/520px-Ashurbanipal_inspects_booty_and_prisoners_from_Babylon%2C_645-640_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4833" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>Ashurbanipal inspects booty and prisoners from Babylon after the 648 BC siege</figcaption></figure><p>Despite the coalition of Assyrian enemies he had assembled, Šamaš-šuma-ukin's revolt was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition failed to halt Ashurbanipal's advance<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Šamaš-šuma-ukin's forces, allies and lands were gradually lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosa2019329-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Elamites, his primary ally, were defeated near <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a> and ceased to play a role in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 650 Šamaš-šuma-ukin's situation looked grim, with Ashubanipal's forces having besieged Sippar, Borsippa, <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a> and Babylon itself.<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> During the siege of Babylon, the city entered into a period of famine. Ashurbanipal's account of the siege claimed that some of the citizens grew so hungry and desperate that they ate their own children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After enduring the siege for two years, Babylon finally fell in 648 and was plundered by the Assyrian army.<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Ashurbanipal initiated a bloodbath in the city, described in detail in his later inscriptions: "their carved up bodies I fed to dogs, to pigs, to wolves, to eagles, to birds of the heavens, to fishes of the deep".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Šamaš-šuma-ukin's recorded prayers records his despair in the final stages of the war:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I moan like a dove night and day; I bemoan myself, I weep bitterly; Tears are forced from my eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018102_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018102-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the time Babylon fell to Ashurbanipal, a great fire spread within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosa2019329-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šamaš-šuma-ukin's fate is not entirely clear. He is traditionally believed by historians to have committed suicide by <a href="/wiki/Setting_himself_on_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Setting himself on fire">setting himself on fire</a> in his palace,<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> but contemporary texts only say that he "met a cruel death" and that the gods "consigned him to a fire and destroyed his life". In addition to suicide through self-immolation or other means, it is possible that Šamaš-šuma-ukin was executed, died accidentally or was killed in some other way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201921-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the accounts of his death state that it involved fire in some capacity, but do not give more elaborate details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201923_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201923-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods are typically identified as playing a part (perhaps burning him away with fire themselves) due to Šamaš-šuma-ukin's war against Ashurbanipal also being framed by Ashurbanipal as impious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201937_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201937-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Šamaš-šuma-ukin was executed, it would be logical for the Assyrian scribes to leave this out of historical records since <a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">fratricide</a> (killing a brother) was illegal and even if a soldier (and not Ashurbanipal) had carried it out, it would still constitute a murder of a member of the Assyrian royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201936_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201936-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had a soldier killed Šamaš-šuma-ukin, he might very well have been executed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201937_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201937-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Šamaš-šuma-ukin's death, Ashubanipal placed one of his officials, <a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a>, on the Babylonian throne as his vassal.<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin's rebellion and downfall represented a difficult case for the Assyrian royal scribes who recorded history. As Šamaš-šuma-ukin was both a member of the Assyrian royal family and a traitorous Babylonian king, it was difficult to write of his fate; while scribes eagerly recorded lengthy accounts of the defeat of foreign kings and rebels, there was a general reluctance to write about the death of members of the Assyrian royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201921-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters might have been complicated further by the fact that unlike many other rebels faced by the Assyrians, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was not a usurper, but the legitimately installed ruler of Babylon, by decree of an Assyrian king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201926_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201926-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashurbanipal's personal inscriptions offer little in regards to the end of Šamaš-šuma-ukin's life and Assyrian kings after Ashurbanipal do not mention him at all, almost as if he had never existed in the first place. Ashurbanipal's inscriptions talk around his brother's death and in many places even omit Šamaš-šuma-ukin's name, simply calling him "the king". In a relief from Ashurbanipal's palace at Nineveh, depicting his victory over the Babylonian revolt, soldiers are depicted as giving the Babylonian crown and the Babylonian royal insignia to him, but Šamaš-šuma-ukin is conspicuously absent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201921-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of a considerable <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> following Šamaš-šuma-ukin's downfall, with steles erected by the king being purposefully mutilated after his death, erasing his face.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201948_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201948-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titulature">Titulature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Titulature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div><p>Šamaš-šuma-ukin's most frequently used title was <i>šar Bābili</i> ("king of Babylon"), though there exists a single inscription where he used <i>šakkanakki Bābili</i> ("viceroy of Babylon") instead. In the inscriptions of other Assyrian kings who ruled the city, "viceroy" is typically more common than "king". He also assumed other traditional Babylonian royal titles, such as <i>šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi</i> ("<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>"). Overall, his titulary was quintessentially Babylonian to a much higher degree than other Assyrian rulers of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As typically done by Assyrian rulers, Šamaš-šuma-ukin venerated his ancestors in many of his inscriptions, typically naming his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, his grandfather Sennacherib (from whom he typically omitted the title "king of Babylon" due to Sennacherib's actions against the city), his father Esarhaddon and sometimes his brother Ashurbanipal. Their inclusion in his titles may be because Šamaš-šuma-ukin feared that his legitimacy could be questioned if they were omitted. The specific way his ancestors were presented, and Šamaš-šuma-ukin's use of deities in his inscriptions, set him apart from other Assyrian rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significantly, Šamaš-šuma-ukin left out any mentions of the role of his royal ancestors as chief priests of Assyria's god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, a concept intrinsically linked to Assyrian ideas of kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As expected for a ruler of Babylon, the deity most frequently referenced in Šamaš-šuma-ukin's royal inscriptions is Marduk,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Šamaš-šuma-ukin's inscriptions do not contain a single mention of Ashur, who was otherwise included (though sometimes in a reduced capacity) in the inscriptions of those of his ancestors who ruled both Assyria and Babylonia. Despite Šamaš-šuma-ukin publicly identifying himself as an Assyrian (through his genealogy), his inscriptions thus suggest that he did not venerate Assyria's national deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b11_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b11-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places in his titles, Šamaš-šuma-ukin appropriated Assyrian titular conventions in regards to how deities were used but substituted the important gods in Assyria, such as Ashur, Ishtar and <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a>, for deities more venerated in the south, such as Marduk and <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13–14_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13–14-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <b>Shamash-shum-ukin</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullo-Weir1929553_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullo-Weir1929553-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes alternatively known as <b>Saulmugina</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge201052_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge201052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Sarmuge</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullo-Weir1929553-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullo-Weir1929553_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullo-Weir1929">Mullo-Weir 1929</a>, p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge201052-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge201052_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge2010">Budge 2010</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007395_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2007">Teppo 2007</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009">Novotny & Singletary 2009</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200547_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2005">Frahm 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201863-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201863_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201815_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2018">Brereton 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009">Novotny & Singletary 2009</a>, p. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009170-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009170_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009">Novotny & Singletary 2009</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201868_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201864_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003170-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2003">Radner 2003</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeick2002">Leick 2002</a>, Ashurbanipal and the fall of Nineveh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201865–66_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201920-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201920_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201816_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2018">Brereton 2018</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed20188_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b14_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201817-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201817_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2018">Brereton 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201880_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton201818_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton2018">Brereton 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198450-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198450_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarterStolper1984">Carter & Stolper 1984</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b18_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b8_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201887_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882–83-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201882–83_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201883-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201883_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201884-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201884_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201886-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201886_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201888-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201888_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201890-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201890_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosa2019329-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosa2019329_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosa2019">Rosa 2019</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis198838-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis198838_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGinnis1988">MacGinnis 1988</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2006183-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2006183_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2006">Lipiński 2006</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201891-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201891_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201931-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201931_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201893-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201893_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny2018203-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny2018203_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotny2018">Novotny 2018</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterStolper198451_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarterStolper1984">Carter & Stolper 1984</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1913124–125_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohns1913">Johns 1913</a>, p. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2015Meltdown_in_Mesopotamia_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2015">Bartlett 2015</a>, Meltdown in Mesopotamia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018102-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018102_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201921-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201921_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201923-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201923_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201937-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201937_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201937_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201936-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201936_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201926-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201926_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia201948-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia201948_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b9_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b10-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b10_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b11-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b11_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13–14-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia2019b13–14_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaia2019b">Zaia 2019b</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2018" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Sami Said (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibF6DwAAQBAJ&q=Sin-apla-iddina"><i>Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3111033587" title="Special:BookSources/978-3111033587"><bdi>978-3111033587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Mesopotamia+in+the+time+of+Ashurbanipal&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3111033587&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Sami+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibF6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSin-apla-iddina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2015" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, W. B. (2015). <i>The Story of the World: From Prehistory to the Present</i>. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445646992" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445646992"><bdi>978-1445646992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+World%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1445646992&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton2018" class="citation book cs1">Brereton, Gareth (2018). Brereton, Gareth (ed.). <i>I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48039-7"><bdi>978-0-500-48039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+am+Ashurbanipal%2C+king+of+the+World%2C+king+of+Assyria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-500-48039-7&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge2010" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ernest A. (2010) [1880]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYCJ9JbDHvAC&q=death+of+esarhaddon&pg=PA52"><i>The History of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria, B.C. 681-688: Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions Upon Cylinders and Tablets in the British Museum Collection, Together with Original Texts</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108017107" title="Special:BookSources/9781108017107"><bdi>9781108017107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Esarhaddon%2C+King+of+Assyria%2C+B.C.+681-688%3A+Translated+from+the+Cuneiform+Inscriptions+Upon+Cylinders+and+Tablets+in+the+British+Museum+Collection%2C+Together+with+Original+Texts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108017107&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYCJ9JbDHvAC%26q%3Ddeath%2Bof%2Besarhaddon%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterStolper1984" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Elizabeth; Stolper, Matthew W. 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href="https://helda.helsinki.fi//bitstream/handle/10138/303983/_Journal_of_Ancient_Near_Eastern_History_My_Brothers_Keeper_Assurbanipal_versus_ama_uma_ukn.pdf?sequence=1">"My Brother's Keeper: Assurbanipal versus Šamaš-šuma-ukīn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 19–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjaneh-2018-2001">10.1515/janeh-2018-2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F303983">10138/303983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165318561">165318561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+History&rft.atitle=My+Brother%27s+Keeper%3A+Assurbanipal+versus+%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-uk%C4%ABn&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-52&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F303983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165318561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjaneh-2018-2001&rft.aulast=Zaia&rft.aufirst=Shana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2F%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F303983%2F_Journal_of_Ancient_Near_Eastern_History_My_Brothers_Keeper_Assurbanipal_versus_ama_uma_ukn.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaia2019b" class="citation journal cs1">Zaia, Shana (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39904169">"Going Native: Šamaš-šuma-ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon"</a>. <i>IRAQ</i>. <b>81</b>: 247–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Firq.2019.1">10.1017/irq.2019.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200251092">200251092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRAQ&rft.atitle=Going+Native%3A+%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-uk%C4%ABn%2C+Assyrian+King+of+Babylon&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=247-268&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Firq.2019.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A200251092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zaia&rft.aufirst=Shana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39904169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Šamaš-šuma-ukin </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 648 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> </b><br />668 – 648 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sargonid_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sargonid_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua-eterat" class="mw-redirect" title="Serua-eterat">Serua-eterat</a></li> <li><small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty#Family_tree_of_the_Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Full family tree</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Category:Sargonid dynasty">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391038#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69771887">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpyt9C4VQPBrgPr4Q7fv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120907747">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077783301">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Šamaš-šuma-ukin&oldid=1256631666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Šamaš-šuma-ukin&oldid=1256631666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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