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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_an_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_an_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Birth of an industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_an_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1914-18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1914-18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War I (1914-18)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914-18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Between the wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses and operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seaplane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegboot" title="Vliegboot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vliegboot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طائرة مائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة مائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavi%C3%B3n" title="Hidroavión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidroavión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrot%C9%99yyar%C9%99" title="Hidrotəyyarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrotəyyarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="নৌবিমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৌবিমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гідраплан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гідраплан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хидроплан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хидроплан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dournijerez" title="Dournijerez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dournijerez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavi%C3%B3" title="Hidroavió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidroavió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гидрояраплан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гидрояраплан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropl%C3%A1n" title="Hydroplán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydroplán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idravvi%C3%B2" title="Idravviò – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Idravviò" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awyren_f%C3%B4r" title="Awyren fôr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awyren fôr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandflyver" title="Vandflyver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandflyver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserflugzeug" title="Wasserflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesilennuk" title="Vesilennuk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesilennuk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Υδροπλάνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροπλάνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavi%C3%B3n" title="Hidroavión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidroavión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroplano" title="Hidroplano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidroplano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-hegazkin" title="Ur-hegazkin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur-hegazkin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هواگرد آب‌نشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواگرد آب‌نشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydravion" title="Hydravion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydravion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muireitle%C3%A1n" title="Muireitleán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muireitleán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavi%C3%B3n" title="Hidroavión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidroavión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0" title="수상기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수상기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BC" title="Հիդրոինքնաթիռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոինքնաթիռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavion" title="Hidroavion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidroavion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_terbang_laut" title="Pesawat terbang laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat terbang laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3flugv%C3%A9l" title="Sjóflugvél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjóflugvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrovolante" title="Idrovolante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrovolante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="מטוס ימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטוס ימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B1%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Гидроұшақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидроұшақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidropl%C4%81ns" title="Hidroplāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidroplāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandens_l%C4%97ktuvas" title="Vandens lėktuvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandens lėktuvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervleger" title="Watervleger – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Watervleger" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidropl%C3%A1n" title="Hidroplán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidroplán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хидроавион – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хидроавион" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദ്രവിമാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദ്രവിമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_terbang_laut" title="Kapal terbang laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal terbang laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervliegtuig" title="Watervliegtuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Watervliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%A9%9F" title="水上機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水上機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fly" title="Sjøfly – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjøfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fly" title="Sjøfly – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjøfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrosamolyot" title="Gidrosamolyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidrosamolyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodnosamolot" title="Wodnosamolot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodnosamolot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavi%C3%A3o" title="Hidroavião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidroavião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavion" title="Hidroavion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroavion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гідроплан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гідроплан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title="Гидросамолёт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидросамолёт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_plane" title="Sea plane – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea plane" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%A9_lietadlo" title="Vodné lietadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodné lietadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroplan" title="Hidroplan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidroplan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хидроавион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хидроавион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavion" title="Hidroavion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidroavion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesilentokone" title="Vesilentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesilentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6flygplan" title="Sjöflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கடல் வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல் வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Гидроочкыч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гидроочкыч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సీప్లేన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సీప్లేన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="เครื่องบินทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องบินทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title="Гидросамолёт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гидросамолёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%B1_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B3" title="ᎠᎹᏱ ᏗᎦᏥᎯ ᏥᏳ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹᏱ ᏗᎦᏥᎯ ᏥᏳ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Deniz uçağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz uçağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гідроплан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідроплан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="سمندری طیارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندری طیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroa%C3%A8reo" title="Idroaèreo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Idroaèreo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_phi_c%C6%A1" title="Thủy phi cơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy phi cơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sitcom episode, see <a href="/wiki/Seaplane!" title="Seaplane!">Seaplane!</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg/300px-Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg/450px-Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg/600px-Grumman_HU-16D_Albatross_Chalks_MIA_03.87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Albatross">Grumman G-111 Albatross</a> amphibious flying boat landing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight,_circa_in_1944_(80-G-K-15959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg/220px-Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg/330px-Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg/440px-Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher_in_flight%2C_circa_in_1944_%2880-G-K-15959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>OS2U Kingfisher in 1944. Seaplanes were commonly used in World War II for reconnaissance and search and rescue. They were launched from ships or seaplane tenders, or could take off from water in the right conditions.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>seaplane</b> is a powered <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">taking off</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">landing</a> (alighting) on water.<sup id="cite_ref-g_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seaplanes are usually divided into two categories based on their technological characteristics: <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far more. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a>, or amphibians. Seaplanes were sometimes called <i>hydroplanes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but currently this term applies instead to <a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_(boat)" title="Hydroplane (boat)">motor-powered watercraft</a> that use the technique of <a href="/wiki/Planing_(boat)" title="Planing (boat)">hydrodynamic lift</a> to skim the surface of water when running at speed.<sup id="cite_ref-g_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of seaplanes gradually tapered off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war but mainly because landplanes were less constrained by weather conditions that could result in sea states being too high to operate seaplanes while landplanes could continue to operate. In the 21st century, seaplanes maintain a few niche uses, such as for <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">aerial firefighting</a>, air transport around archipelagos, and access to undeveloped or roadless areas, some of which have numerous lakes. In British English, seaplane is sometimes used specifically to refer to a floatplane, rather than a flying boat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "seaplane" is used to describe two types of air/water vehicles: the floatplane and the <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a>. </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a> has slender floats, mounted under the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. Two floats are common, but other configurations are possible. Only the floats of a floatplane normally come into contact with water. The fuselage remains above water. Some small land aircraft can be modified to become float planes, and in general, floatplanes are small aircraft. Floatplanes are limited by their inability to handle wave heights typically greater than 12 inches (0.31 m). These floats add to the empty weight of the airplane and to the <a href="/wiki/Drag_coefficient" title="Drag coefficient">drag coefficient</a>, resulting in reduced payload capacity, slower rate of climb, and slower cruise speed.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg/220px-DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg/330px-DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg/440px-DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Otter" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland Otter">de Havilland Otter</a> floatplane</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In a <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a>, the main source of <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> is the fuselage, which acts like a <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">ship's hull</a> in the water because the fuselage's underside has been <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">hydrodynamically</a> shaped to allow water to flow around it. Most flying boats have small floats mounted on their wings to keep them stable. Not all small seaplanes have been floatplanes, but most large seaplanes have been flying boats, with their great weight supported by their <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a>.</li></ul> <p>The term "seaplane" is used by some to mean "floatplane". This is the standard British usage.<sup id="cite_ref-g_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article treats both flying boats<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and floatplanes<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as types of seaplane,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US fashion. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a> can take off and land both on conventional <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> and water. A true seaplane can only take off and land on water. There are amphibious flying boats and amphibious floatplanes, as well as some hybrid designs, <i>e.g.</i>, floatplanes with retractable floats. </p><p>Modern (2019) production seaplanes range in size from flying-boat type <a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">light-sport aircraft</a> amphibians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Icon_A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon A5">Icon A5</a> and <a href="/wiki/AirMax_SeaMax" class="mw-redirect" title="AirMax SeaMax">AirMax SeaMax</a>, to the 100,000 lb <a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-200" title="Beriev Be-200">Beriev Be-200</a> multi-role amphibians. Examples in between include the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Seastar" title="Dornier Seastar">Dornier Seastar</a> flying-boat type, 12-seat, utility amphibian and the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">Canadair CL-415</a> amphibious water-bomber. The Viking Air DHC-6 Twin Otter and <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravan</a> utility aircraft have landing gear options which include amphibious floats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963,_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12963%2C_Flugboot_%22Do_X%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Dornier X, a flying boat airliner of the interwar period</figcaption></figure> <p>Taking off on water was attempted by some early flight attempts, but water take off and landing began in earnest in the 1910s and seaplanes pioneered transatlantic routes, and were used in World War I. They continued to develop before World War II, and had widespread use. After World War II, the creation of so many land airstrips meant water landings began to drift into special applications. They continued in niches such as access in remote areas, forest fire fighting, and maritime patrol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_pioneers">Early pioneers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg/170px-Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg/255px-Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg/340px-Gabriel_Voisin_and_Henry_Farman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5634" data-file-height="7138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Voisin" title="Gabriel Voisin">Gabriel Voisin</a>, air pioneer, who made one of the earliest flights in a seaplane, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Farman" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Farman">Henry Farman</a> (left), in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>The Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_P%C3%A9naud" title="Alphonse Pénaud">Alphonse Pénaud</a> filed the first patent for a flying machine with a boat hull and retractable landing gear in 1876, but Austrian <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kress" title="Wilhelm Kress">Wilhelm Kress</a> is credited with building the first seaplane, <i><a href="/wiki/Kress_Drachenflieger" title="Kress Drachenflieger">Drachenflieger</a>,</i> in 1898, although its two 30 hp (22 kW) Daimler engines were inadequate for take-off, and it later sank when one of its two floats collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June 1905, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Voisin" title="Gabriel Voisin">Gabriel Voisin</a> took off and landed on the River <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his unpowered flights was 150 yards (140 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Louis Blériot">Louis Blériot</a>, but the machine was unsuccessful. </p><p>Other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the United States. </p><p>On 28 March 1910, Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fabre" title="Henri Fabre">Henri Fabre</a> flew the first successful powered seaplane, the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Omega" title="Gnome Omega">Gnome Omega</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Fabre_Hydravion" title="Fabre Hydravion"><i>hydravion</i></a>, a trimaran <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fabre's first successful take off and landing by a powered seaplane inspired other aviators, and he designed floats for several other flyers. The first hydro-aeroplane competition was held in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and Farman. This led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services, at <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a>, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> ordered its first floatplane in 1912. On May 10, 1912 <a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin" title="Glenn L. Martin">Glenn L. Martin</a> flew a homemade seaplane in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, setting <a href="/wiki/First_water-to-water_flight" title="First water-to-water flight">records</a> for distance and time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg/220px-Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg/330px-Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg/440px-Curtiss_a-1_pusher_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Curtiss A-1 seaplane in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911−12, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Denhaut" title="François Denhaut">François Denhaut</a> constructed the first seaplane with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give <a href="/wiki/Planing_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planing (sailing)">hydrodynamic lift</a> at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1910 and 1911, American pioneering aviator <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a> developed his floatplane into the successful <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Model_D" title="Curtiss Model D">Curtiss Model D</a> land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first amphibian flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> for US flight achievement. From 1912, his experiments with a hulled seaplane resulted in the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Model_F" title="Curtiss Model F">Model E and Model F</a>, which he called "flying-boats".<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1911, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> took delivery of the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Model_E" title="Curtiss Model E">Curtiss Model E</a> and soon tested landings on and take-offs from ships, using the Curtiss Model D. </p><p>There were experiments by aviators to adapt the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Model_B" title="Wright Model B">Wright Model B</a> to a water landing. The first motion picture recorded from an airplane was from a Wright Model B floatplane, by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Trenholm_Coffyn" title="Frank Trenholm Coffyn">Frank Coffyn</a> in 1911. The Wright Brothers, widely celebrated for their breakthrough aircraft designs, were slower to develop a seaplane; Wilbur died in 1912, and the company was bogged down in lawsuits. However, by 1913, the Wright Brother company developed the Wright Model CH Flyer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, the Wright company also came out withe Wright Model G Aerboat, which was a seaplane with an enclosed cabin (a first for the company);the chief engineer of this version was <a href="/wiki/Grover_Loening" title="Grover Loening">Grover Loening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, Captain Edward Wakefield and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gnosspelius" title="Oscar Gnosspelius">Oscar Gnosspelius</a> began to explore the feasibility of flight from water in 1908. They decided to make use of <a href="/wiki/Windermere" title="Windermere">Windermere</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, England's largest <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>. The latter's first attempts to fly attracted large crowds, though the aircraft failed to take off and required a re-design of the floats incorporating features from the boat hulls of the lake's motor boat racing club member Isaac Borwick. Meanwhile, Wakefield ordered a floatplane similar to the design of the 1910 Fabre Hydravion. By November 1911, both Gnosspelius and Wakefield had aircraft capable of flight from water and awaited suitable weather conditions. Gnosspelius's flight was short-lived, as the aircraft crashed into the lake. Wakefield's pilot, however, taking advantage of a light northerly wind, successfully took off and flew at a height of 50 feet (15 m) to Ferry Nab, where he made a wide turn and returned for a perfect landing on the lake's surface. </p><p>In Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Tadd%C3%A9oli" title="Émile Taddéoli">Émile Taddéoli</a> equipped the <a href="/wiki/Dufaux_4" title="Dufaux 4">Dufaux 4</a> biplane with swimmers and successfully took off in 1912. A seaplane was used during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> in 1913, when a Greek "Astra Hydravion" did a reconnaissance of the Turkish fleet and dropped four bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_an_industry">Birth of an industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birth of an industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benoist_xiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benoist_xiv.jpg/220px-Benoist_xiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benoist_xiv.jpg/330px-Benoist_xiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benoist_xiv.jpg/440px-Benoist_xiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Benoist XIV, 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG/220px-Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG/330px-Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG/440px-Curtiss_F_of_M_Reid_over_Keuka_Lake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption>Curtiss Model F</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> newspaper <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_aviation_prizes" title="Daily Mail aviation prizes">put up a £10,000 prize</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Alcock_and_Brown#Flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcock and Brown">first non-stop aerial crossing of the Atlantic</a>, which was soon "enhanced by a further sum" from the <i>Women's Aerial League of Great Britain</i>. </p><p>American businessman <a href="/wiki/Rodman_Wanamaker" title="Rodman Wanamaker">Rodman Wanamaker</a> became determined that the prize should go to an American aircraft and commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company" title="Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company">Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company</a> to design and build an aircraft capable of making the flight. Curtiss's development of the <i>Flying Fish</i> flying boat in 1913 brought him into contact with <a href="/wiki/John_Cyril_Porte" title="John Cyril Porte">John Cyril Porte</a>, a retired <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Lieutenant, aircraft designer and test pilot who was to become an influential British aviation pioneer. Recognising that many of the early accidents were attributable to a poor understanding of handling while in contact with the water, the pair's efforts went into developing practical hull designs to make the transatlantic crossing possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight1955_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight1955-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two years before World War I's breakout also saw the privately produced pair of <a href="/wiki/Benoist_XIV" title="Benoist XIV">Benoist XIV</a> biplane flying boats, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Benoist" title="Thomas W. Benoist">Thomas W. Benoist</a>, initiate the start of the first heavier-than-air airline service anywhere in the world, and the first airline service of any kind at all in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the British boat-building firm <a href="/wiki/J._Samuel_White" title="J. Samuel White">J. Samuel White</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cowes" title="Cowes">Cowes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> set up a new aircraft division and produced a flying boat in the United Kingdom. This was displayed at the London Air Show at Olympia in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, a collaboration between the S. E. Saunders boatyard of <a href="/wiki/East_Cowes" title="East Cowes">East Cowes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Aviation_Company" title="Sopwith Aviation Company">Sopwith Aviation Company</a> produced the "Bat Boat", an aircraft with a <a href="/wiki/Consuta" title="Consuta">consuta</a> laminated hull that could operate from land or on water, which today is called an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Bat Boat" completed several landings on sea and on land and was duly awarded the <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Singer_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Singer Prize">Mortimer Singer Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first all-British aeroplane capable of making six return flights over five miles within five hours. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg/220px-Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg/330px-Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg/440px-Tre_sj%C3%B6flygplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption><i>Three Seaplanes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">marine artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nils_Elias_Anckers" title="Nils Elias Anckers">Nils Elias Anckers</a> depicting early models</figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, Wanamaker's commission built on Glen Curtiss's previous development and experience with the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Model_F" title="Curtiss Model F">Curtiss Model F</a><sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the U.S. Navy, which rapidly resulted in the <i>America</i>, designed under Porte's supervision following his study and rearrangement of the flight plan; the aircraft was a conventional <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> design with two-bay, unstaggered wings of unequal span with two pusher <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline engine (aviation)">inline engines</a> mounted side-by-side above the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> in the interplane gap. Wingtip pontoons were attached directly below the lower wings near their tips. The design (later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Model_H" title="Curtiss Model H">Model H</a>) resembled Curtiss's earlier flying boats but was built considerably larger so it could carry enough fuel to cover 1,100 mi (1,800 km). The three crew members were accommodated in a fully enclosed cabin. </p><p>Trials of the <i>America</i> began 23 June 1914 with Porte also as Chief Test Pilot; testing soon revealed serious shortcomings in the design; it was under-powered, so the engines were replaced with more powerful tractor engines. There was also a tendency for the nose of the aircraft to try to submerge as engine power increased while taxiing on water. This phenomenon had not been encountered before, since Curtiss's earlier designs had not used such powerful engines nor large fuel/cargo loads and so were relatively more buoyant. In order to counteract this effect, Curtiss fitted <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofoils">fins</a> to the sides of the bow to add hydrodynamic lift, but soon replaced these with <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsons</a>, a type of underwater pontoon mounted in pairs on either side of a hull. These sponsons (or their engineering equivalents) and the flared, notched hull would remain a prominent feature of flying-boat hull design in the decades to follow. With the problem resolved, preparations for the crossing resumed. While the craft was found to handle "heavily" on takeoff, and required rather longer take-off distances than expected, the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> on 5 August 1914 was selected for the trans-Atlantic flight; Porte was to pilot the <i>America</i> with <a href="/wiki/George_E._A._Hallett" title="George E. A. Hallett">George Hallett</a> as co-pilot and mechanic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1914-18)"><span id="World_War_I_.281914-18.29"></span>World War I (1914-18)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I (1914-18)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curtiss and Porte's plans were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Porte sailed for England on 4 August 1914 and rejoined the Navy as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a>. Appointed Squadron Commander of <a href="/wiki/Hendon_Aerodrome" title="Hendon Aerodrome">Royal Navy Air Station Hendon</a>, he soon convinced the Admiralty of the potential of flying boats and was put in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_Experimental_Station" title="Seaplane Experimental Station">naval air station</a> at <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a> in 1915. Porte persuaded the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> to commandeer (and later, purchase) the <i>America</i> and a sister craft from Curtiss. This was followed by an order for 12 more similar aircraft, one Model H-2 and the remaining as <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_H-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss H-4">Model H-4s</a>. Four examples of the latter were assembled in the UK by <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders</a>. All of these were similar to the design of the <i>America</i> and, indeed, were all referred to as <i>America</i>s in Royal Navy service. The engines, however, were changed from the under-powered 160 hp Curtiss engines to 250 hp <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Falcon" title="Rolls-Royce Falcon">Rolls-Royce Falcon</a> engines. The initial batch was followed by an order for 50 more (totalling 64 <i>Americas</i> overall during the war).<sup id="cite_ref-Flight1955_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight1955-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porte also acquired permission to modify and experiment with the Curtiss aircraft. </p><p>The Curtiss H-4s were soon found to have a number of problems; they were underpowered, their hulls were too weak for sustained operations, and they had poor handling characteristics when afloat or taking off.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_pt_1_p844_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_pt_1_p844-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-London_p16-7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_p16-7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One flying boat pilot, Major Theodore Douglas Hallam, wrote that they were "comic machines, weighing well under two tons; with two comic engines giving, when they functioned, 180 horsepower; and comic control, being nose heavy with engines on and tail heavy in a glide."<sup id="cite_ref-Spider_p21-2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spider_p21-2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg/220px-F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg/330px-F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg/440px-F.2A_in_dazzle_scheme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.2" title="Felixstowe F.2">Felixstowe F.2A</a>, a WW1 flying boat</figcaption></figure> <p>At Felixstowe, Porte made advances in flying-boat design and developed a practical hull design with the distinctive "Felixstowe notch".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porte's first design to be implemented in Felixstowe was the <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Porte_Baby" title="Felixstowe Porte Baby">Felixstowe Porte Baby</a>, a large, three-engined <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> flying boat, powered by one central pusher and two outboard tractor <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Eagle" title="Rolls-Royce Eagle">Rolls-Royce Eagle</a> engines. </p><p>Porte modified an H-4 with a new hull whose improved hydrodynamic qualities made taxiing, take-off and landing much more practical and called it the <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.1" title="Felixstowe F.1">Felixstowe F.1</a>. </p><p>Porte's innovation of the "Felixstowe notch" enabled the craft to overcome suction from the water more quickly and break free for flight much more easily. This made operating the craft far safer and more reliable. The "notch" breakthrough would soon after evolve into a "step", with the rear section of the lower hull sharply recessed above the forward lower hull section, and that characteristic became a feature of both flying-boat hulls and seaplane floats. The resulting aircraft would be large enough to carry sufficient fuel to fly long distances and could berth alongside ships to take on more fuel. </p><p>Porte then designed a similar hull for the larger <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_H-12" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss H-12">Curtiss H-12</a> flying boat which, while larger and more capable than the H-4s, shared failings of a weak hull and poor water handling. The combination of the new Porte-designed hull, this time fitted with two steps, with the wings of the H-12 and a new tail, and powered by two <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Eagle" title="Rolls-Royce Eagle">Rolls-Royce Eagle</a> engines, was named the Felixstowe F.2 and first flew in July 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-London_p24-5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_p24-5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proving greatly superior to the Curtiss on which it was based. It was used as the basis for all future designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_pt_1_p846_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_pt_1_p846-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It entered production as the Felixstowe F.2A, being used as a patrol aircraft, with about 100 being completed by the end of World War I. Another seventy were built, and these were followed by two F.2c, which were built at Felixstowe. </p><p>In February 1917, the first prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.3" title="Felixstowe F.3">Felixstowe F.3</a> was flown. It was larger and heavier than the F.2, giving it greater range and heavier bomb load, but poorer agility. Approximately 100 Felixstowe F.3s were produced before the end of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg/220px-Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg/330px-Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg/440px-Felixstowe_F5s_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.5" title="Felixstowe F.5">Felixstowe F.5</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander">Lieutenant Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cyril_Porte" title="John Cyril Porte">John Cyril Porte</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_Experimental_Station" title="Seaplane Experimental Station">Seaplane Experimental Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.5" title="Felixstowe F.5">Felixstowe F.5</a> was intended to combine the good qualities of the F.2 and F.3, with the prototype first flying in May 1918. The prototype showed superior qualities to its predecessors but, to ease production, the production version was modified to make extensive use of components from the F.3, which resulted in lower performance than the F.2A or F.5. </p><p>Porte's final design at the <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_Experimental_Station" title="Seaplane Experimental Station">Seaplane Experimental Station</a> was the 123-foot-span five-engined <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Fury" title="Felixstowe Fury">Felixstowe Fury</a> triplane (also known as the "Porte Super-Baby" or "PSB").<sup id="cite_ref-dundee_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dundee-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>F.2, F.3, and F.5 flying boats were extensively employed by the Royal Navy for coastal patrols and to search for German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>. In 1918, they were towed on lighters towards the northern German ports to extend their range; on 4 June 1918, this resulted in three F.2As engaging in a dogfight with ten German seaplanes, shooting down two confirmed and four probables at no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight1955_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight1955-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this action, British flying boats were <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle-painted</a> to aid identification in combat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory,_Philadelphia,_circa_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg/220px-Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg/330px-Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg/440px-Felixstowe_F5L_under_construction_at_the_Naval_Aircraft_Factory%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F5L" title="Felixstowe F5L">Felixstowe F5L</a> under construction at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Aircraft_Factory" title="Naval Aircraft Factory">Naval Aircraft Factory</a>, Philadelphia, circa 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company" title="Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company">Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company</a> independently developed its designs into the small Model F, the larger Model K (several of which were sold to the Russian Naval Air Service), and the Model C for the U.S. Navy. Curtiss, among others, also built the Felixstowe F.5 as the <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F5L" title="Felixstowe F5L">Curtiss F5L</a>, based on the final Porte hull designs and powered by American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty engine">Liberty engines</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, the pioneering flying-boat designs of François Denhaut had been steadily developed by the <a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Aviation" title="Franco-British Aviation">Franco-British Aviation</a> Company into a range of practical craft. Smaller than the Felixstowes, several thousand FBAs served with almost all of the Allied forces as reconnaissance craft, patrolling the North Sea, Atlantic and Mediterranean Oceans. </p><p>In Italy, several seaplanes were developed, starting with the L series and progressing with the M series. The <a href="/wiki/Macchi_M.5" title="Macchi M.5">Macchi M.5</a>, in particular, was extremely manoeuvrable and agile and matched the land-based aircraft it had to fight. Two hundred forty-four were built in total. Towards the end of World War I, the aircraft were flown by Italian Navy Aviation, United States Navy and United States Marine Corps airmen. Ensign Charles Hammann won the first Medal of Honor awarded to a United States naval aviator in an M.5 </p><p>The German aircraft manufacturing company <a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg" title="Hansa-Brandenburg">Hansa-Brandenburg</a> built flying boats starting with the model <a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_GW" title="Hansa-Brandenburg GW">Hansa-Brandenburg GW</a> in 1916, and had a degree of military success with their <a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_W.12" title="Hansa-Brandenburg W.12">Hansa-Brandenburg W.12</a> two-seat floatplane fighter the following year, being the primary aircraft flown by Imperial Germany's maritime fighter ace, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christiansen#Service_during_World_War_I" title="Friedrich Christiansen">Friedrich Christiansen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian</a> firm <a href="/wiki/Lohner-Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohner-Werke">Lohner-Werke</a> began building flying boats, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Lohner_E" title="Lohner E">Lohner E</a> in 1914 and the later (1915) widely copied <a href="/wiki/Lohner_L" title="Lohner L">Lohner L</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg/220px-NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg/330px-NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg/440px-NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_NC" title="Curtiss NC">Curtiss NC</a> Flying Boat "NC-3" skims across the water before takeoff, 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarine_Southampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Supermarine_Southampton.jpg/220px-Supermarine_Southampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Supermarine_Southampton.jpg/330px-Supermarine_Southampton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Supermarine_Southampton.jpg/440px-Supermarine_Southampton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Southampton" title="Supermarine Southampton">Supermarine Southamptons</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1919, British company <a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a> started operating the first flying-boat service in the world, from <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, but it was short-lived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Curtiss <a href="/wiki/NC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-4">NC-4</a> became the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, crossing with multiple stops via the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>. Of the four that made the attempt, only one completed the flight. </p><p>In 1923, the first successful commercial flying-boat service was introduced, with flights to and from the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. After frequent appeals by the industry for subsidies, the Government decided that nationalization was necessary and ordered five aviation companies to merge to form the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> of London (IAL). IAL became the international <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag-carrying</a> British airline, providing flying-boat passenger and mail-transport links between Britain and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> using aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Short_S.8_Calcutta" title="Short S.8 Calcutta">Short S.8 Calcutta</a>. </p><p>In 1928, four <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Southampton" title="Supermarine Southampton">Supermarine Southampton</a> flying boats of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> Far East flight arrived in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The flight was considered proof that flying boats had become a reliable means of long-distance transport. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg/220px-Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg/330px-Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg/440px-Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Z%C3%BCrichhorn_-_Albis-Fall%C3%A4tsche-Uetliberg_-_um_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption>Flying boats of <a href="/wiki/Ad_Astra_Aero" title="Ad Astra Aero">Ad Astra Aero</a> S.A. at <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichhorn" title="Zürichhorn">Zürichhorn</a> water airport, <a href="/wiki/Uetliberg" title="Uetliberg">Uetliberg</a> in the background (c. 1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930s, flying boats made it possible to have regular air transport between the U.S. and Europe, opening up new air travel routes to South America, Africa, and Asia. <a href="/wiki/Foynes" title="Foynes">Foynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botwood" title="Botwood">Botwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> were the terminals for many early transatlantic flights. In areas where there were no airfields for land-based aircraft, flying boats could stop at small river, lake or coastal stations to refuel and resupply. The <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan Am</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a> "Clipper" flying boats brought new exotic destinations like the Far East within reach and came to represent the romance of flight. </p><p>By 1931, mail from Australia was reaching Britain in 16 days, or less than half the time taken by sea. In that year, government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of the Empire, and <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> and IAL were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten-day service between <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bay,_New_South_Wales" title="Rose Bay, New South Wales">Rose Bay, New South Wales</a>, (near <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> was such a success that the volume of mail soon exceeded aircraft storage space. </p><p>A solution was found by the British government, who had requested <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a> to design a large long-range monoplane for IAL in 1933. Partner Qantas purchased six <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> flying boats. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dox.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dox.JPG/220px-Dox.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dox.JPG/330px-Dox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dox.JPG/440px-Dox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_X" title="Dornier Do X">Dornier Do X</a> over a seaport town in the Baltic, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Delivering the mail as quickly as possible generated a lot of competition and some innovative designs. One variant of the Short Empire flying boats was the strange-looking <a href="/wiki/Short_Mayo_Composite" title="Short Mayo Composite"><i>Maia</i> and <i>Mercury</i></a>. It was a four-engined <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a> <i>Mercury</i> (the winged messenger) fixed on top of <i>Maia</i>, a heavily modified Short Empire flying boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger Maia took off, carrying the smaller Mercury loaded to a weight greater than it could take off with. This allowed the Mercury to carry sufficient fuel for a direct trans-Atlantic flight with the mail. Unfortunately, this was too complex, and the Mercury had to be returned from America by ship. The Mercury did set some distance records before <a href="/wiki/In-flight_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="In-flight refuelling">in-flight refuelling</a> was adopted. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cobham" title="Alan Cobham">Sir Alan Cobham</a> devised a method of in-flight refuelling in the 1930s. In the air, the Short Empire could be loaded with more fuel than it could take off with. Short Empire flying boats serving the trans-Atlantic crossing were refueled over Foynes; with the extra fuel load, they could make a direct trans-Atlantic flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_H.P.54_Harrow" title="Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow">Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow</a> was used as the fuel tanker.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_X" title="Dornier Do X">Dornier Do X</a> flying boat was noticeably different from its UK and U.S.-built counterparts. It had wing-like protrusions from the fuselage, called <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsons</a>, to stabilize it on the water without the need for wing-mounted outboard floats. This feature was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Dornier" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Dornier">Claudius Dornier</a> during World War I on his Dornier Rs. I giant flying boat and perfected on the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier Do J">Dornier Wal</a> in 1924. The enormous Do X was powered by 12 engines and carried 170 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It flew across the Atlantic to the Americas in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest flying boat of its time, but was severely underpowered and was limited by a very low operational ceiling. Only three were built, with a variety of engines installed, in an attempt to overcome the lack of power. Two of these were sold to Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg/220px-Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg/330px-Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg/440px-Boeing_314_Clipper-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Boeing 314 Clipper, was important for opening long distance airline routes and during WW2 they were used for transport</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville,_Florida_(USA),_circa_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/220px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/330px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/440px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>PBY Catalina</figcaption></figure> <p>The military value of flying boats was well-recognized, and every country bordering on water operated them in a military capacity at the outbreak of the war. They were utilized in various tasks from <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-submarine">anti-submarine</a> patrol to <a href="/wiki/Air-sea_rescue" title="Air-sea rescue">air-sea rescue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">gunfire spotting</a> for battleships. Aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/PBM_Mariner" class="mw-redirect" title="PBM Mariner">PBM Mariner</a> patrol bomber, <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Goose">Grumman Goose</a> recovered downed airmen and operated as scout aircraft over the vast distances of the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific Theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1940)">Atlantic</a>. They also sank numerous submarines and found enemy ships. In May 1941, the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a> was discovered by a PBY Catalina flying out of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Castle_Archdale" title="RAF Castle Archdale">Castle Archdale Flying boat base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lough_Erne" title="Lough Erne">Lower Lough Erne</a>, Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest flying boat of the war was the <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_238" title="Blohm & Voss BV 238">Blohm & Voss BV 238</a>, which was also the heaviest plane to fly during World War II and the largest aircraft built and flown by any of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/220px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/330px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/440px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">Kawanishi H8K</a>, 1941–1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg/220px-Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg/330px-Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg/440px-Short_Sunderland_Mk_V_ExCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Short Sunderland</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1939, IAL was restructured into three separate companies: <a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways">British European Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC), and <a href="/wiki/British_South_American_Airways" title="British South American Airways">British South American Airways</a> (which merged with BOAC in 1949), with the change being made official on 1 April 1940. BOAC continued to operate flying-boat services from the (slightly) safer confines of <a href="/wiki/Poole_Harbour" title="Poole Harbour">Poole Harbour</a> during wartime, returning to <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Italy entered the war in June 1940, the Mediterranean was closed to Allied planes and BOAC and <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> operated the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe Route">Horseshoe Route</a> between Durban and Sydney using <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> flying boats. </p><p>The Martin Company produced the prototype <a href="/wiki/Martin_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Mars">XPB2M Mars</a> based on their PBM Mariner patrol bomber, with flight tests between 1941 and 1943. The Mars was converted by the Navy into a transport aircraft designated the XPB2M-1R. Satisfied with the performance, twenty of the modified JRM-1 Mars were ordered. The first, named <i>Hawaii Mars</i>, was delivered in June 1945, but the Navy scaled back their order at the end of World War II, buying only the five aircraft which were then on the production line. The five Mars were completed, and the last delivered in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-goebel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goebel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-War">Post-War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-4_Hercules_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/220px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/330px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/440px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Hughes H-4 Hercules, this experimental transport was one of the largest heavier-than-air aircraft ever made</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, the use of flying boats rapidly declined for several reasons. The ability to land on water became less of an advantage owing to the considerable increase in the number and length of land-based runways during World War II. Further, as the speed and range of land-based aircraft increased, the commercial competitiveness of flying boats diminished; their design compromised aerodynamic efficiency and speed to accomplish the feat of waterborne takeoff and landing. Competing with new civilian jet aircraft like the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> proved impossible. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a>, in development in the U.S. during the war, was even larger than the BV 238, but it did not fly until 1947. The "Spruce Goose", as the 180-ton H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. Carried out during Senate hearings into Hughes's use of government funds on its construction, the short hop of about a mile (1.6 km) at 70 feet (21 m) above the water by the "Flying Lumberyard" was claimed by Hughes as vindication of his efforts. Cutbacks in expenditure after the war and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport left it no purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> began development of a small jet-powered flying boat that it intended to use as an <a href="/wiki/Air_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defence">air defence</a> aircraft optimised for the Pacific, where the relatively calm sea conditions around the many archipelagos made the use of seaplanes easier. By making the aircraft jet-powered, it was possible to design it with a hull rather than making it a <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.A/1" title="Saunders-Roe SR.A/1">Saunders-Roe SR.A/1</a> prototype first flew in 1947 and was relatively successful in terms of its performance and handling. However, by the end of the war, carrier-based aircraft were becoming more sophisticated, and the need for the SR.A/1 evaporated. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a> (which lasted from June 1948 until August 1949), ten <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Sunderlands</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland#Transport_variants" title="Short Sunderland">Hythes</a> were used to transport goods from <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> to isolated Berlin, landing on the Havelsee beside <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gatow" title="RAF Gatow">RAF Gatow</a> until it iced over. The Sunderlands were particularly used for transporting salt, as their airframes were already protected against corrosion from seawater. Transporting salt in standard aircraft risked rapid and severe structural corrosion in the event of a spillage. In addition, three <a href="/wiki/Aquila_Airways" title="Aquila Airways">Aquila</a> flying boats were used during the airlift.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only known operational use of flying boats within central Europe. </p><p>BOAC ceased flying boat services out of Southampton in November 1950. </p><p>Bucking the trend, in 1948, <a href="/wiki/Aquila_Airways" title="Aquila Airways">Aquila Airways</a> was founded to serve destinations that were still inaccessible to land-based aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This company operated <a href="/wiki/Short_S.25" class="mw-redirect" title="Short S.25">Short S.25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_Solent" title="Short Solent">Short S.45</a> flying boats out of Southampton on routes to <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Ligure" title="Santa Margherita Ligure">Santa Margherita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1950 to 1957, Aquila also operated a service from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flying boats of Aquila Airways were also chartered for one-off trips, usually to deploy troops where scheduled services did not exist or where there were political considerations. The longest charter, in 1952, was from Southampton to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, the flying boats were chartered for troop-deployment trips to <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, and there was a special trip from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> to relocate a ship's crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airline ceased operations on 30 September 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg/220px-Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg/330px-Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg/440px-Saro_Princess_G-ALUN_Farnborough_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Saunders-Roe Princess <i>G-ALUN</i> at the Farnborough SBAC Show in September 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>The technically advanced <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_Princess" title="Saunders-Roe Princess">Saunders-Roe Princess</a> first flew in 1952 and later received a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_airworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of airworthiness">certificate of airworthiness</a>. Despite being the pinnacle of flying-boat development, none were sold, though <a href="/wiki/Aquila_Airways" title="Aquila Airways">Aquila Airways</a> reportedly attempted to buy them.<sup id="cite_ref-FBS1_17-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_Princess" title="Saunders-Roe Princess">Princesses</a> that were built, two never flew, and all were scrapped in 1967. In the late 1940s, Saunders-Roe also produced the jet-powered <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.A/1" title="Saunders-Roe SR.A/1">SR.A/1</a> flying-boat fighter, which did not progress beyond flying prototypes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_(NNAM.2001.261.012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg/330px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg/440px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Martin_P5M-2G_Marlin_in_flight_on_28_January_1958_%28NNAM.2001.261.012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>United States Coast Guard P5M-2G Marlin in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Navy continued to operate flying boats (notably the <a href="/wiki/Martin_P5M_Marlin" title="Martin P5M Marlin">Martin P5M Marlin</a>) until the early 1970s. The Navy even built a jet-powered seaplane bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seamaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Seamaster">Martin Seamaster</a>. </p><p>The U.S. Coast Guard operated <a href="/wiki/Grumman_HU-16_Albatross" title="Grumman HU-16 Albatross">HU-16 Albatross</a> (affectionately known as the 'goat') well into the 1980s, retiring them as the airframes clocked out their flying 11 thousand flying hours. About twenty were still in service in the 1970s, and the last operation flight was in 1983. The aircraft was very popular with the Coast Guard due to its unique capabilities compared to other types, and was noted for its versatility, range, and ability to land on water which was especially useful for water rescues.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ansett_Australia" title="Ansett Australia">Ansett Australia</a> operated a flying-boat service from Rose Bay to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a> until 1974, using <a href="/wiki/Short_Sandringham" title="Short Sandringham">Short Sandringhams</a>. </p><p>On 18 December 1990, Pilot Tom Casey completed the first round-the-world flight in a floatplane with only water landings using a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_206" title="Cessna 206">Cessna 206</a> named Liberty II.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_operation">Uses and operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uses and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_seaplane_operators" title="List of seaplane operators">List of seaplane operators</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg/220px-HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg/330px-HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg/440px-HU-16E_from_CGAS_Cape_Cod_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> HU-16E from <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Cape_Cod" title="Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod">CGAS Cape Cod</a> in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/220px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/330px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/440px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a> float plane with <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Air" title="West Coast Air">West Coast Air</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_PA-18_(6193463046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg/220px-Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg/330px-Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg/440px-Piper_PA-18_%286193463046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Floatplanes allow access to most remote aquatic locations</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern civilian aircraft have a floatplane variant, usually as utility transports to lakes and other remote areas. Most of these are offered as third-party modifications under a <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate#Supplementary.2FSupplemental_Type_Certificate_.28STC.29" title="Type certificate">supplemental type certificate</a> (STC), although there are several aircraft manufacturers that build floatplanes from scratch, and a few that continue to build <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a>. Some older flying boats remain in service for firefighting duty, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">Canadair CL-415</a> which remains in production as of 2022, and <a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlines" title="Chalk's International Airlines">Chalk's Ocean Airways</a> operated a fleet of Grumman Mallards in passenger service until service was suspended after a <a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_Ocean_Airways_flight_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk's Ocean Airways flight 101">crash</a> on December 19, 2005, which was linked to maintenance, not to design of the aircraft. Purely water-based seaplanes have largely been supplanted by amphibious aircraft. Seaplanes can only take off and land on water with little or no <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">wave</a> action and, like other aircraft, have trouble in extreme weather. The size of waves a given design can withstand depends on, among other factors, the aircraft's size, hull or float design, and its weight, all making for a much more unstable aircraft, limiting actual operational days. Flying boats can typically handle rougher water and are generally more stable than floatplanes while on the water. </p><p>Seaplanes are also used in remote areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> wilderness, especially in areas with a large number of <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> convenient for takeoff and landing. They may operate on a <a href="/wiki/Charter_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter airline">charter</a> basis, provide scheduled service, or be operated by residents of the area for personal use. There are seaplane operators that offer services between islands such as in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. Usually these are converted from reliable commercial models, and fitted for floats. </p><p>One of the modern floatplane conversions under consideration in the 2020s, is floatplane version of the C-130 for special military applications.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">List of flying boats and floatplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground effect vehicle">Ground effect vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAR_111" title="IAR 111">IAR 111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalised_aircraft" title="Navalised aircraft">Navalised aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_submarine" title="Flying submarine">Aerosub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_seaplane" title="Observation seaplane">Observation seaplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston, "The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary", 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Saint-Exupery, A. (1940). "Wind, Sand and Stars" p33, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford English Dictionary defines "seaplane" as An aeroplane designed to be able to operate from water; <i>specifically</i>, one with floats, in contrast to a flying boat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flying+boat">"Definition of FLYING BOAT"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+FLYING+BOAT&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fflying%2Bboat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/floatplane">"Definition of FLOATPLANE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+FLOATPLANE&rft.date=2023-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffloatplane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seaplane">"Definition of SEAPLANE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SEAPLANE&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fseaplane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolaou-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905</i>, Stéphane Nicolaou <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naughton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naughton, Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/fabre.html">Henri Fabre (1882–1984)."</a> <i>Monash University Centre for Telecommunications and Information Engineering,</i> May 15, 2002. Retrieved: 9 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-775">"CHL # 775 First water-to-water flight Orange"</a>. <i>www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com&rft.atitle=CHL+%23+775+First+water-to-water+flight+Orange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiahistoricallandmarks.com%2Flandmarks%2Fchl-775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.libraries.wright.edu/news/outofthebox/2017/06/22/flying-boats-part-ii-the-wright-brothers/">"Wright Brothers Flying Boats Part II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wright+Brothers+Flying+Boats+Part+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.libraries.wright.edu%2Fnews%2Foutofthebox%2F2017%2F06%2F22%2Fflying-boats-part-ii-the-wright-brothers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Airplanes/Model_G.htm">"1913-1914 Wright Model G"</a>. <i>www.wright-brothers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wright-brothers.org&rft.atitle=1913-1914+Wright+Model+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wright-brothers.org%2FInformation_Desk%2FJust_the_Facts%2FAirplanes%2FModel_G.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203193848/http://fox2magazine.blog.com/2009/10/12/%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1/">"Anonymous (2009) The establishment of the Navy Airforce, Fox2 Magazine (in Greek language)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fox2magazine.blog.com/2009/10/12/%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1/">the original</a> on December 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anonymous+%282009%29+The+establishment+of+the+Navy+Airforce%2C+Fox2+Magazine+%28in+Greek+language%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffox2magazine.blog.com%2F2009%2F10%2F12%2F%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C-%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25B9%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CF%2589%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_Nicolaou1998" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane Nicolaou (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs4Ni-w7RO0C"><i>Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905</i></a>. Devon: Bay Books View Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1901432203" title="Special:BookSources/1901432203"><bdi>1901432203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Boats+%26+Seaplanes%3A+A+History+from+1905&rft.place=Devon&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bay+Books+View+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1901432203&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+Nicolaou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs4Ni-w7RO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight1955-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flight1955_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flight1955_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flight1955_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Felixstowe Flying Boats, <i>Flight</i> 2 December 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissouri_Historical_Society" class="citation book cs1">Missouri Historical Society. <i>Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, Volumes 31–32</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Missouri+Historical+Society%2C+Volumes+31%E2%80%9332&rft.au=Missouri+Historical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roos-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roos_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221070214/http://www.airandspacemuseum.org/BenoistPaper.htm">"airandspacemuseum.org Roos, Frederick W., "The Brief, Bright Aviation Career of St. Louis's Tom Benoist," American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airandspacemuseum.org/BenoistPaper.htm">the original</a> on December 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=airandspacemuseum.org+Roos%2C+Frederick+W.%2C+%22The+Brief%2C+Bright+Aviation+Career+of+St.+Louis%27s+Tom+Benoist%2C%22+American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics%2C+Inc.%2C+2005.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airandspacemuseum.org%2FBenoistPaper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBS1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBS1_17-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull, Norman. <i>Flying Boats of the Solent: A Portrait of a Golden Age of Air Travel</i> (Aviation Heritage). Great Addington, Kettering, Northants, UK: Silver Link Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85794-161-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85794-161-6">1-85794-161-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter,_Jr2005" class="citation web cs1">Carpenter, Jr, G. J. (Jack) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020132010/http://www.glennhcurtiss.com/id49.htm">"Photographs 1914"</a>. <i>Glenn H. Curtiss, Founder of The American Aviation Industry</i>. Internet Archive - Way Back Machine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glennhcurtiss.com/id49.htm">the original</a> on October 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glenn+H.+Curtiss%2C+Founder+of+The+American+Aviation+Industry&rft.atitle=Photographs+1914&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Carpenter%2C+Jr&rft.aufirst=G.+J.+%28Jack%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glennhcurtiss.com%2Fid49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce_pt_1_p844-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_pt_1_p844_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce <i>Flight</i> 2 December 1955, p. 844.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London_p16-7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-London_p16-7_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London 2003, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spider_p21-2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spider_p21-2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallam 1919, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/felixstowe.htm">"Felixstowe."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901071922/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/felixstowe.htm">Archived</a> 2006-09-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>NASM.</i> Retrieved: May 20, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London_p24-5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-London_p24-5_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London 2003, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce_pt_1_p846-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_pt_1_p846_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce <i>Flight</i> 2 December 1955, p. 846.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundee-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dundee_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.willhiggs.co.uk/dundee/felixstowes.htm">"Felixstowe Flying-Boats."</a> <i>Will Higgs Co, United Kingdom.</i> Retrieved: 24 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720024433/http://iwn.iwai.ie/v29i1/">"Flying-boats in Fermanagh"</a>. <i>Inland Waterways News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inland+Waterways+News&rft.atitle=Flying-boats+in+Fermanagh&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwn.iwai.ie%2Fv29i1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501041959/http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/archdale.shtml">"Castle Archdale Country Park"</a>. Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/archdale.shtml">the original</a> on 2009-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Castle+Archdale+Country+Park&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Environment+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ni-environment.gov.uk%2Farchdale.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goebel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goebel_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205030827/http://www.vectorsite.net/avmars.html">"The Martin Mariner, Mars, & Marlin Flying Boats."</a> <i>Vectorsite.</i> Retrieved: May 20, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its claim to true flying status is disputed as it made but one short flight in its life</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgaviationhistory.org/1951-coast-guard-acquires-the-uf-1g2g-albatross-aircraft/">"1951: Coast Guard Acquires the UF-1G/2G Albatross Aircraft"</a>. <i>Coast Guard Aviation History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coast+Guard+Aviation+History&rft.atitle=1951%3A+Coast+Guard+Acquires+the+UF-1G%2F2G+Albatross+Aircraft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgaviationhistory.org%2F1951-coast-guard-acquires-the-uf-1g2g-albatross-aircraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Coleman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bill Coleman (April 1991). "Floats over the world". <i>Air Progress</i>: 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Progress&rft.atitle=Floats+over+the+world&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1991-04&rft.au=Bill+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevithick2023" class="citation web cs1">Trevithick, Joseph (2023-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/mc-130j-seaplane-wont-fly-for-two-to-three-more-years">"Amphibious C-130 Won't Fly For Two To Three More Years"</a>. <i>The Drive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=Amphibious+C-130+Won%27t+Fly+For+Two+To+Three+More+Years&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft.aulast=Trevithick&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2Fmc-130j-seaplane-wont-fly-for-two-to-three-more-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeaplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaplane&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115940#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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