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srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=430&h=242" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 500px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=500&h=282" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=767&h=432" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 900px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=900&h=507" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1023px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=1023&h=576" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1150px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=1150&h=647" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1279px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=1279&h=720" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1450px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=1450&h=816" type="image/webp" /><img src="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.webp?w=1600&h=900" width="1600" height="900" alt="Pendant la révolution américaine, les esclaves africains fuyaient les plantations des colons patriotes sous la protection ..." title="Pendant la révolution américaine, les esclaves africains fuyaient les plantations des colons patriotes sous la protection ..." loading="eager" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/granger_0097558_highres.jpg?w=1900&h=1315","width":1900,"height":1315,"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Granger"},"contributor":{"@type":"Person","name":"Granger"},"caption":"Pendant la révolution américaine, les esclaves africains fuyaient les plantations des colons patriotes sous la protection des Britanniques.\r\n","name":"granger_0097558_highres.jpg","alternateName":"granger_0097558_highres"}</script></picture></div></div><div></div><style data-emotion="css mdc280">.css-mdc280{font-family:GeoWebRegular,sans-serif;font-feature-settings:'swsh';font-weight:400;font-size:0.875rem;letter-spacing:0.1px;line-height:20px;color:#333;border-left:1px solid #555;max-width:100%;position:relative;cursor:auto;}.css-mdc280 p{font-family:GeoWebRegular,sans-serif;font-feature-settings:'swsh';font-weight:400;font-size:0.875rem;letter-spacing:0.1px;line-height:20px;color:#333;}.css-mdc280:before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:8px;background:#fff;z-index:2;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-mdc280{width:100%;}}</style><div class="ngart-img__cont css-mdc280"><style data-emotion="css 1hq5e2b">.css-1hq5e2b{color:#555;}.css-1hq5e2b p{margin:0!important;}.css-1hq5e2b p a:any-link{border-bottom:2px solid #fc0;color:#555;}</style><div class="ngart-img__cont__copy css-1hq5e2b"><p>Pendant la révolution américaine, les esclaves africains fuyaient les plantations des colons patriotes sous la protection des Britanniques.</p> </div><style data-emotion="css biuh92">.css-biuh92{display:block;font-family:GeoWebRegular,sans-serif;font-feature-settings:'swsh';font-weight:400;font-size:0.75rem;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:1.5;text-transform:uppercase;color:#333;}</style><span class="css-biuh92">PHOTOGRAPHIE DE <style data-emotion="css bx3505">.css-bx3505{color:#333;font-weight:700;}</style><span class="css-bx3505">Granger</span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1ndocy1">.css-1ndocy1{position:relative;width:100%;max-height:none;overflow:visible;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1ndocy1{max-height:none;overflow:visible;}.css-1ndocy1 .ngart__mobile-ad{display:none;}}.css-1ndocy1:after{display:none;content:' ';position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:120px;background:linear-gradient( rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.65) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.87) 95%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96) 100% );}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1ndocy1:after{display:none;}}</style><div class="css-1ndocy1"><style data-emotion="css 3ge75y">.css-3ge75y{max-width:68em;margin:0 30px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.css-3ge75y::after{clear:both;content:'';display:table;}.css-3ge75y .grid-full{margin-left:-30px;margin-right:-30px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-3ge75y{margin:0 40px;}.css-3ge75y .grid-full{margin-left:-40px;margin-right:-40px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.css-3ge75y{max-width:none;margin:0 60px;}.css-3ge75y .grid-full{margin-left:-60px;margin-right:-60px;}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.css-3ge75y{padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1160px;margin:0 auto;}}</style><div class="css-3ge75y"><style data-emotion="css jejqay">.css-jejqay{width:100%;display:inline-block;}.css-jejqay blockquote,.css-jejqay div.paragraph p,.css-jejqay div.paragraph ul,.css-jejqay div.paragraph ol{font-family:Georgia,Times,"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.9375rem;letter-spacing:normal;}.css-jejqay h2 a,.css-jejqay h3 a{color:#000;}.css-jejqay h5{font-family:GeoWebBold,sans-serif;font-feature-settings:'swsh';font-size:1.125rem;letter-spacing:2.5px;line-height:1.5;color:#000;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-jejqay blockquote,.css-jejqay p{margin-bottom:30px;color:#333;}.css-jejqay blockquote a,.css-jejqay p a,.css-jejqay ul a,.css-jejqay ol a{color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:2px solid #fc0;}.css-jejqay div.paragraph ul,.css-jejqay div.paragraph ol{margin:20px 0;}.css-jejqay ul li{list-style:disc;list-style-position:inside;}.css-jejqay ol li{list-style:decimal;list-style-position:inside;}.css-jejqay .paragraph h2,.css-jejqay .paragraph h3,.css-jejqay p h2,.css-jejqay p h3{font-family:GeoWebBold,sans-serif;font-feature-settings:'swsh';}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-jejqay .paragraph,.css-jejqay p{margin-bottom:30px;}.css-jejqay .paragraph h2,.css-jejqay p h2{font-weight:400;font-size:1.5rem;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:1.5;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.css-jejqay{width:calc(100% - 320px);padding-right:50px;float:left;-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;-ms-flex:0 1 auto;flex:0 1 auto;}.css-jejqay .ngart-img--large .ngart-img__cont__copy{margin-right:unset;}}</style><div class="css-jejqay"><div class="module--type-ParagraphContent module--id-5502829"><style data-emotion="css 1vtiyti">.css-1vtiyti h2.h3{font-size:1.1875rem;}</style><div class="paragraph css-1vtiyti"><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502829-1">En 1775, les Américains prirent les armes contre les Britanniques et engagèrent les premières grandes batailles de la révolution américaine au sud de New York. Parmi ces soldats, des centaines d’hommes noirs qui se battaient pour le roi George III plutôt que contre lui.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502829-2">Ils auraient apparemment porté des écharpes sur lesquelles était inscrit « "Liberté pour les esclaves", membres du <a href="http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0064" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Régiment Éthiopien</a> », Éthiopien étant un synonyme de Noir. Ils étaient chargés de se battre contre leurs anciens maîtres et déterminés à gagner leur liberté. Ce désir était animé par la première proclamation d’émancipation du continent, un document acté près d’un siècle avant le célèbre décret du président Abraham Lincoln.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502829-3">Les Afro-Américains arrivèrent sur les côtes de l’État de Virginie en 1619, une douzaine d’années à peine après les premiers colons blancs. Dès les prémices de la révolution, la Virginie était la plus grande et la plus florissante des treize colonies. Parmi ses cinq cent mille citoyens, les Noirs représentaient près d’un habitant sur deux. La plupart d’entre eux étaient contraints de travailler dans les plantations de tabac. Ces dernières représentaient la majeure partie de la richesse de la Virginie et subvenaient aux besoins de la classe des planteurs dont George Washington, Thomas Jefferson et d’autres figures de la révolution faisaient partie.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502829-4">L’écossais John Murray, comte de Dunmore et gouverneur royal de la Virginie, était l’ennemi juré de ces dirigeants. En avril 1775, alors que des guerriers rebelles se battaient contre les troupes britanniques dans le Massachussetts, le comte de Dunmore préparait un complot afin d’armer les peuples indigènes et les Noirs dans l’optique de contrer l’insurrection croissante qui frappait sa colonie. Les rumeurs autour de son plan alarmèrent les Blancs qui vivaient dans la peur constante d’une révolte esclavagiste. </p> </div></div></div><style data-emotion="css agj9rt">.css-agj9rt{contain-intrinsic-size:0 472px;margin-bottom:30px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-agj9rt{contain-intrinsic-size:0 629px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.css-agj9rt{contain-intrinsic-size:0 486px;}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.css-agj9rt{contain-intrinsic-size:0 507px;}}.css-agj9rt:hover{cursor:pointer;}.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont{margin-top:13px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:30px;}.css-agj9rt.ngart-img--video .ngart-img__play-button{height:80px;width:57px;}.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont__copy{margin-bottom:10px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont{margin-top:10px;padding-left:15px;max-width:760px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont{margin-top:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.css-agj9rt{max-width:760px;display:block;}.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont{margin:20px 0 30px;padding-left:40px;}.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cont__copy{margin-bottom:20px;}.css-agj9rt .ngart-img__cntr img{max-width:760px;}}</style><div class="ngart-img--medium module--type-ParagraphImageToolkitElement module--id-5502830 css-agj9rt"><div role="button" tabIndex="0" aria-label="View image" class="css-e0dnmk"><div class="ngart-img__cntr css-1d8by72"><style data-emotion="css epltd7">.css-epltd7{aspect-ratio:1882/3072;}.css-epltd7 img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;}</style><picture class="resp-img-cntr css-epltd7"><source media="(max-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=320&h=523" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 360px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=360&h=588" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 430px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=430&h=702" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 500px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=500&h=817" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=767&h=1252" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 900px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=900&h=1470" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1023px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=1023&h=1670" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1279px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=789&h=1288" type="image/webp" /><img src="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.webp?w=760&h=1241" width="760" height="1241" alt="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore" loading="lazy" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/gettyimages-176561954.jpg?w=1900&h=3102","width":1900,"height":3102,"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Galerie nationale d'Écosse /Getty Images"},"contributor":{"@type":"Person","name":"Galerie nationale d'Écosse /Getty Images"},"caption":"L'écossais John Murray, comte de Dunmore, offrit la liberté aux esclaves américains en échange de leur engagement au sein des forces britanniques, bien que lui-même esclavagiste.\r\n","name":"gettyimages-176561954.jpg","alternateName":"gettyimages-176561954"}</script></picture></div></div><div></div><div class="ngart-img__cont css-mdc280"><div class="ngart-img__cont__copy css-1hq5e2b"><p>L'écossais John Murray, comte de Dunmore, offrit la liberté aux esclaves américains en échange de leur engagement au sein des forces britanniques, bien que lui-même esclavagiste.</p> </div><span class="css-biuh92">PHOTOGRAPHIE DE <span class="css-bx3505">Galerie nationale d'Écosse /Getty Images</span></span></div></div><div class="module--type-ParagraphContent module--id-5502832"><div class="paragraph css-1vtiyti"><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-1">Dans un premier temps, Dunmore renonça à cette idée. Il repoussa un groupe d’esclaves africains qui venait d’arriver au palais du Gouverneur de Williamsburg, animés par la volonté de soutenir le roi et d’échapper à la servitude. En juin toutefois, le gouverneur et sa famille fuirent Williamsburg afin d’assurer la sécurité des navires de guerre britanniques ancrés au large de Norfolk.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-2">Épris à la fois de liberté et de protection, les esclaves et les hommes libres afro-américains affluèrent vers la ville portuaire située à l’extrémité méridionale de la baie de Chasepeake. Les Britanniques les mobilisèrent rapidement en ordonnant des perquisitions nocturnes au sein des plantations afin de s’emparer de provisions. Ces démarches inspirèrent à leur tour d’autres esclaves à courir, ramer ou voguer pour leur liberté. Comme la <em>Virginia Gazette</em> l’annonça, Norfolk était « pleine d’esclaves, prêts à s’insurger sous les ordres de leur chef », à savoir Dunmore.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-3">Le 14 novembre, le gouverneur envoya des troupes britanniques ainsi qu’un petit groupe de soldats noirs sécuriser un gué connu sous le nom de Kemp’s Landing. Au cours de l’escarmouche qui suivit cette opération, les Britanniques et leurs alliés noirs mirent des centaines de rebelles hors d’état de nuire.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-4">Encouragé par cette victoire stratégique, Dunmore se rendit dans le village de Kemp’s Landing et y fit lire une proclamation octroyant la liberté à tous les serviteurs assujettis ainsi qu’aux esclaves noirs de Virginie « qui [étaient] capables et [se sentaient] prêts à prendre les armes ». Il les appela également à rejoindre « les rangs de sa Majesté dès que possible ». Les esclaves noirs affluèrent alors sous l’étendard du roi. Ceux dont les maîtres étaient des loyalistes étaient toutefois renvoyés. </p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-5">Rapidement, plus de deux cents hommes formèrent le nouveau Régiment Éthiopien. Chacun d’entre eux recevait une arme mais très peu d’entraînement militaire.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-6">Le premier et seul affrontement du Régiment eut lieu le 9 décembre lors de la bataille de Great Bridge, pour laquelle les soldats noirs représentaient près de la moitié des forces britanniques. En revanche, cette fois les rebelles américains triomphèrent. Fauchés lors d’un assaut frontal acharné, les survivants du Régiment et leurs camarades britanniques se retirèrent à Norfolk.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-7">À mesure que les patriotes avançaient en direction de la ville, des réfugiés loyalistes ainsi que des Noirs en fuite s’attroupaient à bord des navires britanniques dans le port. Le 1<sup>er</sup> janvier 1776, un détachement débarqua par surprise et mit le feu à la ville afin qu’elle ne puisse servir de base militaire aux patriotes.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502832-8">Parallèlement, la proclamation du gouverneur continuait de se répandre et au moins un millier d’esclaves africains, en provenance de toute la Virginie et du Maryland, vinrent à pied ou en bateau pour demander sa protection. Cette nouvelle attisa la colère des Blancs contre la Grande-Bretagne. Jill Lepore, historienne à Harvard, conclut que « c’est cet acte, cette proposition de liberté pour les esclaves, qui a fait pencher la balance en faveur de l’indépendance américaine ».</p> </div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1kazvci">.css-1kazvci{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-align-content:flex-stretch;-ms-flex-line-pack:flex-stretch;align-content:flex-stretch;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:0 -30px 2rem -30px;max-width:414px;background-color:#f2f2f2;padding:0 15px;content-visibility:auto;clear:both;contain-intrinsic-size:0 595px;}@media (min-width: 415px){.css-1kazvci{margin:0 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srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr.webp?w=1023&h=1615" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 1279px)" srcSet="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr.webp?w=789&h=1246" type="image/webp" /><img src="https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr.webp?w=760&h=1200" width="760" height="1200" alt="emancipation proclamation" title="emancipation proclamation" loading="lazy" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.nationalgeographic.fr/files/styles/image_3200/public/service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr.jpg?w=1900&h=3000","width":1900,"height":3000,"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Bibliothèque du Congrès "},"contributor":{"@type":"Person","name":"Bibliothèque du Congrès "},"caption":"La proclamation de Dunmore stipulait « tous les serviteurs assujettis, les Nègres ou autres… libres, qui se sentent capable et prêts à prendre les armes… ».\r\n","name":"service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr.jpg","alternateName":"service-rbc-rbpe-rbpe17-rbpe178-17801800-001dr"}</script></picture></div></div><div></div><div class="ngart-img__cont css-mdc280"><div class="ngart-img__cont__copy css-1hq5e2b"><p>La proclamation de Dunmore stipulait « tous les serviteurs assujettis, les Nègres ou autres… libres, qui se sentent capable et prêts à prendre les armes… ».</p> </div><span class="css-biuh92">PHOTOGRAPHIE DE <span class="css-bx3505">Bibliothèque Du Congrès</span></span></div></div><div class="module--type-ParagraphContent module--id-5502860"><div class="paragraph css-1vtiyti"><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502860-1">Peu après, le typhus et la variole se répandirent dans les cales bondées des navires britanniques. Les passagers noirs en payèrent un lourd tribut ; ils furent les premières victimes du froid, de la faim et du manque d’hygiène. Au mois de mars 1776, plus de cent cinquante d’entre eux perdirent la vie. Selon les écrits de Dunmore, « la maladie a emporté un nombre impressionnant de personnes, surtout des Noirs ».</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502860-2">Tandis que les patriotes dominaient sur terre, la flotte de Dunmore sillonnait désespérément la baie de Chesapeake à la recherche d’une base terrestre, en vain. La « ville flottante », comme le gouverneur l’appelait, était en proie aux tirs de canon dès lors qu'elle s’approchait trop près de la côte. Les souffrances à bord des navires devenaient insoutenables. </p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502860-3">« Pas une nuit ne se passait sans qu’un navire de la flotte ne jette un, deux ou plusieurs morts par-dessus bord », déplorait Dunmore, considéré alors comme un tyran aux yeux des rebelles blancs mais acclamé comme libérateur par les esclaves de Virginie, alors même qu’il avait été un ami proche de Washington.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502860-4">Aucun renfort britannique ne se présentait et en août 1776, la flotte se vit obligée de se séparer et de naviguer vers les bastions britanniques de New York et de Floride. Ainsi s’acheva l’histoire du premier Régiment Noir du sol nord-américain. Certains esclaves affranchis continuèrent de se battre au sein des rangs britanniques à New York et nombre d’entre eux s’installèrent plus tard en Nouvelle-Écosse.</p> </div><div><p data-paragraph-id="5502860-5">« Ils ont enduré le froid, la boue, la faim, la soif, la maladie pour se battre, sans aucune formation, contre un adversaire en supériorité numérique » écrit l’historien Charles Carey Jr. qui a étudié cet épisode méconnu de l’histoire. 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