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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Epithelioid+cell%22">"Epithelioid cell"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Epithelioid+cell%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Epithelioid+cell%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Epithelioid+cell%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Epithelioid+cell%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Epithelioid+cell%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg/220px-Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg/330px-Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg/440px-Epithelioid_cells_of_mice_in_the_cell_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Epithelioid cells formed in culture of mouse peritoneal cells, stimulated by inactivated <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i>, in a micro-chamber for lifetime observation; 14 days of cultivating. Numerous secretory granules are visible in the cytoplasm of cells. In the culture medium epithelioid cell granules and apoptotic bodies from macrophage are visible. Dystrophic altered macrophages are colored red. A method of interferential contrast in polarized light.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Epithelioid cells</b> (also called <b>epithelioid <a href="/wiki/Histiocyte" title="Histiocyte">histiocytes</a></b>) are derivatives of activated <a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">macrophages</a> resembling <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4538544_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4538544-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22517424_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22517424-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_function">Structure and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg/220px-Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg/330px-Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg/440px-Epithelioid_cells_in_caseating_tuberculous_granuloma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>Epithelioid cells gather around the focus of necrosis, in direct contact with the <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrotic</a> masses, forming a kind of boundary zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Structurally, epithelioid cells (when examined by light microscopy after stained with hematoxylin and eosin), are elongated, with finely granular, pale eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm, and central, ovoid nuclei (oval or elongate), which are less dense than that of a <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have indistinct shape and often appear to merge into one another, forming aggregates known as giant cells. When examined by <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmission electron microscopy</a> in epithelioid cells in the field of Golgi lamellar complex are taped not only zonated, but also sleek vesicles with dense center, and also great many (more than 100) large granulas with diameters up to 340 nm and with finegranular matrix more light than in macrophage granulas, sometimes with perigranular halo. “The most prominent feature of these cells is the enormous Golgi area; up to 6 individual stacks of Golgi cisternae may be present as well as a few bristle-coated and numerous smooth vesicles”.<sup id="cite_ref-{{doi|10.1007/BF00233564}}_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{doi|10.1007/BF00233564}}-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epithelioid cells have tightly interdigitated cell membranes in zipper-like arrays that link adjacent cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22517424_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22517424-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cells are central in the formation of granulomas, which are associated with many serious diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In granulomas, epithelioid cells perform the functions of delimiting.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22517424_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22517424-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peculiarities_of_the_cytoskeleton">Peculiarities of the cytoskeleton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peculiarities of the cytoskeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg/220px-Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg/330px-Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg/440px-Epithelioid_cells_and_macrophages_in_cell_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Epithelioid cells (polarized form, nucleus color - green) and macrophages (nucleus color – red) in peritoneal cell culture of mice, stimulated by inactivated <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, on the 10th day of cultivation. The <a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">pseudo color</a> image was obtained by color coding of different optical densities in a photo of cells, stained by Azure-Eosine. The shape of cells is determined by their cytoskeleton, and the color characterizes their different cytomorphology.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is shown that the epithelioid cell <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> formed by filaments differs significantly from the macrophage cytoskeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5914695_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5914695-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1362023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1362023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large increase in the number of filaments occurs in these cells, where filaments (90 to 100 A) surround the cytocentrum as a distinctive annular bundle often branching into the cytoplasm. Due to such cytoskeleton contiguous epithelioid cells display elaborate cytoplasmic interdigitation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5914695_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5914695-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using the quick=freeze and freeze-substitution methods (prompt freezing, penetrating etching and freeze-substitution) it has been shown that the organizations three-dimensional metastructure cytoskeleton of the epithelioid cells, formed in the focus of <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granulomatous</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, more compatible to cytoskeleton characteristic of typical epithelial cell than to cytoskeleton of active and movable macrophages. It is exhibited that the dense webs of intermediate filaments, bound with cores, mitochondrions and other organelles, are supervised everywhere in cytoplasm of epithelioid cells. Some fascicles of actinic filaments were posed in filopodiums below than membranes of the cells. Exact interdigital tripling of membranes of cells between interfacing epithelioid cells were clearly demonstrated. Interdigital filopodiums were identified. The characteristic indication of epithelioid cells is their aggregation with formation tight interdigital triplings as a fastener "lightning", which, apparently, can have the important for the formation of a dense zone of delimitation of the body from the pathogen during the formation of epithelioid cell granulomas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1362023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1362023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immunological_phenotype_and_immunological_markers">Immunological phenotype and immunological markers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immunological phenotype and immunological markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When using antibodies to the RFD9, RFD7 and HLA-DR antigens, it was found that all epithelioid cells have an <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunological</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> RFD9+/RFD7-/HLA-DR+.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibodies</a> IHY-1, IHY-2, IHY-3 was obtained, which can be used to accurately identify epithelial cells formed in etiologically different forms of granulomatous inflammation. IHY-1 antibody reacts with epithelioid cells in <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoid</a> granulomas as well as with epithelioid cells of various granulomatous diseases including tuberculosis. The IHY-2 and IHY-3 monoclonal antibodies, react with epithelioid cells in <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a> but not in <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv/220px--The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1388" data-height="1040" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv/The_outer_edge_of_tuberculosis_epithelioid_granuloma.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Fragment of the outer edge zone of tuberculosis epithelioid cell granuloma. In the lower part – a layer of epithelioid cells, in which <a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cell</a> begins to form, as a result of the fusion of epithelioid cells. In it, we can notice the division of the cell nucleus of epithelioid cells, from which smaller nucleus are formed. Single <a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">pycnotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptotically</a> altered macrophages are found among epithelioid cells. Above the zone of epithelioid cells is a layer of <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> that form a kind of “capsule”. In the upper part – a layer of cells consisting of lymphocytes. The video shows the result of <a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">optical scanning</a> (when using <a href="/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy" title="Phase-contrast microscopy">Phase-contrast microscopy</a>) when changing the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Epithelioid cells are an essential characteristic of epithelioid cell <a href="/wiki/Granulomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomas">granulomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7047374_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7047374-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epithelioid cell granuloma can be defined as specifically and structurally organized collection of epithelioid cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Foreign-body granulomas may be considered an organized collection of macrophages, including mere collections of <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> surrounding inert substances like suture material – the so-called "non-immune granulomas." Granuloma formation is associated with pathogens that have learned to evade the host immune system by various means like resisting <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> and killing within the macrophages. Indigestibility of matter by macrophages is a common feature of granulomatous inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granulomas try to wall off these organisms and prevent their further growth and spread. Historically widespread and destructive diseases such as tuberculosis, <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> are granulomatous conditions. Granuloma formation is also the feature of many more contemporary conditions, like fungal infections, sarcoidosis and <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_scientific_research">History of scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mention of epithelioid cells as a specific cell form occurred in the 19th century in the works of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Andr%C3%A9_Cornil" title="Victor André Cornil">Victor André Cornil</a>, who believed the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">leukocytes</a> to be the originators of the epithelioid cells of tuberculosis. In experiments on rabbits, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Yersin" title="Alexandre Yersin">Alexandre Yersin</a> (1888) and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Borrel" title="Amédée Borrel">Amédée Borrel</a> (1893) showed that epithelioid cells are formed from blood mononuclear leukocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main patterns of epithelioid cell formation were first described in the first half of the 20th century by Lewis M. (1925). This researcher showed that blood <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell cultures</a> of mixed blood leukocytes of Avian (taken from adult fowl as well as from embryos of various ages), mice, and humans, when cultured <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, are transformed into typical macrophages and epithelioid cells, followed by the formation of giant multinucleated cells. The formation of epithelioid-type cells was noted by Lewis M. on the 2nd–3rd day of the cultivation of leukocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in a study of a similar plan, Jerry S. and Weiss L. (1966), when using cultures of mixed blood leukocytes of chicken (separated from cardiac blood of Rhode Island Red) and electron microscopy, showed that the transformation of monocytes of chicken in epithelioid cells begins in culture on 3–4 days and ends on 5–6 days.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5914695_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5914695-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since all previous researchers have indicated that epithelioid cells are formed from monocytes, and monocytes and macrophages were combined into a single <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">mononuclear phagocyte system</a>, Van Furth et al. (1972), referring to the work of Sutton J. and Weiss L. (1966),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5914695_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5914695-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formally attributed epithelioid cells to the mononuclear phagocyte system.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4538544_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4538544-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they did not specify exactly from which cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system epithelioid cells originate. At the same time, they came to the very cautious conclusion that "the epithelioid cells occurring in these lesions also arise from monocytes or macrophages."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4538544_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4538544-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams D. (1976), believing that epithelioid cells are the final stage of cell differentiation of the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, formulated the concept of cytomorphogeesis of epithelioid cells according to which epithelioid cells are regarded as a derivative of activated macrophages (which is still held by most researchers at the present time). Не based on the assumption that "upon stimulation, macrophages mature further into immature epithelioid cells and ultimately into mature epithelioid cells."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee et al. (1979), in experiments on rats using the method of electron microscopy, showed that one of the main cytomorphological features of epithelioid cells that distinguish these cells from macrophages is the presence of characteristically specific granules in them, which they called epithelioid cell granules. Based on their own data, they supported the concept of epithelioid cell cytomorphogenesis, according to which epithelioid cells are regarded as a derivative of activated macrophages.<sup id="cite_ref-{{doi|10.1007/BF00233564}}_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{doi|10.1007/BF00233564}}-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Turk JL and Narayanan RB (1982) proposed to distinguish two types of epithelioid cells in the study: <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">"vesicular"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">"secretory"</a> epithelioid cells. It is suggested that "vesicular epithelioid cells could develop from "secretory" epithelioid cells by a process of degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7047374_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7047374-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In search of immunological mechanisms affecting the formation of epithelial cells, Cipriano et al. (2003) obtained data indicating the possible influence of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a> on the formation of a phenotype in macrophages that is similar to the phenotype of epithelioid cells.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all the results of research devoted to the study of the laws and mechanisms of cytomorphogenesis of epithelioid cells fit into the concept of the origin of epithelioid cells from macrophages. Deimann J. and Fahimi H. (1980) showed that epithelioid cells in granulomas, induced in the rat liver by injection of glucan, beta-1,30-polyglucose, are formed not from <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a>, mature <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiated</a> macrophages, but from blood monocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Vos et al. (1990) obtained the data that allowed them to suggest that in granulomatous inflammation foci and granulomatous <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">lymphadenitis</a>, epithelioid cells are formed not from differentiated macrophages but from so-called <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cells">plasmacytoid</a> monocytes (which have similarities with plasmacytes). This is further supported by the ultrastructural similarities between plasmacytoid monocytes and epithelioid cells. The present ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study of epithelioid cell granulomas provides further arguments in favor of this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arkhipov S. (1997, 2012),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-953-307-942-4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-953-307-942-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using cultures of peritoneal cells, blood leukocytes, and bone <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">marrow</a> cells of mice, showed that macrophages and epithelioid cells are formed from different types of monocytes. It has been shown that epithelioid cells are formed only from plasmocytoid-type monocytes and have been named pre-epithelioid cells, bypassing the stage of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a> into macrophages. It has been shown that in chronic inflammation, the number of pre-epithelioid monocytic cells committed to epithelioid cell differentiation increases in the focus of inflammation in the blood and bone marrow. Using mouse <a href="/wiki/Inbred_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbred strains">inbred lines</a>, as opposed to susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a>, it was shown that the numbers of pre-epithelioid monocytic cells, formed in chronic inflammation, are genetically determined. The obtained results showed that the morphogenesis of epithelioid cell granulomas can be determined by the different starting <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetically determined</a> levels of a pool of pre-epithelioid cells of monocytoid type, their flow in the center of granulomatous inflammation, the intensity of their differentiation into epithelioid cells, bypassing the stage of differentiation into macrophages, and their <a href="/wiki/Endoreduplication" title="Endoreduplication">endomitotic</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-953-307-942-4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-953-307-942-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Epithelioid (disambiguation)">Epithelioid (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">Granuloma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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NOVOSIBIRSK: "NAUKA" SIBERIAN ENTERPRISE RAS. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-031381-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-031381-5"><bdi>5-02-031381-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epithelioid+cell%3A+New+conception+of+origin+and+differentiation&rft.place=NOVOSIBIRSK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=%22NAUKA%22+SIBERIAN+ENTERPRISE+RAS&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=5-02-031381-5&rft.aulast=Arkhipov&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngmu.ru%2Fupload%2Fpublication%2F16271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelioid+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn978-953-307-942-4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn978-953-307-942-4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn978-953-307-942-4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkhipov2012" class="citation book cs1">Arkhipov, S (2012). 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Croatia: InTech. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-307-942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-307-942-4"><bdi>978-953-307-942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epithelioid+Cell%3A+A+New+Opinion+on+Its+Nature%2C+Parentage%2C+Histogenesis%2C+Cytomorphogenesis%2C+Morphofunctional+Potency%2C+Role+in+Pathogenesis+and+Morphogenesis+of+Tuberculous+Process&rft.btitle=Understanding+Tuberculosis+-+Analyzing+the+Origin+of+Mycobacterium+Tuberculosis+Pathogenicity&rft.place=Croatia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=InTech&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-953-307-942-4&rft.aulast=Arkhipov&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelioid+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Myelopoiesis(CFU-GEMM)43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelopoiesis" title="Myelopoiesis">Myelopoiesis</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulopoiesis" title="Granulopoiesis">Granulopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promyelocyte" title="Promyelocyte">Promyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelocyte" title="Myelocyte">Myelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamyelocyte" title="Metamyelocyte">Metamyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocytopoiesis" title="Monocytopoiesis">Monocytopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promonocyte" title="Promonocyte">Promonocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">MEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoiesis" title="Thrombopoiesis">Thrombopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">Erythropoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proerythroblast" title="Proerythroblast">Proerythroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Normoblast">Normoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extramedullary_hematopoiesis" title="Extramedullary hematopoiesis">Extramedullary hematopoiesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_tissue" title="Myeloid tissue">Myeloid tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">Granulocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">Neutrophil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">Basophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Baso" title="CFU-Baso">CFU-Baso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">Eosinophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Eos" title="CFU-Eos">CFU-Eos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Mast" title="CFU-Mast">CFU-Mast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">Monocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histiocyte" title="Histiocyte">Histiocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage" title="Alveolar macrophage">Alveolar macrophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">Osteoclasts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epithelioid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-body_giant_cell" title="Foreign-body giant cell">Foreign-body giant cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton_giant_cell" title="Touton giant cell">Touton giant cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antigen-presenting cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-DL" title="CFU-DL">CFU-DL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">MPS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Meg" title="CFU-Meg">CFU-Meg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte" title="Megakaryocyte">Megakaryocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleated_red_blood_cell" title="Nucleated red blood cell">Nucleated red blood cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-E" title="CFU-E">CFU-E</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immune response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">Leukocyte extravasation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_immunity" title="Intrinsic immunity">Intrinsic immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursor cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelomonocyte" title="Myelomonocyte">Myelomonocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">Phagocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic system">Hematopoietic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inflammation45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflammation" title="Template:Inflammation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inflammation" title="Template talk:Inflammation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inflammation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inflammation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inflammation45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">Flushing (Rubor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever (Calor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">Swelling (Tumor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain (Dolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functio_laesa" title="Functio laesa">Loss of function (Functio laesa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation#Acute_inflammation" title="Inflammation">Acute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation#Plasma-derived_mediators" title="Inflammation">Plasma-derived mediators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_3" title="Complement component 3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5a" title="Complement component 5a">C5a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_membrane_attack_complex" title="Complement membrane attack complex">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_XII" title="Factor XII">Factor XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">Plasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombin" title="Thrombin">Thrombin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation#Cell-derived_mediators" title="Inflammation">Cell-derived mediators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>preformed</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">Lysosome granules</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">biogenic amines</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>synthesized on demand</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFN-γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">IL-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNF-α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1A">IL-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoids</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">Leukotriene B4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">Kinins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic inflammation">Chronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epithelioid cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">Giant cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">Granuloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute-phase_protein" title="Acute-phase protein">Acute-phase reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_permeability" title="Vascular permeability">Increased vascular permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">Exudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">Leukocyte extravasation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">Chemotaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">Full blood count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocytosis" title="Leukocytosis">Leukocytosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">Erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Lymphadenopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inflammatory_disorders" title="List of inflammatory disorders">List of inflammatory disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&oldid=1265526794">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelioid_cell&oldid=1265526794</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eukaryotic_cells" title="Category:Eukaryotic cells">Eukaryotic cells</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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