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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Loggers_klaralven.jpg/330px-Loggers_klaralven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Loggers_klaralven.jpg/440px-Loggers_klaralven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Log drivers at <a href="/wiki/Klar%C3%A4lven" title="Klarälven">Klarälven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Log driving</b> is a means of moving <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">logs</a> (sawn <a href="/wiki/Tree_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree trunk">tree trunks</a>) from a forest to <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">pulp mills</a> downstream using the current of a river. It was the main transportation method of the early <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/220px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/330px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/440px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> with floating logs in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the first <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a> were established, they were usually small <a href="/wiki/Water-power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-power">water-powered</a> facilities located near the source of timber, which might be converted to grist mills after farming became established when the forests had been cleared. Later, bigger <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">circular sawmills</a> were developed in the lower reaches of a river, with the logs floated down to them by log drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196142–43_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196142–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the broader, slower stretches of a river, the logs might be bound together into <a href="/wiki/Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">timber rafts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosholt_-_Wisconsin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosholt_-_Wisconsin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the smaller, wilder stretches of a river where rafts couldn't get through, masses of individual logs were driven down the river like huge herds of cattle. "Log floating" in Sweden (<i>timmerflottning</i>) had begun by the 16th century, and 17th century in Finland (<i>tukinuitto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total length of timber-floating routes in Finland was 40,000km.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF/220px-Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF/330px-Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Log_jam_Berlin_Falls_1872.GIF 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Log jam at <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_New_Hampshire" title="Berlin, New Hampshire">Berlin, New Hampshire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The log drive was one step in a larger process of lumber-making in remote places. In a location with snowy winters, the yearly process typically began in autumn when a small team of men hauled tools upstream into the timbered area, chopped out a clearing, and constructed crude buildings for a <a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">logging camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter when things froze, a larger crew moved into the camp and proceeded to cut trees, cutting the trunks into 5-metre (16 ft) lengths, and hauling the logs with <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> or horses over iced trails to the riverbank. There the logs were decked onto "rollways." In spring when snow thawed and water levels rose, the logs were rolled into the river, and the drive commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure that logs drifted freely along the river, men called "log drivers" or "river pigs" were needed to guide the logs. The drivers typically divided into two groups. The more experienced and nimble men comprised the "jam" crew or "beat" crew. They watched the spots where logs were likely to jam, and when a jam started, tried to get to it quickly and dislodge the key logs before many logs stacked up. If they didn't, the river would keep piling on more logs, forming a partial dam which could raise the water level.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of board feet of lumber could back up for miles upriver, requiring weeks to break up, with some timber lost if it was shoved far enough into the shallows.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the jam crew saw a jam begin, they rushed to it and tried to break it up, using <a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">peaveys</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a>. This job required some understanding of physics, strong muscles, and extreme agility. The jam crew was an exceedingly dangerous occupation, with the drivers standing on the moving logs and running from one to another. Many drivers lost their lives by falling and being crushed by the logs.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_Driver_Brown_Company_Berlin,_New_Hampshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Log_Driver_Brown_Company_Berlin%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg/220px-Log_Driver_Brown_Company_Berlin%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Log_Driver_Brown_Company_Berlin%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Log driver working for the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Company" title="Brown Company">Brown Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each crew was accompanied by an experienced boss often selected for his fighting skills to control the strong and reckless men of his team. The overall drive was controlled by the "walking boss" who moved from place to place to coordinate the various teams to keep logs moving past problem spots. Stalling a drive near a saloon often created a cascade of drunken personnel problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196153–56,_64,_66,_72_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196153–56,_64,_66,_72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A larger group of less experienced men brought up the rear, pushing along the straggler logs that were stuck on the banks and in trees. They spent more time wading in icy water than balancing on moving logs. They were called the "rear crew." Other men worked with them from the bank, pushing logs away with <a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">pike poles</a>. Others worked with horses and oxen to pull in the logs that had strayed furthest out into the flats.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bateau" title="Bateau">Bateaux</a> ferried log drivers using pike poles to dislodge stranded logs while maneuvering with the log drive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Wannigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wannigan">wannigan</a> was a kitchen built on a raft which followed the drivers down the river.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wannigan served four meals a day<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fuel the men working in cold water. It also provided tents and blankets for the night if no better accommodations were available.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commissary wagon carrying clothing, plug tobacco and patent medicines for purchase by the log drivers was also called a wangan. The logging company wangan train, called a <i>Mary Anne</i>, was a caravan of wagons pulled by four- or six-horse teams where roads followed the river to transport the tents, blankets, food, stoves, and tools needed by the log drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196165_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196165-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For log drives, the ideal river would have been straight and uniform, with sharp banks and a predictable flow of water. Wild rivers were not that, so men cut away the fallen trees that would snag logs, dynamited troublesome rocks, and built up the banks in places. To control the flow of water, they built "flash dams" or "driving dams" on smaller streams, so they could release water to push the logs down when they wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each timber firm had its own mark which was placed on the logs, called an "end mark". Obliterating or altering a timber mark was a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the mill the logs were captured by a <a href="/wiki/Log_boom" title="Log boom">log boom</a>, and the logs were sorted for ownership before being sawn.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Drive_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Log drives were often in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">navigation</a>, as logs would sometimes fill the entire river and make boat travel dangerous or impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floating logs down a river worked well for the most desirable pine timber, because it floated well. But <a href="/wiki/Hardwoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwoods">hardwoods</a> were more dense, and weren't buoyant enough to be easily driven, and some pines weren't near drivable streams. Log driving became increasingly unnecessary with the development of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroads</a> and the use of trucks on <a href="/wiki/Logging_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging roads">logging roads</a>. However, the practice survived in some remote locations where such infrastructure did not exist. Most log driving in the US and Canada ended with changes in environmental legislation in the 1970s. Some places, like the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, still retain the practice as a popular holiday celebration once a year. </p><p>In Sweden legal exemptions for log driving were eliminated in 1983. "The last float in southern Sweden was in the 1960s, with the floating era in the rest of the country ending completely with the last of the many log drives in the <a href="/wiki/Klar%C3%A4lven" title="Klarälven">Klarälven river</a> in 1991."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg/220px-Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg/330px-Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg/440px-Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Ferei_Drei_Fl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>River drivers in Germany with a crude <a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">pike pole</a> the Germans call a rafters' hook (Flößerhaken, as in rafting logs), probably one or two <a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">pickaroons</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">ring dog</a> for rolling logs over.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The contemporary logrolling contest, <a href="/wiki/Logrolling_(sport)" title="Logrolling (sport)">Birling</a>, is a demonstration of skills originally devised by log drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inclusive description of a complex assortment as "the whole Mary Anne" derives from the colorful characters of wangan caravans which periodically transformed quiet rural communities with the excitement of a passing log drive.</li> <li>In Canada, "<a href="/wiki/The_Log_Driver%27s_Waltz" title="The Log Driver's Waltz">The Log Driver's Waltz</a>" is a popular <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> song which boasts about a log driver's dancing skills.</li> <li>The version of the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawn_Canadian_banknotes#$1" title="Withdrawn Canadian banknotes">Canadian one-dollar bank note</a> issued in 1974 and withdrawn in 1989 featured a view of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> with log driving taking place in the foreground and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> rising in the background. This banknote was part of the fourth series of banknotes released by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> entitled "<a href="/wiki/Scenes_of_Canada_(banknotes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenes of Canada (banknotes)">Scenes of Canada</a>". The logs depicted in this bank note may have been destined for a half dozen pulp, paper and sawmills near the <a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls" title="Chaudière Falls">Chaudière Falls</a> immediately upstream from Parliament Hill, or for other mills further downstream.</li> <li>An Englishman may have observed loggers loitering in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor, Maine</a> when he reported in 1801: "His habits in the forest and the [river] voyage all break up the system of persevering industry and substitute one of alternate toil and indolence, hardship and debauch; and in the alteration, indolence and debauch will inevitably be indulged in the greatest possible proportion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196118_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196118-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the first chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cider_House_Rules" title="The Cider House Rules">The Cider House Rules</a></i> (1985), <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a> briefly describes a 1930s log drive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Brandelius" title="Harry Brandelius">Harry Brandelius</a>’ 1950s Swedish song <i><a href="/wiki/Flottark%C3%A4rlek" title="Flottarkärlek">Flottarkärlek</a></i> tells the story of a young log driver.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuvo_Pakkala" title="Teuvo Pakkala">Teuvo Pakkala</a>’s 1899 Finnish play <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukkijoella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukkijoella (page does not exist)">Tukkijoella</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukkijoella_(n%C3%A4ytelm%C3%A4)" class="extiw" title="fi:Tukkijoella (näytelmä)">fi</a>]</span></i> started the so-called ‘log driver romantics’ phase, resulting in several movies and books about log drivers’ lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The song Breakfast in Hell by <a href="/wiki/Slaid_Cleaves" title="Slaid Cleaves">Slaid Cleaves</a> tells the tale of the death of Sandy Grey, a driver in Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the first four chapters of <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Night_in_Twisted_River" title="Last Night in Twisted River">Last Night in Twisted River</a></i> (2009), the hard and dangerous life of log drivers in New Hampshire is described in detail.</li> <li>Canadian band <a href="/wiki/Great_Big_Sea" title="Great Big Sea">Great Big Sea</a> included the song "River Driver" on their album <a href="/wiki/The_Hard_and_the_Easy" title="The Hard and the Easy">The Hard and the Easy</a>, about a log driver from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Holbrook" title="Stewart Holbrook">Holbrook, Stewart H.</a> (1961). <i>Yankee Loggers</i>. International Paper Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yankee+Loggers&rft.pub=International+Paper+Company&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Stewart+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-bamboo_drifting" title="Single-bamboo drifting">Single-bamboo drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">Timber rafting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUo3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA62">"Manistee National Forest (N.F.), Pere Marquette Wild and Scenic River (WSR), Proposed, Environmental Impact Statement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manistee_National_Forest" title="Manistee National Forest">Manistee National Forest</a>. December 31, 1976. p. 62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manistee+National+Forest+%28N.F.%29%2C+Pere+Marquette+Wild+and+Scenic+River+%28WSR%29%2C+Proposed%2C+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Manistee+National+Forest&rft.date=1976-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUo3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196142–43-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196142–43_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1961">Holbrook 1961</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosholt_-_Wisconsin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosholt_-_Wisconsin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1980" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmillanlibrary.org/rosholt/wi-logging-book/wilogging/images/00000027.pdf"><i>The Wisconsin Logging Book - 1839-1939</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-05-9"><bdi>0-910417-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisconsin+Logging+Book+-+1839-1939&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-910417-05-9&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcmillanlibrary.org%2Frosholt%2Fwi-logging-book%2Fwilogging%2Fimages%2F00000027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKari2019" class="citation web cs1">Kari, Serafia (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.europeana.eu/2019/09/taming-the-rivers-log-driving-in-sweden-and-finland/">"Taming the rivers: log driving in Sweden and Finland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a> (CC By-SA)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeana+%28CC+By-SA%29&rft.atitle=Taming+the+rivers%3A+log+driving+in+Sweden+and+Finland&rft.date=2019-09&rft.aulast=Kari&rft.aufirst=Serafia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.europeana.eu%2F2019%2F09%2Ftaming-the-rivers-log-driving-in-sweden-and-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/lumbermen-on-the-chippewa/lumbchip/images/00000003.pdf"><i>Lumbermen on the Chippewa - The Camp</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8"><bdi>0-910417-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumbermen+on+the+Chippewa+-+The+Camp&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-910417-00-8&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scls.lib.wi.us%2Fmcm%2Frosholt%2Flumbermen-on-the-chippewa%2Flumbchip%2Fimages%2F00000003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/lumbermen-on-the-chippewa/lumbchip/images/00000004.pdf"><i>Lumbermen on the Chippewa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8"><bdi>0-910417-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumbermen+on+the+Chippewa&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-910417-00-8&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scls.lib.wi.us%2Fmcm%2Frosholt%2Flumbermen-on-the-chippewa%2Flumbchip%2Fimages%2F00000004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Drive-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Drive_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/lumbermen-on-the-chippewa/lumbchip/images/00000004.pdf"><i>Lumbermen on the Chippewa - The Drive</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8"><bdi>0-910417-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumbermen+on+the+Chippewa+-+The+Drive&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-910417-00-8&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scls.lib.wi.us%2Fmcm%2Frosholt%2Flumbermen-on-the-chippewa%2Flumbchip%2Fimages%2F00000004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1980" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmillanlibrary.org/rosholt/wi-logging-book/wilogging/images/00000025.pdf"><i>The Wisconsin Logging Book - 1839-1939</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-05-9"><bdi>0-910417-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisconsin+Logging+Book+-+1839-1939&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-910417-05-9&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcmillanlibrary.org%2Frosholt%2Fwi-logging-book%2Fwilogging%2Fimages%2F00000025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196153–56,_64,_66,_72-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196153–56,_64,_66,_72_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1961">Holbrook 1961</a>, pp. 53–56, 64, 66, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1961119_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1961">Holbrook 1961</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/fhc/logdrives.html">"Log Drives (and River Pigs)"</a>. <i>Forest History Center</i>. Minnesota Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forest+History+Center&rft.atitle=Log+Drives+%28and+River+Pigs%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Fplaces%2Fsites%2Ffhc%2Flogdrives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196165-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196165_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1961">Holbrook 1961</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1982–1983" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel, John N. (1982–1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=32773&CISOSHOW=32692">"The Round Lake logging dam: a survivor of Wisconsin's log-driving days"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 176<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Round+Lake+logging+dam%3A+a+survivor+of+Wisconsin%27s+log-driving+days&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176&rft.date=1982%2F1983&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fwmh%26CISOPTR%3D32773%26CISOSHOW%3D32692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosholt1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosholt, Malcolm (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/lumbermen-on-the-chippewa/lumbchip/images/00000006.pdf"><i>Lumbermen on the Chippewa - End Marks and Bark Marks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rosholt, Wisconsin: Rosholt House. pp. 91–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910417-00-8"><bdi>0-910417-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumbermen+on+the+Chippewa+-+End+Marks+and+Bark+Marks&rft.place=Rosholt%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=91-95&rft.pub=Rosholt+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-910417-00-8&rft.aulast=Rosholt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scls.lib.wi.us%2Fmcm%2Frosholt%2Flumbermen-on-the-chippewa%2Flumbchip%2Fimages%2F00000006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_Scott2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Scott (September 2002). <i>The History of Logging in Vermont's Northeast Kingdom</i>. The Kingdom Historical.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Logging+in+Vermont%27s+Northeast+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Kingdom+Historical&rft.date=2002-09&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196118-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook196118_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1961">Holbrook 1961</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umaine.edu/folklife/what-we-do/programs-and-events/maine-song-and-story-sampler-map/places/baring-breakfast-in-hell/">"Baring, "Breakfast in Hell" - Maine Folklife Center - University of Maine"</a>. <i>Maine Folklife Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine+Folklife+Center&rft.atitle=Baring%2C+%22Breakfast+in+Hell%22+-+Maine+Folklife+Center+-+University+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumaine.edu%2Ffolklife%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fprograms-and-events%2Fmaine-song-and-story-sampler-map%2Fplaces%2Fbaring-breakfast-in-hell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+driving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_driving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA242">"Thrills Of The Spring Log Drive", February 1931, Popular Mechanics</a> large article on a log drive in Quebec, Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/wi-logging-book/index.html">"The Wisconsin Logging Book 1839-1939"</a> by Malcolm Rosholt is readable, has many old photos, and is available online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scls.lib.wi.us/mcm/rosholt/lumbermen-on-the-chippewa/index.html">"Lumbermen on the Chippewa"</a>, also by Rosholt, has more of the same.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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