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id="toc-Birth_and_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inheritances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burgundy_and_the_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgundy_and_the_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burgundy and the Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgundy_and_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spanish kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italian states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wars_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Wars with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdications_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdications_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abdications and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abdications_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abdications and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abdications_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_Habsburgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_Habsburgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Division of the Habsburgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_Habsburgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement,_death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement,_death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Retirement, death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement,_death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Military system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication,_diplomatic,_and_espionage_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication,_diplomatic,_and_espionage_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication,_diplomatic,_and_espionage_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Patronage of the arts and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_and_private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_and_private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dynasty and private life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dynasty_and_private_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dynasty and private life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_and_private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Appearance and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Siblings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Titles and coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography,_commemoration,_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography,_commemoration,_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography,_commemoration,_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography,_commemoration,_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Public monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Television and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male-line_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male-line_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Male-line family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male-line_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V" title="Karel V – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karel V" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V._(HRR)" title="Karl V. (HRR) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karl V. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شارلكان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارلكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_d%27Arag%C3%B3n" title="Carlos I d'Aragón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carlos I d'Aragón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Carlos I d'España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carlos I d'España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Karl" title="V Karl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="V Karl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="بئشینجی کارل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئشینجی کارل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F" title="পঞ্চম চার্লস, পবিত্র রোমান সম্রাট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পঞ্চম চার্লস, পবিত্র রোমান সম্রাট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_5-s%C3%A8" title="Karl 5-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karl 5-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_V_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Карл V Габсбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл V Габсбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_V_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Карл V (імпэратар Сьвятой Рымскай імпэрыі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл V (імпэратар Сьвятой Рымскай імпэрыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_V" title="Карл V – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл V" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_V,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Karlo V, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karlo V, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V_an_Impalaeriezh_Santel" title="Karl V an Impalaeriezh Santel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karl V an Impalaeriezh Santel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_V_del_Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Carles V del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles V del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V." title="Karel V. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel V." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarl_V,_Ymerawdwr_Gl%C3%A2n_Rhufeinig" title="Siarl V, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siarl V, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_5._(Tysk-romerske_rige)" title="Karl 5. (Tysk-romerske rige) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 5. (Tysk-romerske rige)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V._(HRR)" title="Karl V. (HRR) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl V. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V" title="Karl V – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl V" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_E%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος E΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος E΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Carlos I de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos I de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_la_5-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)" title="Karlo la 5-a (Sankta Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karlo la 5-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calru_I_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Calru I d'España – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Calru I d'España" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_V.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa" title="Karlos V.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos V.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="کارل پنجم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل پنجم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Quint" title="Charles Quint – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Quint" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V" title="Karel V – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karel V" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9arlas_V,_Impire_Naofa_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1nach" title="Séarlas V, Impire Naofa Rómhánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séarlas V, Impire Naofa Rómhánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%A0rlach_V,_Iompaire_Naomh_R%C3%B2manach" title="Teàrlach V, Iompaire Naomh Ròmanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teàrlach V, Iompaire Naomh Ròmanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V,_Sacro_Emperador_Romano-Xerm%C3%A1nico" title="Carlos V, Sacro Emperador Romano-Xermánico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos V, Sacro Emperador Romano-Xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_5%EC%84%B8" title="카를 5세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 5세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD_V_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80" title="Կառլոս V կայսր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլոս V կայսր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE" title="चार्ल्स पंचम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स पंचम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_V.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Karlo V., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karlo V., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolus_la_5ma_di_Germania_e_la_1ma_di_Hispania" title="Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V,_Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Karl V, Kaisar Romawi Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl V, Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolo_V_(Sacre_Imperio_Roman)" title="Carolo V (Sacre Imperio Roman) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carolo V (Sacre Imperio Roman)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_5._keisari" title="Karl 5. keisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl 5. keisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_V_d%27Asburgo" title="Carlo V d'Asburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo V d'Asburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="קרל החמישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל החמישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Quint" title="Charles Quint – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Charles Quint" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_V" title="კარლ V – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ V" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_V_(imperator)" title="Carolus V (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus V (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_V_H%C4%81bsburgs" title="Kārlis V Hābsburgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis V Hābsburgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V._(HRR)" title="Karel V. (HRR) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karel V. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatorius_Karolis_V" title="Imperatorius Karolis V – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorius Karolis V" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_V" title="Carlo V – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carlo V" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_5" title="Carlo 5 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carlo 5" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K%C3%A1roly_n%C3%A9met-r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="V. Károly német-római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="V. Károly német-római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_V_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Карло V (Свето Римско Царство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карло V (Свето Римско Царство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V,_emperora_r%C3%B4mana_masina" title="Carlos V, emperora rômana masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Carlos V, emperora rômana masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F)" title="चार्ल्स पाचवा (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स पाचवा (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_V" title="კარლ V – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ V" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كارلوس الاولانى ملك اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارلوس الاولانى ملك اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Maharaja_Suci_Rom" title="Charles V, Maharaja Suci Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles V, Maharaja Suci Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_de_Spanha" title="Carlos I de Spanha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Carlos I de Spanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_Karel_V" title="Keizer Karel V – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer Karel V" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V" title="Karel V – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Karel V" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB5%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="カール5世 (神聖ローマ皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール5世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V_av_Det_tysk-romerske_rike" title="Karl V av Det tysk-romerske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl V av Det tysk-romerske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V_av_Det_tysk-romerske_riket" title="Karl V av Det tysk-romerske riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl V av Det tysk-romerske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Quint" title="Carles Quint – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carles Quint" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V" title="Karl V – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl V" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کارلوس خامس، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارلوس خامس، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%81%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2" title="پینځم چارلز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پینځم چارلز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V._(HRR)" title="Karl V. (HRR) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Karl V. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_V_Habsburg" title="Karol V Habsburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol V Habsburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V_do_Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Carlos V do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos V do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Quintul" title="Carol Quintul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol Quintul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlus_Pichqa%C3%B1iqin" title="Karlus Pichqañiqin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karlus Pichqañiqin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_V_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Карл V (император Священной Римской империи) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл V (император Священной Римской империи)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Haly_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Haly Roman Emperor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles V, Haly Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karli_V,_Perandor_i_Shenjt%C3%AB_Romak" title="Karli V, Perandor i Shenjtë Romak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karli V, Perandor i Shenjtë Romak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlu_V,_Sacru_Rumanu_Mpiraturi" title="Carlu V, Sacru Rumanu Mpiraturi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carlu V, Sacru Rumanu Mpiraturi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_V._(Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_r%C3%ADmska_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a)" title="Karol V. (Svätá rímska ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karol V. (Svätá rímska ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V._Habsbur%C5%A1ki" title="Karel V. Habsburški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karel V. Habsburški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_V,_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Карло V, цар Светог римског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карло V, цар Светог римског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_V.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Karlo V., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karlo V., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_V_(keisari)" title="Kaarle V (keisari) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle V (keisari)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V_(tysk-romersk_kejsare)" title="Karl V (tysk-romersk kejsare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl V (tysk-romersk kejsare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V,_Banal_na_Emperador_Romano" title="Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81,_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐந்தாம் சார்லசு, புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐந்தாம் சார்லசு, புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิคาร์ลที่ 5 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิคาร์ลที่ 5 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Karl" title="V. Karl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="V. Karl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_V_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Карл V Габсбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл V Габсбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کارلوس خامس، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارلوس خامس، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_V" title="Carlo V – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carlo V" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_La_M%C3%A3" title="Karl V của Thánh chế La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl V của Thánh chế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V" title="Karl V – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Karl V" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A5rlukin" title="Tchårlukin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchårlukin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="神聖羅馬皇帝查理五世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="神聖羅馬皇帝查理五世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_V_van_et_Illig_R%C3%B4oms_Ryk" title="Karel V van et Illig Rôoms Ryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Karel V van et Illig Rôoms Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V,_Baraan_nga_Emperador_Romano" title="Carlos V, Baraan nga Emperador Romano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carlos V, Baraan nga Emperador Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="查理五世（神圣罗马帝国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查理五世（神圣罗马帝国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="卡爾五世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾五世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaerel_d%27n_Vuufden" title="Kaerel d'n Vuufden – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kaerel d'n Vuufden" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire">Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Karl V." redirects here. For the opera, see <a href="/wiki/Karl_V._(opera)" title="Karl V. (opera)"><i>Karl V.</i> (opera)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles V</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator_Romanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Romanorum">Imperator Romanorum</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_seated_(1500%E2%80%931558),_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_(Alte_Pinakothek,_Munich).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Charles V seated on a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_V_(Titian,_Munich)" title="Portrait of Charles V (Titian, Munich)">Portrait of Charles V</a></i>, 1548</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="#Titles_and_Coat_of_Arms">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1519 –<br />24 February 1558<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>23 October 1520 (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>)</li><li>22 February 1530 (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>)</li><li>24 February 1530 (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Empire</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a><br />as Charles I</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1516 – <span class="nowrap">16 January 1556</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Joanna (until 1555)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian, Cardinal-Bishop of Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Maximilian of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Infanta Maria of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a><br />as Charles I</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1519 –<br />21 April 1521</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Netherlands">Lord of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div>as Charles II</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 1506 –<br />25 October 1555</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governors</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1500<br /><a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof of Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-09-21)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 March 1526">1526</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1 May 1539">1539</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II, King of Spain">Philip II, King of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a></li> <li>Illegitimate:<br /><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Florence_and_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma">Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Queen_of_Castile_and_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon">Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles V's signature"><img alt="Charles V's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg/125px-Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg/188px-Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg/250px-Firma_Emperador_Carlos_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles V</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a> from 1519 to 1556, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> from 1516 to 1556, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Netherlands">Lord of the Netherlands</a> as titular <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a> from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. His dominions in Europe included the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, extending from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">northern Italy</a> with rule over the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_hereditary_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian hereditary lands">Austrian hereditary lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Low Countries">Burgundian Low Countries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> with its possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italian</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Sardinia</a>. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a> and a short-lived <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German colonization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Charles_V" title="Empire of Charles V">European and American territories</a> he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "<a href="/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets" title="The empire on which the sun never sets">the empire on which the sun never sets</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles was born in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> to Habsburg Archduke <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>, younger child of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>. Heir of his grandparents, Charles inherited his family dominions at a young age. After his father's death in 1506, he inherited the Low Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1516 he became King of Spain as co-monarch of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Jure_matris" title="Jure matris">with his mother</a>. <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>'s possessions included the Castilian colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">West Indies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>, as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. At the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_hereditary_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian hereditary lands">Austrian hereditary lands</a> and was <a href="/wiki/1519_imperial_election" title="1519 imperial election">elected</a> as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of <i>Charles V</i> as his main title, and styled himself as a new <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles revitalized <a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">the medieval concept</a> of <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal monarchy</a>. With no fixed capital, he made 40 journeys through the different entities he ruled and spent a quarter of his reign travelling within his realms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his empire came to him peacefully, he spent most of his life waging war, exhausting his revenues and leaving debts in his attempt to defend the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">wars with France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, to repay them, relied on the wealth of the Low Countries and on flow of silver from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a>, brought under his rule following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a> empires, which caused <a href="/wiki/Price_revolution" title="Price revolution">widespread inflation</a>. </p><p>Crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Charles sided with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> and declared <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> an outlaw at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">war in Italy</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> (1525). In 1527, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome was sacked</a> by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers. Charles then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">defended Vienna</a> from the Turks and obtained <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">coronations</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">King of Italy</a> and Holy Roman Emperor from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>. In 1535, he took possession of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">captured Tunis</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1541)" title="Siege of Buda (1541)">loss of Buda</a> during the struggle for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition</a> in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. After years of negotiations, Charles came to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> for the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545). The refusal of the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> to recognize the council's validity led to <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">a war</a>, won by Charles. However, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chambord" title="Treaty of Chambord">new support to the Lutheran cause</a> and strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. </p><p>Ultimately, Charles conceded the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> and abandoned his multi-national project with abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, and Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1557, Charles retired to the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and died there a year later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoftenwalle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hoftenwalle.JPG/220px-Hoftenwalle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hoftenwalle.JPG/330px-Hoftenwalle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hoftenwalle.JPG/440px-Hoftenwalle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The entrance gate to the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "Princes' Court", in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, where Charles V was born</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles of Austria was born on 24 February 1500 in the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, a <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flemish</a> city of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna I of Castile">Joanna of Trastámara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Philip, nicknamed <i>Philip the Handsome</i>, was the firstborn son of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, heiress to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. Charles's mother Joanna was a younger daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a>. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Venice">League of Venice</a></i> directed against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the moment he became <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in 1486, Charles's paternal grandfather Maximilian had carried a very financially risky policy of maximum expansionism, relying mostly on the resources of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> hereditary lands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though it is often implied (among others, by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that Charles V and the Habsburgs gained their vast empire through peaceful policies (exemplified by the saying <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe / Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus</i></span> or "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee.", reportedly spoken by <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Corvinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias Corvinus">Mathias Corvinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Maximilian and his descendants fought wars aplenty (Maximilian alone fought 27 wars during his four decades of ruling).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His general strategy was to combine his intricate systems of alliance, wars, military threats and offers of marriage to realize his expansionist ambitions. Ultimately he succeeded in coercing <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a> into acquiescence in the Habsburgs' expansionist plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaemers2014204_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaemers2014204-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that the marriages between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras, originally conceived as a marital alliance against France, would bring the crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> to Maximilian's male line, however, was unexpected.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage contract between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a> (although the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> itself had been lost to the French crown), given Mary's death in 1482, and also <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of Austria as honorific <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archduke</a>. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession">line of succession</a>, preceded by her older brother <a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John, Prince of Asturias</a> and older sister <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella of Aragon</a>. Both heirs to the crowns of Castile and Aragon John and Isabella died in 1498, and the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands, so they designated their Portuguese grandson <a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel da Paz">Miguel da Paz</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> of Spain by naming him <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>; but he died as a baby in 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian of Habsburg</a> <ul><li>Archduke of Austria (1493)</li> <li>Holy Roman Emperor (1508)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip of Habsburg</a> <li>Duke of Burgundy (1482)</li> <li>King of Castile (1506)</li></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a> <li>Duchess of Burgundy (1477)</li></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles of Habsburg</b> <li>Holy Roman Emperor (1519)</li> <li>Archduke of Austria (1519)</li> <li>King of Castile (1516)</li> <li>King of Aragon (1516)</li> <li>Duke of Burgundy (1506)</li></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> <li>King of Aragon (1479)</li></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Queen_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna, Queen of Castile">Joanna of Trastámara</a> <li>Queen of Castile (1504)</li> <li>Queen of Aragon (1516)</li></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> <li>Queen of Castile (1474)</li></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_childhood">Birth and childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a> into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxembourg">Duke of Luxembourg</a> and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bavo%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bavo's Cathedral">Church of Saint John</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Tournai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Tournai">Bishop of Tournai</a>. The Burgundian nobles <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Charles I de Croÿ">Charles I de Croÿ</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Glymes" title="John III of Glymes">John III of Glymes</a> were his godfathers, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret of Austria</a>, respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg/220px-Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg/330px-Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg/440px-Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Strigel" title="Bernhard Strigel">Bernhard Strigel</a> representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian <i>Cortes</i>, which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Castile">Queen of Castile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a> in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Gutierre_G%C3%B3mez_de_Fuensalida" title="Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida">Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida</a> reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a>. Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Foix" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaine de Foix">Germaine de Foix</a> failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke (heir apparent of Austria).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inheritances">Inheritances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inheritances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Barend_van_Orley_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="4161" /></a><figcaption>A 1519 portrait of Charles V by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> with the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> prominently displayed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/220px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/330px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/440px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_V_with_a_Dog" title="Portrait of Charles V with a Dog">Portrait of Charles V with a Dog</a></i>, a 1532 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Seisenegger" title="Jakob Seisenegger">Jakob Seisenegger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Burgundian inheritance included the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and covered modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. It excluded <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a>. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized Lord of the Netherlands with the title of <i>Charles II of Burgundy</i>. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> together with his sisters <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella</a> at the court of his aunt <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="William de Croÿ">William de Croÿ</a> (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both <a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">economically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish art">culturally</a>. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and various Flemish cities. </p><p>The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> of the crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme" title="Province of Tierra Firme">Province of Tierra Firme</a>) and the Aragonese kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Sardinia</a>. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_matris" title="Jure matris">jure matris</a></i>, thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of <i>Charles I of Castile and Aragon</i> or <i>Charles I of Spain</i>. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and <i><a href="/wiki/Tercios" class="mw-redirect" title="Tercios">tercios</a></i> (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a> until her death. <i><a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Ultra">Plus Ultra</a></i>, the rendition from French into Latin of Charles's personal motto "Plus Oultre" (<i>Further Beyond</i>), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country's flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the Iberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two rebellions, the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Germanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Germanies">Revolt of the Germanies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Revolt of the Comuneros</a>, contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, his son and heir, later <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles inherited the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_hereditary_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian hereditary lands">Austrian hereditary lands</a> in 1519, as <i>Charles I of Austria</i>, and obtained the <a href="/wiki/1519_Imperial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1519 Imperial election">election</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as <i>Emperor Charles V</i> even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was <i><a href="/wiki/A.E.I.O.U." title="A.E.I.O.U.">A.E.I.O.U.</a></i> ("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">imperial diets</a> to maintain religious and political unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>, many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Landsknechte" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechte">Landsknechte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Charles_V" title="Empire of Charles V">Empire of Charles V</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg/220px-Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg/330px-Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg/440px-Dominions_House_Habsburg_abdication_Charles_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>The dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgundy_and_the_Low_Countries">Burgundy and the Low Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Burgundy and the Low Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg/220px-Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg/330px-Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg/440px-Paleis_op_de_Koudenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Coudenberg" title="Palace of Coudenberg">Palace of Coudenberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a> and, most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Low Countries</a>. The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, the last remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a>, a powerful player in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528. </p><p>From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Arumer_Zwarte_Hoop" title="Arumer Zwarte Hoop">Frisian peasants</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Gerlofs_Donia" title="Pier Gerlofs Donia">Pier Gerlofs Donia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wijard_Jelckama" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijard Jelckama">Wijard Jelckama</a>). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523. </p><p>Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Tournaisis" title="Tournaisis">Tournai</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the <a href="/wiki/Guelders_Wars" title="Guelders Wars">Guelders Wars</a> and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction</a>, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury. </p><p>The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1539)">rebelled</a> in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentenaars_Stropdragers_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentenaars_Stropdragers-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_kingdoms">Spanish kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_Skyline_Panorama,_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg/220px-Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg/330px-Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg/440px-Toledo_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Spain_-_Dec_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toledoescorte_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledoescorte-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg/220px-Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg/330px-Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg/440px-Palacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> was built upon his wedding to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> in 1526.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Castilian <i>Cortes</i> of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>, heir-apparent to his mother Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in 1502, the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Aragonese <i>Corts</i></a> gathered in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de Aragón">Alonso de Aragón</a>, Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the <i>Corts</i> and the King.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Sardinia</a>, while Charles became governor general.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>. </p><p>Thus, after the commemoration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiménez de Cisneros">Jiménez de Cisneros</a> accepted the <i>fait accompli</i>, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian <i>Cortes</i> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> (1518) proved difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the <a href="/wiki/Quinto_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinto Real">Quinto Real</a>; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese <i>Cortes</i> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan <i>Corts</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Navarre">invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon</a> jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (<i>Cortes</i>) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances. </p><p>Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as <a href="/wiki/Basque_fuero" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque fuero">a contract with the people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the country. </p><p>Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Revolt of the Comuneros</a>, which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Navarre#1521_French-Navarrese_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Navarre">reconquer the kingdom</a>. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when <a href="/wiki/Hondarribia" title="Hondarribia">Hondarribia</a> surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cambrai" title="Treaty of Cambrai">Cambrai</a>). </p><p>After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> to marry the heiress of Navarre, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a>. Jeanne was instead forced to marry <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Julich-Cleves-Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg">William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg</a>, but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Bourbon">Antoine de Bourbon</a>, and both she and their son <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a> would oppose Philip II in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. </p><p>After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestant heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_price_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish price revolution">inflation that affected the kingdom</a>, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_states">Italian states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_(8_de_agosto_de_2018,_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle,_Verona).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/220px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/330px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/440px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy</i>, a 1580 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a>. It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in 1530 when Charles was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">crowned</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> by Clement VII.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> inherited by Charles included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">King of Italy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, however, was under French control. <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">France</a> took Milan from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">House of Sforza</a> after victory against <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Switzerland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a> in 1515. </p><p>Imperial-<a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal</a> troops succeeded in re-installing <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a> in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Battle of Bicocca</a> 1522. In 1524, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> retook the initiative, crossing into <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack. <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a> captured Francis and crushed his army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>. </p><p>In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Stampa" title="Massimiliano Stampa">Massimiliano Stampa</a>, one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. </p><p>In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its vassal <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>. In 1538 a <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)" title="Holy League (1538)">Holy League</a> consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a>. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, the main <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diets</a> presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of his paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, in 1519, Charles inherited the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. He was also the natural candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electors</a> to succeed his grandfather as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. He defeated the candidacies of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick III of Saxony">Frederick III of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1519_Imperial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1519 Imperial election">1519 Imperial election</a>. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">24 February 1530</a>, he was crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, the last emperor to receive a <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">papal coronation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NH_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Cities">Imperial Cities</a> in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe, as well as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a> in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes <a href="/wiki/1531_imperial_election" title="1531 imperial election">elect Ferdinand</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a>, with support from local nobles and his German vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wars_with_France">Wars with France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wars with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/220px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/330px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/440px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> and Charles V made peace at the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a> in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/220px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/330px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/440px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3514" /></a><figcaption>Charles V in the 1550s after <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, where his aunt, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, urged her husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Garter_stall_plate" title="Garter stall plate">Garter stall plate</a> survives in <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George's Chapel">Saint George's Chapel</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1521">first war</a> with Charles's great nemesis <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> began in 1521. Charles allied with England and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> against the French and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a>, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To gain his freedom, Francis ceded <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> to Charles in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a>, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>. </p><p>When he was released, however, Francis had the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a> that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentines</a>, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sack of Rome (1527)</a> and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulling</a> the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes1993a_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes1993a-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Froude1891a_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froude1891a-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cambrai" title="Treaty of Cambrai">Treaty of Cambrai</a> (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1536–38">third war</a> erupted in 1536. Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a>, Charles installed his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles III, Duke of Savoy">Charles III, Duke of Savoy</a>, including his capital <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. A truce at <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in 1538 on the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">uti possidetis</a></i> ended the war but lasted only a short time. <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">War resumed in 1542</a>, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">conquest of Nice</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman fleet</a>, the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the <i>status quo ante bellum</i> in 1544. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">final war</a> erupted with Francis' son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, in 1551. Henry won early success in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1552)" title="Siege of Metz (1552)">captured Metz</a>, but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire">Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" title="Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg/220px-Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg/330px-Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg/440px-Real_Alc%C3%A1zar._Sal%C3%B3n_de_los_Tapices._Pa%C3%B1o_VII._Toma_de_la_Goleta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a tapestry depicting the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">conquest of Tunis</a> in the Tapestry Room of the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar Palace</a> in Seville</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles fought continually with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its sultan, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Siege of Vienna (1529)</a>, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">fell under Ottoman control</a>. </p><p>Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">conquest of Tunis</a> in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> after its victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> in 1538 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a> in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>. At the same time, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a>, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige. </p><p>In 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cr%C3%A9py" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Crépy">Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois</a>. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">treaty</a> with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles V made overtures to the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Persian_alliance" title="Habsburg–Persian alliance">Habsburg–Persian alliance</a>. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman–Safavid War</a>, forcing it to split its military resources.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1541 <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">expedition of Algiers</a>, the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Turkish <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chronicler</a> confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber tribes</a> massacred 12,000 invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">markets of Algiers</a> were filled with slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/220px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/330px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/440px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Summons for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> to appear at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas de Heere</a> in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The issue of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, Charles called <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">unified only in his person</a>, and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. He outlawed Luther and issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a>, declaring: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.</p></blockquote> <p>Charles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III, Elector of Saxony</a> and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a>. There, he began to work on his <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">German translation of the bible</a>. The spread of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muntzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Muntzer">Thomas Muntzer</a> in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a>, in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace. </p><p>Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a> was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Ottoman</a> threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (<i>Confessio Augustana</i>), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> went even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the <i>standstill of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></i>. The <i>standstill</i> required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue. </p><p>Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the <i><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Colloquy of Regensburg</a></i> between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> was finally opened and the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick, Elector of Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Hesse">Philip of Hesse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Battle of Mühlberg</a>, capturing both. At the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it. </p><p>The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, rebelled again and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schmalkaldic_War" title="Second Schmalkaldic War">Second Schmalkaldic War</a> began. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Saxony">Maurice of Saxony</a>, instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial army</a> by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to <a href="/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a> in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2002229–248_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2002229–248-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdications_and_death">Abdications and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abdications and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_Habsburgs">Division of the Habsburgs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Division of the Habsburgs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/220px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/330px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/440px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7218" data-file-height="5606" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a>'s depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ferdinand I">Emperor Ferdinand I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/220px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/330px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/440px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Coudenberg" title="Palace of Coudenberg">Palace of Coudenberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. First he abdicated the thrones of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> with the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous – and only public – abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> and, crying, pronounced his <a href="/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">resignation speech</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey." </p><p>With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Prince-electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-electors">prince-electors</a> assembled at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-Setton_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setton-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whaley2012_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whaley2012-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and <a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a> rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement,_death_and_burial"><span id="Retirement.2C_death_and_burial"></span>Retirement, death and burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Retirement, death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste,_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/220px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/330px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/440px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Deathbed of the Emperor at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a>, Cáceres</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a>. He arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a> of <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was revealed in the twenty-first century to be <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199765_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199765-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a> in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a>, the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria of Austria</a> and Charles's sisters <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria of Hungary</a> behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png/220px-Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png/330px-Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png/440px-Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Empire of Charles V at its peak with <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">The Americas</a> an ocean away from his European realms</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">deputies</a> to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands">Governor of the Netherlands</a> was <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret of Austria</a> (succeeded by his sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a>). His first <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent of Spain">Regent of Spain</a> was <a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian of Utrecht">Adrian of Utrecht</a> (succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>). For the regency and governorship of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_hereditary_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian hereditary lands">Austrian hereditary lands</a>, Charles named his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a> archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in Germany, which took place <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election,_1531" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial election, 1531">in 1531</a>. By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary rights">hereditary rights</a> over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Pignatelli_e_Caraffa,_1st_Duke_of_Monteleone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettore Pignatelli e Caraffa, 1st Duke of Monteleone">Carafa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Folc_de_Cardona_y_Enriquez" title="Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez">Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez</a> were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively. </p><p>Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven to Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side of the Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking <a href="/wiki/House_of_Fugger" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Fugger">house of Fugger</a> in Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on four, and England and Africa on two, and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the <i>Imperium Romanum</i>, not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> in 1524 and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilizations were conquered in his name. </p><p>In 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcala</a> who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcallans</a> had formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles’ decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala’s autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans and other friendly native peoples as important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_system">Military system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa,_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg/220px-La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg/330px-La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg/440px-La_batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa%2C_tapiz_basado_en_una_pintura_de_Bernard_van_Orley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>The second tapestry in the series <i>Battle of Pavia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pescara" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pescara">Marquis of Pescara</a> leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Frundsberg" title="Georg von Frundsberg">Georg von Frundsberg</a> leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/220px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/330px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/440px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Helmschmied" title="Helmschmied">Helmschmied</a> of Augsburg and the <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Negroli" title="Filippo Negroli">Negroli</a> of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Landsknechte" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechte">Landsknechte</a>, originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Frundsberg" title="Georg von Frundsberg">Georg von Frundsberg</a>, formed the bulk of Charles V's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial army</a>. They surpassed the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn't get in hell because he would frighten the devil".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly between 1509 and 1516. Soon after the Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months." </p><p>His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the long term, it was in general not belligerent.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>. Italian <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a> were also recruited. </p><p>In Spain, inheriting the reform work of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finance">Finance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg/220px-Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg/330px-Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg/440px-Anton_Fugger_burning_the_debenture_bonds_of_Charles_V_in_1535_by_Carl_Ludwig_Friedrich_Becker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_Fugger" title="Anton Fugger">Anton Fugger</a> burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Becker_(painter)" title="Karl Becker (painter)">Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles's main sources of revenue were from <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Low Countries</a>, which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> in the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine gulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10 million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the <a href="/wiki/Fuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuggers">Fuggers</a> and 4.2 million from the <a href="/wiki/Welsers" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsers">Welsers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>. Other creditors were from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication,_diplomatic,_and_espionage_systems"><span id="Communication.2C_diplomatic.2C_and_espionage_systems"></span>Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Reichspost" title="Kaiserliche Reichspost">Kaiserliche Reichspost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/220px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/330px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg/440px-Allegorie_du_regne_de_Charles_Quint_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of the reign of Charles V</i>, a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I, Pope Clement VII, Francis I, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Saxony, and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse</figcaption></figure> <p>The Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Taxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz von Taxis">Franz von Taxis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Taxis" class="extiw" title="de:Franz von Taxis">de</a>]</span> (from the <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn und Taxis</a> family) developed the <i>Niederländische Postkurs</i>, a postal system that connected the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Low Countries</a> with <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>. The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system was developed further by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a>, who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his father's death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the way to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He confirmed Jannetto's son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_de_Tassis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Battista de Tassis (page does not exist)">Giovanni Battista</a> as Postmaster General (<i>chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries</i>) in 1520. By Charles V's time, "the Holy Roman Empire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mainka_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainka-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainka_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainka-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the European rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda, who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system. Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis campaign</a>, Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture">Patronage of the arts and architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patronage of the arts and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed <i>contino</i> (imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Alfonso de Valdés">Alfonso de Valdés</a>, twin brother of the humanist <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">secretary of the Emperor</a>, was a Spanish humanist. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> at the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His <i>Decades</i> are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His <i>De Orbe Novo</i> (On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> reference to <a href="/wiki/India_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="India rubber">India rubber</a>. </p><p>Martyr was given the post of chronicler (<i>cronista</i>) in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> (1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of <a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine">Count Palatine</a>, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">invested</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, as proposed by Charles V, as <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n_Almog%C3%A1ver" title="Juan Boscán Almogáver">Juan Boscán Almogáver</a> was a poet who participated with <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> in giving naval assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Rhodes">Isle of Rhodes</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Turkish invasion</a>. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles commissioned several portraits from the painter <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_V_(Titian,_Munich)" title="Portrait of Charles V (Titian, Munich)">Portrait of Charles V</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Charles_V" title="Equestrian Portrait of Charles V">Equestrian Portrait of Charles V</a></i>, becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ruler. </p><p>The building of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> was commissioned Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> palaces. Although the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Machuca" title="Pedro Machuca">Pedro Machuca</a>, an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the <a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> style, with traces of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, a mode then in its infancy in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rustication</a> on the lower level and <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg/220px-Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg/330px-Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg/440px-Leyes_Nuevas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the 1542 <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a> issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>From his maternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, who had funded <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> (1494), Spain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. </p><p>The realm of his known possessions expanded with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> (1519–21) under <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe</a> in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the existing <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a>, established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions. </p><p>Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">audiencia</a></i> to administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> friars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">northern Mexico</a> in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Rico" title="Cerro Rico">Potosí</a>, Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers. </p><p>Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a> in the 1530s, Charles established the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> in the newly founded Spanish capital of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> (1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">personal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity</a>, by issuing the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a> of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>'s long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Blasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Vela" title="Blasco Núñez Vela">Blasco Núñez Vela</a>, attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a> prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Gasca" title="Pedro de la Gasca">Pedro de la Gasca</a>, to whom Charles granted sweeping powers in order to re-establish royal authority. The <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Encomenderos" class="extiw" title="es:Gran Rebelión de Encomenderos">rebellion in Peru</a> coincided with <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">one in Germany</a>. In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous. </p><p>Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a>, who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar to the treatment of <i>comunero</i> rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Venezuela Province</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_V._Welser" title="Bartholomeus V. Welser">Bartholomeus V. Welser</a>, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as <a href="/wiki/Klein-Venedig" title="Klein-Venedig">Klein-Venedig</a> (<i>little Venice</i>), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles. </p><p>The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a> to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a> New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hernandez_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Science_of_morality" title="Science of morality">moral law</a>, so penetration into the American continent was suspended until <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was because philosophical questions arose, especially from <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">philosophers</a>, about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to <a href="/wiki/Legally" class="mw-redirect" title="Legally">legally</a> conquer the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">Indies</a>. </p><p>Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>, which could cause anguish in people of all <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates</a>, even if they were <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a>, together with the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>, wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering the total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor. </p><p>In 1550, Charles convened a <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">conference at Valladolid</a> in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, which included figures such as <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the <a href="/wiki/Thomistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomistic">Thomistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">Theologians</a> and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Domingo de Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Carranza" title="Bartolomé Carranza">Bartolomé Carranza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melchor_Cano" title="Melchor Cano">Melchor Cano</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Gasca" title="Pedro de la Gasca">Pedro de la Gasca</a> (Peru's first peacemaker after <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_civiles_entre_los_conquistadores_del_Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="es:Guerras civiles entre los conquistadores del Perú">Civil Wars between the conquerors of Peru</a>) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda">Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda</a> would defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was the first time that kings and philosophers conceded that men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men (<a href="/wiki/Ius_gentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius gentium">Ius gentium</a>), rights of the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal law">eternal Law</a> that are prior to any <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive law</a> written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria: <i>"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus">Sublimis Deus</a>. Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future, in terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves would be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would pass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes and services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_and_private_life">Dynasty and private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dynasty and private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886387087"><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Eleanor of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, Duke of Burgundy">Charles I, Duke of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Duchess of Burgundy">Mary, Duchess of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Juana_Enriquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Enriquez">Juana Enriquez</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna I of Castile">Joanna I of Castile</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Isabella_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Isabella-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Isabella of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Isabella_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Isabella-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and master tapestry-maker <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Aelst_III" title="Pieter van Aelst III">Pieter van Aelst</a>, she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon."<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She saw to his education, securing as tutor <a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian of Utrecht">Adrian of Utrecht</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a>. Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third major influence in Charles's early life was <a href="/wiki/William_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="William de Croÿ">William de Croÿ</a>, Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want him to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work."<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learned some <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian Spanish</a>, which he was required to learn by the Castilian <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></i></span>. He could also speak some <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, acquired by the influence of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques" title="History of the Basques">Basque</a> secretaries serving in the royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga_712_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga_712-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained a decent command of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1532, Charles was proficient in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and spoke Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkens1897_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkens1897-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant of the quote is attributed to him by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> in his 1726 <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>, but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance_and_health">Appearance and health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Appearance and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles suffered from an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandibular_prognathism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandibular prognathism">mandibular prognathism</a>), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg jaw">Habsburg jaw</a>. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles's court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered from fainting spells, which might have been <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seriously afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">sedan chair</a>. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siblings">Siblings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Siblings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/220px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/330px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/440px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>The children of Philip and Joanna</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a></td> <td>15 November 1498</td> <td>25 February 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-02-25)</span> (aged 59)</td> <td>first marriage in 1518, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and had children;<br />second marriage in 1530, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> and had no children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella</a></td> <td>18 July 1501</td> <td>19 January 1526<span style="display:none">(1526-01-19)</span> (aged 24)</td> <td>married in 1515, <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a> and had children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a></td> <td>10 March 1503</td> <td>25 July 1564<span style="display:none">(1564-07-25)</span> (aged 61)</td> <td>married in 1521, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Bohemia and Hungary">Anna of Bohemia and Hungary</a> and had children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary</a></td> <td>15 September 1505</td> <td>18 October 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-10-18)</span> (aged 53)</td> <td>married in 1522, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia</a> and had no children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine</a></td> <td>14 January 1507</td> <td>12 February 1578<span style="display:none">(1578-02-12)</span> (aged 71)</td> <td>married in 1525, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> and had children. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal,_por_Tiziano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/220px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/330px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/440px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></i> depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/220px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/330px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/440px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/220px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/330px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/440px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Don <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, the natural son of Charles during his widowhood</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and younger sister to the future King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>, and Mary was instead married to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> of France in 1514. </p><p>After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and Charles's aunt <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a>. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a> to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518. </p><p>In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially <a href="/wiki/William_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="William de Croÿ">William de Croÿ</a>, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a>, daughter of his aunt, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry. </p><p>By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine</a>. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 <i>doblas de oro castellanas</i> would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries [Canary Islands] and of the [Portuguese] Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to have her serve as regent in Spain whenever he left.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> died out in 1580, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>. </p><p>On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Charles began the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions. </p><p>The marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Portrait of Isabella of Portugal">Portrait of Isabella of Portugal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Gloria_(Titian)" title="La Gloria (Titian)">La Gloria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a> in 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a> to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his <i>Missa 'Mort m'a privé</i> in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Foix" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaine de Foix">Germaine de Foix</a>, which may have produced a child, Isabel.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Blomberg" title="Barbara Blomberg">Barbara Blomberg</a>, a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The child named Gerónimo, later became known as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in his lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed. </p> <table style="text-align:center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th style="width:100px;">Portrait</th> <th>Lifespan</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span> </td> <td>21 May 1527 –<br /> 13 September 1598 </td> <td>Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria</a></b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/120px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/180px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/240px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span> </td> <td>21 June 1528 –<br />26 February 1603 </td> <td>Married her first cousin <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ferdinand</b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span> </td> <td>22 November 1529 –<br /> 13 July 1530 </td> <td>Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Son</b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span> </td> <td>29 June 1534 </td> <td>Stillborn. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna</a></b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="4804" /></a></span> </td> <td>24 June 1535 –<br />7 September 1573 </td> <td>Married her first cousin <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>John</b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span> </td> <td>19 October 1537 –<br /> 20 March 1538 </td> <td>Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Son</b><br /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span> </td> <td>21 April 1539 </td> <td>Stillborn. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to Philip II being a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (<a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry, the Cardinal-King</a>, in 1580), thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">personal union between Spain and Portugal</a>. </p><p>Charles also had six children out of wedlock: </p> <ul><li>Infanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix" title="Germaine of Foix">Germaine of Foix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but strongly disputed by biographer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isabella died at the age of 19, never married, and had no issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Austria</a> (1522–1586), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Maria_van_der_Gheynst" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanna Maria van der Gheynst">Johanna Maria van der Gheynst</a>, who Charles recognized<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a servant of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_de_Lalaing" title="Charles I de Lalaing">Charles I de Lalaing</a>, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence</a>, and secondly with <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>.</li> <li>Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or attached to the household of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Nassau">Henry of Nassau</a>. She was brought up in an Augustinian convent in Madrigal de las Altas Torres.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tadea of Austria (1523? – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1562</span>), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married to Sinibaldo di Copeschi.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Hooghe" title="Cornelis de Hooghe">Cornelis de Hooghe</a> (1541-1583), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> cartographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> (1547–1578), victor of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Blomberg" title="Barbara Blomberg">Barbara Blomberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret,_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Margaret of Parma"><img alt="Margaret of Parma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg/85px-Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg/128px-Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg/171px-Anthonis_Mor_-_Margaret%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_-_WGA16182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="4649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Margaret of Parma</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John of Austria"><img alt="John of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/102px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/153px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/203px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">John of Austria</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_coat_of_arms">Titles and coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Titles and coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/220px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/330px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/440px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid" title="Royal Armoury of Madrid">Royal Armoury of Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>. Although Papal coronation was no longer necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">was crowned</a> in the city of Bologna by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in the medieval fashion. </p><p>Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of archduke.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant".<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession. </p><p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mohacs">Battle of Mohacs</a> in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)">Hungary</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Croatia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a> and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i> rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the <a href="/wiki/Onate_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Onate treaty">Onate treaty</a> of 1617. </p><p>As part of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a>' will, he theoretically inherited the title of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I of Castille">Isabella I of Castille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978463_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978463-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnepekides1960138–143_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnepekides1960138–143-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberg2014152_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberg2014152-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore cementing the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">claim of the Holy Roman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire#Modern-era_nationalist_revivals" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">of inheriting the Roman legacy</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>. However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans. </p><p>Charles's full titulature went as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Charles, <a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos#Later_life_and_death" title="Andreas Palaiologos">forever</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">August</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">King in (of) Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">King of Italy</a>, King of all Spains, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Seville" title="Kingdom of Seville">Sevilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kingdom of Córdoba">Cordova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Murcia" title="Kingdom of Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Kingdom of Jaén">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">Algarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Algeciras" title="Taifa of Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gibraltar" title="Kingdom of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, King of both <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Hither</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Ultra Sicily</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Indies" title="King of the Indies">King of the Indies</a>, of the Islands and Mainland of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Ocean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neopatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopatria">Neopatria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Alsace</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Asturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Castle" title="Habsburg Castle">Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy Palatine</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Seeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ferrette" title="County of Ferrette">Ferrette</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kyburg" title="County of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Namur</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Roussillon" title="County of Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Cerdanya" title="County of Cerdanya">Cerdagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zutphen" title="County of Zutphen">Zutphen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> of the Holy Roman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Burgau" title="Burgau">Burgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge_of_Arborea" title="Judge of Arborea">Oristano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gociano" class="mw-redirect" title="Gociano">Gociano</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Seignory_of_Frisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seignory of Frisia">Frisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Wendish March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Biscay" title="Lordship of Biscay">Biscay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molina_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Molina de Aragón">Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salins,_Switzerland" title="Salins, Switzerland">Salins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable noresize"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Title</th> <th>From</th> <th>To</th> <th>Regnal name </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/40px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/60px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/80px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td>Titular <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Limburg">Duke of Limburg</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Duke of Lothier</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg">Duke of Luxemburg</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles III </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namur_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/40px-Namur_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/60px-Namur_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/80px-Namur_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/60px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/80px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>5 February 1556</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/40px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/60px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/80px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Charolais.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/40px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/60px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/80px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Charolais">Count of Charolais</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>21 September 1558</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/40px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/60px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/80px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles III </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/40px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/60px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/80px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hainault" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Hainault">Count of Hainault</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/40px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/60px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/80px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coatofarmszeeland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/40px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/60px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/80px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="132" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">Count of Zeeland</a></td> <td>25 September 1506</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King of Castile and León</a></td> <td>14 March 1516</td> <td>16 January 1556</td> <td>Charles I </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/40px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/60px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aragon">King of Aragon</a></td> <td>14 March 1516</td> <td>16 January 1556</td> <td>Charles I </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Aragonese_Kings_of_Sicily%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a></td> <td>14 March 1516</td> <td>16 January 1556</td> <td>Charles I (II) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a></td> <td>14 March 1516</td> <td>16 January 1556</td> <td>Charles I </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/40px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/60px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/80px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">King of Naples</a></td> <td>14 March 1516</td> <td>25 July 1554</td> <td>Charles IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></td> <td>12 January 1519</td> <td>12 January 1521</td> <td>Charles I </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(after_1433).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%28after_1433%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></td> <td>28 June 1519</td> <td>27 August 1556</td> <td>Charles V </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_DE_saint_empire_(une_t%C3%AAte).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/40px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/60px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/80px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a></td> <td>23 October 1520</td> <td>24 February 1530</td> <td>Charles V </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/40px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/60px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/80px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a></td> <td>12 September 1543</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles II </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/40px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/60px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/80px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a></td> <td>12 September 1543</td> <td>25 October 1555</td> <td>Charles III </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Leon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Two Sicilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Granada</a> present in the previous coat, those of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">ancient Burgundy</a>, modern Burgundy, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>. Charles I also incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">pillars of Hercules</a> with the inscription "<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Ultra">Plus Ultra</a></span></span>", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">collar of the Golden Fleece</a>, as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a>. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> are incorporated. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_(1516-1518).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor."><img alt="Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg/138px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg/207px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg/276px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_%281516-1518%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor."><img alt="Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/173px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/260px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/347px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Charles,_Infant_of_Spain,_Archduke_of_Austria,_Duke_of_Burgundy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Charles, Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter."><img alt="Arms of Charles, Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Charles, <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor."><img alt="Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/178px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/267px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/356px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Variant of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile" title="Royal Bend of Castile">Royal Bend of Castile</a> used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography,_commemoration,_and_popular_culture"><span id="Historiography.2C_commemoration.2C_and_popular_culture"></span>Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal,_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/220px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/330px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/440px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> after <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign. Historically seen as a great ruler by some or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoone2021_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoone2021-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerdinandy2021_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerdinandy2021-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohler_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohler-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>, dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "<i>most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation</i>", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Max" title="Emanuel Max">Emanuel Max</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna" title="Museum of Military History, Vienna">Museum of Military History, Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, brought together the local <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">national catholic</a> intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the <i>Universitas Christiana</i>, also propelling a peculiar brand of <a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">europeanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_monuments">Public monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_Carlos_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Charles V in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/220px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/330px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/440px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption><i>Escutcheon of Charles V</i>, a 1912 watercolour portrait <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>, now housed at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_Monument_(Palermo)" title="Charles V Monument (Palermo)">Charles V Monument in Palermo</a> was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a>.</li> <li>Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_City_Hall" title="Ghent City Hall">Ghent City Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>.</li> <li>A statue of Charles, donated by the city of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, was erected in 1966 in the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof in Ghent</a> where he was born.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Plaza_del_Emperador_Carlos_V" title="Plaza del Emperador Carlos V">Plaza del Emperador Carlos V</a> is a square in the city of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> that is named after Charles V.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V</i></span>, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in <a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Coster" title="Charles De Coster">Charles De Coster</a>'s masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Thyl_Ulenspiegel_and_Lamme_Goedzak" title="The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak">Thyl Ulenspiegel</a></i> (1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a>, the one about a paysant of <a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a> in <i>Het geuzenboek</i> (1979) by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paul_Boon" title="Louis Paul Boon">Louis Paul Boon</a>, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Hans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Hans (page does not exist)">Abraham Hans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Hans" class="extiw" title="nl:Abraham Hans">nl</a>]</span> (1882–1939) included both tales in <i>De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <i>Ode to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Buonaparte">Napoleon Buonaparte</a></i> refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".</li> <li>Charles V is a notable character in <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Mortal" title="All Men Are Mortal">All Men Are Mortal</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Charles V appears as a character in the play <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> by the Elizabethan playwright <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> conjures up spirits representing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_V_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl V (opera)">Karl V</a></i> (opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.</li> <li>In the third act of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i>, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i>, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.</li> <li>In another Verdi opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carlo">Don Carlo</a></i>, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_film">Television and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Television and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther</a></i>, covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530.</li> <li>Charles V is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Torben_Liebrecht" title="Torben Liebrecht">Torben Liebrecht</a> and is figured prominently in the 2003 film <i><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)">Luther</a></i> covering the life of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> up until the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a>.</li> <li>Charles V is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Armesto" title="Sebastian Armesto">Sebastian Armesto</a> in one episode of the Showtime series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a></i>.</li> <li>Charles V is the main subject of the <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">TVE</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Rey_Emperador" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Rey Emperador">Carlos, Rey Emperador</a></i> and is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cervantes" title="Álvaro Cervantes">Álvaro Cervantes</a>.</li> <li>Charles V is played by <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Brody" title="Adrien Brody">Adrien Brody</a> in the upcoming movie <i>Emperor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Charles V is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Everett" title="Rupert Everett">Rupert Everett</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Queen" title="The Serpent Queen">The Serpent Queen</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male-line_family_tree">Male-line family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Male-line family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="#cite_note-Chart-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Count_of_Habsburg" title="Albert IV, Count of Habsburg"><b>Albert</b><br />Count of Habsburg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1188</span>–1239</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany"><b>Rudolf I</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1218</span>–1291</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany"><b>Albert I</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1255–1308</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Hartmann</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1263–1281</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria"><b>Rudolf II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1270–1290</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia"><b>Rudolf I</b><br />of Bohemia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1281–1307</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair"><b>Frederick</b><br />the Fair</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1289</span>–1330</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold I</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1290–1326</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1298–1358</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Friendly" title="Henry the Friendly"><b>Henry</b><br />the Friendly</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1299–1327</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Otto, Duke of Austria"><b>Otto</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1301–1339</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Parricida" title="John Parricida"><b>John</b><br />Parricida</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span>–1312/1313</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDDF4; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albertinian_Line" title="Albertinian Line">Albertinian line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CEF2DA; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldian_line" title="Leopoldian line">Leopoldian line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Rudolf IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1339–1365</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Austria" title="Frederick III of Austria"><b>Frederick III</b></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1347–1362</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert III, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert III</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1349–1395</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold III</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1351–1386</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Frederick II</b><br />Duke of Austria<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1327–1344</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1328–1344</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1377–1404</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria"><b>William</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1370</span>–1406</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1371–1411</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria"><b>Ernest</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1377–1424</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Frederick IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1382–1439</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany"><b>Albert II</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1397–1439</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Frederick III</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1415–1493</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria"><b>Albert VI</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1418–1463</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria"><b>Sigismund</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1427–1496</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous"><b>Ladislaus</b><br />the Posthumous</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1440–1457</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Maximilian I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1459–1519</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile"><b>Philip I</b><br />of Castile</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1478–1506</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0B0FF; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Habsburg_(Spain)" title="Template:House of Habsburg (Spain)">Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B1D2FF; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">HRE line</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Charles V</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1500–1558</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1503–1564</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain"><b>Philip II</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1527–1598</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Maximilian II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1527–1576</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria"><b>Ferdinand II</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1529–1595</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria"><b>Charles II</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1540–1590</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias"><b>Carlos</b><br />Prince of Asturias</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1545–1568</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain"><b>Philip III</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1578–1621</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Rudolf II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1552–1612</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria"><b>Ernest</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1553–1595</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Matthias</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1557–1619</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria"><b>Maximilian III</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1558–1618</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria"><b>Albert VII</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1559–1621</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria"><b>Wenceslaus</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1561–1578</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margrave_Andrew_of_Burgau" title="Margrave Andrew of Burgau"><b>Andrew</b><br />Margrave of Burgau</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1558–1600</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Margrave_of_Burgau" title="Charles, Margrave of Burgau"><b>Charles</b><br />Margrave of Burgau</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1560–1618</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1578–1637</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria"><b>Maximilian Ernest</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1583–1616</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria"><b>Leopold V</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1586–1632</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw"><b>Charles</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1590–1624</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain"><b>Philip IV</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1605–1665</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)"><b>Charles</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1607–1632</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria"><b>Ferdinand</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1609–1641</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>John-Charles</b><br />of Austria<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1605–1619</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand III</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1608–1657</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria"><b>Leopold Wilhelm</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1614–1662</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria"><b>Ferdinand Charles</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1628–1662</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria"><b>Sigismund Francis</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1630–1665</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias"><b>Balthasar Charles</b><br />Prince of Asturias</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1629–1646</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain"><b>Charles II</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1661–1700</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans"><b>Ferdinand IV</b><br />King of the Romans</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1633–1654</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Leopold I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1640–1705</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria"><b>Charles Joseph</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1649–1664</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Joseph I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1678–1711</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Charles VI</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1685–1740</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chart-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chart_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en">"Habsburg family tree"</a>. <i>Habsburg family website</i>. 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Habsburg+family+website&rft.atitle=Habsburg+family+tree&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhabsburg.org%2Ffamily-history%2Fextended-family-tree%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid" title="Royal Armoury of Madrid">Royal Armoury of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna" title="Museum of Military History, Vienna">Museum of Military History, Vienna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chronology of his abdications has been disputed since early scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His public abdication to the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> certainly took place on 25 October 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abdication as Spanish king is generally dated to 16 January 1556, although some give other dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was ratified in a document dated 17 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 August, he announced his abdication as emperor and instructed his commissioners to negotiate with Ferdinand and the electors the formal transfer of power.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 August, Charles wrote a document to the Imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> (referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutio">Constitutio</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">Rescriptum</a></i>) renouncing the Empire in favour of Ferdinand.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, on 7 September, he sent an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> to all States of the Empire urging them to recognize Ferdinand as their new ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abdication was not recognized by the electors until 24<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or 28)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> February 1558. Ferdinand was finally proclaimed and crowned Emperor-elect on 14 March,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984716_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1984716-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after sworing the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_capitulation" title="Electoral capitulation">Electoral capitulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the name of Charles V until 1556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monarchs from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> with the titular title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke/Duchess of Burgundy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Karl V.</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Carlos V</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Charles Quint</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Carlo V</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Karel V</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Carles V</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Carolus V</i></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Charles V</b> as Holy Roman Emperor; <b>Charles I</b> as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; <b>Charles II</b> as Duke of Burgundy.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robertson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)" title="William Robertson (historian)">Robertson, William</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kNSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA262"><i>Histoire de Charles-Quint</i></a> (in French). Haumann. pp. 262-263 (note 1), 452–454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Charles-Quint&rft.pages=262-263+%28note+1%29%2C+452-454&rft.pub=Haumann&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kNSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=5370&language=english">The Abdication of Emperor Charles V (1555/56).</a> <i>German History in Documents and Images</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=5370&language=english">The Abdication of Emperor Charles V / Kaiserliche Instruktion für die Abdikationsgesandtschaft zu Ferdinand I. und zu den Kurfürsten</a>. <i>German History in Documents and Images</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA315"><i>Archiv für österreichische Geschichte</i></a> (in German). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1901. pp. 314–316. <q><i>Instruktion für die Abdikationsgesandtschaft</i> (Instruction for the Abdication Mission)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+%C3%B6sterreichische+Geschichte&rft.pages=314-316&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnEhAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1700" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernard, Jacques (1700). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ9SAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA276"><i>Recueil Des Traitez De Paix, De Treve, De Neutralite, etc</i></a> (in French). Henry Et La Veuve De T. Boom. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+Des+Traitez+De+Paix%2C+De+Treve%2C+De+Neutralite%2C+etc.&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Henry+Et+La+Veuve+De+T.+Boom&rft.date=1700&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZ9SAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLünig1720" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lünig, Johann Christian (1720). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA355"><i>Das deutsche Reichs-Archivs</i></a> (in German). Vol. 4. pp. 355–356. <q><i>Rescriptum</i> to the Chamber-Judges and Assessors of the Holy Imperial Chamber Court in Speyer, in which he refers them to the Roman King <i>Ferdinandum I</i> as their future ruler.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+deutsche+Reichs-Archivs&rft.pages=355-356&rft.date=1720&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCnig&rft.aufirst=Johann+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1H9CAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLünig1711" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lünig, Johann Christian (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNBeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA288"><i>Das deutsche Reichs-Archiv</i></a> (in German). Vol. 6. pp. 288–289. <q><i>Edictum</i> to all Electors and States of the Holy Roman Empire, that he entrusted his lord brother, the Roman King Ferdinand I, with the rule of the German Reich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+deutsche+Reichs-Archiv&rft.pages=288-289&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCnig&rft.aufirst=Johann+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNBeAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClémencet1784" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cl%C3%A9mencet" title="Charles Clémencet">Clémencet, Charles</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePWdvPNW1nsC&pg=PA41"><i>L'art de verifier les dates des faits historiques</i></a> (in French). Al. Jombert Jeune. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+de+verifier+les+dates+des+faits+historiques&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Al.+Jombert+Jeune&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9mencet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePWdvPNW1nsC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herber-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herber_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Herbermann, Charles George</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr0-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA738"><i>Histoire politique du règne de l'empereur Charles Quint</i></a> (in French). H. Tarlier. p. 738.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+politique+du+r%C3%A8gne+de+l%27empereur+Charles+Quint&rft.pages=738&rft.pub=H.+Tarlier&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=Charles+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZr0-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cr_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itr0qTRSX3wC&pg=PA16"><i>Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865</i></a>. pp. 16, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patxot, Fernando (1856). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRVFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA399">Los héroes y las grandezas de la tierra</a></i> <b>6</b>. p. 399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1984716-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984716_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984716_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1984">Setton 1984</a>, p. 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz, Enrique Martínez (2020). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6LbyDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR7">Felipe II: El hombre, el rey, el mito</a></i>. La Esfera de los Libros. p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herber_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herber-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984716_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1984716-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi9pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA321"><i>Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.</i></a> p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignet1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignet, François Auguste Alexis (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmErGwc0fM4C&pg=PA307"><i>Carlos Quinto: su abdicación, su estancia y muerte en el Monasterio de Yuste</i></a> (in Spanish). Biblioteca Perojo. p. 307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+Quinto%3A+su+abdicaci%C3%B3n%2C+su+estancia+y+muerte+en+el+Monasterio+de+Yuste&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Perojo&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Mignet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Auguste+Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmErGwc0fM4C%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Gebhardt (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5clDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte</i></a>. p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_de_Cadenas_y_Vicent" title="Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent">de Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente</a> (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SWFBX4TK3w0C&pg=PA105">Caminos y derroteros que recorrió el emperador Carlos V</a></i>. Ediciones Hidalguia. p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1908" class="citation book cs1">Herbermann, Charles George (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC5OAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA629"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Robert Appleton Company. p. 629.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=629&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=Charles+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC5OAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.13109/9783666360824.46">Wahlkapitulation Ferdinands I., Frankfurt am Main, 14. März 1558</a>. <i>V&R eLibrary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NH_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NH_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/carlos-v-coronacion-emperador_7521/1">Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130451/https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/carlos-v-coronacion-emperador_7521/1">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pagden,_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagden, Anthony">Pagden, Anthony</a> quoting Ariosto, <i>Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present</i>. New York: Random House 2007, p. 76 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307431592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307431592">978-0307431592</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HX8bAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghislaine+de+Boom%22"><i>Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas</i></a> (in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 1943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Quint%2C+prince+des+Pays-Bas&rft.pub=La+Renaissance+du+Livre&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHX8bAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DGhislaine%2Bde%2BBoom%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERRdAQAAQBAJ&q=gattinara+sire+charlemagne&pg=PT299"><i>Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230112988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230112988"><bdi>978-0230112988</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Ethnography+in+Early+Modern+Germany%3A+New+Worlds+in+Print+Culture&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230112988&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERRdAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgattinara%2Bsire%2Bcharlemagne%26pg%3DPT299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerer2012" class="citation book cs1">Ferer, Mary Tiffany (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126"><i>Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion</i></a>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843836995" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843836995"><bdi>978-1843836995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Ceremony+at+the+Court+of+Charles+V%3A+The+Capilla+Flamenca+and+the+Art+of+Political+Promotion&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1843836995&rft.aulast=Ferer&rft.aufirst=Mary+Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lJRToDUeWUC%26q%3DCharles%2BV%2Bempire%2Bsun%2Bset%2BSpain%2BHRE%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141926605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141926605">978-0141926605</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">Armitage, D.</a> (2000). <i>The Ideological Origins of the British Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521789783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521789783"><bdi>978-0521789783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Origins+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521789783&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedley1845" class="citation book cs1">Smedley, Edward (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PINEUKYXHd0C&q=Carolus+defensor+ecllesia&pg=PA626"><i>Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+metropolitana%3B+Volume+17&rft.place=London&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPINEUKYXHd0C%26q%3DCarolus%2Bdefensor%2Becllesia%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kanski, Jack J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwV_DwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+archduke+of+austria+1521&pg=PA50"><i>History of the German speaking nations</i></a>. Troubador Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789017182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789017182"><bdi>978-1789017182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+German+speaking+nations&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1789017182&rft.aulast=Kanski&rft.aufirst=Jack+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwV_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2Barchduke%2Bof%2Baustria%2B1521%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlacLott2019" class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440848568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440848568"><bdi>978-1440848568</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1440848568&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Lott%2C+Elizabeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarSYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407035154/https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17"><i>The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137069771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137069771"><bdi>978-1137069771</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17">the original</a> on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years+War%2C+a+sourcebook&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137069771&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7wodBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1556%2BAustrian%2BHabsburgs%2BSoanish%2BHabsburgs%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire</i>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brandi" title="Karl Brandi">Karl Brandi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Emperor, a new life of Charles V</i>, Geoffrey Parker</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaemers2014" class="citation book cs1">Haemers, Jelle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/181/896/RUG01-002181896_2017_0001_AC.pdf"><i>De strijd om het regentschap over Filips de Schone : opstand, facties en geweld in Brugge, Gent en Ieper (1482–1488)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gent. pp. 203, 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9038224008" title="Special:BookSources/978-9038224008"><bdi>978-9038224008</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/181/896/RUG01-002181896_2017_0001_AC.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+strijd+om+het+regentschap+over+Filips+de+Schone+%3A+opstand%2C+facties+en+geweld+in+Brugge%2C+Gent+en+Ieper+%281482%E2%80%931488%29&rft.place=Gent&rft.pages=203%2C+204&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9038224008&rft.aulast=Haemers&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibstore.ugent.be%2Ffulltxt%2FRUG01%2F002%2F181%2F896%2FRUG01-002181896_2017_0001_AC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1997" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VGSyEAR3hUC&pg=PP1"><i>Erasmus: The Education of a Christian Prince with the Panegyric for Archduke Philip of Austria</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58811-9"><bdi>978-0-521-58811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+The+Education+of+a+Christian+Prince+with+the+Panegyric+for+Archduke+Philip+of+Austria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58811-9&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4VGSyEAR3hUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHare1907" class="citation book cs1">Hare, Christopher (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highpuissantprin00hare"><i>The high and puissant princess Marguerite of Austria, princess dowager of Spain, duchess dowager of Savoy, regent of the Netherlands</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highpuissantprin00hare/page/48">48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+high+and+puissant+princess+Marguerite+of+Austria%2C+princess+dowager+of+Spain%2C+duchess+dowager+of+Savoy%2C+regent+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighpuissantprin00hare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2019" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcqlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108499255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108499255"><bdi>978-1108499255</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1618%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1108499255&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcqlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumannSchmidt-von_Rhein2002" class="citation book cs1">Baumann, Anette; Schmidt-von Rhein, Georg (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWIiAQAAIAAJ"><i>Kaiser Maximilian I. : Bewahrer und Reformer; [Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung vom 2.8. bis 31.10.2002 im Reichskammergerichtsmuseum Wetzlar]</i></a>. Ramstein: Paqué. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3935279338" title="Special:BookSources/978-3935279338"><bdi>978-3935279338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser+Maximilian+I.+%3A+Bewahrer+und+Reformer%3B+%5BKatalog+zur+gleichnamigen+Ausstellung+vom+2.8.+bis+31.10.2002+im+Reichskammergerichtsmuseum+Wetzlar%5D&rft.place=Ramstein&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Paqu%C3%A9&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3935279338&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Anette&rft.au=Schmidt-von+Rhein%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWIiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjelverWiesflecker2021" class="citation web cs1">Skjelver, Danielle Mead; Wiesflecker, Hermann (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Maximilian I"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228184400/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-Holy-Roman-emperor">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Maximilian+I&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.aulast=Skjelver&rft.aufirst=Danielle+Mead&rft.au=Wiesflecker%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMaximilian-I-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxfUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th–16th Centuries)</i></a>. Brill. 2020. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004422445" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004422445"><bdi>978-9004422445</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pax+Mongolica+to+Pax+Ottomanica%3A+War%2C+Religion+and+Trade+in+the+Northwestern+Black+Sea+Region+%2814th%E2%80%9316th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9004422445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxfUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaemers2014204-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaemers2014204_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaemers2014">Haemers 2014</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2018" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Gillian B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4E9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile</i></a>. Springer. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319743479" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319743479"><bdi>978-3319743479</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juana+I%3A+Legitimacy+and+Conflict+in+Sixteenth-Century+Castile&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3319743479&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Gillian+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4E9UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2015" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Geoff (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WJOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Revolt in Bohemia, 1618</i></a>. Springer. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137543851" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137543851"><bdi>978-1137543851</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Thirty+Years+War+and+the+Revolt+in+Bohemia%2C+1618&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137543851&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WJOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Martyn Rady</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana</i>, José Hernando Sanchez</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">"<i>Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla</i>; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cortes+de+los+antiguos+reinos+de+Le%C3%B3n+y+de+Castilla%3B+Manuel+Colmeiro+%281883%29&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">"XXIII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XXIII&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000016.htm%23I_38_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IKVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 9, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300241020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300241020"><bdi>978-0300241020</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor%3A+A+New+Life+of+Charles+V&rft.pages=9%2C+10&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300241020&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IKVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Castilian cortes in 1504 and 1510. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">"<i>Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla</i>; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cortes+de+los+antiguos+reinos+de+Le%C3%B3n+y+de+Castilla%3B+Manuel+Colmeiro+%281883%29&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">"XXIII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XXIII&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000016.htm%23I_38_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2018" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Richard (2018). <i>Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1725852785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1725852785"><bdi>978-1725852785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+V%3A+Duty+and+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+The+Emperor+and+his+Changing+World+1500%E2%80%931558&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1725852785&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Spain,_Joseph_Perez_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Spain, Joseph Perez</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_V,_Pierre_Chaunu_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Charles V</i>, Pierre Chaunu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Germany in the Holy Roman Empire</i>, Whaley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadopoulos1996" class="citation book cs1">Papadopoulos, Alex G. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa"><i>Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226645599" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226645599"><bdi>978-0226645599</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Brussels was the imperial capital of Charles V.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Regimes+and+Strategies%3A+Building+Europe%27s+Central+Executive+District+in+Brussels&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0226645599&rft.aulast=Papadopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alex+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbanregimesstra0000papa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitlandRitchie2019" class="citation book cs1">Maitland, Robert; Ritchie, Brent W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FktYIGI-jkC&q=bruxelles+imperial+capital+of+charles+v&pg=PA241"><i>City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives</i></a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845935467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845935467"><bdi>978-1845935467</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Tourism%3A+National+Capital+Perspectives&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1845935467&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Brent+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FktYIGI-jkC%26q%3Dbruxelles%2Bimperial%2Bcapital%2Bof%2Bcharles%2Bv%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2005" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spain14691714soc00kame"><i>Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict</i></a> (3rd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582784646" title="Special:BookSources/0582784646"><bdi>0582784646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1469%E2%80%931714%3A+a+society+of+conflict&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0582784646&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspain14691714soc00kame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentenaars_Stropdragers-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gentenaars_Stropdragers_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205756/http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0">"Gentenaars Stropdragers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0">the original</a> on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gentenaars+Stropdragers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgilde2.itbull.org%2Fnl%2Fhistoriek-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081311/http://www.gentschefieste.be/2005/Progr/GStroppen/Stroppen.htm">"Gilde van de Stroppendragers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gentschefieste.be/2005/Progr/GStroppen/Stroppen.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilde+van+de+Stroppendragers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gentschefieste.be%2F2005%2FProgr%2FGStroppen%2FStroppen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Gil,_Fernando2007" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Gil, Fernando (2007). "Corte renacentista". <i>La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana</i>. Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 113–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8493414078" title="Special:BookSources/978-8493414078"><bdi>978-8493414078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corte+renacentista&rft.btitle=La+invenci%C3%B3n+de+Toledo.+Im%C3%A1genes+hist%C3%B3ricas+de+una+identidad+urbana&rft.pages=113-121&rft.pub=Almud%2C+ediciones+de+Castilla-La+Mancha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8493414078&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Gil%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toledoescorte-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toledoescorte_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Gil,_Fernando1999" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Gil, Fernando (1999). "Toledo es Corte (1480–1561)". <i>Historia de Toledo</i>. Azacanes. pp. 259–308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8488480199" title="Special:BookSources/8488480199"><bdi>8488480199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toledo+es+Corte+%281480%E2%80%931561%29&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Toledo&rft.pages=259-308&rft.pub=Azacanes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8488480199&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Gil%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla'; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Cortes+de+los+antiguos+reinos+de+Le%C3%B3n+y+de+Castilla%27%3B+Manuel+Colmeiro+%281883%29&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmeiro1884" class="citation web cs1">Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">"XXIII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XXIII&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Colmeiro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000016.htm%23I_38_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)</i>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF">Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061003/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF">Archived</a> 14 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)</i>, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos</a>, p. 138 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Archived</a> 2012-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos</a>, pp. 139–140 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jimenes_de_Cisneros,_Francisco">"Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jimenes+de+Cisneros%2C+Francisco&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130224212203/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm">"Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm">the original</a> on 24 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cortes+de+los+antiguos+reinos+de+Le%C3%B3n+y+de+Castilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F95791734217821695203346%2Fp0000018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument"><i>Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón</i>; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2008-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg">page 64</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg">Archived</a> 10 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&dq=carlos+rey&pg=PA43"><i>Historia general de España</i>; Modesto Lafuente (1861)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404081925/https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&dq=carlos+rey&pg=PA43">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonreal,_GregorioJimeno,_Roldan2012" class="citation book cs1">Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). <i>Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla</i>. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 37–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8476817360" title="Special:BookSources/978-8476817360"><bdi>978-8476817360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquista+e+Incorporaci%C3%B3n+de+Navarra+a+Castilla&rft.place=Pamplona-Iru%C3%B1a&rft.pages=37-43&rft.pub=Pamiela&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8476817360&rft.au=Monreal%2C+Gregorio&rft.au=Jimeno%2C+Roldan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQioAAAAIAAJ&q=navarre%2C+law+prevailed%2C+and+the+monarchy+was+a+contract+with+the+people&pg=RA1-PA104"><i>The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers</i></a>. Weed, Parsons. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albany+Law+Journal%3A+A+Monthly+Record+of+the+Law+and+the+Lawyers&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQioAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnavarre%252C%2Blaw%2Bprevailed%252C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bmonarchy%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bcontract%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bpeople%26pg%3DRA1-PA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean." <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i> 9.3 (2005): 239–283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, J.H. <i>Imperial Spain 1469–1716.</i> Penguin Books (New York: 2002), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitta" class="citation book cs1">Litta, Count Pompeo. <i>Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Italian+Families%2C+Stampa+di+Milano&rft.aulast=Litta&rft.aufirst=Count+Pompeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311"><i>Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters</i></a>. p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?" <i>German History</i> (2001) 19#1 pp 1–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cohn, H.J. (1 January 2001). "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?". <i>German History</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F026635501672200203">10.1191/026635501672200203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Did+Bribes+Induce+the+German+Electors+to+Choose+Charles+V+as+Emperor+in+1519%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F026635501672200203&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1982" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC&pg=PA47"><i>A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691007953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691007953"><bdi>978-0691007953</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+The+Reformation&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0691007953&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D350Qosar-UcC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustiStevensonJastrow1905" class="citation book cs1">Justi, Ferdinand; Stevenson, Sara Yorke; Jastrow, Morris (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnckAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA56"><i>A History of All Nations</i></a>. Lea Brothers. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+All+Nations&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Lea+Brothers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Justi&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Sara+Yorke&rft.au=Jastrow%2C+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnckAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, J. Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzJ8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59"><i>Maria Theresa of Austria</i></a>. Read Books Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1446545553" title="Special:BookSources/978-1446545553"><bdi>978-1446545553</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+Theresa+of+Austria&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1446545553&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=J.+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzJ8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2010" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Joseph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PaujcQAACAAJ"><i>The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne</i></a>. LAP Lambert Acad. Publ. pp. 20–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3838339641" title="Special:BookSources/978-3838339641"><bdi>978-3838339641</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+Spain+Under+Charles+V%2C+Spain%27s+New+Charlemagne&rft.pages=20-40&rft.pub=LAP+Lambert+Acad.+Publ.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3838339641&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPaujcQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2011" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Joachim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgFREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284"><i>Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 239, 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191617218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191617218"><bdi>978-0191617218</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%3A+Maximilian+I+to+the+Peace+of+Westphalia%2C+1493%E2%80%931648&rft.pages=239%2C+284&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0191617218&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgFREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2013" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GypWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1737"><i>Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 1737. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465065950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465065950"><bdi>978-0465065950</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+The+Struggle+for+Supremacy%2C+from+1453+to+the+Present&rft.pages=1737&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0465065950&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGypWDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2004" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9gDMsRka9sC&pg=PA165"><i>Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664227135" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664227135"><bdi>978-0664227135</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recultivating+the+Vineyard%3A+The+Reformation+Agendas+of+Christianization&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0664227135&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9gDMsRka9sC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Philip J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA334"><i>Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens</i></a>. McFarland. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786491032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786491032"><bdi>978-0786491032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs+of+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Lives+and+Reigns+of+42+European+Kings+and+Queens&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0786491032&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39hKrtqiDcIC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20111206134156/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22">"Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII"</a>. <i>royalcollection.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22">the original</a> on 6 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalcollection.org.uk&rft.atitle=Royal+Collection+%E2%80%93+The+Knights+of+the+Garter+under+Henry+VIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcollection.org.uk%2Fmicrosites%2Fknightsofthegarter%2FMicroObject.asp%3Frow%3D21%26themeid%3D455%26item%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars</i> (Osprey, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes1993a-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes1993a_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC&pg=PA192">p. 192</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Froude1891a-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Froude1891a_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froude (1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C&pg=PA480">pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Note: the link goes to p. 480, then click the View All option</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: <a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Ball" title="Bryan W. Ball">Bryan W. Ball</a>. <i>A Great Expectation</i>. Brill Publishers, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004043152" title="Special:BookSources/9004043152">9004043152</a>. p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Arlinghaus" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Arlinghaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html">"Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566"</a>. Personal.umich.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121014030/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Span+of+Suleiman+The+Magnificent%2C+1494%E2%80%931566&rft.pub=Personal.umich.edu&rft.au=Sandra+Arlinghaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~sarhaus%2Flarimore02%2Fsuleiman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." <i>MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, in this <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Truce of Adrianople (1547)</a> Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423"><i>Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576077330" title="Special:BookSources/1576077330"><bdi>1576077330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1576077330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPT423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Habsburg–Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in <i>The Indian Ocean in world history?</i> Milo Kearney – 2004 – p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22169/22169-h/22169-h.htm#Page_112">"The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, by Stanley Lane-Poole"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Barbary+Corsairs%2C+by+Stanley+Lane-Poole.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22169%2F22169-h%2F22169-h.htm%23Page_112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcés2005" class="citation book cs1">Garcés, María Antonia (2005). <i>Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale</i> (2nd ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826514707" title="Special:BookSources/0826514707"><bdi>0826514707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cervantes+in+Algiers%3A+A+Captive%27s+Tale&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0826514707&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=31&xywh=-3472,286,12410,6929">"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois [manuscript]"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029015419/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=31&xywh=-3472,286,12410,6929">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois+%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D31%26xywh%3D-3472%2C286%2C12410%2C6929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg." <i>Sixteenth Century Journal</i> (1982): 75–106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540054">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407025412/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540054">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League." <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (2013 104#1 pp. 134–157), in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546–1547." <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i> (1975), Vol. 11, pp. 67–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2002229–248-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2002229–248_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy2002">Tracy 2002</a>, pp. 229–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernand_Braudel1995" class="citation book cs1">Fernand Braudel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA935"><i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 935–936. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520203303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520203303"><bdi>978-0520203303</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II&rft.pages=935-936&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0520203303&rft.au=Fernand+Braudel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLPp63EKb9moC%26pg%3DPA935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–468, 480–482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setton-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Setton_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, K.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V</i></a>. Memoirs. Vol. 162. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. p. 716. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871691620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871691620"><bdi>978-0871691620</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9738">0065-9738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Sixteenth+Century+from+Julius+III+to+Pius+V&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Memoirs&rft.pages=716&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0065-9738&rft.isbn=978-0871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1846" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, H., ed. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPwQAAAAIAAJ"><i>Zurich Letters</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPwQAAAAIAAJ&pg=182">182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zurich+Letters&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPwQAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whaley2012-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whaley2012_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Whaley2012" class="citation book cs1">Joachim Whaley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXdPzWXCphkC&pg=PA343"><i>Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198731016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198731016"><bdi>978-0198731016</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%3A+Maximilian+I+to+the+Peace+of+Westphalia%2C+1493%E2%80%931648&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0198731016&rft.au=Joachim+Whaley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXdPzWXCphkC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoJ._de_Zulueta2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta; et al. (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V". <i>N. Engl. J. Med</i>. <b>355</b> (5): 516–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMon060780">10.1056/NEJMon060780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16885558">16885558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=The+severe+gout+of+Holy+Roman+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=516-520&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMon060780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16885558&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.au=J.+de+Zulueta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Zulueta2007" class="citation journal cs1">de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V". <i>Parassitologia</i>. <b>49</b> (1–2): 107–109. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18412053">18412053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parassitologia&rft.atitle=The+cause+of+death+of+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=107-109&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18412053&rft.aulast=de+Zulueta&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199765-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199765_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1997">Kamen 1997</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor</i>, 490–494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://el-escorial.com/el-escorial-history/">"El Escorial History – El Escorial"</a>. el-escorial.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716153018/http://el-escorial.com/el-escorial-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Escorial+History+%E2%80%93+El+Escorial&rft.pub=el-escorial.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fel-escorial.com%2Fel-escorial-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delacuadra.net/escorial/textos/1997c-a-panteo.pdf">"A-Panteo.Pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127053401/https://www.delacuadra.net/escorial/textos/1997c-a-panteo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-Panteo.Pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delacuadra.net%2Fescorial%2Ftextos%2F1997c-a-panteo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRady2014" class="citation book cs1">Rady, Martyn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>The Emperor Charles V</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317880820" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317880820"><bdi>978-1317880820</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317880820&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsQeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including Austria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">including his last voyage after the abdication</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476608891" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476608891"><bdi>978-1476608891</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1476608891&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Everett+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667588/">"Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/from-colony-to-nationhood-in-mexico/tlaxcalan-vassals-of-the-north/6B58402089348F61A53A20F55617F69D">"Tlaxcalan Vassals of the North"</a>, <i>From Colony to Nationhood in Mexico: Laying the Foundations, 1560–1840</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–56, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139026253.002">10.1017/CBO9781139026253.002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00630-0"><bdi>978-1-107-00630-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=From+Colony+to+Nationhood+in+Mexico%3A+Laying+the+Foundations%2C+1560%E2%80%931840&rft.atitle=Tlaxcalan+Vassals+of+the+North&rft.pages=21-56&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139026253.002&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00630-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Ffrom-colony-to-nationhood-in-mexico%2Ftlaxcalan-vassals-of-the-north%2F6B58402089348F61A53A20F55617F69D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParedes2014" class="citation book cs1">Paredes, Cecilia (28 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11727892"><i><span></span>'The Confusion of the Battlefield: A New Perspective on the Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia (c. 1525–1528)', RIHA Journal 0102</i></a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033042/https://www.academia.edu/11727892">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Casemate Publishers. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848847033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848847033"><bdi>978-1848847033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+and+Swordsmen&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848847033&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbbNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuype2018" class="citation journal cs1">Puype, Jan Piet (2018). 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Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17416124.2020.1791406">10.1080/17416124.2020.1791406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227060405">227060405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arms+%26+Armour&rft.atitle=Wilfried+Tittmann%2C+Die+N%C3%BCrnberger+Handfeuerwaffen+vom+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+bis+zum+Fr%C3%BChbarock%3A+Der+Beitrag+N%C3%BCrnbergs+zur+Milit%C3%A4rischen+Revolution+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit+%28%3D+The+Portable+Firearms+of+Nuremberg+from+the+Late+Middle+Ages+to+the+Early+Modern+Age%29&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17416124.2020.1791406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227060405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Puype&rft.aufirst=Jan+Piet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2010" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Carolyn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0td4Klz9VgC&pg=PT17"><i>Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance</i></a>. 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Springer-Verlag. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3476000606" title="Special:BookSources/978-3476000606"><bdi>978-3476000606</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096978" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096978"><bdi>978-1851096978</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1851096978&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Arnold%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Wiener%2C+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsM4A0GSO34C%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/make/hd_make.htm">"Famous Makers of Arms and Armors and European Centers of Production"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905183438/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/make/hd_make.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Famous+Makers+of+Arms+and+Armors+and+European+Centers+of+Production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmake%2Fhd_make.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Marie Le Gall, « Les Combattants de Pavie. Octobre 1524 – 24 février 1525 », Revue historique, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, no 671, juillet 2014, pp. 567–596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1941" class="citation book cs1">Major, Ralph Hermon (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QSgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Fatal Partners, War and Disease</i></a>. Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 80<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3050049953" title="Special:BookSources/978-3050049953"><bdi>978-3050049953</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcultural+Wars%3A+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3050049953&rft.aulast=Kort%C3%BCm&rft.aufirst=Hans-Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobFJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Singer, P. W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOQjNuxMrOEC&pg=PA27"><i>Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801459603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801459603"><bdi>978-0801459603</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Warriors%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Privatized+Military+Industry&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0801459603&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOQjNuxMrOEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/discussions/9589141/h-german-roundtable-smith-germany-nation-its-time-during-and">"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 H-German H-Net"</a>. <i>networks.h-net.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126125927/https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/discussions/9589141/h-german-roundtable-smith-germany-nation-its-time-during-and">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=networks.h-net.org&rft.atitle=H-German+Roundtable+on+Smith%2C+Germany%3A+A+Nation+in+Its+Time+Before%2C+During%2C+and+After+Nationalism%2C+1500%E2%80%932000+H-German+H-Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F35008%2Fdiscussions%2F9589141%2Fh-german-roundtable-smith-germany-nation-its-time-during-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2008" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAteUrADx0wC&pg=PA27"><i>The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191607288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191607288"><bdi>978-0191607288</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+the+Dutch+Republic%3A+War%2C+Finance%2C+and+Politics+in+Holland%2C+1572%E2%80%931588&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0191607288&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAteUrADx0wC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez2012" class="citation book cs1">López, Ignacio J. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7"><i>The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780968735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780968735"><bdi>978-1780968735</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Tercios+1536%E2%80%931704&rft.pages=7-15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780968735&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Ignacio+J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SzDCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boydell_&_Brewer_Ltd_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesa2014" class="citation book cs1">Mesa, Eduardo de (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24GfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Irish in the Spanish Armies in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843839514" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843839514"><bdi>978-1843839514</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+in+the+Spanish+Armies+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1843839514&rft.aulast=Mesa&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24GfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Sandberg, Brian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4elhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT178"><i>War and Conflict in the Early Modern World: 1500–1700</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509503025" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509503025"><bdi>978-1509503025</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Conflict+in+the+Early+Modern+World%3A+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1509503025&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4elhDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1969" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVVpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253190253" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253190253"><bdi>978-0253190253</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Succession+in+Spain%2C+1700%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0253190253&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltby2017" class="citation book cs1">Maltby, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upNKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>The Reign of Charles V</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230629080" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230629080"><bdi>978-0230629080</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Charles+V&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0230629080&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupNKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes1999" class="citation book cs1">Fuentes, Carlos (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyj5PK-15UwC&pg=PA168"><i>The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395924990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395924990"><bdi>978-0395924990</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buried+Mirror%3A+Reflections+on+Spain+and+the+New+World&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0395924990&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyj5PK-15UwC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2010" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMBJsRyRUlgC&pg=PA95"><i>War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139494014" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139494014"><bdi>978-1139494014</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Religion+and+Empire%3A+The+Transformation+of+International+Orders&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1139494014&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMBJsRyRUlgC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston2021" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Gábor (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273"><i>The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 273–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691205380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691205380"><bdi>978-0691205380</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Muslim+Conquest%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Its+Wars+in+Europe&rft.pages=273-275&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0691205380&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXALEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherer2017" class="citation book cs1">Sherer, Idan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3zDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry during the Italian Wars, 1494–1559</i></a>. Brill. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004337725" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004337725"><bdi>978-9004337725</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+for+a+Living%3A+The+Experience+of+the+Spanish+Infantry+during+the+Italian+Wars%2C+1494%E2%80%931559&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9004337725&rft.aulast=Sherer&rft.aufirst=Idan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxd3zDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberlein2012" class="citation book cs1">Häberlein, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hv_Lxx3Gxs8C&pg=PT67"><i>The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fuggers+of+Augsburg%3A+Pursuing+Wealth+and+Honor+in+Renaissance+Germany&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0813932446&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berlein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhv_Lxx3Gxs8C%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehringer2011349_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehringer2011">Behringer 2011</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinelSack2014" class="citation book cs1">Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642543319" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642543319"><bdi>978-3642543319</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926235052/https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Communication%3A+Communication%2C+Multimedia%2C+Security&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3642543319&rft.aulast=Meinel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Sack%2C+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5O25BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlacLott2019" class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255"><i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440848568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440848568"><bdi>978-1440848568</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1440848568&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Lott%2C+Elizabeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarSYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisman2017" class="citation book cs1">Brisman, Shira (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dECvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226354897" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226354897"><bdi>978-0226354897</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albrecht+D%C3%BCrer+and+the+Epistolary+Mode+of+Address&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0226354897&rft.aulast=Brisman&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdECvDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehringer2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf"><i>The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 350, 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199602971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199602971"><bdi>978-0199602971</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Core+and+Periphery%3A+The+Holy+Roman+Empire+as+a+Communication%28s%29+Universe&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%2C+1495%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=350%2C+351&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199602971&rft.aulast=Behringer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperspectivia.net%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2Fpnet_derivate_00004689%2Fbehringer_core.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauchies2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cauchies, Jean-Marie (5 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-moyen-age-2020-1-page-99.htm">"Bibliographie Maximilien d'Autriche, cinq cents ans après. Diplomatie et propagande"</a>. <i>Le Moyen Âge</i> (in French) (1): 99–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frma.261.0099">10.3917/rma.261.0099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-2841">0027-2841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242643244">242643244</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603164056/https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-moyen-age-2020-1-page-99.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.atitle=Bibliographie+Maximilien+d%27Autriche%2C+cinq+cents+ans+apr%C3%A8s.+Diplomatie+et+propagande&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-105&rft.date=2020-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242643244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0027-2841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frma.261.0099&rft.aulast=Cauchies&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-le-moyen-age-2020-1-page-99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainka-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mainka_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mainka_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mainka, Peter Johann (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1806-93472022v42n89-04">"Diplomacia e Estado na primeira modernidade"</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de História</i>. <b>42</b> (89): 39–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1806-93472022v42n89-04">10.1590/1806-93472022v42n89-04</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247214976">247214976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Hist%C3%B3ria&rft.atitle=Diplomacia+e+Estado+na+primeira+modernidade&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=39-60&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F1806-93472022v42n89-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247214976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mainka&rft.aufirst=Peter+Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F1806-93472022v42n89-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzig2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Metzig, Gregor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBWyDQAAQBAJ"><i>Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)</i></a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 48, 53, 98, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110454574" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110454574"><bdi>978-3110454574</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kommunikation+und+Konfrontation%3A+Diplomatie+und+Gesandtschaftswesen+Kaiser+Maximilians+I.+%281486%E2%80%931519%29&rft.pages=48%2C+53%2C+98%2C+99&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3110454574&rft.aulast=Metzig&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBWyDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurdusev2016" class="citation book cs1">Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjB6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional?</i></a>. Springer. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230554436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230554436"><bdi>978-0230554436</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=granadainfo.com&rft.atitle=The+Alhambra+in+Granada%3A+Carlos+V+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgranadainfo.com%2Falhambra%2Fcarlos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSL" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SL, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020400/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Falhambras_guide%2Fcarlos_v_palace">"La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org"</a>. <i>La Alhambra de Granada</i> (in European Spanish). 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Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1152295705" title="Special:BookSources/1152295705"><bdi>1152295705</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829093011/http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Conquest+of+Mexico%2C+with+a+Preliminary+View+of+Ancient+Mexican+Civilization%2C+and+the+Life+of+the+Conqueror%2C+Hernando+Cortes&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Electronic+Text+Center%2C+University+of+Virginia+Library&rft.date=1873&rft.isbn=1152295705&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=William+Hickling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.virginia.edu%2Ftoc%2Fmodeng%2Fpublic%2FPreConq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i>, 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i>, pp. 364–367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder, Mark A. "New Laws of 1542" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</a></i>, v. 4, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook David Noble, "Gonzalo Pizarro" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</a></i>, v. 4, 417–418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeys2018" class="citation news cs1">Keys, David (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/transatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html">"Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821003108/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/transatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Details+of+horrific+first+voyages+in+transatlantic+slave+trade+revealed&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">admin (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centrocovarrubias.org/cdc/2018/08/07/la-efemeride-3-de-julio-de-1549/">"La Efeméride : 3 de Julio de 1549"</a>. <i>Centro Diego de Covarrubias</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 269–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1725852785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1725852785"><bdi>978-1725852785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+V%3A+Duty+and+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+The+Emperor+and+his+Changing+World+1500%E2%80%931558&rft.pages=269-272&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1725852785&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Philip-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Philipp_I._der_Sch%C3%B6ne_von_Oesterreich">"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Philipp+I.+der+Sch%C3%B6ne+von+Oesterreich&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Joanna-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Joanna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna">"Joanna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joanna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=421&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maximilian I. (emperor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maximilian_I._(emperor)">"Maximilian I." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 922–932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maximilian+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=922-932&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoupardin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poupardin" title="René Poupardin">Poupardin, René</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles (Duke of Burgundy)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_(Duke_of_Burgundy)">"Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles%2C+called+The+Bold%2C+duke+of+Burgundy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=932-933&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Poupardin&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferdinand_V._of_Castile_and_Leon_and_II._of_Aragon">"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+V.+of+Castile+and+Leon+and+II.+of+Aragon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=266-267&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Isabella-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Isabella_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Isabella_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Isabella of Castile"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Isabella_of_Castile">"Isabella of Castile" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isabella+of+Castile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=859&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga_712-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga_712_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadariaga_Orbea,_Juan2014" class="citation book cs1">Madariaga Orbea, Juan (2014). <i>Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII</i>. Euskaltzaindia. p. 712.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociedad+y+lengua+vasca+en+los+siglos+XVII+y+XVIII&rft.pages=712&rft.pub=Euskaltzaindia&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Madariaga+Orbea%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Charles V</i>, Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i>, p. 377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkens1897-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkens1897_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_August_Wilkens1897" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius August Wilkens (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66">"VIII. Juan de Valdés"</a>. <i>Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century</i>. William Heinemann. p. 66<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+Juan+de+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.btitle=Spanish+Protestants+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Cornelius+August+Wilkens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBg1AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs." <i>Heredity</i> 111.2 (2013): 114–121 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201325">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504161334/https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201325">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor</i>, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Schneble" class="citation web cs1">H. 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His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol2/pp1302-1311">"Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 pp. 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864"</a>. <i>British History Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611104710/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol2/pp1302-1311">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%3A+June+1518%2C+1%E2%80%9315+pp.+1302%E2%80%931311+Letters+and+Papers%2C+Foreign+and+Domestic%2C+Henry+VIII%2C+Volume+2%2C+1515%E2%80%931518.+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%2C+London%2C+1864.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fletters-papers-hen8%2Fvol2%2Fpp1302-1311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 84, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/history_alhambra/palacio_carlos_v">Palace of Charles V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924081126/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Fhistory_alhambra%2Fpalacio_carlos_v">Archived</a> 24 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alhambra.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, H.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2"><i>Philip of Spain</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300070811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300070811"><bdi>978-0300070811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Spain&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0300070811&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilipofspain00kame%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1997">Kamen 1997</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-glory/66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145">"The Glory – The Collection"</a>. <i>Museo Nacional del Prado</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807064418/https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-glory/66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Nacional+del+Prado&rft.atitle=The+Glory+%E2%80%93+The+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelprado.es%2Fen%2Fthe-collection%2Fart-work%2Fthe-glory%2F66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/empress-isabella-of-portugal/d4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696">"Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection"</a>. <i>Museo Nacional del Prado</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203311/https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/empress-isabella-of-portugal/d4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Nacional+del+Prado&rft.atitle=Empress+Isabella+of+Portugal+%E2%80%93+The+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelprado.es%2Fen%2Fthe-collection%2Fart-work%2Fempress-isabella-of-portugal%2Fd4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brabantensemble.com/discography/thomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons/">"Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons"</a>. <i>The Brabant Ensemble</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224142853/https://www.brabantensemble.com/discography/thomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brabant+Ensemble&rft.atitle=Thomas+Crecquillon%3A+Missa+%27Mort+m%27a+priv%C3%A9%27%2C+motets+and+chansons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brabantensemble.com%2Fdiscography%2Fthomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_38_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor</i>, pp. 400–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>Emperor</i>, 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_The_Golden_Empire,_37_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher2016">Fletcher 2016</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoy.es/extremadura/hija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html">"La hija secreta de Carlos V"</a>. <i>hoy.es</i> (in Spanish). 12 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221124659/https://www.hoy.es/extremadura/hija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hoy.es&rft.atitle=La+hija+secreta+de+Carlos+V&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoy.es%2Fextremadura%2Fhija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Golden Empire</i>, 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Geoffrey. <i>Emperor</i>, pp. 400–401, 483–484, 560</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118532502.html#ndbcontent">Ferdinand I.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A_Brady_JR2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A Brady JR (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OcgAwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+younger+brother+vassal+of+Charles&pg=PA210"><i>German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139481151" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139481151"><bdi>978-1139481151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Histories+in+the+Age+of+Reformations%2C+1400%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1139481151&rft.au=Thomas+A+Brady+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OcgAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2Byounger%2Bbrother%2Bvassal%2Bof%2BCharles%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulke1920" class="citation web cs1">Foulke, Roland Roberts (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5T6uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+lieutenant+1521">"A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+International+Law%3A+With+an+Introductory+Essay+on+the+Definition+and+Nature+of+the+Laws+of+Human+Conduct&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Foulke&rft.aufirst=Roland+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5T6uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2Blieutenant%2B1521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVehse1856" class="citation web cs1">Vehse, Carl Eduard (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZVHAAAAIAAJ&q=Ferdinand+Charles+v+muy+poderoso&pg=PA487">"Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Court%2C+Aristocracy%2C+and+Diplomacy+of+Austria&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Vehse&rft.aufirst=Carl+Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZVHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2BCharles%2Bv%2Bmuy%2Bpoderoso%26pg%3DPA487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Relazione di Germania 1526</i> in <i>Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRady2014" class="citation book cs1">Rady, Martyn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&q=House+of+Austria&pg=PA53"><i>The Emperor Charles V</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317880820" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317880820"><bdi>978-1317880820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317880820&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsQeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHouse%2Bof%2BAustria%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978463-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978463_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnepekides1960138–143-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnepekides1960138–143_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnepekides1960">Enepekides 1960</a>, pp. 138–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberg2014152-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberg2014152_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreiberg2014">Freiberg 2014</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2005" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, C. Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gBoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Histories of Emperor Charles V: Nationale Perspektiven Von Persönlichkeit und Herrschaft</i></a>. Aschendorff. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3402065747" title="Special:BookSources/978-3402065747"><bdi>978-3402065747</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories+of+Emperor+Charles+V%3A+Nationale+Perspektiven+Von+Pers%C3%B6nlichkeit+und+Herrschaft&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Aschendorff&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3402065747&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoone2021-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoone2021_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoone2021">Boone 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerdinandy2021-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerdinandy2021_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerdinandy2021">Ferdinandy 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohler-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kohler_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler" class="citation web cs1">Kohler, Alfred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/19384/reviews/19830/kohler-tracy-emperor-charles-v-impresario-war-campaign-strategy">"Kohler on Tracy, 'Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Habsburg – H-Net reviews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210132751/https://networks.h-net.org/node/19384/reviews/19830/kohler-tracy-emperor-charles-v-impresario-war-campaign-strategy">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Habsburg+%E2%80%93+H-Net+reviews&rft.atitle=Kohler+on+Tracy%2C+%27Emperor+Charles+V%2C+Impresario+of+War%3A+Campaign+Strategy%2C+International+Finance%2C+and+Domestic+Politics%27&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F19384%2Freviews%2F19830%2Fkohler-tracy-emperor-charles-v-impresario-war-campaign-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeymans,_Frans2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heymans, Frans (4 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200908/http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724">"Keizer Karel in de literatuur"</a>. <i>Overzichten</i> (in Dutch). Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overzichten&rft.atitle=Keizer+Karel+in+de+literatuur&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.au=Heymans%2C+Frans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literair.gent.be%2Fhtml%2Foverzichtdetail.asp%3FAID%3D724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms. Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3702301135" title="Special:BookSources/3702301135">3702301135</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlares2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alares, Gustavo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/13837">"Nostalgias de Europa. La conmemoración del IV Centenario de la muerte de Carlos V en 1958"</a>. <i>Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez</i>. <b>50</b> (2). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Casa de Velázquez">Casa de Velázquez</a>: 117–140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417184241/https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/13837">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+la+Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.atitle=Nostalgias+de+Europa.+La+conmemoraci%C3%B3n+del+IV+Centenario+de+la+muerte+de+Carlos+V+en+1958&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-140&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Alares&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fmcv%2F13837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, C. Scott (1 January 2003). "Charles V and the Historians: Some Recent German Works on the Emperor and his Reign". German History. 21 (1): 104–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0266355403gh277xx">10.1191/0266355403gh277xx</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.gent.be/en/see-do/prinsenhof">"Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre"</a>. <i>VisitGent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230123723/https://visit.gent.be/en/see-do/prinsenhof">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitGent&rft.atitle=Prinsenhof%3A+Medieval+gem+in+the+city+centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.gent.be%2Fen%2Fsee-do%2Fprinsenhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/adrien-brody-upcoming-tv-show-movie-release/">"Every Upcoming Adrien Brody Movie & TV Show"</a>. <i>ScreenRant</i>. 23 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208143251/https://screenrant.com/adrien-brody-upcoming-tv-show-movie-release/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScreenRant&rft.atitle=Every+Upcoming+Adrien+Brody+Movie+%26+TV+Show&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fadrien-brody-upcoming-tv-show-movie-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoone2021" class="citation web cs1">Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0460.xml">"Charles V, Emperor"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies Online (obo)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209060215/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0460.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+%28obo%29&rft.atitle=Charles+V%2C+Emperor&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Boone&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Ard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399301%2Fobo-9780195399301-0460.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnepekides1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502]. <i>Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958</i> (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/761003148">761003148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Wiener+Testament+des+Andreas+Palaiologos+vom+7.+April+1502&rft.btitle=Akten+des+11.+Internat.+Byzantinisten-Kongresses+1958&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=138-143&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F761003148&rft.aulast=Enepekides&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdinandy2021" class="citation book cs1">Ferdinandy, Michael de (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor"><i>Charles V: Holy Roman emperor</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509115658/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107009/Charles-V">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+V%3A+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ferdinandy&rft.aufirst=Michael+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2016" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Catherine (2016). <i>The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince+of+Florence%3A+The+Spectacular+Life+and+Treacherous+World+of+Alessandro+de%27+Medici&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Freiberg, Jack (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X760BAAAQBAJ&q=Constantinople"><i>Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107042971" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107042971"><bdi>978-1107042971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bramante%27s+Tempietto%2C+the+Roman+Renaissance%2C+and+the+Spanish+Crown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107042971&rft.aulast=Freiberg&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX760BAAAQBAJ%26q%3DConstantinople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century</i></a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2002" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James D. (2002). <i>Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics</i>. Cambridge UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Charles+V%2C+Impresario+of+War%3A+Campaign+Strategy%2C+International+Finance%2C+and+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i> (Dec 1980) 30#12 pp. 13–18</li> <li>Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. <i>The World of Emperor Charles V</i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Blockmans" title="Wim Blockmans">Blockmans, Wim</a>. <i>Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.</i> (Oxford University Press, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesv10000bloc">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brandi" title="Karl Brandi">Brandi, Karl</a>. <i>The Emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran">online</a></li> <li>Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean", <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i> (2005) 9#3 pp. 239–283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V", <i><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Century_Journal" title="Sixteenth Century Journal">Sixteenth Century Journal</a></i> (2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477694">20477694</a>.</li> <li>Espinosa, Aurelio. <i>The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System</i> (2008)</li> <li>Ferer, Mary Tiffany. <i>Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion</i> (Boydell & Brewer, 2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843836995" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843836995">978-1843836995</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">Froude, James Anthony</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33113/pg33113-images.html"><i>The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon</i></a>. Kessinger, reprint 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1417971096" title="Special:BookSources/1417971096"><bdi>1417971096</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120183125/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33113/pg33113-images.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divorce+of+Catherine+of+Aragon&rft.pub=Kessinger%2C+reprint+2005&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=1417971096&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F33113%2Fpg33113-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grant, Neil. <i>Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor</i>. London: Franklin Watts (1970)</li> <li>Headley, John M. <i>The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara</i> (1983) covers 1518 to 1530.</li> <li>Heath, Richard. <i>Charles V: Duty and Dynasty: The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558.</i> (2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1725852785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1725852785">978-1725852785</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Holmes" title="David L. Holmes">Holmes, David L.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC"><i>A Brief History of the Episcopal Church</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563380609" title="Special:BookSources/1563380609"><bdi>1563380609</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1563380609&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsV-qSRKAnAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kleinschmidt, Harald. <i>Charles V: The World Emperor</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750924047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750924047">978-0750924047</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Stewart. <i>Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith 1500–58</i> <a href="/wiki/Access_to_History" title="Access to History">Access to History</a> series (1992; 2nd ed. 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340749227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340749227">978-0340749227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merriman,_Roger_Bigelow" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriman, Roger Bigelow">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a>. <i>The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risesofspanishem0003unse">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_John_Julius" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich, John Julius">Norwich, John Julius</a>. <i>Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe</i> (2017), popular history;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300254860" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300254860">978-0300254860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reston_Jr." title="James Reston Jr.">Reston Jr., James</a>. <i>Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536</i> (2009), popular history.</li> <li>Richardson, Glenn. <i>Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I and Charles V</i> (2002) 246 pp., covers 1497 to 1558.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)" title="William Robertson (historian)">Robertson, William</a>. <i>History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V, with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe</i> (1769).</li> <li>Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. <i>Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559</i> (1988), 375 pp.</li> <li>Rosenthal, Earl E. <i>Palace of Charles V in Granada</i> (1986) 383 pp.</li> <li>Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. <i>Young Charles V</i>. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a>. <i>The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America</i>. New York: Random House 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400061259" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400061259">978-1400061259</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Salvatore Agati (2009). <i>Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8877512871" title="Special:BookSources/978-8877512871">978-8877512871</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>D'Amico, Juan Carlos. <i>Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite</i> 2004, 290p. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Norbert Conrads: <i>Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V.</i> Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000041/http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: <i>Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit</i>. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3933463068" title="Special:BookSources/3933463068">3933463068</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Alfred Kohler: <i>Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie</i>. C. H. Beck, München 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406453597" title="Special:BookSources/3406453597">3406453597</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Alfred Kohler: <i>Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3534048202" title="Special:BookSources/3534048202">3534048202</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): <i>Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee</i>. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3700130546" title="Special:BookSources/3700130546">3700130546</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Ernst Schulin: <i>Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3170156950" title="Special:BookSources/3170156950">3170156950</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Ferdinant Seibt: <i>Karl V.</i> Goldmann, München 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3442755115" title="Special:BookSources/3442755115">3442755115</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%C3%81lvarez" title="Manuel Fernández Álvarez">Manuel Fernández Álvarez</a>: <i>Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.</i>. Stuttgart 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3763011781" title="Special:BookSources/3763011781">3763011781</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="extiw" title="q:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Armstrong_(historian)" title="Edward Armstrong (historian)">Armstrong, Edward</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles V. (Roman Emperor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_V._(Roman_Emperor)">"Charles V." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 899–905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+V.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=899-905&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Beach" title="Chandler Beach">Beach, Chandler B.</a>, ed. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Charles V"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Charles_V">"Charles V" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. Vol. 1. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+V&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=F.+E.+Compton+and+Co&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907140352/http://www.habsburg.webs.com/">Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emperorcharlesv.com">The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/collection/a1080">The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles5.htm"><i>Luminarium Encyclopedia</i> biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03625a.htm"><i>New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</i> biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501175509/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Charles_V_the_Habsburg_emperor-210494">Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 February 1500</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 September 1558</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothier">Lothier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut" title="Count of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a> </b><br />1506–1555 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="6">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> </b><br />1516–1554<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a></i> <i> (1516–1554)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aragon">King of Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">Sicily</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a> </b><br />1516–1556<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></i> <i> (1516–1555)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Navarre">King of Upper Navarre</a> </b><br />1516–1556<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></i> <i> (1516–1555)</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_V_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand V of Castile">Ferdinand V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="King of León">León</a> </b><br />1516–1556<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></i> <i> (1516–1555)</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">William I and V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a> </b><br />1543–1555 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Styria">Duke of Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carniola">Carniola</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Tyrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Tyrol">Count of Tyrol</a> </b><br />1519–1521 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> </b><br />1519–1556 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> </b><br />1530–1556 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Navarre">King of Lower Navarre</a> </b><br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a></i> <i> (1516–1530)</i><br /><i>disputed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></i> <i> (1521–1530)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Spanish royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> </b><br />1504–1516 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip (II)</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a> </b><br />1516 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain">Monarchs of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of monarchs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escudo de armas del monarca de España"><img alt="Escudo de armas del monarca de España" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/66px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Aragon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Template:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Aragon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro I of Aragon">Ramiro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/120px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/160px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Castile" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template talk:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Castile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/75px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/113px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Galicia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galician_monarchs" title="Template talk:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Galicia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aioulf" title="Aioulf">Aioulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldras" title="Maldras">Maldras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framta" title="Framta">Framta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richimund" title="Richimund">Richimund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumar" title="Frumar">Frumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneric" title="Hermeneric">Hermeneric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veremund" title="Veremund">Veremund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemund" title="Theodemund">Theodemund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chararic_(Suebian_king)" title="Chararic (Suebian king)">Chararic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamir" title="Ariamir">Ariamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)" title="Theodemir (Suebian king)">Theodemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miro_(Suebian_king)" title="Miro (Suebian king)">Miro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboric" title="Eboric">Eboric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audeca" title="Audeca">Audeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaric" title="Malaric">Malaric</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/75px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/113px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/150px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_León" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_León" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese house</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Asturias" title="Fruela II of Asturias">Fruela II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz" title="Alfonso Fróilaz">Alfonso Fróilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño III of León">Ordoño III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño IV of León">Ordoño IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/50px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/75px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/100px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> <small>(Imperial Regent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> between 476 and 1556</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer <span style="font-size:85%;">(476–493)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/100px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/150px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/200px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric <span style="font-size:85%;">(493–526)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric <span style="font-size:85%;">(526–534)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–536)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges <span style="font-size:85%;">(536–540)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad <span style="font-size:85%;">(540–541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric <span style="font-size:85%;">(541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila <span style="font-size:85%;">(541–552)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–553)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin <span style="font-size:85%;">(568–572)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph <span style="font-size:85%;">(572–574)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes"><i>Interregnum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(574–584)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari <span style="font-size:85%;">(584–590)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(590–616)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald <span style="font-size:85%;">(616–626)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald <span style="font-size:85%;">(626–636)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari <span style="font-size:85%;">(636-652)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(652–653)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I <span style="font-size:85%;">(653–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(662–671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald <span style="font-size:85%;">(671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(671–688)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(688–689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis <span style="font-size:85%;">(689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(689–700)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(700–702)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raginpert" title="Raginpert">Raginpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(701)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II <span style="font-size:85%;">(702–712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712–744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildeprand" title="Hildeprand">Hildeprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis <span style="font-size:85%;">(744–749)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(749–756)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius <span style="font-size:85%;">(756–774)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne <span style="font-size:85%;">(774–814)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin <span style="font-size:85%;">(781–810)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard <span style="font-size:85%;">(810–818)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I <span style="font-size:85%;">(818–855)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis I <span style="font-size:85%;">(855–875)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II <span style="font-size:85%;">(875–877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman <span style="font-size:85%;">(877–879)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III <span style="font-size:85%;">(879–887)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(896–899)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold <span style="font-size:85%;">(896)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic<br />(title disputed 887–933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruochings</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I <span style="font-size:85%;">(887–924)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Guideschi</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy <span style="font-size:85%;">(889–894)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert <span style="font-size:85%;">(891–897)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elder_House_of_Welf" title="Elder House of Welf">Welfs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph <span style="font-size:85%;">(922–933)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis II <span style="font-size:85%;">(900–905)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh <span style="font-size:85%;">(926–947)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Italy" title="Lothair II of Italy">Lothair II <span style="font-size:85%;">(945–950)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Anscarids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Italy" title="Adalbert of Italy">Adalbert <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> within <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /> (962–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I <span style="font-size:85%;">(962–973)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II <span style="font-size:85%;">(980–983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III <span style="font-size:85%;">(996–1002)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1002–1014)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1004–1024)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1026–1039)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1039–1056)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1056–1105)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1093–1101)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1106–1125)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III (or II) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1125–1137)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1138–1152)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1154–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI <span style="font-size:85%;">(1186–1197)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1209–1212)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1212–1250)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII <span style="font-size:85%;">(1311–1313)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1327–1347)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1355–1378)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund <span style="font-size:85%;">(1431–1437)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1452–1493)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1530–1556)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Naples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template talk:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Naples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs of Naples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I</a> <small>with</small> <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> <small>(1st reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples" title="Joanna II of Naples">Joanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles IV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(1st reign)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(3rd reign)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarch of Sicily</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs of Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> (1071–1130)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Sicily" title="Simon of Sicily">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1130–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily" title="Roger III of Sicily">Roger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily" title="William III of Sicily">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily" title="Peter II of Sicily">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily" title="Louis, King of Sicily">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Simple" title="Frederick the Simple">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Maria, Queen of Sicily">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Austria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Template:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Austria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Austria">Monarchs of Austria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">House of Babenberg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Margrave of Austria">Leopold I the Illustrious</a> <small>(976–994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Henry I, Margrave of Austria">Henry I the Strong</a> <small>(994–1018)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Adalbert, Margrave of Austria">Adalbert the Victorious</a> <small>(1018–1055)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Margrave of Austria">Ernest the Brave</a> <small>(1055–1075)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Margrave of Austria">Leopold II the Fair</a> <small>(1075–1095)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Margrave of Austria">Leopold III the Good</a> <small>(1095–1136)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Leopold, Duke of Bavaria">Leopold the Generous</a> <small>(1137–1141)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry II Jasomirgott</a> <small>(1141–1177)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V the Virtuous</a> <small>(1177–1194)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" title="Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)">Frederick I the Catholic</a> <small>(1195–1198)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_VI,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold VI, Duke of Austria">Leopold VI the Glorious</a> <small>(1198–1230)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick II, Duke of Austria">Frederick II the Quarrelsome</a> <small>(1230–1246)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_III_of_Moravia" title="Vladislaus III of Moravia">Vladislaus of Moravia</a> <small>(claimant 1246–1247)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_VI,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Herman VI, Margrave of Baden">Herman VI of Baden</a> <small>(claimant 1248–1250)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Baden">Frederick I of Baden</a> <small>(claimant 1250–1268)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> <small>(claimant 1251–1278)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Austria</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> <small>(1278–1282)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a> <small>(1282–1308)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II the Debonair</a> <small>(1282–1283)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia">Rudolf III the Good</a> <small>(1298–1307)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick I the Fair</a> <small>(1308–1330)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria">Leopold I the Glorious</a> <small>(1308–1326)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albert II the Wise</a> <small>(1330–1358)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Otto, Duke of Austria">Otto I the Merry</a> <small>(1330–1339)</small></li> <li>Frederick II <small>(1339–1344)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Duke of Austria">Leopold II</a> <small>(1339–1344)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV the Founder</a> <small>(1358–1365)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365-1379)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert III, Duke of Austria">Albert III the Pigtail</a> <small>(1365-1395)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Austria">Albert IV the Patient</a> <small>(1395-1404)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert V</a> <small>(1404–1439)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus I the Posthumous</a> <small>(1440–1457)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V the Peaceful</a> <small>(1457–1493)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1493–1519)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1564–1576)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a> <small>(1576–1608)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a> <small>(1608–1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a> <small>(1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1590, 1619–1637)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a> <small>(1637–1657)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a> <small>(1623–1632)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a> <small>(1632–1662)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a> <small>(1662–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a> <small>(1657, 1665–1705)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> <small>(1705–1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1711–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I Stephen</a> <small>(1740–1765)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> <small>(1765–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> <small>(1792–1835)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1835–1848)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a> <small>(1848–1916)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> <small>(1916–1918)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Styria, Carinthia, Carniola</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365–1386)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria">William the Courteous</a> <small>(1386–1406)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold IV, Duke of Austria">Leopold IV the Fat</a> <small>(1386–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria">Ernest the Iron</a> <small>(1402–1424)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V the Peaceful</a> <small>(1424–1493)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI the Prodigal</a> <small>(1457–1463)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1493–1519)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a> <small>(1564–1590)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1590–1637)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Tyrol</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV the Founder</a> <small>(1363–1365)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365–1386)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria">William the Courteous</a> <small>(1386–1406)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Austria">Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets</a> <small>(1406–1439)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund the Rich</a> <small>(1439–1490)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1490–1519)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a> <small>(1564–1595)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a> <small>(1595–1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a> <small>(1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1619–1623)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a> <small>(1623–1632)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a> <small>(1632–1662)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a> <small>(1662–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a> <small>(1665–1705)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template talk:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Princes and Princesses of Asturias</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1388–90)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Maria</a> <i>(1402–05)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John</a> <i>(1405–06)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Catherine, Princess of Asturias">Catherine</a> <i>(1423–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Eleanor, Princess of Asturias">Eleanor</a> <i>(1424–25)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1425–54)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna</a> <i>(1462–64)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1464–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> <i>(1468–70)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1470–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1478–97)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1497–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498–1500)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502–04)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles</a> <i>(1504–16)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1527–56)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578–82)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605–21)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657–1661)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661–1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis</a> <i>(1709–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1724–46)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1759–88)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1788–1808)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella</a> <i>(1830–33)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1851–57)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso</a> <i>(1857–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto</a> <i>(1871–73)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1875–80)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias">Mercedes</a> <i>(1881–1904)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–38)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe</a> <i>(1977–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a> <i>(2014– )</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="963" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Girona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Girona" title="Template:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Girona" title="Template talk:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Girona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Girona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Princes and Princesses of Girona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a></b> <i>(2014-present)</i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe VI of Spain">Felipe</a> <i>(1977-2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–1931)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661-1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657-1661)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605-1621)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582-1598)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578-1582)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–1578)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556-1568)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1527-1556)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles</a> <i>(1504-1516)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1509-1516)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Prince of Girona">John</a> <i>(1509)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502-1509)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498-1500)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1479-1497)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1461-1479)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles</a> <i>(1458-1461)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso</a> <i>(1416)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Girona_%281370-1665%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1237" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_archdukes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template talk:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archdukes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archdukes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria">Maximilian Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw">Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Charles</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Ferdinand</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Alonso</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Leopold Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria">Charles Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Joseph_of_Austria_(1682%E2%80%931684)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)">Leopold Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(born_1745)" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)">Charles Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria">Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Charles</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Alexander_Leopold_of_Austria" title="Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria">Alexander Leopold</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">John</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Louis</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria">Cardinal Rudolf</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Joseph</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este">Maximilian</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ambrosius_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Karl Ambrosius of Austria-Este">Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria">Joseph Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Franz Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria">Karl Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich_of_Austria_(1821%E2%80%931847)" title="Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)">Frederick Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria">Wilhelm Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Stephen_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria">Joseph Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria">Leopold Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria_(1824%E2%80%931899)" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Sigismund_of_Austria_(1826%E2%80%931891)" title="Archduke Sigismund of Austria (1826–1891)">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria">Rainer Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Heinrich_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria">Heinrich Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Viktor_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Viktor</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Emperor Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Viktor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria">Ludwig Viktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria">Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria">Ludwig Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria">John Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Charles Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Eugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ladislaus_Philipp_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ladislaus Philipp of Austria">Archduke Ladislaus Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Crown Prince Rudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Otto_Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Otto Franz Joseph of Austria">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria">Ferdinand Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria">Leopold Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Josef Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Peter_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria">Peter Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria">Leopold Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria">Franz Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht_Franz,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria">Karl Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leo_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leo Karl of Austria">Leo Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm of Austria">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria">Joseph Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931952)" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria (1895–1952)">Maximilian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Habsburg<br />Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Gottfried_of_Austria" title="Archduke Gottfried of Austria">Gottfried</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895–1930)">Rainer</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Leopold Maria</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton of Austria">Anton</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Josef_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Franz Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Karl Pius</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl Salvator of Austria">Franz Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Hubert_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria">Hubert Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines<br />of Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria">Joseph Árpád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_von_Habsburg" title="Géza von Habsburg">Géza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descent of<br />Charles I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Crown Prince Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Felix_of_Austria" title="Archduke Felix of Austria">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Carl_Ludwig_of_Austria_(1918%E2%80%932007)" title="Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)">Carl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria_(1919%E2%80%932010)" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)">Rudolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_von_Habsburg" title="Dominic von Habsburg">Dominic</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Eduard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Habsburg" title="Georg von Habsburg">Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium" title="Prince Lorenz of Belgium">Lorenz</a><sup>B</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Felipe_de_Habsburgo" title="Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo">Karl Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_von_Habsburg" title="Simeon von Habsburg">Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Habsburg_(racing_driver)" title="Ferdinand Habsburg (racing driver)">Ferdinand Zvonimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo_of_Belgium" title="Prince Amedeo of Belgium">Amedeo</a><sup>B</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>S: <i>also an infante of Spain</i></li> <li>P: <i>also an infante of Portugal</i></li> <li>T: <i>also a prince of Tuscany</i></li> <li>M: <i>also a prince of Modena</i></li> <li>B: <i>also a prince of Belgium</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Aragon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Aragon" title="Template:Infantes of Aragon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Aragon" title="Template talk:Infantes of Aragon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes_of_Aragon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes of Aragon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Aragon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes of Aragon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">Ramiro II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ramon/<a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></li> <li>Peter, Count of Cerdanya/<a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Provence" title="Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence">Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho,_Count_of_Provence" title="Sancho, Count of Provence">Sancho, Count of Provence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Count_of_Provence" title="Alfonso II, Count of Provence">Alfonso II, Count of Provence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(archbishop_of_Toledo)" title="Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)">Sancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_of_Majorca" title="Sancho of Majorca">Sancho of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca" title="Ferdinand of Majorca">Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily" title="Peter II of Sicily">Peter II of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_Duke_of_Athens" title="Manfred, Duke of Athens">Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Athens" title="William II, Duke of Athens">William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Randazzo" title="John, Duke of Randazzo">John, Duke of Randazzo</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca" title="James III of Majorca">James III of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I,_Count_of_Urgell" title="James I, Count of Urgell">James I, Count of Urgell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily" title="Louis, King of Sicily">Louis of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Simple" title="Frederick the Simple">Frederick IV of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Athens" title="Frederick I, Duke of Athens">Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca" title="James IV of Majorca">James IV of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Count_of_Urgell" title="Peter II, Count of Urgell">Peter II, Count of Urgell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II,_Count_of_Urgell" title="James II, Count of Urgell">James II, Count of Urgell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon_(heir_of_Sicily)" title="Peter of Aragon (heir of Sicily)">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon_(heir_of_Sicily)" title="Martin of Aragon (heir of Sicily)">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Villena" title="Henry, Duke of Villena">Henry, Duke of Villena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon,_Count_of_Alburquerque" title="Peter of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque">Peter, Count of Alburquerque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles, Prince of Viana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John, Prince of Asturias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also a prince of Majorca</span></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also a prince of Sicily</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120965852">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88598818">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1597151778205418130008">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/257305325">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5285159478352427990002">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5658168048998938410002">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3845168850990367620001">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316732006">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43382/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKck9K3DPWqhhkmXvg4YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560093">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79112289">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038246v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038246v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620915">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karl V <imperatore>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV078825">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36529135">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700859&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1032495">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1096907">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068232535">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90520889">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000046044&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000168482&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000044287">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhjbzm296vq02">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546338905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/57540">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259760305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000158489">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058526040206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/10038379">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14734794">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500231828">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/439066">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/30800711">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/366579">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1052416">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118560093.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118560093">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08578334X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029211">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zc84s9">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/322636">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=1259685386">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=1259685386</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Category:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1500_births" title="Category:1500 births">1500 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1558_deaths" title="Category:1558 deaths">1558 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors">16th-century Holy Roman Emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Aragonese_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Aragonese monarchs">16th-century Aragonese monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Castilian_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Castilian monarchs">16th-century Castilian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_kings_of_Sicily" title="Category:16th-century kings of Sicily">16th-century kings of Sicily</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:16th-century Roman Catholics">16th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_archdukes_of_Austria" title="Category:16th-century archdukes of Austria">16th-century archdukes of Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Spanish_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Spanish monarchs">16th-century Spanish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_monarchs_of_Naples" title="Category:16th-century monarchs of Naples">16th-century monarchs of Naples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Navarrese_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Navarrese monarchs">16th-century Navarrese monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aragonese_infantes" title="Category:Aragonese infantes">Aragonese infantes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_in_the_Pantheon_of_Kings_at_El_Escorial" title="Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial">Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castilian_infantes" title="Category:Castilian infantes">Castilian infantes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counts_of_Barcelona" title="Category:Counts of Barcelona">Counts of Barcelona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counts_of_Burgundy" title="Category:Counts of Burgundy">Counts of Burgundy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counts_of_Charolais" title="Category:Counts of Charolais">Counts of Charolais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_malaria" title="Category:Deaths from malaria">Deaths from malaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Burgundy" title="Category:Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Milan" title="Category:Dukes of Milan">Dukes of Milan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Montblanc" title="Category:Dukes of Montblanc">Dukes of Montblanc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Category:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece">Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_disease_deaths_in_Spain" title="Category:Infectious disease deaths in Spain">Infectious disease deaths in 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