CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wildfire - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"288ab81f-9fbc-402f-a2bd-62c305bf30b2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wildfire","wgTitle":"Wildfire","wgCurRevisionId":1257263601,"wgRevisionId":1257263601,"wgArticleId":56106,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with excerpts","Articles to be expanded from January 2021","All articles to be expanded", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2023","United States-centric","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Wildfires","Emergency management","Fire prevention","Types of fire","Natural disasters","Pollution","Wildfire ecology","Weather lore"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wildfire","wgRelevantArticleId":56106,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169950","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wildfire - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wildfire rootpage-Wildfire skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wildfire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wildfire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wildfire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wildfire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ignition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ignition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ignition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ignition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ignition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Natural causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Human activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Physical properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intensity_variations_during_day_and_night" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity_variations_during_day_and_night"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Intensity variations during day and night </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity_variations_during_day_and_night-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate change effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_change_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate change effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_risks_due_to_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_risks_due_to_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Increasing risks due to climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_risks_due_to_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_and_other_emissions_from_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_and_other_emissions_from_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_and_other_emissions_from_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Detection </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Detection subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_sensor_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_sensor_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Local sensor networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_sensor_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_and_aerial_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_and_aerial_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Satellite and aerial monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_and_aerial_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Suppression </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suppression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Suppression subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costs_of_wildfire_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_of_wildfire_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Costs of wildfire suppression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_of_wildfire_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildland_firefighting_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildland_firefighting_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Wildland firefighting safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildland_firefighting_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_retardants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_retardants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fire retardants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_retardants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Modeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_the_natural_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_the_natural_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impacts on the natural environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_the_natural_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts on the natural environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_the_natural_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_the_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 On the atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 On ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 On waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_plant_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_plant_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 On plant and animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_plant_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Impacts on humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts on humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airborne_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Airborne hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asthma_exacerbation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asthma_exacerbation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Asthma exacerbation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asthma_exacerbation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_danger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_monoxide_danger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Carbon monoxide danger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_danger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-fire_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-fire_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Post-fire risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-fire_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At-risk_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At-risk_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 At-risk groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At-risk_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firefighters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firefighters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Firefighters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firefighters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Human involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wildfire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حرائق الغابات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرائق الغابات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտառային հրդեհներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անտառային հրդեհներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C9%99_yan%C4%9F%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1" title="Meşə yanğınları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meşə yanğınları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2" title="দাবানল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাবানল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-sio-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Hóe-sio-soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-sio-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Горски пожар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горски пожар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ནགས་ཚལ་མེ་སྐྱོན་ཐོན་ཉེན་གྱི་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནགས་ཚལ་མེ་སྐྱོན་ཐོན་ཉེན་གྱི་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Вăрман пушарĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрман пушарĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauffeuer" title="Lauffeuer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lauffeuer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastikup%C3%B5leng" title="Maastikupõleng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maastikupõleng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Αγροτοδασική πυρκαγιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγροτοδασική πυρκαγιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbara_incendio" title="Arbara incendio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbara incendio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso-sute" title="Baso-sute – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baso-sute" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="آتش‌سوزی جنگل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش‌سوزی جنگل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natoerbr%C3%A2n" title="Natoerbrân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natoerbrân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsca%C3%AD" title="Falscaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Falscaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaisg" title="Falaisg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Falaisg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88" title="산불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտառային հրդեհներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառային հրդեհներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="दावानल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दावानल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Kebakaran hutan dan lahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebakaran hutan dan lahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villieldur" title="Villieldur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Villieldur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_boschivo" title="Incendio boschivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incendio boschivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שרפת יער – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרפת יער" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾಳ್ಗಿಚ್ಚು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಳ್ಗಿಚ್ಚು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Орман өрті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орман өрті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ໄຟປ່າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຟປ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEa_ugunsgr%C4%93ks" title="Meža ugunsgrēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meža ugunsgrēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focon_savaje" title="Focon savaje – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Focon savaje" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro_tanety" title="Doro tanety – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Doro tanety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80" title="കാട്ടുതീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാട്ടുതീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="वणवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वणवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_liar" title="Kebakaran liar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebakaran liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တောမီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောမီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurbrand" title="Natuurbrand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurbrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="डढेलो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डढेलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E4%BA%8B" title="山火事 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山火事" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrmon_yong%CA%BBinlari" title="Oʻrmon yongʻinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrmon yongʻinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਅੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਅੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="جنگلی اگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگلی اگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%81%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځنګل سوځېدنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځنګل سوځېدنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiu_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Incendiu de pădure – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incendiu de pădure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тыа умайыыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыа умайыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wildfire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjarri_i_eg%C3%ABr" title="Zjarri i egër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zjarri i egër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wildfire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEar_v_naravi" title="Požar v naravi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Požar v naravi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاگرکەوتنەوەی دارستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاگرکەوتنەوەی دارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шумски пожар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шумски пожар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastopalo" title="Maastopalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maastopalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markbrand" title="Markbrand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markbrand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napakalaking_sunog" title="Napakalaking sunog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Napakalaking sunog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80" title="காட்டுத்தீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டுத்தீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="దావానలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దావానలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ไฟป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orman_yang%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Orman yangını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orman yangını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%AF" title="جنگلی آگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگلی آگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1y_r%E1%BB%ABng" title="Cháy rừng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cháy rừng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5vadje_feu" title="Såvadje feu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Såvadje feu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" title="山火 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="山火" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וואלד פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלד פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" title="山火 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="山火" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB" title="野火 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="野火" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wildfire" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wildfire" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wildfire" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&oldid=1257263601" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wildfire&id=1257263601&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWildfire">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWildfire">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wildfire&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wildfires" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169950" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uncontrolled fires in forests or open spaces</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brushfire" and "Forest fire" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wildfire (disambiguation)">Wildfire (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brushfire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brushfire (disambiguation)">Brushfire (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Forest fire (disambiguation)">Forest fire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg/300px-Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg/450px-Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg/600px-Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Wildfire burning in the <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_National_Forest" title="Kaibab National Forest">Kaibab National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States, in 2020. The <a href="/wiki/Mangum_Fire" title="Mangum Fire">Mangum Fire</a> burned more than 70,000 acres (280 km2) of <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> in an area of <a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">combustible</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIFFC_Glossary2-2">[2]</a> Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire (<a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">in Australia</a>), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">veld</a> fire.<a href="#cite_note-Cbbcco.uk2-3">[3]</a> Some natural forest ecosystems <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">depend on wildfire.</a><a href="#cite_note-Fire_Tree_Mortality2222-4">[4]</a> Wildfires are different from <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled or prescribed burning</a>, which are carried out to provide a benefit for people. Modern <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a> often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. However, controlled burns can turn into wildfires by mistake. Wildfires can be classified by cause of ignition, physical properties, combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire.<a href="#cite_note-UToronto2-5">[5]</a> Wildfire severity results from a combination of factors such as available fuels, physical setting, and weather.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FireBehavior-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Climatic cycles with wet periods that create substantial fuels, followed by <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> and heat, often precede severe wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> These cycles have been intensified by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a>: 247  Wildfires are a common type of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">disaster</a> in some regions, including <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (Canada), and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2022-16">[16]</a> Areas with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> biome are particularly susceptible. Wildfires can severely impact humans and their settlements. Effects include for example the direct health impacts of smoke and fire, as well as destruction of property (especially in <a href="/wiki/Wildland%E2%80%93urban_interface" title="Wildland–urban interface">wildland–urban interfaces</a>), and economic losses. There is also the potential for contamination of water and soil. At a global level, human practices have made the impacts of wildfire worse, with a doubling in land area burned by wildfires compared to natural levels.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a>: 247  Humans have impacted wildfire through <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> (e.g. more intense <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">wildfire suppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a>: 247  The carbon released from wildfires can add to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere</a> and thus contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>. This creates a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">climate change feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2021-17">[17]</a>: 20  Naturally occurring wildfires can have beneficial effects on those <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> that have evolved with fire.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-20">[20]</a> In fact, many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA222-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ignition">Ignition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ignition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two illustrations of the earth, one above the other. The seas are dark gray in color and the continents a lighter gray. Both images have red, yellow, and white markers indicating where fires occurred during the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image) of the year 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg/220px-Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg/330px-Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg/440px-Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Global fires during the year 2008 for the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image), as detected by the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" title="Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer</a> (MODIS) on NASA's <a href="/wiki/Terra_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra satellite">Terra satellite</a>.</figcaption></figure>The ignition of a fire takes place through either natural causes or human activity (deliberate or not).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg/220px-2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg/330px-2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg/440px-2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences during the dry summer season in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_causes">Natural causes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural causes">edit</a>]</div> Natural occurrences that can ignite wildfires without the involvement of humans include <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> from rock falls, and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott2000-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_activity">Human activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human activity">edit</a>]</div> Sources of human-caused fire may include arson, accidental ignition, or the uncontrolled use of fire in land-clearing and agriculture such as the slash-and-burn farming in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, farmers often practice the <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> method of clearing fields during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a>, the most common human causes of wildfires are equipment generating sparks (chainsaws, grinders, mowers, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Utility-caused_wildfires" title="Utility-caused wildfires">overhead power lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krock-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Arson may account for over 20% of human caused fires.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, in the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a> "an independent study found online <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">trolls</a> exaggerating the role of arson in the fires."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_wildfires" title="2023 Canadian wildfires">2023 Canadian wildfires</a> false claims of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> gained traction on social media; however, arson is generally not a main cause of wildfires in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-wild-theories-33">[33]</a> In California, generally 6–10% of wildfires annually are arson.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam fire">Coal seam fires</a> burn in the thousands around the world, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Burning_Mountain" title="Burning Mountain">Burning Mountain</a>, New South Wales; <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Pennsylvania" title="Centralia, Pennsylvania">Centralia</a>, Pennsylvania; and several <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China#Coal_mine_fires" title="Coal power in China">coal-sustained fires in China</a>. They can also flare up unexpectedly and ignite nearby flammable material.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread">Spread</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surface-area-to-volume_ratio#Fire_spread" title="Surface-area-to-volume ratio">Surface-area-to-volume ratio § Fire spread</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort,_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flat expanse of brown grasses and some green trees with black and some gray smoke and visible flames in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg/220px-Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg/330px-Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg/440px-Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A surface fire in the western desert of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mountainous region with blackened soil and trees due to a recent fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg/220px-Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg/330px-Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg/440px-Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Charred landscape following a crown fire in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">North Cascades</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priske_24.03.2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Priske_24.03.2019.jpg/220px-Priske_24.03.2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Priske_24.03.2019.jpg/330px-Priske_24.03.2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Priske_24.03.2019.jpg/440px-Priske_24.03.2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Forest fires visible from a distance in <a href="/wiki/Dajti_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajti National Park">Dajti National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</figcaption></figure> The spread of wildfires varies based on the flammable material present, its vertical arrangement and moisture content, and weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_iv-36">[36]</a> Fuel arrangement and density is governed in part by <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, as land shape determines factors such as available sunlight and water for plant growth. Overall, fire types can be generally characterized by their fuels as follows: <ul><li>Ground fires are fed by subterranean roots, duff on the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a>, and other buried <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>. Ground fires typically burn by smoldering, and can burn slowly for days to months, such as <a href="/wiki/Peat#Peat_Fires" title="Peat">peat fires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which resulted from a <a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project_(Kalimantan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)">riceland creation project</a> that unintentionally drained and dried the peat.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Crawling or surface fires are fueled by low-lying vegetative matter on the forest floor such as leaf and timber litter, debris, grass, and low-lying shrubbery.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This kind of fire often burns at a relatively lower temperature than crown fires (less than 400 °C (752 °F)) and may spread at slow rate, though steep slopes and wind can accelerate the rate of spread.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This fuel type is especially susceptible to ignition due to spotting (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Spotting">below</a>).</li> <li>Ladder fires consume material between low-level vegetation and tree canopies, such as small trees, downed logs, and <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">Kudzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_climbing_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Old World climbing fern">Old World climbing fern</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Invasive_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive plant">invasive plants</a> that scale trees may also encourage ladder fires.<a href="#cite_note-FireInitiative-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Crown, canopy, or aerial fires burn suspended material at the canopy level, such as tall trees, vines, and mosses. The ignition of a crown fire, termed crowning, is dependent on the density of the suspended material, canopy height, canopy continuity, sufficient surface and ladder fires, vegetation moisture content, and weather conditions during the blaze.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Stand-replacing fires lit by humans can spread into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rain forest">Amazon rain forest</a>, damaging ecosystems not particularly suited for heat or arid conditions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrasts_-_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Contrasts_-_fire.jpg/220px-Contrasts_-_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Contrasts_-_fire.jpg/330px-Contrasts_-_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Contrasts_-_fire.jpg/440px-Contrasts_-_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>A dirt road acted as a fire barrier in South Africa. The effects of the barrier can clearly be seen on the unburnt (left) and burnt (right) sides of the road.</figcaption></figure> Wildfires occur when all the necessary elements of a fire triangle come together in a susceptible area: an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material such as <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> that is subjected to enough heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. A high moisture content usually prevents ignition and slows propagation, because higher temperatures are needed to evaporate any water in the material and heat the material to its <a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">fire point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FireBehavior-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIFC-45">[45]</a> Dense forests usually provide more shade, resulting in lower ambient temperatures and greater <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, and are therefore less susceptible to wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_12-46">[46]</a> Less dense material such as grasses and leaves are easier to ignite because they contain less water than denser material such as branches and trunks.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> Plants continuously lose water by <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, but water loss is usually balanced by water absorbed from the soil, humidity, or rain.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> When this balance is not maintained, often as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, plants dry out and are therefore more flammable.<a href="#cite_note-Structure-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A wildfire front is the portion sustaining continuous flaming combustion, where unburned material meets active flames, or the <a href="/wiki/Smolder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smolder">smoldering</a> transition between unburned and burned material.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As the front approaches, the fire heats both the surrounding air and woody material through <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a>. First, wood is dried as water is vaporized at a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F). Next, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of wood at 230 °C (450 °F) releases flammable gases. Finally, wood can smolder at 380 °C (720 °F) or, when heated sufficiently, ignite at 590 °C (1,000 °F).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Even before the flames of a wildfire arrive at a particular location, <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> from the wildfire front warms the air to 800 °C (1,470 °F), which pre-heats and dries flammable materials, causing materials to ignite faster and allowing the fire to spread faster.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FireScars-54">[54]</a> High-temperature and long-duration surface wildfires may encourage <a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">flashover</a> or torching: the drying of <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (ecology)">tree canopies</a> and their subsequent ignition from below.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Wildfires have a rapid forward rate of spread (FROS) when burning through dense uninterrupted fuels.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> They can move as fast as 10.8 kilometres per hour (6.7 mph) in forests and 22 kilometres per hour (14 mph) in grasslands.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Wildfires can advance tangential to the main front to form a flanking front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by backing.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> They may also spread by jumping or spotting as winds and vertical <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> columns carry firebrands (hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-underfire-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australian bushfires</a>, spot fires are known to occur as far as 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the fire front.<a href="#cite_note-Kilmore-East-62">[62]</a> Especially large wildfires may affect air currents in their immediate vicinities by the <a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">stack effect</a>: air rises as it is heated, and large wildfires create powerful <a href="/wiki/Updraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Updraft">updrafts</a> that will <a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">draw in</a> new, cooler air from surrounding areas in <a href="/wiki/Thermal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal column">thermal columns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Great vertical differences in temperature and humidity encourage <a href="/wiki/Pyrocumulus_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocumulus cloud">pyrocumulus clouds</a>, strong winds, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">fire whirls</a> with the force of tornadoes at speeds of more than 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Rapid rates of spread, prolific crowning or spotting, the presence of fire whirls, and strong convection columns signify extreme conditions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity_variations_during_day_and_night">Intensity variations during day and night</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intensity variations during day and night">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendio_en_Caracas_(4515878847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg/220px-Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg/330px-Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg/440px-Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A wildfire in Venezuela during a <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a></figcaption></figure>Intensity also increases during daytime hours. Burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day due to lower humidity, increased temperatures, and increased wind speeds.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Sunlight warms the ground during the day which creates air currents that travel uphill. At night the land cools, creating air currents that travel downhill. Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Fires in Europe occur frequently during the hours of 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Wildfire suppression operations in the United States revolve around a 24-hour fire day that begins at 10:00 a.m. due to the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_effects">Climate change effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Wildfires" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change § Wildfires</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg/186px-1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg/279px-1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg/372px-1911-_Wildfire_disasters_-_worldwide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wildfire disasters have increased substantially in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera_CRED_20210819-72">[72]</a> Climate change intensifies heatwaves and droughts that dry vegetation, which in turn fuels wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera_CRED_20210819-72">[72]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/248px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/372px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/496px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The area that burned in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_wildfires" title="2023 Canadian wildfires">2023 Canadian wildfires</a> was more than twice that of any year since 1983.<a href="#cite_note-CIFFC_202310-73">[73]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_risks_due_to_climate_change">Increasing risks due to climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Increasing risks due to climate change">edit</a>]</div> Climate change promotes the type of weather that makes wildfires more likely. In some areas, an increase of wildfires has been attributed directly to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a>: 247  Evidence from Earth's past also shows more fire in warmer periods.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2022-74">[74]</a> Climate change increases <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. This can cause vegetation and soils to dry out. When a fire starts in an area with very dry vegetation, it can spread rapidly. Higher temperatures can also lengthen the fire season. This is the time of year in which severe wildfires are most likely, particularly in regions where snow is disappearing.<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-2020-75">[75]</a> Weather conditions are raising the risks of wildfires. But the total area burnt by wildfires has decreased. This is mostly because <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> has been converted to <a href="/wiki/Croplands" class="mw-redirect" title="Croplands">cropland</a>, so there are fewer trees to burn.<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-2020-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate variability">Climate variability</a> including <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, and regional weather patterns, such as high-pressure ridges, can increase the risk and alter the behavior of wildfires dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Years of high precipitation can produce rapid vegetation growth, which when followed by warmer periods can encourage more widespread fires and longer fire seasons.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> High temperatures dry out the fuel loads and make them more flammable, increasing tree mortality and posing significant risks to global forest health.<a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brando-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Since the mid-1980s, in the Western US, earlier snowmelt and associated warming has also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season, or the most fire-prone time of the year.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A 2019 study indicates that the increase in <a href="/wiki/California_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="California fires">fire risk in California</a> may be partially attributable to <a href="/wiki/Man-made_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-made climate change">human-induced climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In the summer of 1974–1975 (southern hemisphere), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> suffered its worst recorded wildfire, when 15% of Australia's land mass suffered "extensive fire damage".<a href="#cite_note-abs1995-85">[85]</a> Fires that summer burned up an estimated 117 million <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> (290 million <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>; 1,170,000 <a href="/wiki/Square_kilometre" title="Square kilometre">square kilometres</a>; 450,000 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AIDR-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35 °C) and very hot days (above 40 °C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. The country has always had bushfires but in 2019, the extent and ferocity of these fires increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> For the first time catastrophic bushfire conditions were declared for Greater Sydney. New South Wales and Queensland declared a state of emergency but fires were also burning in South Australia and Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019, extreme heat and dryness</a> caused massive <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_2019" title="Wildfires in 2019">wildfires</a> in <a href="/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Siberia wildfires">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshka_Landing_Fire" title="Deshka Landing Fire">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Canary_Islands_wildfires" title="2019 Canary Islands wildfires">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">Australia</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires" title="2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires">Amazon rainforest</a>. The fires in the latter were caused mainly by <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">illegal logging</a>. The smoke from the fires expanded on huge territory including major cities, dramatically reducing air quality.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As of August 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_2020" title="Wildfires in 2020">wildfires in that year</a> were 13% worse than in 2019 due primarily to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and agricultural burning. The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>'s existence is threatened by fires.<a href="#cite_note-watching-earth-burn-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Record-breaking <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_2021" title="Wildfires in 2021">wildfires in 2021</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/2021_Turkey_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Turkey wildfires">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Greece_wildfires" title="2021 Greece wildfires">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Russia_wildfires" title="2021 Russia wildfires">Russia</a>, thought to be linked to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv/220px--UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv/UC_Irvine_scientist_James_Randerson_discusses_new_research_linking_ocean_temperatures_and_fire_seasons_severity.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video to explain how increasing <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperatures</a> are linked to fire-season severity.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide_and_other_emissions_from_fires">Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires">edit</a>]</div> The carbon released from wildfires can add to greenhouse gas concentrations. <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate models</a> do not yet fully reflect this <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2021-17">[17]</a>: 20  Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, black and brown carbon particles, and ozone precursors such as <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides (NOx)</a> into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> These emissions affect radiation, clouds, and climate on regional and even global scales.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo2022-16">[16]</a> Wildfires also emit substantial amounts of semi-volatile organic species that can partition from the gas phase to form <a href="/wiki/Secondary_organic_aerosol" title="Secondary organic aerosol">secondary organic aerosol</a> (SOA) over hours to days after emission. In addition, the formation of the other pollutants as the air is transported can lead to harmful exposures for populations in regions far away from the wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2022-16">[16]</a> While direct emissions of harmful pollutants can affect first responders and residents, wildfire smoke can also be transported over long distances and impact air quality across local, regional, and global scales.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17,_2013-0004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg/220px-The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg/330px-The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg/440px-The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17%2C_2013-0004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Wildfire near <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, United States, in 2013. The <a href="/wiki/Rim_Fire" title="Rim Fire">Rim Fire</a> burned more than 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) of forest.</figcaption></figure>The health effects of wildfire smoke, such as worsening <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a> and respiratory conditions, extend beyond immediate exposure, contributing to nearly 16,000 annual deaths, a number expected to rise to 30,000 by 2050. The economic impact is also significant, with projected costs reaching $240 billion annually by 2050, surpassing other climate-related damages.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Over the past century, wildfires have accounted for 20–25% of global carbon emissions, the remainder from human activities.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Global carbon emissions from wildfires through August 2020 equaled the average annual emissions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-global-carbon-fire-2019-102">[102]</a> In 2020, the carbon released by California's wildfires was significantly larger than the state's other carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 giga<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (0.89 and 2.83 billion <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of CO2 into the atmosphere, which is between 13–40% of the annual global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In June and July 2019, fires in the Arctic emitted more than 140 megatons of carbon dioxide, according to an analysis by CAMS. To put that into perspective this amounts to the same amount of carbon emitted by 36 million cars in a year. The recent wildfires and their massive CO2 emissions mean that it will be important to take them into consideration when implementing measures for reaching greenhouse gas reduction targets accorded with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_climate_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris climate agreement">Paris climate agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Due to the complex oxidative chemistry occurring during the transport of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> the toxicity of emissions was indicated to increase over time.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Atmospheric models suggest that these concentrations of sooty particles could increase absorption of incoming <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> during winter months by as much as 15%.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The Amazon is estimated to hold around 90 billion tons of carbon. As of 2019, the earth's atmosphere has 415 parts per million of carbon, and the destruction of the Amazon would add about 38 parts per million.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Some research has shown wildfire smoke can have a cooling effect.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Research in 2007 stated that black carbon in snow changed temperature three times more than atmospheric carbon dioxide. As much as 94 percent of Arctic warming may be caused by dark carbon on snow that initiates melting. The dark carbon comes from fossil fuels burning, wood and other biofuels, and forest fires. Melting can occur even at low concentrations of dark carbon (below five parts per billion)".<a href="#cite_note-Biello_2007_m566-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm/240px--Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="240" height="135" data-durationhint="610" data-mwtitle="Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm/Healthy_Hillsides_-_a_project_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_between_NRW_and_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>A short video on managing and protecting the natural habitat between a town and the hillside, from the risk of fire.</figcaption></figure> Wildfire prevention refers to the preemptive methods aimed at reducing the risk of fires as well as lessening its severity and spread.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Prevention techniques aim to manage air quality, maintain ecological balances, protect resources,<a href="#cite_note-van_Wagtendonk,_14-117">[117]</a> and to affect future fires.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Prevention policies must consider the role that humans play in wildfires, since, for example, 95% of forest fires in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> are related to human involvement.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as wildland fire use (WFU) and prescribed or <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Wildland fire use refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn. Controlled burns are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Other objectives can include maintenance of healthy forests, rangelands, and wetlands, and support of ecosystem diversity.<a href="#cite_note-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small fire on the slope of a hill. The hill features small, green shrubbery and some trees. A person in light-colored clothing in seen in the background, some distance from the flames." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG/220px-Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG/330px-Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG/440px-Prescribed_burn_in_a_Pinus_nigra_stand_in_Portugal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A prescribed burn in a <a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Pinus nigra</a> stand in Portugal</figcaption></figure> Strategies for wildfire prevention, detection, control and suppression have varied over the years.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> One common and inexpensive technique to reduce the risk of uncontrolled wildfires is <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burning</a>: intentionally igniting smaller less-intense fires to minimize the amount of flammable material available for a potential wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-IS-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Vegetation may be burned periodically to limit the accumulation of plants and other debris that may serve as fuel, while also maintaining high species diversity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> While other people claim that controlled burns and a policy of allowing some wildfires to burn is the cheapest method and an ecologically appropriate policy for many forests, they tend not to take into account the economic value of resources that are consumed by the fire, especially merchantable timber.<a href="#cite_note-:5-129">[129]</a> Some studies conclude that while fuels may also be removed by logging, such thinning treatments may not be effective at reducing fire severity under extreme weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-130">[130]</a> Building codes in fire-prone areas typically require that structures be built of flame-resistant materials and a <a href="/wiki/Defensible_space_(fire_control)" title="Defensible space (fire control)">defensible space</a> be maintained by clearing flammable materials within a prescribed distance from the structure.<a href="#cite_note-:8-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-132">[132]</a> Communities in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> also maintain <a href="/wiki/Fire_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire line">fire lines</a> 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 ft) wide between the forest and their village, and patrol these lines during summer months or seasons of dry weather.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Continued residential development in fire-prone areas and rebuilding structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Trial2-134">[134]</a> The ecological benefits of fire are often overridden by the economic and safety benefits of protecting structures and human life.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Detection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drymountainlookout1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A four-legged tower with a small at the top, next to two one-story buildings. The tower is four stories tall. Trees are at either side, and in the foreground, there are rocks, some vegetation, and a rough trail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drymountainlookout1930.jpg/170px-Drymountainlookout1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drymountainlookout1930.jpg/255px-Drymountainlookout1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drymountainlookout1930.jpg/340px-Drymountainlookout1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Dry Mountain Fire Lookout in the <a href="/wiki/Ochoco_National_Forest" title="Ochoco National Forest">Ochoco National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, US circa 1930</figcaption></figure> The demand for timely, high-quality fire information has increased in recent years. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Early detection efforts were focused on early response, accurate results in both daytime and nighttime, and the ability to prioritize fire danger.<a href="#cite_note-Integration-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout towers</a> were used in the United States in the early 20th century and fires were reported using telephones, <a href="/wiki/Carrier_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier pigeon">carrier pigeons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliographs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Aerial and land photography using <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant cameras</a> were used in the 1950s until <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared scanning</a> was developed for fire detection in the 1960s. However, information analysis and delivery was often delayed by limitations in communication technology. Early satellite-derived fire analyses were hand-drawn on maps at a remote site and sent via overnight mail to the <a href="/wiki/Incident_commander" title="Incident commander">fire manager</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988" title="Yellowstone fires of 1988">Yellowstone fires of 1988</a>, a data station was established in <a href="/wiki/West_Yellowstone" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yellowstone">West Yellowstone</a>, permitting the delivery of satellite-based fire information in approximately four hours.<a href="#cite_note-Integration-137">[137]</a> Public hotlines, <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">fire lookouts</a> in towers, and ground and aerial patrols can be used as a means of early detection of forest fires. However, accurate human observation may be limited by <a href="/wiki/Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">operator fatigue</a>, time of day, time of year, and geographic location. Electronic systems have gained popularity in recent years as a possible resolution to human operator error. These systems may be semi- or fully automated and employ systems based on the risk area and degree of human presence, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> data analyses. An integrated approach of multiple systems can be used to merge satellite data, aerial imagery, and personnel position via <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) into a collective whole for near-realtime use by wireless <a href="/wiki/Incident_Command_System" title="Incident Command System">Incident Command Centers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_sensor_networks">Local sensor networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local sensor networks">edit</a>]</div> A small, high risk area that features thick vegetation, a strong human presence, or is close to a critical urban area can be monitored using a local <a href="/wiki/Sensor_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor network">sensor network</a>. Detection systems may include <a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">wireless sensor networks</a> that act as automated weather systems: detecting temperature, humidity, and smoke.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> These may be battery-powered, solar-powered, or tree-rechargeable: able to recharge their battery systems using the small electrical currents in plant material.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Larger, medium-risk areas can be monitored by scanning towers that incorporate fixed cameras and sensors to detect smoke or additional factors such as the infrared signature of carbon dioxide produced by fires. Additional capabilities such as <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>, brightness detection, and color change detection may also be incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Sensor_array" title="Sensor array">sensor arrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Natural Resources">Department of Natural Resources</a> signed a contract with <a href="/w/index.php?title=PanoAI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PanoAI (page does not exist)">PanoAI</a> for the installation of 360 degree 'rapid detection' cameras around the Pacific northwest, which are mounted on cell towers and are capable of 24/7 monitoring of a 15 mile radius.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Additionally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensaio_Tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensaio Tech (page does not exist)">Sensaio Tech</a>, based in Brazil and Toronto, has released a sensor device that continuously monitors 14 different variables common in forests, ranging from soil temperature to salinity. This information is connected live back to clients through dashboard visualizations, while mobile notifications are provided regarding dangerous levels.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_and_aerial_monitoring">Satellite and aerial monitoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satellite and aerial monitoring">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg/220px-2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg/330px-2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2020_C%C3%B3rdoba_wildfires" title="2020 Córdoba wildfires">2020 Córdoba wildfires</a> imaged by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fire_Information_for_Resource_Management_System" title="Fire Information for Resource Management System">FIRMS</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a> and aerial monitoring through the use of planes, helicopter, or UAVs can provide a wider view and may be sufficient to monitor very large, low risk areas. These more sophisticated systems employ <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and aircraft-mounted infrared or high-resolution visible cameras to identify and target wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Satellite-mounted sensors such as <a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AATSR" title="AATSR">Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">European Remote-Sensing Satellite</a>'s Along-Track Scanning Radiometer can measure infrared radiation emitted by fires, identifying hot spots greater than 39 °C (102 °F).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>'s Hazard Mapping System combines remote-sensing data from satellite sources such as <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a> (GOES), <a href="/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer</a> (MODIS), and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer">Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer</a> (AVHRR) for detection of fire and smoke plume locations.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swarm-155">[155]</a> However, satellite detection is prone to offset errors, anywhere from 2 to 3 kilometers (1 to 2 mi) for MODIS and AVHRR data and up to 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) for GOES data.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Satellites in geostationary orbits may become disabled, and satellites in polar orbits are often limited by their short window of observation time. Cloud cover and image resolution may also limit the effectiveness of satellite imagery.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Watch" title="Global Forest Watch">Global Forest Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> provides detailed daily updates on fire alerts.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2015 a new fire detection tool is in operation at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a> (USFS) which uses data from the <a href="/wiki/Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership</a> (NPP) satellite to detect smaller fires in more detail than previous space-based products. The high-resolution data is used with a computer model to predict how a fire will change direction based on weather and land conditions.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In 2014, an international campaign was organized in South Africa's Kruger National Park to validate fire detection products including the new VIIRS active fire data. In advance of that campaign, the Meraka Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa, an early adopter of the VIIRS 375 m fire product, put it to use during several large wildfires in Kruger.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Since 2021 NASA has provided active fire locations in <a href="/wiki/Near_real-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Near real-time">near real-time</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Fire_Information_for_Resource_Management_System" title="Fire Information for Resource Management System">Fire Information for Resource Management System</a> (FIRMS). Between 2022–2023, wildfires throughout North America prompted an uptake in the delivery and design of various technologies using <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> for early detection, prevention, and prediction of wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suppression">Suppression</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suppression">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_733844_Forest_fires_ravaging_near_Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>A Russian firefighter extinguishing a wildfire</figcaption></figure> Wildfire suppression depends on the technologies available in the area in which the wildfire occurs. In less developed nations the techniques used can be as simple as throwing sand or beating the fire with sticks or palm fronds.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In more advanced nations, the suppression methods vary due to increased technological capacity. <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">Silver iodide</a> can be used to encourage snow fall,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardants</a> and water can be dropped onto fires by <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airtanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Airtanker">planes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">helicopters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Complete fire suppression is no longer an expectation, but the majority of wildfires are often extinguished before they grow out of control. While more than 99% of the 10,000 new wildfires each year are contained, escaped wildfires under extreme weather conditions are difficult to suppress without a change in the weather. Wildfires in Canada and the US burn an average of 54,500 square kilometers (13,000,000 acres) per year.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Above all, fighting wildfires can become deadly. A wildfire's burning front may also change direction unexpectedly and jump across fire breaks. Intense heat and smoke can lead to disorientation and loss of appreciation of the direction of the fire, which can make fires particularly dangerous. For example, during the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Mann_Gulch_fire" title="Mann Gulch fire">Mann Gulch fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, United States, thirteen <a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumpers</a> died when they lost their communication links, became disoriented, and were overtaken by the fire.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In the Australian <a href="/wiki/February_2009_Victorian_bushfires" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2009 Victorian bushfires">February 2009 Victorian bushfires</a>, at least 173 people died and over 2,029 homes and 3,500 structures were lost when they became engulfed by wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-homeslost-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs_of_wildfire_suppression">Costs of wildfire suppression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Costs of wildfire suppression">edit</a>]</div> The suppression of wild fires takes up a large amount of a country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> which directly affects the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-ellison-173">[173]</a> While costs vary wildly from year to year, depending on the severity of each fire season, in the United States, local, state, federal and tribal agencies collectively spend tens of billions of dollars annually to suppress wildfires. In the United States, it was reported that approximately $6 billion was spent between 2004–2008 to suppress wildfires in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ellison-173">[173]</a> In California, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> spends about $200 million per year to suppress 98% of wildfires and up to $1 billion to suppress the other 2% of fires that escape initial attack and become large.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildland_firefighting_safety">Wildland firefighting safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildland firefighting safety">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildland_Firefighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wildland_Firefighter.jpg/170px-Wildland_Firefighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wildland_Firefighter.jpg/255px-Wildland_Firefighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wildland_Firefighter.jpg/340px-Wildland_Firefighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Wildland firefighter working a brush fire in <a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_New_Hampshire" title="Hopkinton, New Hampshire">Hopkinton</a>, New Hampshire, US</figcaption></figure> Wildland fire fighters face several life-threatening hazards including <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(safety)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (safety)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>, as well as the risk of other injuries such as <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">cuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">scrapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_bites" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal bites">animal bites</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-niosh-blog-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hot_Tips_from_NIOSH-176">[176]</a> Between 2000 and 2016, more than 350 wildland firefighters died on-duty.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_Wildland_Firefighting_default_page-177">[177]</a> Especially in hot weather conditions, fires present the risk of heat stress, which can entail feeling heat, fatigue, weakness, vertigo, headache, or nausea. Heat stress can progress into heat strain, which entails physiological changes such as increased heart rate and core body temperature. This can lead to heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, cramps, exhaustion or <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>. Various factors can contribute to the risks posed by heat stress, including strenuous work, personal risk factors such as age and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a>, dehydration, sleep deprivation, and burdensome <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>. Rest, cool water, and occasional breaks are crucial to mitigating the effects of heat stress.<a href="#cite_note-niosh-blog-175">[175]</a> Smoke, ash, and debris can also pose serious respiratory hazards for wildland firefighters. The smoke and dust from wildfires can contain gases such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>. To reduce smoke exposure, wildfire fighting crews should, whenever possible, rotate firefighters through areas of heavy smoke, avoid downwind firefighting, use equipment rather than people in holding areas, and minimize mop-up. Camps and command posts should also be located upwind of wildfires. Protective clothing and equipment can also help minimize exposure to smoke and ash.<a href="#cite_note-niosh-blog-175">[175]</a> Firefighters are also at risk of cardiac events including strokes and heart attacks. Firefighters should maintain good physical fitness. Fitness programs, medical screening and examination programs which include stress tests can minimize the risks of firefighting cardiac problems.<a href="#cite_note-niosh-blog-175">[175]</a> Other injury hazards wildland firefighters face include slips, trips, falls, burns, scrapes, and cuts from tools and equipment, being struck by trees, vehicles, or other objects, plant hazards such as thorns and poison ivy, snake and animal bites, vehicle crashes, electrocution from power lines or lightning storms, and unstable building structures.<a href="#cite_note-niosh-blog-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_retardants">Fire retardants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fire retardants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></div> Fire retardants are used to slow wildfires by inhibiting combustion. They are aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfates, as well as thickening agents.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The decision to apply retardant depends on the magnitude, location and intensity of the wildfire. In certain instances, fire retardant may also be applied as a precautionary fire defense measure.<a href="#cite_note-coloradoan.com-179">[179]</a> Typical fire retardants contain the same agents as fertilizers. Fire retardants may also affect water quality through leaching, <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, or misapplication. Fire retardant's effects on drinking water remain inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-minesnewsroom.com-180">[180]</a> Dilution factors, including water body size, rainfall, and water flow rates lessen the concentration and potency of fire retardant.<a href="#cite_note-coloradoan.com-179">[179]</a> Wildfire debris (ash and sediment) clog rivers and reservoirs increasing the risk for floods and erosion that ultimately slow and/or damage water treatment systems.<a href="#cite_note-minesnewsroom.com-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> There is continued concern of fire retardant effects on land, water, wildlife habitats, and watershed quality, additional research is needed. However, on the positive side, fire retardant (specifically its nitrogen and phosphorus components) has been shown to have a fertilizing effect on nutrient-deprived soils and thus creates a temporary increase in vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-coloradoan.com-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modeling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propagation_model_wildfire_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark region shaped like a shield with a pointed bottom. An arrow and the text "propagation axis (wind)" indicates a bottom-to-top direction up the body of the shield shape. The shape's pointed bottom is labeled "fire starter". Around the shield shape's top and thinning towards its sides, a yellow-orange region is labeled "left front", "right front", and (at the top) "head of the fire"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg/240px-Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg/360px-Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg/480px-Propagation_model_wildfire_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Fire Propagation Model</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACTbushfire03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ACTbushfire03.jpg/240px-ACTbushfire03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ACTbushfire03.jpg/360px-ACTbushfire03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/ACTbushfire03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires" title="2003 Canberra bushfires">2003 Canberra bushfires</a>, visible from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_modeling" title="Wildfire modeling">Wildfire modeling</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_modeling&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_modeling" title="Wildfire modeling">Wildfire modeling</a> is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Numerical_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical simulation">numerical simulation</a> of wildfires to comprehend and predict fire behavior.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Wildfire modeling aims to aid wildfire suppression, increase the safety of firefighters and the public, and minimize damage. Wildfire modeling can also aid in protecting <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>. Using <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">computational science</a>, wildfire modeling involves the statistical analysis of past fire events to predict spotting risks and front behavior. Various wildfire propagation models have been proposed in the past, including simple ellipses and egg- and fan-shaped models. Early attempts to determine wildfire behavior assumed terrain and vegetation uniformity. However, the exact behavior of a wildfire's front is dependent on a variety of factors, including wind speed and slope steepness. Modern growth models utilize a combination of past ellipsoidal descriptions and <a href="/wiki/Huygens%27_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Huygens' Principle">Huygens' Principle</a> to simulate fire growth as a continuously expanding polygon.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Extreme_value_theory" title="Extreme value theory">Extreme value theory</a> may also be used to predict the size of large wildfires. However, large fires that exceed suppression capabilities are often regarded as statistical outliers in standard analyses, even though fire policies are more influenced by large wildfires than by small fires.<a href="#cite_note-Wildfire_modeling_Alvarado,_et_al.,_66-68-186">[186]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_the_natural_environment">Impacts on the natural environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impacts on the natural environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_atmosphere">On the atmosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: On the atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">2005 Malaysian haze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_fires_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Western_fires_2020.jpg/240px-Western_fires_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Western_fires_2020.jpg/360px-Western_fires_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Western_fires_2020.jpg/480px-Western_fires_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8008" data-file-height="8026" /></a><figcaption>Wildfire smoke in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> off the <a href="/wiki/U.S._West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. West Coast">U.S. West Coast</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> Most of Earth's weather and air pollution resides in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, the part of the atmosphere that extends from the surface of the planet to a height of about 10 kilometers (6 mi). The vertical lift of a severe thunderstorm or <a href="/wiki/Pyrocumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocumulonimbus">pyrocumulonimbus</a> can be enhanced in the area of a large wildfire, which can propel smoke, <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>), and other <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> as high as the lower <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Previously, prevailing scientific theory held that most particles in the stratosphere came from <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, but smoke and other wildfire emissions have been detected from the lower stratosphere.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Pyrocumulus clouds can reach 6,100 meters (20,000 ft) over wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Satellite observation of smoke plumes from wildfires revealed that the plumes could be traced intact for distances exceeding 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Computer-aided models such as <a href="/wiki/CALPUFF" title="CALPUFF">CALPUFF</a> may help predict the size and direction of wildfire-generated smoke plumes by using <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">atmospheric dispersion modeling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Wildfires can affect local atmospheric pollution,<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland fire emissions">Wildfire emissions</a> contain fine particulate matter which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Increased fire byproducts in the troposphere can increase ozone concentrations beyond safe levels.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_ecosystems">On ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance (ecology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div>Wildfires are common in climates that are sufficiently moist to allow the growth of vegetation but feature extended dry, hot periods.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA222-21">[21]</a> Such places include the vegetated areas of Australia and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">veld</a> in southern Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a> in the Western Cape of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the forested areas of the United States and Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. High-severity wildfire creates <a href="/wiki/Complex_early_seral_forest" title="Complex early seral forest">complex early seral forest</a> habitat (also called "snag forest habitat"), which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> Plant and animal species in most types of North American forests evolved with fire, and many of these species depend on wildfires, and particularly high-severity fires, to reproduce and grow. Fire helps to return nutrients from plant matter back to the soil. The heat from fire is necessary to the germination of certain types of seeds, and the snags (dead trees) and early successional forests created by high-severity fire create habitat conditions that are beneficial to wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> Early successional forests created by high-severity fire support some of the highest levels of native biodiversity found in temperate conifer forests.<a href="#cite_note-:2-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Post-fire logging has no ecological benefits and many negative impacts; the same is often true for post-fire seeding.<a href="#cite_note-:5-129">[129]</a> The exclusion of wildfires can contribute to vegetation regime shifts, such as <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Although some ecosystems rely on naturally occurring fires to regulate growth, some ecosystems suffer from too much fire, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a> and lower-elevation deserts in the American Southwest. The increased fire frequency in these ordinarily fire-dependent areas has upset natural cycles, damaged native plant communities, and encouraged the growth of non-native weeds.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lygodium_microphyllum" title="Lygodium microphyllum">Lygodium microphyllum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromus_tectorum" title="Bromus tectorum">Bromus tectorum</a>, can grow rapidly in areas that were damaged by fires. Because they are highly flammable, they can increase the future risk of fire, creating a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive feedback loop">positive feedback loop</a> that increases fire frequency and further alters native vegetation communities.<a href="#cite_note-FireInitiative-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Wagtendonk,_14-117">[117]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, drought, logging, cattle ranching practices, and <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture damage fire-resistant forests and promote the growth of flammable brush, creating a cycle that encourages more burning.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Fires in the rainforest threaten its collection of diverse species and produce large amounts of CO2.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Also, fires in the rainforest, along with drought and human involvement, could damage or destroy more than half of the Amazon rainforest by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Wildfires generate ash, reduce the availability of organic nutrients, and cause an increase in water runoff, eroding other nutrients and creating <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flood</a> conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_iv-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> A 2003 wildfire in the <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Moors" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yorkshire Moors">North Yorkshire Moors</a> burned off 2.5 square kilometers (600 acres) of <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather</a> and the underlying <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> layers. Afterwards, wind erosion stripped the ash and the exposed soil, revealing archaeological remains dating to 10,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Wildfires can also have an effect on climate change, increasing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere and inhibiting vegetation growth, which affects overall carbon uptake by plants.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_waterways">On waterways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: On waterways">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Debris and chemical runoff into waterways after wildfires can make drinking water sources unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Though it is challenging to quantify the impacts of wildfires on surface water quality, research suggests that the concentration of many pollutants increases post-fire. The impacts occur during active burning and up to years later.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Increases in nutrients and total suspended sediments can happen within a year while heavy metal concentrations may peak 1–2 years after a wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Benzene is one of many chemicals that have been found in drinking water systems after wildfires. Benzene can permeate certain plastic pipes and thus require long times to be removed from the water distribution infrastructure. Researchers estimated that, in worst case scenarios, more than 286 days of constant flushing of a contaminated HDPE service line were needed to reduce benzene below safe drinking water limits.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Temperature increases caused by fires, including wildfires, can cause plastic water pipes to generate toxic chemicals<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_plant_and_animals">On plant and animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: On plant and animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two photographs of the same section of a pine forest; both show blackened bark at least halfway up the trees. The first picture is noticeably lacking in surface vegetation, while the second shows small, green grasses on the forest floor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG/440px-Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG" decoding="async" width="440" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG/660px-Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG/880px-Boreal_pine_forest_after_fire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a> after a wildfire in a <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal pine forest</a> next to Hara Bog, <a href="/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Park" title="Lahemaa National Park">Lahemaa National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. The pictures were taken one and two years after the fire.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Fire_adaptations" title="Fire adaptations">Fire adaptations</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_adaptations&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Fire_adaptations" title="Fire adaptations">Fire adaptations</a> are traits of plants and animals that help them survive wildfire or to use resources created by wildfire. These traits can help plants and animals increase their survival rates during a fire and/or reproduce offspring after a fire. Both plants and animals have multiple strategies for surviving and reproducing after fire. Plants in wildfire-prone <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> often survive through adaptations to their local <a href="/wiki/Fire_regime" title="Fire regime">fire regime</a>. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and may eliminate <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>. For example, plants of the genus <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> leaves to resist heat and drought, ensuring their dominance over less fire-tolerant species.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures may also protect trees from rising temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Fire_adaptations_NOVA222-220">[220]</a> Fire-resistant seeds and reserve <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> that sprout after a fire encourage species preservation, as embodied by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>. Smoke, charred wood, and heat can stimulate the germination of seeds in a process called <a href="/wiki/Serotiny" title="Serotiny">serotiny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Exposure to smoke from burning plants promotes <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> in other types of plants by inducing the production of the orange <a href="/wiki/Butenolide" title="Butenolide">butenolide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fire_adaptations_flematti-222">[222]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg/220px-USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg/330px-USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg/440px-USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>National map of groundwater and soil moisture in the United States. It shows the very low soil moisture associated with the 2011 fire season in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:941px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoke trail from a fire seen while looking towards Dargo from Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia, 11 January 2007"><img alt="Panorama of a hilly expanse featuring a large smoke trail covering more than half of the visible sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg/933px-Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="933" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg/1400px-Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg/1866px-Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4414" data-file-height="910" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_activity_swifts_creek_2007_edit.jpg" title="File:Fire activity swifts creek 2007 edit.jpg"> </a></div>Smoke trail from a fire seen while looking towards <a href="/wiki/Dargo,_Victoria" title="Dargo, Victoria">Dargo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Swifts_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swifts Creek, Victoria">Swifts Creek</a>, Victoria, Australia, 11 January 2007</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_humans">Impacts on humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impacts on humans">edit</a>]</div> Wildfire risk is the chance that a wildfire will start in or reach a particular area and the potential loss of human values if it does. Risk is dependent on variable factors such as human activities, weather patterns, availability of wildfire fuels, and the availability or lack of resources to suppress a fire.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Wildfires have continually been a threat to human populations. However, human-induced geographic and climatic changes are exposing populations more frequently to wildfires and increasing wildfire risk. It is speculated that the increase in wildfires arises from a century of wildfire suppression coupled with the rapid expansion of human developments into fire-prone wildlands.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Wildfires are naturally occurring events that aid in promoting forest health. Global warming and climate changes are causing an increase in temperatures and more droughts nationwide which contributes to an increase in wildfire risk.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:941px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 2009 Station Fire burns in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains above the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, near Pasadena, California"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg/933px-2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="933" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg/1400px-2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg/1866px-2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9489" data-file-height="2110" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_California_Wildfires_at_JPL_-_Pasadena,_California.jpg" title="File:2009 California Wildfires at JPL - Pasadena, California.jpg"> </a></div>The 2009 Station Fire burns in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains" title="San Gabriel Mountains">San Gabriel Mountains</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, near Pasadena, California</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne_hazards">Airborne hazards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Airborne hazards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals#Toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals § Toxicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wood_smoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of wood smoke">Health effects of wood smoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joss_paper#Health_impact" title="Joss paper">Joss paper § Health impact</a></div> The most noticeable adverse effect of wildfires is the destruction of property. However, hazardous chemicals released also significantly impact human health.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Wildfire smoke is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other common components present in lower concentrations are carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and benzene.<a href="#cite_note-oehha.ca.gov-229">[229]</a> Small airborne particulates (in solid form or liquid droplets) are also present in smoke and ash debris. 80–90% of wildfire smoke, by mass, is within the fine particle size class of 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Carbon dioxide in smoke poses a low health risk due to its low toxicity. Rather, carbon monoxide and fine <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a>, particularly 2.5 μm in diameter and smaller, have been identified as the major health threats.<a href="#cite_note-oehha.ca.gov-229">[229]</a> High levels of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian wildfires. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_clean-up_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National clean-up campaign (page does not exist)">national clean-up campaign</a> was organised in fear of the health effects from exposure.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In the devastating California <a href="/wiki/Camp_Fire_(2018)" title="Camp Fire (2018)">Camp Fire (2018)</a> that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby (<a href="/wiki/Chico,_California" title="Chico, California">Chico</a>). <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, 150 miles away. Heavy metals such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Other chemicals are considered to be significant hazards but are found in concentrations that are too low to cause detectable health effects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The degree of wildfire smoke exposure to an individual is dependent on the length, severity, duration, and proximity of the fire. People are exposed directly to smoke via the respiratory tract through inhalation of air pollutants. Indirectly, communities are exposed to wildfire debris that can contaminate soil and water supplies. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) developed the <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality index</a> (AQI), a public resource that provides national air quality standard concentrations for common air pollutants. The public can use it to determine their exposure to hazardous air pollutants based on visibility range.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wood_smoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of wood smoke">Health effects of wood smoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Household_air_pollution#Health_impacts" title="Household air pollution">Household air pollution § Health impacts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese poisoning">Manganese poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_cough" title="Chronic cough">Chronic cough</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif/220px-Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif/330px-Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif/440px-Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Animation of diaphragmatic breathing with the diaphragm shown in green</figcaption></figure> Wildfire smoke contains <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> that may have adverse effects upon the human respiratory system. Evidence of the health effects should be relayed to the public so that exposure may be limited. The evidence can also be used to influence policy to promote positive health outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a> Inhalation of smoke from a wildfire can be a health hazard.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Wildfire smoke is composed of combustion products i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a>, organic chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> and other compounds. The principal health concern is the inhalation of particulate matter and carbon monoxide.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution made up of particles of dust and liquid droplets. They are characterized into three categories based on particle diameter: coarse PM, fine PM, and ultrafine PM. Coarse particles are between 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, fine particles measure 0.1 to 2.5 micrometers, and ultrafine particle are less than 0.1 micrometer. lmpact on the body upon inhalation varies by size. Coarse PM is filtered by the upper airways and can accumulate and cause pulmonary inflammation. This can result in eye and sinus irritation as well as sore throat and coughing.<a href="#cite_note-:10-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-238">[238]</a> Coarse PM is often composed of heavier and more toxic materials that lead to short-term effects with stronger impact.<a href="#cite_note-:12-238">[238]</a> Smaller PM moves further into the respiratory system creating issues deep into the lungs and the bloodstream.<a href="#cite_note-:10-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-238">[238]</a> In asthma patients, PM2.5 causes inflammation but also increases oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells and impact cell function. This damage impacts those with respiratory conditions such as asthma where the lung tissues and function are already compromised.<a href="#cite_note-:12-238">[238]</a> Particulates less than 0.1 micrometer are called <a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle" title="Ultrafine particle">ultrafine particle</a> (UFP). It is a major component of wildfire smoke.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32952154-239">[239]</a> UFP can enter the bloodstream like PM2.5–0.1 however studies show that it works into the blood much quicker. The inflammation and epithelial damage done by UFP has also shown to be much more severe.<a href="#cite_note-:12-238">[238]</a> PM2.5 is of the largest concern in regards to wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a> This is particularly hazardous to the very young, elderly and those with chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and cardiovascular conditions. The illnesses most commonly associated with exposure to fine PM from wildfire smoke are bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and pneumonia. Symptoms of these complications include wheezing and shortness of breath and cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, rapid heart rate and fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-:10-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asthma_exacerbation">Asthma exacerbation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Asthma exacerbation">edit</a>]</div> Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close association between <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and respiratory allergic diseases such as bronchial <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a> An observational study of smoke exposure related to the 2007 San Diego wildfires revealed an increase both in healthcare utilization and respiratory diagnoses, especially <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> among the group sampled.<a href="#cite_note-:13-240">[240]</a> Projected climate scenarios of wildfire occurrences predict significant increases in respiratory conditions among young children.<a href="#cite_note-:13-240">[240]</a> PM triggers a series of biological processes including inflammatory immune response, <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, which are associated with harmful changes in allergic respiratory diseases.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Although some studies demonstrated no significant acute changes in lung function among people with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> related to PM from wildfires, a possible explanation for these counterintuitive findings is the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">quick-relief medications</a>, such as inhalers, in response to elevated levels of smoke among those already diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-242">[242]</a> There is consistent evidence between wildfire smoke and the exacerbation of asthma.<a href="#cite_note-:14-242">[242]</a> Asthma is one of the most common chronic disease among children in the United States, affecting an estimated 6.2 million children.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Research on asthma risk focuses specifically on the risk of air pollution during the gestational period. Several pathophysiology processes are involved in this. Considerable airway development occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and continues until 3 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> It is hypothesized that exposure to these toxins during this period could have consequential effects, as the epithelium of the lungs during this time could have increased permeability to toxins. Exposure to air pollution during parental and pre-natal stage could induce epigenetic changes which are responsible for the development of asthma.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Studies have found significant association between PM2.5, NO2 and development of asthma during childhood despite heterogeneity among studies.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Furthermore, maternal exposure to chronic stressors is most likely present in distressed communities, and as this can be correlated with childhood asthma, it may further explain links between early childhood exposure to air pollution, neighborhood poverty, and childhood risk.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_monoxide_danger">Carbon monoxide danger</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Carbon monoxide danger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></div> Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found at the highest concentration at close proximity to a smoldering fire. Thus, it is a serious threat to the health of wildfire firefighters. CO in smoke can be inhaled into the lungs where it is absorbed into the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's vital organs. At high concentrations, it can cause headaches, weakness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, disorientation, visual impairment, coma, and even death. Even at lower concentrations, such as those found at wildfires, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience chest pain and cardiac arrhythmia.<a href="#cite_note-oehha.ca.gov-229">[229]</a> A recent study tracking the number and cause of wildfire firefighter deaths from 1990 to 2006 found that 21.9% of the deaths occurred from heart attacks.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Another important and somewhat less obvious health effect of wildfires is psychiatric diseases and disorders. Both adults and children from various countries who were directly and indirectly affected by wildfires were found to demonstrate different mental conditions linked to their experience with the wildfires. These include <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_among_athletes" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder among athletes">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, anxiety, and <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wildfire" title="Talk:Wildfire">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Western US has seen an increase in both the frequency and intensity of wildfires over the last several decades. This has been attributed to the arid climate of there and the effects of global warming. An estimated 46 million people were exposed to wildfire smoke from 2004 to 2009 in the Western US. Evidence has demonstrated that wildfire smoke can increase levels of airborne particulate.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a> The EPA has defined acceptable concentrations of PM in the air, through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and monitoring of ambient air quality has been mandated.<a href="#cite_note-:15-254">[254]</a> Due to these monitoring programs and the incidence of several large wildfires near populated areas, epidemiological studies have been conducted and demonstrate an association between human health effects and an increase in fine particulate matter due to wildfire smoke. An increase in PM smoke emitted from the Hayman fire in Colorado in June 2002, was associated with an increase in respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Looking at the wildfires in Southern California in 2003, investigators have shown an increase in hospital admissions due to asthma symptoms while being exposed to peak concentrations of PM in smoke.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Another epidemiological study found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory related hospital admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific particulate matter 2.5 compared to matched non-smoke-wave days.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a> Children participating in the Children's Health Study were also found to have an increase in eye and respiratory symptoms, medication use and physician visits.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Mothers who were pregnant during the fires gave birth to babies with a slightly reduced average birth weight compared to those who were not exposed. Suggesting that pregnant women may also be at greater risk to adverse effects from wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Worldwide, it is estimated that 339,000 people die due to the effects of wildfire smoke each year.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Besides the size of PM, their chemical composition should also be considered. Antecedent studies have demonstrated that the chemical composition of PM2.5 from wildfire smoke can yield different estimates of human health outcomes as compared to other sources of smoke such as solid fuels.<a href="#cite_note-:11-234">[234]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/220px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/330px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/440px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sediment off the Yucatán Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-fire_risks">Post-fire risks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Post-fire risks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg/220px-Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg/330px-Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg/440px-Prospect_Hill_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Charred shrubland in suburban <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (<a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfires</a>).</figcaption></figure> After a wildfire, hazards remain. Residents returning to their homes may be at risk from falling fire-weakened trees. Humans and pets may also be harmed by falling into <a href="/wiki/Ash_pit" title="Ash pit">ash pits</a>. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also reports that wildfires cause significant damage to electric systems, especially in dry regions.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemically_contaminated_drinking_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemically contaminated drinking water (page does not exist)">Chemically contaminated drinking water</a>, at levels of hazardous waste concern, is a growing problem. In particular, hazardous waste scale chemical contamination of buried water systems was first discovered in the U.S. in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> and has since been increasingly documented in Hawaii, Colorado, and Oregon after wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> In 2021, Canadian authorities adapted their post-fire public safety investigation approaches in British Columbia to screen for this risk, but have not found it as of 2023. Another challenge is that private drinking wells and the plumbing within a building can also become chemically contaminated and unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Households experience a wide-variety of significant economic and health impacts related to this contaminated water.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Evidence-based guidance on how to inspect and test wildfire impacted wells <a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> and building water systems was developed for the first time in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In Paradise, California, for example,<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> the 2018 Camp Fire caused more than $150 million dollars worth of damage. This required almost a year of time to decontaminate and repair the municipal drinking water system from wildfire damage. The source of this contamination was first proposed after the 2018 Camp Fire in California as originating from thermally degraded plastics in water systems, smoke and vapors entering depressurized plumbing, and contaminated water in buildings being sucked into the municipal water system. In 2020, it was first shown that thermal degradation of plastic drinking water materials was one potential contamination source.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In 2023, the second theory was confirmed where contamination could be sucked into pipes that lost water pressure.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Other post-fire risks, can increase if other <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> follows. For example, wildfires make soil less able to absorb precipitation, so heavy rainfall can result in more severe <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> and damages like <a href="/wiki/Mud_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud slide">mud slides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At-risk_groups">At-risk groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: At-risk groups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firefighters">Firefighters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Firefighters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div> Firefighters are at greatest risk for acute and chronic health effects resulting from wildfire smoke exposure. Due to firefighters' occupational duties, they are frequently exposed to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">hazardous chemicals</a> at close proximity for longer periods of time. A case study on the exposure of wildfire smoke among wildland firefighters shows that firefighters are exposed to significant levels of carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants above <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a>-permissible exposure limits (PEL) and ACGIH threshold limit values (TLV). 5–10% are overexposed.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Between 2001 and 2012, over 200 <a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">fatalities</a> occurred among wildland firefighters. In addition to heat and chemical hazards, firefighters are also at risk for electrocution from power lines; injuries from equipment; <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">slips, trips, and falls</a>; injuries from vehicle rollovers; <a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">heat-related illness</a>; <a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">insect bites and stings</a>; <a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">stress</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Residents">Residents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Residents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg/220px-North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg/330px-North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg/440px-North_Complex_smoke_in_San_Francisco_-_Bay_Bridge_and_Financial_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>Smoke from the <a href="/wiki/2020_California_wildfires" title="2020 California wildfires">2020 California wildfires</a> settles over <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> Residents in communities surrounding wildfires are exposed to lower concentrations of chemicals, but they are at a greater risk for indirect exposure through water or <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a>. Exposure to residents is greatly dependent on individual susceptibility. Vulnerable persons such as children (ages 0–4), the elderly (ages 65 and older), smokers, and pregnant women are at an increased risk due to their already compromised body systems, even when the exposures are present at low chemical concentrations and for relatively short exposure periods.<a href="#cite_note-oehha.ca.gov-229">[229]</a> They are also at risk for future wildfires and may move away to areas they consider less risky.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Wildfires affect large numbers of people in Western Canada and the United States. In California alone, more than 350,000 people live in towns and cities in "very high fire hazard severity zones".<a href="#cite_note-rgj-275">[275]</a> Direct risks to building residents in fire-prone areas can be moderated through design choices such as choosing fire-resistant vegetation, maintaining landscaping to avoid debris accumulation and to create firebreaks, and by selecting fire-retardant roofing materials. Potential compounding issues with poor air quality and heat during warmer months may be addressed with MERV 11 or higher outdoor air filtration in building ventilation systems, mechanical cooling, and a provision of a refuge area with additional air cleaning and cooling, if needed.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record_of_fire" title="Fossil record of fire">Fossil record of fire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deerfire_high_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deerfire_high_res.jpg/220px-Deerfire_high_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deerfire_high_res.jpg/330px-Deerfire_high_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deerfire_high_res.jpg/440px-Deerfire_high_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elk_Bath" title="Elk Bath">Elk Bath</a>, an award-winning photograph of elk avoiding a wildfire in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></figcaption></figure> The first evidence of wildfires is fossils of the giant fungi <a href="/wiki/Prototaxites" title="Prototaxites">Prototaxites</a> preserved as <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, discovered in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period (about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=430">430</a> million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Smoldering surface fires started to occur sometime before the Early <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=405">405</a> million years ago. Low atmospheric oxygen during the Middle and Late Devonian was accompanied by a decrease in charcoal abundance.<a href="#cite_note-Glasspool-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Additional charcoal evidence suggests that fires continued through the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period. Later, the overall increase of atmospheric oxygen from 13% in the Late Devonian to 30–31% by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a> was accompanied by a more widespread distribution of wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2006-280">[280]</a> Later, a decrease in wildfire-related charcoal deposits from the late Permian to the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> periods is explained by a decrease in oxygen levels.<a href="#cite_note-Pausas_594-281">[281]</a> Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous <a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">progymnosperm</a> forests. <a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a> forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires.<a href="#cite_note-Pausas_594-281">[281]</a> The increase of fire activity in the late <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a><a href="#cite_note-cenozoic-division-282">[282]</a> is possibly due to the increase of <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a>-type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more <a href="/wiki/Mesic_habitat" title="Mesic habitat">mesic habitats</a>, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a>, Pinus and <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a>, which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ <a href="/wiki/Serotiny#Fire-mediated_serotiny" title="Serotiny">pyriscence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_involvement">Human involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Human involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation#Historical_causes" title="Deforestation">Deforestation § Historical causes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American use of fire">Native American use of fire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG/260px-Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG/390px-Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG/520px-Burning_mountains_Thailand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of deliberate wildfires on the <a href="/wiki/Khun_Tan_Range" title="Khun Tan Range">Khun Tan Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. These fires are lit by local farmers every year to promote the growth of a certain mushroom.</figcaption></figure> The human use of fire for agricultural and hunting purposes during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> ages altered pre-existing landscapes and fire regimes. Woodlands were gradually replaced by smaller vegetation that facilitated travel, hunting, seed-gathering and planting.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> In recorded human history, minor allusions to wildfires were mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and by classical writers such as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. However, while ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writers were aware of fires, they were not very interested in the uncultivated lands where wildfires occurred.<a href="#cite_note-RackhamFire-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-RackhamHist-288">[288]</a> Wildfires were used in battles throughout human history as <a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">early thermal weapons</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, accounts were written of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational burning">occupational burning</a> as well as customs and laws that governed the use of fire. In Germany, regular burning was documented in 1290 in the <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a> and in 1344 in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldammer-289">[289]</a> In the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, firebreaks were used for wildfire protection. In Spain during the 1550s, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">sheep husbandry</a> was discouraged in certain provinces by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> due to the harmful effects of fires used in <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RackhamFire-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-RackhamHist-288">[288]</a> As early as the 17th century, Native Americans were observed <a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American use of fire">using fire</a> for many purposes including cultivation, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">signaling</a>, and warfare. Scottish botanist <a href="/wiki/David_Douglas_(botanist)" title="David Douglas (botanist)">David Douglas</a> noted the native use of fire for tobacco cultivation, to encourage deer into smaller areas for hunting purposes, and to improve foraging for honey and grasshoppers. Charcoal found in sedimentary deposits off the Pacific coast of Central America suggests that more burning occurred in the 50 years before the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> than after the colonization.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In the post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, socio-economic changes led more stringent air quality standards and bans on fires that eliminated traditional burning practices.<a href="#cite_note-Goldammer-289">[289]</a> In the mid-19th century, explorers from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> observed <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Australian Aborigines</a> using fire for ground clearing, hunting, and regeneration of plant food in a method later named <a href="/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">fire-stick farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Such careful use of fire has been employed for centuries in lands protected by <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a> to encourage biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Wildfires typically occur during periods of increased temperature and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. An increase in fire-related <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> was linked to the period between AD 1050 and 1200, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> However, human influence caused an increase in fire frequency. <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrochronological">Dendrochronological</a> fire scar data and charcoal layer data in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> suggests that, while many fires occurred during severe drought conditions, an increase in the number of fires during 850 BC and 1660 AD can be attributed to human influence.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Charcoal evidence from the Americas suggested a general decrease in wildfires between 1 AD and 1750 compared to previous years. However, a period of increased fire frequency between 1750 and 1870 was suggested by charcoal data from North America and Asia, attributed to human population growth and influences such as land clearing practices. This period was followed by an overall decrease in burning in the 20th century, linked to the expansion of agriculture, increased livestock grazing, and fire prevention efforts.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> A meta-analysis found that 17 times more land burned annually in California before 1800 compared to recent decades (1,800,000 hectares/year compared to 102,000 hectares/year).<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> According to a paper published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, the number of natural and human-caused fires decreased by 24.3% between 1998 and 2015. Researchers explain this as a transition from <a href="/wiki/Nomadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadism">nomadism</a> to settled lifestyle and intensification of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> that lead to a drop in the use of fire for land clearing.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Increases of certain tree species (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>) over others (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous tree">deciduous trees</a>) can increase wildfire risk, especially if these trees are also planted in <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, moved in by humans (i.e., for the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>) have in some cases also increased the intensity of wildfires. Examples include species such as <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> in California<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamba_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamba grass">gamba grass</a> in Australia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> Wildfires have a place in many cultures. "To spread like wildfire" is a common idiom in English, meaning something that "quickly affects or becomes known by more and more people".<a href="#cite_note-spread_like_wildfire_definition_in_the_Cambridge_English_Dictionary-303">[303]</a> Wildfire activity has been attributed as a major factor in the development of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. In modern Greece, as in many other regions, it is the most common <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">disaster caused by a natural hazard</a> and figures prominently in the social and economic lives of its people.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In 1937, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> initiated a nationwide fire prevention campaign, highlighting the role of human carelessness in forest fires. Later posters of the program featured <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a>, characters from the Disney movie <a href="/wiki/Bambi" title="Bambi">Bambi</a>, and the official mascot of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Bear" title="Smokey Bear">Smokey Bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> The Smokey Bear fire prevention campaign has yielded one of the most popular characters in the United States; for many years there was a living Smokey Bear mascot, and it has been commemorated on postage stamps.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> There are also significant indirect or second-order societal impacts from wildfire, such as demands on utilities to prevent power transmission equipment from becoming ignition sources, and the cancelation or nonrenewal of homeowners insurance for residents living in wildfire-prone areas.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrogeography" title="Pyrogeography">Pyrogeography</a> – Study of the distribution of wildfires</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland%E2%80%93urban_interface" title="Wildland–urban interface">Wildland–urban interface</a> – Transition zone between wilderness and developed land</li> <li>Wildfire risk indices: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index" title="Forest fire weather index">Forest fire weather index</a> – Estimation of the risk of wildfire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haines_Index" title="Haines Index">Haines Index</a> – Estimation of the risk of wildfire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetch-Byram_Drought_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Keetch-Byram Drought Index">Keetch-Byram Drought Index</a> – Estimate of the soil moisture deficitPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McArthur_Forest_Fire_Danger_Index" title="McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index">McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index</a> – Australian fire danger index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Danger_Rating_System" title="National Fire Danger Rating System">National Fire Danger Rating System</a> – Wildfire hazard scale</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge2_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85804-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85804-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85804-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154617/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85804-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3D90587%26dict%3DCALD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIFFC_Glossary2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIFFC_Glossary2_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciffc.ca/sites/default/files/2019-03/CIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf">"CIFFC Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary"</a> (PDF). Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610215038/https://www.ciffc.ca/sites/default/files/2019-03/CIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Interagency+Forest+Fire+Centre&rft.atitle=CIFFC+Canadian+Wildland+Fire+Management+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciffc.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-03%2FCIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cbbcco.uk2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Cbbcco.uk2_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/forest_fire">"Forest fire videos – See how fire started on Earth"</a>. BBC Earth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/fire/earth/natural_disasters/forest_fire">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Earth&rft.atitle=Forest+fire+videos+%E2%80%93+See+how+fire+started+on+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffire%2Fearth%2Fnatural_disasters%2Fforest_fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fire_Tree_Mortality2222-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Fire_Tree_Mortality2222_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf">"Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire"</a> (PDF). UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809211335/https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Berkeley+College+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Drought%2C+Tree+Mortality%2C+and+Wildfire+in+Forests+Adapted+to+Frequent+Fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2Fstephenslab%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FStephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UToronto2-5"><a href="#cite_ref-UToronto2_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanniganB.D._AmiroK.A._LoganB.J._Stocks2005" class="citation journal cs1">Flannigan, M.D.; B.D. Amiro; K.A. Logan; B.J. Stocks & B.M. Wotton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095123/https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf">"Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st century"</a> (PDF). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 11 (4): 847–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11027-005-9020-7">10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1381-2386">1381-2386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2757472">2757472</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitigation+and+Adaptation+Strategies+for+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Forest+Fires+and+Climate+Change+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=847-859&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2757472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1381-2386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11027-005-9020-7&rft.aulast=Flannigan&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=B.D.+Amiro&rft.au=K.A.+Logan&rft.au=B.J.+Stocks&rft.au=B.M.+Wotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firelab.utoronto.ca%2Fpubs%2F2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Graham, et al., 12, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management, 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FireBehavior-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FireBehavior_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FireBehavior_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf">"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fireline Handbook, Appendix B: Fire Behavior"</a> (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125737/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group+Fireline+Handbook%2C+Appendix+B%3A+Fire+Behavior&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fpubs%2F410-2%2FappendixB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigoProvenzaleLlasatAghaKouchak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Trigo, Ricardo M.; Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; AghaKouchak, Amir; Hardenberg, Jost von; Turco, Marco (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427854">"On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe"</a>. Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7...81T">2017NatSR...7...81T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-00116-9">10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427854">5427854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28250442">28250442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=On+the+key+role+of+droughts+in+the+dynamics+of+summer+fires+in+Mediterranean+Europe&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5427854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7...81T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28250442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-00116-9&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Trigo&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+M.&rft.au=Provenzale%2C+Antonello&rft.au=Llasat%2C+Maria+Carmen&rft.au=AghaKouchak%2C+Amir&rft.au=Hardenberg%2C+Jost+von&rft.au=Turco%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5427854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlingHidalgoCayanSwetnam2006" class="citation journal cs1">Westerling, A.L.; Hidalgo, H.G.; Cayan, D.R.; Swetnam, T.W. (18 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1128834">"Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity"</a>. Science. 313 (5789): 940–943. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313..940W">2006Sci...313..940W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1128834">10.1126/science.1128834</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16825536">16825536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Warming+and+Earlier+Spring+Increase+Western+U.S.+Forest+Wildfire+Activity&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5789&rft.pages=940-943&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1128834&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16825536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...313..940W&rft.aulast=Westerling&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft.au=Hidalgo%2C+H.G.&rft.au=Cayan%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Swetnam%2C+T.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1128834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3">d</a> Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf">Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521093615/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf">Archived</a> 21 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Archived</a> 28 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 197–377, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.004">10.1017/9781009325844.004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3918">"Main Types of Disasters and Associated Trends"</a>. lao.ca.gov. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Analyst%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Analyst's Office">Legislative Analyst's Office</a>. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152757/https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3918">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lao.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Main+Types+of+Disasters+and+Associated+Trends&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flao.ca.gov%2FPublications%2FReport%2F3918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachemer2020" class="citation web cs1">Machemer, Theresa (9 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/siberian-wildfires-cause-record-pollution-send-smoke-us-180975275/">"The Far-Reaching Consequences of Siberia's Climate-Change-Driven Wildfires"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605170651/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/siberian-wildfires-cause-record-pollution-send-smoke-us-180975275/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Far-Reaching+Consequences+of+Siberia%27s+Climate-Change-Driven+Wildfires&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Machemer&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fsiberian-wildfires-cause-record-pollution-send-smoke-us-180975275%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia2017" class="citation web cs1">Australia, Government Geoscience (25 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/bushfire">"Bushfire"</a>. www.ga.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901043956/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/bushfire">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ga.gov.au&rft.atitle=Bushfire&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft.aulast=Australia&rft.aufirst=Government+Geoscience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fscientific-topics%2Fcommunity-safety%2Fbushfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9904414/bc-wildfires-2-new-fires-kelowna/">"B.C. wildfires: State of emergency declared in Kelowna, evacuations underway"</a>. Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818152212/https://globalnews.ca/news/9904414/bc-wildfires-2-new-fires-kelowna/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=B.C.+wildfires%3A+State+of+emergency+declared+in+Kelowna%2C+evacuations+underway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9904414%2Fbc-wildfires-2-new-fires-kelowna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dangelo2022-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2022_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2022_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2022_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’AngeloGuimondReisnerPeterson2022" class="citation journal cs1">D’Angelo, Gennaro; Guimond, Steve; Reisner, Jon; Peterson, David A.; Dubey, Manvendra (27 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JD036249">"Contrasting Stratospheric Smoke Mass and Lifetime From 2017 Canadian and 2019/2020 Australian Megafires: Global Simulations and Satellite Observations"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 127 (10). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRD..12736249D">2022JGRD..12736249D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JD036249">10.1029/2021JD036249</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11603%2F27223">11603/27223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-897X">2169-897X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Contrasting+Stratospheric+Smoke+Mass+and+Lifetime+From+2017+Canadian+and+2019%2F2020+Australian+Megafires%3A+Global+Simulations+and+Satellite+Observations&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11603%2F27223&rft.issn=2169-897X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021JD036249&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JGRD..12736249D&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99Angelo&rft.aufirst=Gennaro&rft.au=Guimond%2C+Steve&rft.au=Reisner%2C+Jon&rft.au=Peterson%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Dubey%2C+Manvendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2021JD036249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC-2021-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2021_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2021_17-1">b</a> IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205522/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Archived</a> 11 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526182346/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York, pp. 3−32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.001">10.1017/9781009157896.001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidariArabiWarziniack2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fatmos12080981">"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests"</a>. Atmosphere. 12 (8): 981. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Atmos..12..981H">2021Atmos..12..981H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fatmos12080981">10.3390/atmos12080981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmosphere&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Climate+Change+on+Natural-Caused+Fire+Activity+in+Western+U.S.+National+Forests&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=981&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fatmos12080981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Atmos..12..981H&rft.aulast=Heidari&rft.aufirst=Hadi&rft.au=Arabi%2C+Mazdak&rft.au=Warziniack%2C+Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fatmos12080981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellaSallaHanson2015" class="citation book cs1">DellaSalla, Dominick A.; Hanson, Chad T. (2015). The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802749-3"><bdi>978-0-12-802749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Mixed-Severity+Fires&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-802749-3&rft.aulast=DellaSalla&rft.aufirst=Dominick+A.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Chad+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutto2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279">"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"</a>. Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcoAp..18.1827H">2008EcoAp..18.1827H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F08-0895.1">10.1890/08-0895.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5582">1939-5582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19263880">19263880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174631/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Severe+Wildfires%3A+Some+Like+It+Hot&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1827-1834&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F08-0895.1&rft.issn=1939-5582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19263880&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcoAp..18.1827H&rft.aulast=Hutto&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Fbiosci_pubs%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOVA222-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOVA222_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOVA222_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Pyne" class="citation web cs1">Stephen J. Pyne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html">"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"</a>. NOVA online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808123751/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Plants+Use+Fire+%28And+Are+Used+By+It%29&rft.pub=NOVA+online&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Pyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ffire%2Fplants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209105351/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf">"Wildfire Prevention Strategies"</a> (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 1998. p. 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+Prevention+Strategies&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fdocs%2Fwfprevnttrat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott2000-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott2000_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_A.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, A. (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 164 (1–4): 281–329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...164..281S">2000PPP...164..281S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9">10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Quaternary+history+of+fire&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=281-329&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PPP...164..281S&rft.au=Scott%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Karki, 7, 11–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxall2020" class="citation web cs1">Boxall, Bettina (5 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/story/2020-01-05/human-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires">"Human-caused ignitions spark California's worst wildfires but get little state focus"</a>. San Diego Union-Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619094218/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-01-05/human-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Human-caused+ignitions+spark+California%27s+worst+wildfires+but+get+little+state+focus&rft.date=2020-01-05&rft.aulast=Boxall&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fstory%2F2020-01-05%2Fhuman-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuYangChangWeisberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Jian; Chang, Yu; Weisberg, Peter J.; He, Hong S. (June 2012). "Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China". Global Change Biology. 18 (6): 2041–2056. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GCBio..18.2041L">2012GCBio..18.2041L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02649.x">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013">1354-1013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26410408">26410408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Spatial+patterns+and+drivers+of+fire+occurrence+and+its+future+trend+under+climate+change+in+a+boreal+forest+of+Northeast+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2041-2056&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02649.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26410408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-1013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GCBio..18.2041L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zhihua&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yu&rft.au=Weisberg%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=He%2C+Hong+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_RigoLibertàHouston_DurrantArtés_Vivancos2017" class="citation book cs1">de Rigo, Daniele; Libertà, Giorgio; Houston Durrant, Tracy; Artés Vivancos, Tomàs; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús (2017). Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2760%2F13180">10.2760/13180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-77046-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-77046-3"><bdi>978-92-79-77046-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+fire+danger+extremes+in+Europe+under+climate+change%3A+variability+and+uncertainty&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Publication+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2760%2F13180&rft.isbn=978-92-79-77046-3&rft.aulast=de+Rigo&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Libert%C3%A0%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Houston+Durrant%2C+Tracy&rft.au=Art%C3%A9s+Vivancos%2C+Tom%C3%A0s&rft.au=San-Miguel-Ayanz%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krock-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Krock_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrock2002" class="citation web cs1">Krock, Lexi (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html">"The World on Fire"</a>. NOVA online – Public Broadcasting System (PBS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041902/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+on+Fire&rft.pub=NOVA+online+%E2%80%93+Public+Broadcasting+System+%28PBS%29&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Krock&rft.aufirst=Lexi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ffire%2Fworld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalchBradleyAbatzoglouNagy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Balch, Jennifer K.; Bradley, Bethany A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Fusco, Emily J.; Mahood, Adam L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5358354">"Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (11): 2946–2951. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.2946B">2017PNAS..114.2946B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1617394114">10.1073/pnas.1617394114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5358354">5358354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28242690">28242690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Human-started+wildfires+expand+the+fire+niche+across+the+United+States&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2946-2951&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5358354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.2946B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28242690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1617394114&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bethany+A.&rft.au=Abatzoglou%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Nagy%2C+R.+Chelsea&rft.au=Fusco%2C+Emily+J.&rft.au=Mahood%2C+Adam+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5358354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/fire-prevention-education-mitigation/wildfire-investigation">"Wildfire Investigation"</a>. National Interagency Fire Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft.atitle=Wildfire+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Ffire-information%2Ffire-prevention-education-mitigation%2Fwildfire-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/world/australia/fires-murdoch-disinformation.html">"How Rupert Murdoch Is Influencing Australia's Bushfire Debate"</a>. The New York Times. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621204719/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/world/australia/fires-murdoch-disinformation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023. <q>An independent study found online bots and trolls exaggerating the role of arson in the fires, at the same time that an article in [Murdoch-owned] <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a> making similar assertions became the most popular offering on the newspaper's website," the New York Times writes. "It's all part of what critics see as a relentless effort led by the powerful media outlet to do what it has also done in the United States and Britain – shift blame to the left, protect conservative leaders, and divert attention from climate change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Rupert+Murdoch+Is+Influencing+Australia%27s+Bushfire+Debate&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Fworld%2Faustralia%2Ffires-murdoch-disinformation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2023" class="citation news cs1">Kaminski, Isabella (12 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires">"Did climate change cause Canada's wildfires?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612145614/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+climate+change+cause+Canada%27s+wildfires%3F&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wild-theories-33"><a href="#cite_ref-wild-theories_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2227831363616">"Who's fuelling the wild theories about Canada's wildfires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 15 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617022608/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2227831363616">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023. <q>When many fires started at once in Quebec then people took that as evidence of arson, and their claims got millions of views online. These claims were debunked by meteorologist Wagstaffe who explained that a series of lightning strikes can cause many <a href="/wiki/Smouldering" title="Smouldering">smouldering</a> hotspots underneath rain-moistened surface fuels; and then when those surface fuels are all dried by the daytime wind simultaneously, then they are all ignited into full blown fires simultaneously. Wagstaffe also corrected the idea that <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled burns">controlled burns</a> are state-sponsored arson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+fuelling+the+wild+theories+about+Canada%27s+wildfires&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fplayer%2Fplay%2F2227831363616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/climate-desk-wildfire-how-arson-factors-into-californias-wildfires">"How Arson factors into California's Wildfires"</a>. High Country News. 15 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830144008/https://www.hcn.org/articles/climate-desk-wildfire-how-arson-factors-into-californias-wildfires">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Country+News&rft.atitle=How+Arson+factors+into+California%27s+Wildfires&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcn.org%2Farticles%2Fclimate-desk-wildfire-how-arson-factors-into-californias-wildfires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajick2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krajick, Kevin (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903032505/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html">"Fire in the hole"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+hole&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Krajick&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2F10013541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_iv-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham,_et_al.,_iv_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham,_et_al.,_iv_36-1">b</a> Graham, et al., iv. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Graham, et al., 9, 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2005" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (9 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4208564.stm">"Asian peat fires add to warming"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219064000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4208564.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asian+peat+fires+add+to+warming&rft.date=2005-03-09&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4208564.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamers2019" class="citation web cs1">Hamers, Laurel (29 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bogs-peatlands-fire-climate-change">"When bogs burn, the environment takes a hit"</a>. Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103151902/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bogs-peatlands-fire-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=When+bogs+burn%2C+the+environment+takes+a+hit&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.aulast=Hamers&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fbogs-peatlands-fire-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Graham, et al ., iv, 10, 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_C._ScottDavid_M._J._S._BowmanWilliam_J._BondStephen_J._Pyne2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrew C. Scott; David M. J. S. Bowman; William J. Bond; Stephen J. Pyne; Martin E. Alexander (2014). Fire on earth: an introduction. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95357-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95357-9"><bdi>978-1-119-95357-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/854761793">854761793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+on+earth%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F854761793&rft.isbn=978-1-119-95357-9&rft.au=Andrew+C.+Scott&rft.au=David+M.+J.+S.+Bowman&rft.au=William+J.+Bond&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Pyne&rft.au=Martin+E.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FireInitiative-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FireInitiative_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FireInitiative_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412054533/http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm">"Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives"</a>. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Fire+Initiative%3A+Fire+and+Invasives&rft.pub=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tncfire.org%2Fcrosscutting_fandi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Graham, et al., iv, 8, 11, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2008" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Rhett (19 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411124535/http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2010">"Global Commodities Boom Fuels New Assault on Amazon"</a>. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2010">the original</a> on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Commodities+Boom+Fuels+New+Assault+on+Amazon&rft.pub=Yale+School+of+Forestry+%26+Environmental+Studies&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Rhett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Ffeature.msp%3Fid%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIFC-45"><a href="#cite_ref-NIFC_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105175208/http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html">"The Science of Wildland fire"</a>. National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Wildland+fire&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Fpreved%2Fcomm_guide%2Fwildfire%2Ffire_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_12-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham,_et_al.,_12_46-0">^</a> Graham, et al., 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1">b</a> National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27148069">"Ashes cover areas hit by Southern Calif. fires"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. 15 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130025208/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27148069">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashes+cover+areas+hit+by+Southern+Calif.+fires&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna27148069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structure-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Structure_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf">"Influence of Forest Structure on Wildfire Behavior and the Severity of Its Effects"</a> (PDF). US Forest Service. November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125731/http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Influence+of+Forest+Structure+on+Wildfire+Behavior+and+the+Severity+of+Its+Effects&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fprojects%2Fhfi%2F2003%2Fnovember%2Fdocuments%2Fforest-structure-wildfire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029025706/https://www.fema.gov/hazard/wildfire/wf_prepare.shtm">"Prepare for a Wildfire"</a>. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/hazard/wildfire/wf_prepare.shtm">the original</a> on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prepare+for+a+Wildfire&rft.pub=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency+%28FEMA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fhazard%2Fwildfire%2Fwf_prepare.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology, 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_ArchimedesResult.html">"Archimedes Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Testing"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207164348/http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_ArchimedesResult.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archimedes+Death+Ray%3A+Idea+Feasibility+Testing&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+%28MIT%29&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F2.009%2Fwww%2Fexperiments%2Fdeathray%2F10_ArchimedesResult.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FireScars-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FireScars_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMNJMV4QWD_Protecting_0.html">"Satellites are tracing Europe's forest fire scars"</a>. European Space Agency. 27 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110172926/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMNJMV4QWD_Protecting_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellites+are+tracing+Europe%27s+forest+fire+scars&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMNJMV4QWD_Protecting_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Graham, et al., 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flash.org/resources/files/WildfireBrochure.pdf">"Protecting Your Home From Wildfire Damage"</a> (PDF). Florida Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH). p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000918/http://www.flash.org/resources/files/WildfireBrochure.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protecting+Your+Home+From+Wildfire+Damage&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Florida+Alliance+for+Safe+Homes+%28FLASH%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flash.org%2Fresources%2Ffiles%2FWildfireBrochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Billing, 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Graham, et al., 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-underfire-59"><a href="#cite_ref-underfire_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Shea, Neil (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215065522/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/07/fire-season/shea-text.html">"Under Fire"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/07/fire-season/shea-text.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Under+Fire&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F07%2Ffire-season%2Fshea-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Graham, et al., 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Graham, et al., 9, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilmore-East-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Kilmore-East_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190327/http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/commission-reports/final-report/volume-1/chapters/the-kilmore-east-fire">"Volume 1: The Kilmore East Fire"</a>. 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission. Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, Australia. July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9807408-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9807408-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9807408-2-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/commission-reports/final-report/volume-1/chapters/the-kilmore-east-fire">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volume+1%3A+The+Kilmore+East+Fire&rft.btitle=2009+Victorian+Bushfires+Royal+Commission&rft.pub=Victorian+Bushfires+Royal+Commission%2C+Australia&rft.date=2010-07&rft.isbn=978-0-9807408-2-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcommission.vic.gov.au%2Fcommission-reports%2Ffinal-report%2Fvolume-1%2Fchapters%2Fthe-kilmore-east-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Graham, et al., 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Olson, et al., 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf">"The New Generation Fire Shelter"</a> (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 2003. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116133450/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Generation+Fire+Shelter&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fpubs%2Fnewshelt72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> de Souza Costa and Sandberg, 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> San-Miguel-Ayanz, et al., 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-AlJazeera_CRED_20210819-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera_CRED_20210819_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera_CRED_20210819_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddadHussein2021" class="citation news cs1">Haddad, Mohammed; Hussein, Mohammed (19 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/19/mapping-wildfires-around-the-world-interactive">"Mapping wildfires around the world"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819102412/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/19/mapping-wildfires-around-the-world-interactive">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mapping+wildfires+around+the+world&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft.au=Hussein%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F19%2Fmapping-wildfires-around-the-world-interactive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> Data source: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Research_on_the_Epidemiology_of_Disasters" title="Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters">Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters</a>. Wildfire disasters are those claiming at least 10 lives or affecting over 100 people. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIFFC_202310-73"><a href="#cite_ref-CIFFC_202310_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciffc.net/statistics">"Fire Statistics"</a>. CIFFC.net. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231025181718/https://ciffc.net/statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIFFC.net&rft.atitle=Fire+Statistics&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciffc.net%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> Cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2023" class="citation news cs1">Livingston, Ian (24 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/24/climate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming/">"Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024103111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/24/climate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+climate+shatters+heat+records.+These+5+charts+show+how.&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2023%2F10%2F24%2Fclimate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-2022-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones-2022_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSmithBettsCanadell" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126143009/https://sciencebrief.org/briefs/wildfires">"Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires"</a>. ScienceBrief. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebrief.org/briefs/wildfires">the original</a> on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceBrief&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Increases+the+Risk+of+Wildfires&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Smith%2C+Adam&rft.au=Betts%2C+Richard&rft.au=Canadell%2C+Josep&rft.au=Prentice%2C+Collin&rft.au=Le+Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9%2C+Corrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencebrief.org%2Fbriefs%2Fwildfires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne-2020-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne-2020_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne-2020_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2020" class="citation web cs1">Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-climate-change-is-affecting-wildfires-around-the-world">"Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world"</a>. Carbon Brief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219142921/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-climate-change-is-affecting-wildfires-around-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+How+climate+change+is+affecting+wildfires+around+the+world&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fexplainer-how-climate-change-is-affecting-wildfires-around-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010915155936/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html">"Chronological List of U.S. Billion Dollar Events"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2001. Retrieved 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronological+List+of+U.S.+Billion+Dollar+Events&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29+Satellite+and+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flwf.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Foa%2Freports%2Fbillionz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> McKenzie, et al., 893 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvenzaleLlasatMontávezJerez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Jerez, Sonia; Bedia, Joaquín; Rosa-Cánovas, Juan José; Turco, Marco (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168540">"Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models"</a>. Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3821. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.3821T">2018NatCo...9.3821T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06358-z">10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168540">6168540</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279564">30279564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Exacerbated+fires+in+Mediterranean+Europe+due+to+anthropogenic+warming+projected+with+non-stationary+climate-fire+models&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3821&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6168540%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.3821T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30279564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06358-z&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Provenzale&rft.aufirst=Antonello&rft.au=Llasat%2C+Maria+Carmen&rft.au=Mont%C3%A1vez%2C+Juan+Pedro&rft.au=Jerez%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Bedia%2C+Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft.au=Rosa-C%C3%A1novas%2C+Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Turco%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6168540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Graham, et al., 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmann-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannBastosDasEsquivel-Muelbert2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804">"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"</a>. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 73 (1): 673–702. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARPB...73..673H">2022ARPB...73..673H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804">10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5008">1543-5008</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1876701">1876701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35231182">35231182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247188778">247188778</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318150945/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Risks+to+Global+Forest+Health%3A+Emergence+of+Unexpected+Events+of+Elevated+Tree+Mortality+Worldwide&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=673-702&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247188778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1876701%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ARPB...73..673H&rft.issn=1543-5008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35231182&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=Bastos%2C+Ana&rft.au=Das%2C+Adrian+J.&rft.au=Esquivel-Muelbert%2C+Adriane&rft.au=Hammond%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Vilalta%2C+Jordi&rft.au=McDowell%2C+Nate+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Jennifer+S.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Thomas+A.M.&rft.au=Ruthrof%2C+Katinka+X.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Craig+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-102820-012804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brando-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Brando_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandoPaolucciUmmenhoferOrdway2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235">"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"</a>. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 47 (1): 555–581. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AREPS..47..555B">2019AREPS..47..555B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235">10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597">0084-6597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189975585">189975585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Droughts%2C+Wildfires%2C+and+Forest+Carbon+Cycling%3A+A+Pantropical+Synthesis&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=555-581&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189975585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0084-6597&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AREPS..47..555B&rft.aulast=Brando&rft.aufirst=Paulo+M.&rft.au=Paolucci%2C+Lucas&rft.au=Ummenhofer%2C+Caroline+C.&rft.au=Ordway%2C+Elsa+M.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Cattau%2C+Megan+E.&rft.au=Rattis%2C+Ludmila&rft.au=Medjibe%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Balch%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-earth-082517-010235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnuprash2022" class="citation web cs1">Anuprash (28 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214182215/https://www.techiwiki.info/post/what-causes-wildfires-understand-the-science-here">"What Causes Wildfires? Understand The Science Here"</a>. TechiWiki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techiwiki.info/post/what-causes-wildfires-understand-the-science-here">the original</a> on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechiWiki&rft.atitle=What+Causes+Wildfires%3F+Understand+The+Science+Here&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.au=Anuprash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techiwiki.info%2Fpost%2Fwhat-causes-wildfires-understand-the-science-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/terminology.html#S">"Fire Terminology"</a>. Fs.fed.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020545/https://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/terminology.html#S">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fs.fed.us&rft.atitle=Fire+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fnwacfire%2Fhome%2Fterminology.html%23S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsAbatzoglouGershunovGuzman-Morales2019" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, A. Park; Abatzoglou, John T.; Gershunov, Alexander; Guzman-Morales, Janin; Bishop, Daniel A.; Balch, Jennifer K.; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_P._Lettenmaier" title="Dennis P. Lettenmaier">Lettenmaier, Dennis P.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019EF001210">"Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California"</a>. Earth's Future. 7 (8): 892–910. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EaFut...7..892W">2019EaFut...7..892W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019EF001210">10.1029/2019EF001210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-4277">2328-4277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Future&rft.atitle=Observed+Impacts+of+Anthropogenic+Climate+Change+on+Wildfire+in+California&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=892-910&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2328-4277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019EF001210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EaFut...7..892W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=A.+Park&rft.au=Abatzoglou%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Gershunov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Guzman-Morales%2C+Janin&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Daniel+A.&rft.au=Balch%2C+Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Lettenmaier%2C+Dennis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2019EF001210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs1995-85"><a href="#cite_ref-abs1995_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney,_N.P.1995" class="citation web cs1">Cheney, N.P. (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48">"Bushfires – An Integral Part of Australia's Environment"</a>. 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100220/https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2020. <q>In 1974–75 [...] in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1301.0+%E2%80%93+Year+Book+Australia%2C+1995&rft.atitle=Bushfires+%E2%80%93+An+Integral+Part+of+Australia%27s+Environment&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.au=Cheney%2C+N.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F0%2F6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIDR-86"><a href="#cite_ref-AIDR_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/">"New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire – New South Wales"</a>. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113201506/https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. <q>Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+for+Disaster+Resilience&rft.atitle=New+South+Wales%2C+December+1974+Bushfire+%E2%80%93+New+South+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.aidr.org.au%2Fresources%2Fbushfire-new-south-wales-1974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole,_Brendan2020" class="citation news cs1">Cole, Brendan (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214151857/https://www.newsweek.com/australia-wildfires-arson-new-south-wales-police-1480733">"What Caused the Wildfires in Australia? Amid Worst Blazes for a Decade, 24 People are Charged with Arson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/australia-wildfires-arson-new-south-wales-police-1480733">the original</a> on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020. <q>In 1974, 117 million hectares of land was burnt in wildfires in central Australia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=What+Caused+the+Wildfires+in+Australia%3F+Amid+Worst+Blazes+for+a+Decade%2C+24+People+are+Charged+with+Arson&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.au=Cole%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Faustralia-wildfires-arson-new-south-wales-police-1480733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5735660/sydney-bushfires/">As Smoke From Bushfires Chokes Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Dodges on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070427/https://time.com/5735660/sydney-bushfires/">Archived</a> 2 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time 21 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/not-normal-climate-change-bushfire-web/">The facts about bushfires and climate change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216072021/https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/not-normal-climate-change-bushfire-web/">Archived</a> 16 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Climate Council, 13 November 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan2019" class="citation news cs1">Irfan, Umair (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2019/8/20/20813786/wildfire-amazon-rainforest-brazil-siberia">"Wildfires are burning around the world. The most alarming is in the Amazon rainforest"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230057/https://www.vox.com/world/2019/8/20/20813786/wildfire-amazon-rainforest-brazil-siberia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wildfires+are+burning+around+the+world.+The+most+alarming+is+in+the+Amazon+rainforest.&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Irfan&rft.aufirst=Umair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2F8%2F20%2F20813786%2Fwildfire-amazon-rainforest-brazil-siberia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-watching-earth-burn-91"><a href="#cite_ref-watching-earth-burn_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2020" class="citation news cs1">Benson, Michael (28 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/28/opinion/climate-change-earth.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage">"Opinion: Watching Earth Burn – For 10 days in September, satellites in orbit sent tragic evidence of climate change's destructive power"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404182945/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/28/opinion/climate-change-earth.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Watching+Earth+Burn+%E2%80%93+For+10+days+in+September%2C+satellites+in+orbit+sent+tragic+evidence+of+climate+change%27s+destructive+power.&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F12%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fclimate-change-earth.html%3Faction%3Dclick%26module%3DOpinion%26pgtype%3DHomepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas2020" class="citation news cs1">Vargas, Ana Paula (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1210-resisting-another-record-breaking-year-of-deforestation-and-destruction-in-the-brazilian-amazon">"Resisting Another Record-Breaking Year of Deforestation and Destruction in the Brazilian Amazon – While Brazilian authorities deny the impact of the criminal arson, Amazon Watch and our allies exposed and challenged the growing fires and deforestation in the Amazon"</a>. Amazon Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912195753/https://amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1210-resisting-another-record-breaking-year-of-deforestation-and-destruction-in-the-brazilian-amazon">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Resisting+Another+Record-Breaking+Year+of+Deforestation+and+Destruction+in+the+Brazilian+Amazon+%E2%80%93+While+Brazilian+authorities+deny+the+impact+of+the+criminal+arson%2C+Amazon+Watch+and+our+allies+exposed+and+challenged+the+growing+fires+and+deforestation+in+the+Amazon&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=Ana+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famazonwatch.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F1210-resisting-another-record-breaking-year-of-deforestation-and-destruction-in-the-brazilian-amazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColónde_Camões_Lima_BoaventuraJennings2020" class="citation news cs1">Colón, Marcos; de Camões Lima Boaventura, Luís; Jennings, Erik (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/offensive-against-the-amazon-an-incontrollable-pandemic-commentary/">"Offensive against the Amazon: An incontrollable pandemic (commentary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610102720/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/offensive-against-the-amazon-an-incontrollable-pandemic-commentary/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Offensive+against+the+Amazon%3A+An+incontrollable+pandemic+%28commentary%29&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.aulast=Col%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=de+Cam%C3%B5es+Lima+Boaventura%2C+Lu%C3%ADs&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F06%2Foffensive-against-the-amazon-an-incontrollable-pandemic-commentary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDom_Phillips2019" class="citation news cs1">Dom Phillips (2 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections">"Jair Bolsonaro launches assault on Amazon rainforest protections – Executive order transfers regulation and creation of indigenous reserves to agriculture ministry controlled by agribusiness lobby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426002549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jair+Bolsonaro+launches+assault+on+Amazon+rainforest+protections+%E2%80%93+Executive+order+transfers+regulation+and+creation+of+indigenous+reserves+to+agriculture+ministry+controlled+by+agribusiness+lobby&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.au=Dom+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F02%2Fbrazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/58159451">"Wildfires: How are they linked to climate change?"</a>. BBC News. 11 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012084749/https://www.bbc.com/news/58159451">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wildfires%3A+How+are+they+linked+to+climate+change%3F&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F58159451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpracklenLoganMickleyPark2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spracklen, Dominick V.; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Logan" title="Jennifer Logan">Logan, Jennifer A.</a>; Mickley, Loretta J.; Park, Rokjin J.; Yevich, Rosemarie; Westerling, Anthony L.; Jaffe, Dan A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030037">"Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (16). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3416816S">2007GeoRL..3416816S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030037">10.1029/2007GL030037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007">1944-8007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5642896">5642896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Wildfires+drive+interannual+variability+of+organic+carbon+aerosol+in+the+western+U.S.+in+summer&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL030037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5642896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-8007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3416816S&rft.aulast=Spracklen&rft.aufirst=Dominick+V.&rft.au=Logan%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Mickley%2C+Loretta+J.&rft.au=Park%2C+Rokjin+J.&rft.au=Yevich%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Westerling%2C+Anthony+L.&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+Dan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2007GL030037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWofsySachseGregoryBlake1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wofsy, S.C.; Sachse, G. W.; Gregory, G.L.; Blake, D.R.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Sandholm, S.T.; Singh, H.B.; Barrick, J.A.; Harriss, R.C.; Talbot, R.W.; Shipham, M.A.; Browell, E.V.; Jacob, D.J.; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Logan" title="Jennifer Logan">Logan, J.A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626181802/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/92JD00622">"Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 97 (D15): 16731–16746. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JGR....9716731W">1992JGR....9716731W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F92JD00622">10.1029/92JD00622</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202">2156-2202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53612820">53612820</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/92JD00622">the original</a> on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+chemistry+in+the+Arctic+and+subarctic%3A+Influence+of+natural+fires%2C+industrial+emissions%2C+and+stratospheric+inputs&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=D15&rft.pages=16731-16746&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F92JD00622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53612820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JGR....9716731W&rft.aulast=Wofsy&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft.au=Sachse%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Gregory%2C+G.L.&rft.au=Blake%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Sandholm%2C+S.T.&rft.au=Singh%2C+H.B.&rft.au=Barrick%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Harriss%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+R.W.&rft.au=Shipham%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Browell%2C+E.V.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Logan%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1029%2F92JD00622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/factsheets/csdWildfiresFIREX.pdf">"The Impact of Wildfires on Climate and Air Quality"</a> (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602215528/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/factsheets/csdWildfiresFIREX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Wildfires+on+Climate+and+Air+Quality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrl.noaa.gov%2Fcsd%2Ffactsheets%2FcsdWildfiresFIREX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, ORD (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-research/wildland-fire-research-health-effects-research">"Wildland Fire Research: Health Effects Research"</a>. US EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502201707/https://www.epa.gov/air-research/wildland-fire-research-health-effects-research">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Wildland+Fire+Research%3A+Health+Effects+Research&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=ORD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fair-research%2Fwildland-fire-research-health-effects-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorunda2024" class="citation web cs1">Borunda, Alejandra (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/04/18/1245068810/wildfire-smoke-contributes-to-thousands-of-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s">"Wildfire smoke contributes to thousands of deaths each year in the U.S."</a> www.npr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423235910/https://www.npr.org/2024/04/18/1245068810/wildfire-smoke-contributes-to-thousands-of-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npr.org&rft.atitle=Wildfire+smoke+contributes+to+thousands+of+deaths+each+year+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Borunda&rft.aufirst=Alejandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F04%2F18%2F1245068810%2Fwildfire-smoke-contributes-to-thousands-of-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Millan_LombranaHayley_WarrenAkshat_Rathi2020" class="citation news cs1">Laura Millan Lombrana; Hayley Warren; Akshat Rathi (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/">"Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128174413/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+Carbon-Dioxide+Cost+of+Last+Year%27s+Worldwide+Wildfires&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.au=Laura+Millan+Lombrana&rft.au=Hayley+Warren&rft.au=Akshat+Rathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2F2020-fire-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-carbon-fire-2019-102"><a href="#cite_ref-global-carbon-fire-2019_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2020" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, Louise (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-crisis-fires-global-heating-amazon-california-eu-a9690146.html">"Global fires are up 13% from 2019's record-breaking numbers"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114222322/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-crisis-fires-global-heating-amazon-california-eu-a9690146.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+fires+are+up+13%25+from+2019%27s+record-breaking+numbers&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fclimate-crisis-fires-global-heating-amazon-california-eu-a9690146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2020" class="citation news cs1">Alberts, Elizabeth Claire (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/off-the-chart-co2-from-california-fires-dwarf-states-fossil-fuel-emissions/">"'Off the chart': CO2 from California fires dwarf state's fossil fuel emissions"</a>. Mongabay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630232806/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/off-the-chart-co2-from-california-fires-dwarf-states-fossil-fuel-emissions/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Off+the+chart%27%3A+CO2+from+California+fires+dwarf+state%27s+fossil+fuel+emissions&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F09%2Foff-the-chart-co2-from-california-fires-dwarf-states-fossil-fuel-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageFlorian_SiegertJohn_O._RieleyHans-Dieter_V._Boehm2002" class="citation journal cs1">Page, Susan E.; Florian Siegert; John O. Rieley; Hans-Dieter V. Boehm; Adi Jaya & Suwido Limin (11 July 2002). "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997". Nature. 420 (6911): 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.420...61P">2002Natur.420...61P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01131">10.1038/nature01131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12422213">12422213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4379529">4379529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+amount+of+carbon+released+from+peat+and+forest+fires+in+Indonesia+during+1997&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=6911&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=2002-07-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4379529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12422213&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.420...61P&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.au=Florian+Siegert&rft.au=John+O.+Rieley&rft.au=Hans-Dieter+V.+Boehm&rft.au=Adi+Jaya&rft.au=Suwido+Limin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacconi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tacconi, Luca (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf">"Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs, and Policy Implications (CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 38)"</a> (PDF). Occasional Paper. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0854-9818">0854-9818</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Paper&rft.atitle=Fires+in+Indonesia%3A+Causes%2C+Costs%2C+and+Policy+Implications+%28CIFOR+Occasional+Paper+No.+38%29&rft.date=2003-02&rft.issn=0854-9818&rft.aulast=Tacconi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cifor.cgiar.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf_files%2FOccPapers%2FOP-038.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassetti2019" class="citation web cs1">Bassetti, Francesco (31 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128165555/https://www.climateforesight.eu/future-earth/the-effects-of-wildfires-on-a-zero-carbon-future/">"The Effects of Wildfires on a Zero Carbon Future"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climateforesight.eu/future-earth/the-effects-of-wildfires-on-a-zero-carbon-future/">the original</a> on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Wildfires+on+a+Zero+Carbon+Future&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft.aulast=Bassetti&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climateforesight.eu%2Ffuture-earth%2Fthe-effects-of-wildfires-on-a-zero-carbon-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanaGuzman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rana, Md. Sohel; Guzman, Marcelo I. (22 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpca.0c05944">"Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface"</a>. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 124 (42): 8822–8833. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JPCA..124.8822R">2020JPCA..124.8822R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpca.0c05944">10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5639">1089-5639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931271">32931271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221747201">221747201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Oxidation+of+Phenolic+Aldehydes+by+Ozone+and+Hydroxyl+Radicals+at+the+Air%E2%80%93Water+Interface&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=8822-8833&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221747201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JPCA..124.8822R&rft.issn=1089-5639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.0c05944&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32931271&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Md.+Sohel&rft.au=Guzman%2C+Marcelo+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Facs.jpca.0c05944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uknow.uky.edu/research/wildfire-smoke-toxicity-increases-over-time-poses-public-health-risk-according-uk-chemist">"Wildfire Smoke Toxicity Increases Over Time, Poses Public Health Risk, According to UK Chemist"</a>. UKNow. 15 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065812/https://uknow.uky.edu/research/wildfire-smoke-toxicity-increases-over-time-poses-public-health-risk-according-uk-chemist">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKNow&rft.atitle=Wildfire+Smoke+Toxicity+Increases+Over+Time%2C+Poses+Public+Health+Risk%2C+According+to+UK+Chemist&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuknow.uky.edu%2Fresearch%2Fwildfire-smoke-toxicity-increases-over-time-poses-public-health-risk-according-uk-chemist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-10-forest-ages-atmosphere-toxicity.html">"As smoke from forest fires ages in the atmosphere its toxicity increases"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404014637/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-forest-ages-atmosphere-toxicity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=As+smoke+from+forest+fires+ages+in+the+atmosphere+its+toxicity+increases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-10-forest-ages-atmosphere-toxicity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgardner,_D.2003" class="citation conference cs1">Baumgardner, D.; et al. (2003). "Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles". American Geophysical Union fall meeting. San Francisco, California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Warming+of+the+Arctic+lower+stratosphere+by+light+absorbing+particles&rft.btitle=American+Geophysical+Union+fall+meeting&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Baumgardner%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufson" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827182809/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-fires/2019/08/27/ac82b21e-c815-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html">"What you need to know about the Amazon rainforest fires"</a>. Washington post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-fires/2019/08/27/ac82b21e-c815-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+post&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+the+Amazon+rainforest+fires&rft.aulast=Mufson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fclimate-environment%2Fwhat-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-fires%2F2019%2F08%2F27%2Fac82b21e-c815-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidAsarianLake2018" class="citation journal cs1">David, Aaron T.; Asarian, J. Eli; Lake, Frank K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57160">"Wildfire smoke cools summer river and stream water temperatures"</a>. Water Resources Research. 54 (10): 7273–7290. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018WRR....54.7273D">2018WRR....54.7273D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018WR022964">10.1029/2018WR022964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134898973">134898973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726231753/https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57160">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.atitle=Wildfire+smoke+cools+summer+river+and+stream+water+temperatures&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7273-7290&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134898973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018WR022964&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018WRR....54.7273D&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Aaron+T.&rft.au=Asarian%2C+J.+Eli&rft.au=Lake%2C+Frank+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fresearch%2Ftreesearch%2F57160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806143520/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-extreme-fire-weather-can-cool-the-planet">"How Extreme Weather can Cool the Planet"</a>. National Geographic. 6 August 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-extreme-fire-weather-can-cool-the-planet">the original</a> on 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=How+Extreme+Weather+can+Cool+the+Planet&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2Fhow-extreme-fire-weather-can-cool-the-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuPortmannLiuRosenlof2022" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Cheng-Cheng; Portmann, Robert W.; Liu, Shang; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Peng, Yifeng; Yu, Pengfei (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022GL100175">"Significant Effective Radiative Forcing of Stratospheric Wildfire Smoke"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (17). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GeoRL..4900175L">2022GeoRL..4900175L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022GL100175">10.1029/2022GL100175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252148515">252148515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Significant+Effective+Radiative+Forcing+of+Stratospheric+Wildfire+Smoke&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252148515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2022GL100175&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GeoRL..4900175L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Cheng-Cheng&rft.au=Portmann%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shang&rft.au=Rosenlof%2C+Karen+H.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Yifeng&rft.au=Yu%2C+Pengfei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2022GL100175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biello_2007_m566-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Biello_2007_m566_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiello2007" class="citation web cs1">Biello, David (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impure-as-the-driven-snow/">"Impure as the Driven Snow"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107222307/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impure-as-the-driven-snow/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Impure+as+the+Driven+Snow&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=Biello&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fimpure-as-the-driven-snow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Karki, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Wagtendonk,_14-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wagtendonk,_14_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wagtendonk,_14_117-1">b</a> van Wagtendonk (2007), 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> van Wagtendonk (1996), 1156. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> San-Miguel-Ayanz, et al., 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710223715/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561501139/backburn.html">"Backburn"</a>. MSN Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561501139/backburn.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backburn&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fdictionary_561501139%2Fbackburn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212702/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm">"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain"</a>. International Forest Fire News. 18: 80–81. January 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Forest+Fire+News&rft.atitle=UK%3A+The+Role+of+Fire+in+the+Ecology+of+Heathland+in+Southern+Britain&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=80-81&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.uni-freiburg.de%2Fiffn%2Fcountry%2Fgb%2Fgb_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020171425/http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp">"Prescribed Fires"</a>. SmokeyBear.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp">the original</a> on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prescribed+Fires&rft.pub=SmokeyBear.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smokeybear.com%2Fprescribed-fires.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt-123"><a href="#cite_ref-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml">"Fire Management: Wildland Fire Use"</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065507/https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+Management%3A+Wildland+Fire+Use&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Ffire%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fwildland_fire_use.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107041028/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-06-24-voa7-68788387.html">"International Experts Study Ways to Fight Wildfires"</a>. Voice of America (VOA) News. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-06-24-voa7-68788387.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Experts+Study+Ways+to+Fight+Wildfires&rft.pub=Voice+of+America+%28VOA%29+News&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fa-13-2009-06-24-voa7-68788387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IS-125"><a href="#cite_ref-IS_125-0">^</a> Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy, entire text </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management, entire text </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_127-0">^</a> Fire. The Australian Experience, 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_128-0">^</a> Graham, et al., 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossFranklinBakerSchoennagel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Noss, Reed F.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Baker, William L.; <a href="/wiki/Tania_Schoennagel" title="Tania Schoennagel">Schoennagel, Tania</a>; Moyle, Peter B. (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7478&context=facultybib2000">"Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States"</a>. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 4 (9): 481–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1540-9295%282006%294%5B481%3AMFFITW%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[481:MFFITW]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9309">1540-9309</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085922/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7478&context=facultybib2000">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Managing+fire-prone+forests+in+the+western+United+States&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=481-487&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F1540-9295%282006%294%5B481%3AMFFITW%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.issn=1540-9309&rft.aulast=Noss&rft.aufirst=Reed+F.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Jerry+F.&rft.au=Baker%2C+William+L.&rft.au=Schoennagel%2C+Tania&rft.au=Moyle%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7478%26context%3Dfacultybib2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-130"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydersenNorthCollins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lydersen, Jamie M.; North, Malcolm P.; Collins, Brandon M. (15 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258959">"Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes"</a>. Forest Ecology and Management. 328: 326–334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ForEM.328..326L">2014ForEM.328..326L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2014.06.005">10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213213223/https://zenodo.org/record/1258959">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Severity+of+an+uncharacteristically+large+wildfire%2C+the+Rim+Fire%2C+in+forests+with+relatively+restored+frequent+fire+regimes&rft.volume=328&rft.pages=326-334&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2014.06.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ForEM.328..326L&rft.aulast=Lydersen&rft.aufirst=Jamie+M.&rft.au=North%2C+Malcolm+P.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Brandon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-131"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/FHSZBSR_Backgrounder.pdf">"California's Fire Hazard Severity Zone Update and Building Standards Revision"</a> (PDF). CAL FIRE. May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/FHSZBSR_Backgrounder.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California%27s+Fire+Hazard+Severity+Zone+Update+and+Building+Standards+Revision&rft.pub=CAL+FIRE&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.ca.gov%2Ffire_prevention%2Fdownloads%2FFHSZBSR_Backgrounder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-132"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_1551-1600/sb_1595_bill_20080927_chaptered.pdf">"California Senate Bill No. 1595, Chapter 366"</a> (PDF). State of California. 27 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120658/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_1551-1600/sb_1595_bill_20080927_chaptered.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Senate+Bill+No.+1595%2C+Chapter+366&rft.pub=State+of+California&rft.date=2008-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leginfo.ca.gov%2Fpub%2F07-08%2Fbill%2Fsen%2Fsb_1551-1600%2Fsb_1595_bill_20080927_chaptered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Karki, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trial2-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Trial2_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2007" class="citation web cs1">Manning, Richard (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onearth.org/article/our-trial-by-fire?page=2">"Our Trial by Fire"</a>. onearth.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630035505/http://www.onearth.org/article/our-trial-by-fire?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Trial+by+Fire&rft.pub=onearth.org&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onearth.org%2Farticle%2Four-trial-by-fire%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-135"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111211/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events%2Ffire%2F">"Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events/fire/">the original</a> on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+Events%3A+Wild+%26+Forest+Fire&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.noaa.gov%2F%3Fgoal%3Decosystems%26file%3Devents%2Ffire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> San-Miguel-Ayanz, et al., 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-Integration-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Integration_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Integration_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816123809/http://www.westerndisastercenter.org/DOCUMENTS/PERS_PAPER.pdf">"An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management"</a> (PDF). Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 64 (10): 977–985. October 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westerndisastercenter.org/DOCUMENTS/PERS_PAPER.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photogrammetric+Engineering+and+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=An+Integration+of+Remote+Sensing%2C+GIS%2C+and+Information+Distribution+for+Wildfire+Detection+and+Management&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=977-985&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerndisastercenter.org%2FDOCUMENTS%2FPERS_PAPER.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/version_print.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=4917&IDDossier=849&IDCat=346&IDCatPa=261">"Radio communication keeps rangers in touch"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Digital Archives. 21 August 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813160525/http://archives.cbc.ca/version_print.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=4917&IDDossier=849&IDCat=346&IDCatPa=261">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radio+communication+keeps+rangers+in+touch&rft.date=1957-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fversion_print.asp%3Fpage%3D1%26IDLan%3D1%26IDClip%3D4917%26IDDossier%3D849%26IDCat%3D346%26IDCatPa%3D261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120135635/http://www.forestry.state.al.us/WildfireControl.aspx?bv=1&s=0">"Wildfire Detection and Control"</a>. Alabama Forestry Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestry.state.al.us/WildfireControl.aspx?bv=1&s=0">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+Detection+and+Control&rft.pub=Alabama+Forestry+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestry.state.al.us%2FWildfireControl.aspx%3Fbv%3D1%26s%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFokRoman,_Gruia-CatalinLu,_Chenyang2004" class="citation web cs1">Fok, Chien-Liang; Roman, Gruia-Catalin & Lu, Chenyang (29 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103233730/http://cse.seas.wustl.edu/techreportfiles/getreport.asp?399">"Mobile Agent Middleware for Sensor Networks: An Application Case Study"</a>. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cse.seas.wustl.edu/techreportfiles/getreport.asp?399">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+Agent+Middleware+for+Sensor+Networks%3A+An+Application+Case+Study&rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft.date=2004-11-29&rft.aulast=Fok&rft.aufirst=Chien-Liang&rft.au=Roman%2C+Gruia-Catalin&rft.au=Lu%2C+Chenyang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcse.seas.wustl.edu%2Ftechreportfiles%2Fgetreport.asp%3F399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaczkoAhmad,_F.2005" class="citation book cs1">Chaczko, Z.; Ahmad, F. (July 2005). "Wireless Sensor Network Based System for Fire Endangered Areas". Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05). Vol. 2. pp. 203–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICITA.2005.313">10.1109/ICITA.2005.313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2316-3"><bdi>978-0-7695-2316-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14472324">14472324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wireless+Sensor+Network+Based+System+for+Fire+Endangered+Areas&rft.btitle=Third+International+Conference+on+Information+Technology+and+Applications+%28ICITA%2705%29&rft.pages=203-207&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14472324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICITA.2005.313&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-2316-3&rft.aulast=Chaczko&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404124819/http://firecenter.umt.edu/index.php/project/Wireless-Weather-Sensor-Networks-for-Fire-Management/ID/461d72ad/fuseaction/whatWeDo.projectDetail.htm">"Wireless Weather Sensor Networks for Fire Management"</a>. University of Montana – Missoula. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firecenter.umt.edu/index.php/project/Wireless-Weather-Sensor-Networks-for-Fire-Management/ID/461d72ad/fuseaction/whatWeDo.projectDetail.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wireless+Weather+Sensor+Networks+for+Fire+Management&rft.pub=University+of+Montana+%E2%80%93+Missoula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirecenter.umt.edu%2Findex.php%2Fproject%2FWireless-Weather-Sensor-Networks-for-Fire-Management%2FID%2F461d72ad%2Ffuseaction%2FwhatWeDo.projectDetail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolobera2010" class="citation web cs1">Solobera, Javier (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417133344/http://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/articles/101031032811">"Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks with Waspmote"</a>. Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/articles/101031032811">the original</a> on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detecting+Forest+Fires+using+Wireless+Sensor+Networks+with+Waspmote&rft.pub=Libelium+Comunicaciones+Distribuidas+S.L.&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.aulast=Solobera&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libelium.com%2Flibeliumworld%2Farticles%2F101031032811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2008" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Elizabeth A. (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/trees-0923.html">"Preventing forest fires with tree power"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229071819/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/trees-0923.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+forest+fires+with+tree+power&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+%28MIT%29+News&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2008%2Ftrees-0923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> "Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems", 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901120511/http://advancement.sdsu.edu/marcomm/news/releases/spring2005/pr062305.html">"SDSU Tests New Wildfire-Detection Technology"</a>. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University. 23 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advancement.sdsu.edu/marcomm/news/releases/spring2005/pr062305.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDSU+Tests+New+Wildfire-Detection+Technology&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=San+Diego+State+University&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvancement.sdsu.edu%2Fmarcomm%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fspring2005%2Fpr062305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> San-Miguel-Ayanz, et al., 366–369, 373–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFburgos2023" class="citation web cs1">burgos, matthew (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designboom.com/technology/pano-ai-artificial-intelligence-cameras-wildfire-prevention-08-02-2023/">"is artificial intelligence the future of wildfire prevention?"</a>. designboom | architecture & design magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163523/https://www.designboom.com/technology/pano-ai-artificial-intelligence-cameras-wildfire-prevention-08-02-2023/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=designboom+%7C+architecture+%26+design+magazine&rft.atitle=is+artificial+intelligence+the+future+of+wildfire+prevention%3F&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.aulast=burgos&rft.aufirst=matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.designboom.com%2Ftechnology%2Fpano-ai-artificial-intelligence-cameras-wildfire-prevention-08-02-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66266186">"Devastating wildfires spur new detection systems"</a>. BBC News. 3 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163519/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66266186">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Devastating+wildfires+spur+new+detection+systems&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-66266186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochester_Institute_of_Technology2003" class="citation web cs1">Rochester Institute of Technology (4 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm">"New Wildfire-detection Research Will Pinpoint Small Fires From 10,000 feet"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605223918/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=New+Wildfire-detection+Research+Will+Pinpoint+Small+Fires+From+10%2C000+feet&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.au=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2003%2F04%2F030410072055.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html">"Airborne campaign tests new instrumentation for wildfire detection"</a>. European Space Agency. 11 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163219/http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airborne+campaign+tests+new+instrumentation+for+wildfire+detection&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaLP%2FSEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html">"World fire maps now available online in near-real time"</a>. European Space Agency. 24 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163601/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+fire+maps+now+available+online+in+near-real+time&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html">"Earth from Space: California's 'Esperanza' fire"</a>. European Space Agency. 11 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110113923/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+from+Space%3A+California%27s+%27Esperanza%27+fire&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2006-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaEO%2FSEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html">"Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114044127/http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazard+Mapping+System+Fire+and+Smoke+Product&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29+Satellite+and+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssd.noaa.gov%2FPS%2FFIRE%2Fhms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swarm-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Swarm_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandranMisra,_SudipObaidat,_Mohammad_S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ramachandran, Chandrasekar; Misra, Sudip & <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_S._Obaidat" title="Mohammad S. Obaidat">Obaidat, Mohammad S.</a> (9 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525100110/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.937/abstract">"A probabilistic zonal approach for swarm-inspired wildfire detection using sensor networks"</a>. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 21 (10): 1047–1073. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdac.937">10.1002/dac.937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30988736">30988736</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119817008/abstract">the original</a> on 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Commun.+Syst.&rft.atitle=A+probabilistic+zonal+approach+for+swarm-inspired+wildfire+detection+using+sensor+networks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1047-1073&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdac.937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30988736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Chandrasekar&rft.au=Misra%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Obaidat%2C+Mohammad+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F119817008%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerBorne,_KirkThomas,_BrianHuang_Zhenping" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Jerry; Borne, Kirk; Thomas, Brian; Huang Zhenping & Chi, Yuechen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf">"Automated Wildfire Detection Through Artificial Neural Networks"</a> (PDF). NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522013312/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automated+Wildfire+Detection+Through+Artificial+Neural+Networks&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Borne%2C+Kirk&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Brian&rft.au=Huang+Zhenping&rft.au=Chi%2C+Yuechen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20050180316_2005176776.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLi,_WenbinHan,_NingKan,_Jiangming2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Junguo; Li, Wenbin; Han, Ning & Kan, Jiangming (September 2008). "Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network". Frontiers of Forestry in China. 3 (3): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11461-008-0054-3">10.1007/s11461-008-0054-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:76650011">76650011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Forestry+in+China&rft.atitle=Forest+fire+detection+system+based+on+a+ZigBee+wireless+sensor+network&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11461-008-0054-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A76650011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Junguo&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenbin&rft.au=Han%2C+Ning&rft.au=Kan%2C+Jiangming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVizzuality" class="citation web cs1">Vizzuality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/">"Forest Fires & Climate Change | Effects of Deforestation on Wildfires | GFW"</a>. www.globalforestwatch.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725135120/https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalforestwatch.org&rft.atitle=Forest+Fires+%26+Climate+Change+%7C+Effects+of+Deforestation+on+Wildfires+%7C+GFW&rft.au=Vizzuality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalforestwatch.org%2Ftopics%2Ffires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarth_Science_Data_Systems2016" class="citation web cs1">Earth Science Data Systems, NASA (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data">"VIIRS I-Band 375 m Active Fire Data"</a>. Earthdata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812111232/https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earthdata&rft.atitle=VIIRS+I-Band+375+m+Active+Fire+Data&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Earth+Science+Data+Systems&rft.aufirst=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthdata.nasa.gov%2Flearn%2Ffind-data%2Fnear-real-time%2Ffirms%2Fviirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/">"NASA-FIRMS"</a>. firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083155/https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA-FIRMS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov%2Fmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html">"NASA VIIRS Land Products"</a>. viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825060218/https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+VIIRS+Land+Products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FVal%2FFire_Val.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miragenews.com/faster-satellite-detection-of-extreme-wildfires-1065053/">"Faster satellite detection of extreme wildfires eminent"</a>. Mirage News. Retrieved 14 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirage+News&rft.atitle=Faster+satellite+detection+of+extreme+wildfires+eminent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miragenews.com%2Ffaster-satellite-detection-of-extreme-wildfires-1065053%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/">"Wildfire startup puts AI-powered eyes in the forest to watch for new blazes and provide rapid alerts"</a>. 9 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163517/https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+startup+puts+AI-powered+eyes+in+the+forest+to+watch+for+new+blazes+and+provide+rapid+alerts&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekwire.com%2F2023%2Fwildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/">"Transport Canada SFOC Granted to Support Wildfire Suppression"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163518/https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+Canada+SFOC+Granted+to+Support+Wildfire+Suppression&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmannedsystemstechnology.com%2F2023%2F08%2Ftransport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Karki, 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/china-makes-snow-to-extinguish-forest-fire">"China Makes Snow to Extinguish Forest Fire"</a>. FOXNews.com. 18 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813173448/http://origin.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195969,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Makes+Snow+to+Extinguish+Forest+Fire&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fchina-makes-snow-to-extinguish-forest-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosia2003" class="citation web cs1">Ambrosia, Vincent G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724081427/http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/WRAP/projects/docs/ISRSE_PAPER_2003.PDF">"Disaster Management Applications – Fire"</a> (PDF). NASA-Ames Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/WRAP//projects/docs/ISRSE_PAPER_2003.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disaster+Management+Applications+%E2%80%93+Fire&rft.pub=NASA-Ames+Research+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ambrosia&rft.aufirst=Vincent+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeo.arc.nasa.gov%2Fsge%2FWRAP%2F%2Fprojects%2Fdocs%2FISRSE_PAPER_2003.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Plucinski, et al., 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fighting-fire-in-the-forest-1.863449">"Fighting fire in the forest"</a>. CBS News. 17 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619212242/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/06/17/f-forest-fires.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fighting+fire+in+the+forest&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffighting-fire-in-the-forest-1.863449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=fire&year=2008&month=13">"Climate of 2008 Wildfire Season Summary"</a>. National Climatic Data Center. 11 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023095354/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=fire&year=2008&month=13">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+2008+Wildfire+Season+Summary&rft.pub=National+Climatic+Data+Center&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fsotc%2F%3Freport%3Dfire%26year%3D2008%26month%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothermel1993" class="citation web cs1">Rothermel, Richard C. (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813122911/http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299/">"General Technical Report INT-GTR-299 – Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299/">the original</a> on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Technical+Report+INT-GTR-299+%E2%80%93+Mann+Gulch+Fire%3A+A+Race+That+Couldn%27t+Be+Won&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Intermountain+Research+Station&rft.date=1993-05&rft.aulast=Rothermel&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Frm%2Fpubs_int%2Fint_gtr299%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-homeslost-172"><a href="#cite_ref-homeslost_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227231203/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20090313005">"Victorian Bushfires"</a>. Parliament of New South Wales. New South Wales Government. 13 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20090313005">the original</a> on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Victorian+Bushfires&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fprod%2FPARLMENT%2Fhansart.nsf%2FV3Key%2FLA20090313005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellison-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellison_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellison_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisonEvers,_C.Moseley,_C.Nielsen-Pincus,_M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, A; Evers, C.; Moseley, C.; Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123131143/http://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/WP_41.pdf">"Forest service spending on large wildfires in the West"</a> (PDF). Ecosystem Workforce Program. 41: 1–16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/WP_41.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosystem+Workforce+Program&rft.atitle=Forest+service+spending+on+large+wildfires+in+the+West&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Evers%2C+C.&rft.au=Moseley%2C+C.&rft.au=Nielsen-Pincus%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fewp.uoregon.edu%2Fsites%2Fewp.uoregon.edu%2Ffiles%2FWP_41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/?cid=stelprdb5412095">"Region 5 – Land & Resource Management"</a>. US Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823005834/http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/?cid=stelprdb5412095">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Forest+Service&rft.atitle=Region+5+%E2%80%93+Land+%26+Resource+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdetail%2Fr5%2Flandmanagement%2F%3Fcid%3Dstelprdb5412095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-niosh-blog-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niosh-blog_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niosh-blog_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niosh-blog_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niosh-blog_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niosh-blog_175-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellLiz_Dalsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Corey; Liz Dalsey (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/07/wildlandfire/">"Wildland Fire Fighting Safety and Health"</a>. NIOSH Science Blog. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809023909/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/07/wildlandfire/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIOSH+Science+Blog&rft.atitle=Wildland+Fire+Fighting+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft.au=Liz+Dalsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cdc.gov%2Fniosh-science-blog%2F2012%2F07%2Fwildlandfire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot_Tips_from_NIOSH-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Hot_Tips_from_NIOSH_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/docs/2013-158/pdfs/2013-158.pdf">"Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy"</a> (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030104/http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/docs/2013-158/pdfs/2013-158.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildland+Fire+Fighting%3A+Hot+Tips+to+Stay+Safe+and+Healthy&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2FNIOSH%2Fdocs%2F2013-158%2Fpdfs%2F2013-158.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH_Wildland_Firefighting_default_page-177"><a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_Wildland_Firefighting_default_page_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html">"CDC – Fighting Wildfires – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"</a>. www.cdc.gov. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>. 31 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041025232542/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2018. <q>Between 2000–2016, based on data compiled in the NIOSH Wildland Fire Fighter On-Duty Death Surveillance System from three data sources, over 350 on-duty WFF fatalities occurred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+Fighting+Wildfires+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Workplace+Safety+and+Health+Topic&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Ffirefighting%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._AguedaE._PastorE._Planas2008" class="citation journal cs1">A. Agueda; E. Pastor; E. Planas (2008). "Different scales for studying the effectiveness of long-term forest fire retardants". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 24 (6): 782–796. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PECS...34..782A">2008PECS...34..782A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pecs.2008.06.001">10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Energy+and+Combustion+Science&rft.atitle=Different+scales+for+studying+the+effectiveness+of+long-term+forest+fire+retardants&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=782-796&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pecs.2008.06.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PECS...34..782A&rft.au=A.+Agueda&rft.au=E.+Pastor&rft.au=E.+Planas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coloradoan.com-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coloradoan.com_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coloradoan.com_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coloradoan.com_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill,_B." class="citation web cs1">Magill, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coloradoan.com/article/20120706/NEWS01/307060035/Officials-Fire-slurry-poses-little-threat">"Officials: Fire slurry poses little threat"</a>. Coloradoan.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coloradoan.com&rft.atitle=Officials%3A+Fire+slurry+poses+little+threat&rft.au=Magill%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradoan.com%2Farticle%2F20120706%2FNEWS01%2F307060035%2FOfficials-Fire-slurry-poses-little-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minesnewsroom.com-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minesnewsroom.com_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minesnewsroom.com_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoerner,_C.Coday_B.Noble,_J.Roa,_P.2012" class="citation web cs1">Boerner, C.; Coday B.; Noble, J.; Roa, P.; Roux V.; Rucker K.; Wing, A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minesnewsroom.com/sites/default/files/wysiwyg-editor/Impacts%20of%20wildfire%20on%20Golden%27s%20drinking%20water-1.pdf">"Impact of wildfire in Clear Creek Watershed of the city of Golden's drinking water supply"</a> (PDF). Colorado School of Mines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112021046/http://minesnewsroom.com/sites/default/files/wysiwyg-editor/Impacts%20of%20wildfire%20on%20Golden%27s%20drinking%20water-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+wildfire+in+Clear+Creek+Watershed+of+the+city+of+Golden%27s+drinking+water+supply&rft.pub=Colorado+School+of+Mines&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Boerner%2C+C.&rft.au=Coday+B.&rft.au=Noble%2C+J.&rft.au=Roa%2C+P.&rft.au=Roux+V.&rft.au=Rucker+K.&rft.au=Wing%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminesnewsroom.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwysiwyg-editor%2FImpacts%2520of%2520wildfire%2520on%2520Golden%2527s%2520drinking%2520water-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichenseher,_T.2012" class="citation web cs1">Eichenseher, T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710084010/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120703/colorado-wildfires-waldo-high-park-hayman-threaten-water-supplies/">"Colorado Wildfires Threaten Water Supplies"</a>. National Geographic Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120703/colorado-wildfires-waldo-high-park-hayman-threaten-water-supplies/">the original</a> on 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Colorado+Wildfires+Threaten+Water+Supplies&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Eichenseher%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F07%2F120703%2Fcolorado-wildfires-waldo-high-park-hayman-threaten-water-supplies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firegrowthmodel.ca/">"Prometheus"</a>. Tymstra, C.; Bryce, R.W.; Wotton, B.M.; Armitage, O.B. 2009. Development and structure of Prometheus: the Canadian wildland fire growth simulation model. Inf. Rep. NOR-X-417. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203061723/http://firegrowthmodel.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prometheus&rft.pub=Tymstra%2C+C.%3B+Bryce%2C+R.W.%3B+Wotton%2C+B.M.%3B+Armitage%2C+O.B.+2009.+Development+and+structure+of+Prometheus%3A+the+Canadian+wildland+fire+growth+simulation+model.+Inf.+Rep.+NOR-X-417.+Nat.+Resour.+Can.%2C+Can.+For.+Serv.%2C+North.+For.+Cent.%2C+Edmonton%2C+AB.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiregrowthmodel.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083312/http://www.firemodels.org/content/view/112/143/">"FARSITE"</a>. FireModels.org – Fire Behavior and Danger Software, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firemodels.org/content/view/112/143/">the original</a> on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FARSITE&rft.pub=FireModels.org+%E2%80%93+Fire+Behavior+and+Danger+Software%2C+Missoula+Fire+Sciences+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firemodels.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F112%2F143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> G.D. Richards, "An Elliptical Growth Model of Forest Fire Fronts and Its Numerical Solution", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng.. 30:1163–1179, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Finney, 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildfire_modeling_Alvarado,_et_al.,_66-68-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Wildfire_modeling_Alvarado,_et_al.,_66-68_186-0">^</a> Alvarado, et al., 66–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2003" class="citation conference cs1">Wang, P.K. (2003). The physical mechanism of injecting biomass burning materials into the stratosphere during fire-induced thunderstorms. San Francisco: American Geophysical Union fall meeting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+physical+mechanism+of+injecting+biomass+burning+materials+into+the+stratosphere+during+fire-induced+thunderstorms&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union+fall+meeting&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromm,_M.Stocks,_B.Servranckx,_R.Lindsey,_D." class="citation conference cs1">Fromm, M.; Stocks, B.; Servranckx, R.; Lindsey, D. Smoke in the Stratosphere: What Wildfires have Taught Us About Nuclear Winter; abstract #U14A-04. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.U14A..04F">2006AGUFM.U14A..04F</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Smoke+in+the+Stratosphere%3A+What+Wildfires+have+Taught+Us+About+Nuclear+Winter%3B+abstract+%23U14A-04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AGUFM.U14A..04F&rft.au=Fromm%2C+M.&rft.au=Stocks%2C+B.&rft.au=Servranckx%2C+R.&rft.au=Lindsey%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Graham, et al., 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Scala" class="citation web cs1">John R. Scala; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080555/http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/68737.pdf">"Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Rapid Transport of Canadian Wildfire Products into the Northeast during 5–8 July 2002"</a> (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/68737.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteorological+Conditions+Associated+with+the+Rapid+Transport+of+Canadian+Wildfire+Products+into+the+Northeast+during+5%E2%80%938+July+2002&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.au=John+R.+Scala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.confex.com%2Fams%2Fpdfpapers%2F68737.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyfogleSue_A.1996" class="citation web cs1">Breyfogle, Steve; Sue A., Ferguson (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr379.pdf">"User Assessment of Smoke-Dispersion Models for Wildland Biomass Burning"</a> (PDF). US Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080555/http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr379.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+Assessment+of+Smoke-Dispersion+Models+for+Wildland+Biomass+Burning&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=1996-12&rft.aulast=Breyfogle&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Sue+A.%2C+Ferguson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpnw%2Fpubs%2Fpnw_gtr379.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravoE.R._SosaA.P._SánchezP.M._Jaimes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bravo, A.H.; E.R. Sosa; A.P. Sánchez; P.M. Jaimes & R.M.I. Saavedra (2002). "Impact of wildfires on the air quality of Mexico City, 1992–1999". Environmental Pollution. 117 (2): 243–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0269-7491%2801%2900277-9">10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00277-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11924549">11924549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Impact+of+wildfires+on+the+air+quality+of+Mexico+City%2C+1992%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-253&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0269-7491%2801%2900277-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11924549&rft.aulast=Bravo&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft.au=E.R.+Sosa&rft.au=A.P.+S%C3%A1nchez&rft.au=P.M.+Jaimes&rft.au=R.M.I.+Saavedra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoreKolbMontes-HeluEckert2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dore, S.; Kolb, T.E.; Montes-Helu, M.; Eckert, S.E.; Sullivan, B.W.; Hungate, B.A.; Kaye, J.P.; Hart, S.C.; Koch, G.W. (1 April 2010). "Carbon and water fluxes from ponderosa pine forests disturbed by wildfire and thinning". Ecological Applications. 20 (3): 663–683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EcoAp..20..663D">2010EcoAp..20..663D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F09-0934.1">10.1890/09-0934.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5582">1939-5582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20437955">20437955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Carbon+and+water+fluxes+from+ponderosa+pine+forests+disturbed+by+wildfire+and+thinning&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=663-683&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F09-0934.1&rft.issn=1939-5582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20437955&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EcoAp..20..663D&rft.aulast=Dore&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kolb%2C+T.E.&rft.au=Montes-Helu%2C+M.&rft.au=Eckert%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+B.W.&rft.au=Hungate%2C+B.A.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Hart%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Koch%2C+G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2008" class="citation web cs1">Douglass, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610213236/http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/495/1/MP_rld10_a_052008.pdf">"Quantification of the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter due to wildfires. MS Thesis"</a> (PDF). Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/495/1/MP_rld10_a_052008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quantification+of+the+health+impacts+associated+with+fine+particulate+matter+due+to+wildfires.+MS+Thesis&rft.pub=Nicholas+School+of+the+Environment+and+Earth+Sciences+of+Duke+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10161%2F495%2F1%2FMP_rld10_a_052008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research2008" class="citation web cs1">National Center for Atmospheric Research (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927124441/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/geowissenschaften/wildfires_ozone_pollution_violate_health_standards_120086.html">"Wildfires Cause Ozone Pollution to Violate Health Standards"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/geowissenschaften/wildfires_ozone_pollution_violate_health_standards_120086.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfires+Cause+Ozone+Pollution+to+Violate+Health+Standards&rft.pub=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.au=National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovations-report.de%2Fhtml%2Fberichte%2Fgeowissenschaften%2Fwildfires_ozone_pollution_violate_health_standards_120086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128027493">"The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires – ScienceDirect"</a>. www.sciencedirect.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101205343/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128027493">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Mixed-Severity+Fires+%E2%80%93+ScienceDirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fbook%2F9780128027493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutto2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279">"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"</a>. Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcoAp..18.1827H">2008EcoAp..18.1827H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F08-0895.1">10.1890/08-0895.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5582">1939-5582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19263880">19263880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174631/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Severe+Wildfires%3A+Some+Like+It+Hot&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1827-1834&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F08-0895.1&rft.issn=1939-5582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19263880&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcoAp..18.1827H&rft.aulast=Hutto&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Fbiosci_pubs%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonatoFontaineRobinsonKauffman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Donato, Daniel C.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Robinson, W. Douglas; Kauffman, J. Boone; Law, Beverly E. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2578/">"Vegetation response to a short interval between high-severity wildfires in a mixed-evergreen forest"</a>. Journal of Ecology. 97 (1): 142–154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEcol..97..142D">2009JEcol..97..142D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2008.01456.x">10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01456.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2745">1365-2745</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330084911/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2578/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Vegetation+response+to+a+short+interval+between+high-severity+wildfires+in+a+mixed-evergreen+forest&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=142-154&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.issn=1365-2745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2008.01456.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JEcol..97..142D&rft.aulast=Donato&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+Joseph+B.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+W.+Douglas&rft.au=Kauffman%2C+J.+Boone&rft.au=Law%2C+Beverly+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.murdoch.edu.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2578%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorPuttickHoffman2014" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Tim G.; Puttick, James R.; Hoffman, M. Timm (4 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/10220119.2014.939996">"Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes"</a>. African Journal of Range & Forage Science. 31 (2): 67–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJRFS..31...67O">2014AJRFS..31...67O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2989%2F10220119.2014.939996">10.2989/10220119.2014.939996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1022-0119">1022-0119</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401044841/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/10220119.2014.939996">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Range+%26+Forage+Science&rft.atitle=Bush+encroachment+in+southern+Africa%3A+changes+and+causes&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-88&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft.issn=1022-0119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2F10220119.2014.939996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AJRFS..31...67O&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tim+G.&rft.au=Puttick%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+M.+Timm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2989%2F10220119.2014.939996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardosoArchibaldBondCoetsee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cardoso, Anabelle W.; Archibald, Sally; Bond, William J.; Coetsee, Corli; Forrest, Matthew; Govender, Navashni; Lehmann, David; Makaga, Loïc; Mpanza, Nokukhanya; Ndong, Josué Edzang; Koumba Pambo, Aurélie Flore; Strydom, Tercia; Tilman, David; Wragg, Peter D.; Staver, A. Carla (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9245651">"Quantifying the environmental limits to fire spread in grassy ecosystems"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (26): e2110364119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11910364C">2022PNAS..11910364C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2110364119">10.1073/pnas.2110364119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9245651">9245651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35733267">35733267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+environmental+limits+to+fire+spread+in+grassy+ecosystems&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=e2110364119&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9245651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11910364C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35733267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2110364119&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Cardoso&rft.aufirst=Anabelle+W.&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Sally&rft.au=Bond%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Coetsee%2C+Corli&rft.au=Forrest%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Govender%2C+Navashni&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+David&rft.au=Makaga%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Mpanza%2C+Nokukhanya&rft.au=Ndong%2C+Josu%C3%A9+Edzang&rft.au=Koumba+Pambo%2C+Aur%C3%A9lie+Flore&rft.au=Strydom%2C+Tercia&rft.au=Tilman%2C+David&rft.au=Wragg%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=Staver%2C+A.+Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9245651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy, 3, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Graham, et al., 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeley,_J.E.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, J.E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/Future%20of%20California%20Floristics%20and%20Systematics%20Wildfire%20Th.pdf">"Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora"</a> (PDF). Madroño. 42: 175–179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507033351/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/Future%20of%20California%20Floristics%20and%20Systematics%20Wildfire%20Th.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madro%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Future+of+California+floristics+and+systematics%3A+wildfire+threats+to+the+California+flora&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Keeley%2C+J.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werc.usgs.gov%2Fseki%2Fpdfs%2FFuture%2520of%2520California%2520Floristics%2520and%2520Systematics%2520Wildfire%2520Th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedler1995" class="citation conference cs1">Zedler, P.H. (1995). "Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options". In Keeley, J.E.; Scott, T. (eds.). Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire. pp. 101–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Fire+frequency+in+southern+California+shrublands%3A+biological+effects+and+management+options&rft.btitle=Brushfires+in+California+wildlands%3A+ecology+and+resource+management&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+WA&rft.pages=101-112&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Wildland+Fire&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zedler&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Nepstad, 4, 8–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2008" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Rebecca (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/AmazonFireRise/">"Amazon fires on the rise"</a>. Earth Observatory (NASA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154232/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/AmazonFireRise/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+fires+on+the+rise&rft.pub=Earth+Observatory+%28NASA%29&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FFeatures%2FAmazonFireRise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Nepstad, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830055708/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/bushfire/background_effects.shtml">"Bushfire and Catchments: Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion"</a>. eWater Cooperative Research Center's. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/bushfire/background_effects.shtml">the original</a> on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bushfire+and+Catchments%3A+Effects+of+Fire+on+Soils+and+Erosion&rft.pub=eWater+Cooperative+Research+Center%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewatercrc.com.au%2Fbushfire%2Fbackground_effects.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefernVyner,_Blaise" class="citation journal cs1">Refern, Neil; Vyner, Blaise. "Fylingdales Moor a lost landscape rises from the ashes". Current Archaeology. XIX (226): 20–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3212">0011-3212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Fylingdales+Moor+a+lost+landscape+rises+from+the+ashes&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=226&rft.pages=20-27&rft.issn=0011-3212&rft.aulast=Refern&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Vyner%2C+Blaise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunning2008" class="citation journal cs1">Running, S.W. (2008). "Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon and Climate". Science. 321 (5889): 652–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1159607">10.1126/science.1159607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18669853">18669853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206513681">206513681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ecosystem+Disturbance%2C+Carbon+and+Climate&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5889&rft.pages=652-653&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206513681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18669853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1159607&rft.aulast=Running&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctorLeeYuShah2020" class="citation journal cs1">Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination". AWWA Water Science. 2 (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AWWWS...2E1183P">2020AWWWS...2E1183P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1183">10.1002/aws2.1183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225641536">225641536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AWWA+Water+Science&rft.atitle=Wildfire+caused+widespread+drinking+water+distribution+network+contamination&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225641536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faws2.1183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AWWWS...2E1183P&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Caitlin+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Juneseok&rft.au=Yu%2C+David&rft.au=Shah%2C+Amisha+D.&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center/science/science-topics/wildfires-and-water-quality#:~:text=Wildfires%20can%20compromise%20water%20quality,and%20drinking-water%20treatment%20processes.">"Wildfires and Water Quality | U.S. Geological Survey"</a>. www.usgs.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026140951/https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center/science/science-topics/wildfires-and-water-quality#:~:text=Wildfires%20can%20compromise%20water%20quality,and%20drinking-water%20treatment%20processes.">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Wildfires+and+Water+Quality+%7C+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fcenters%2Fcalifornia-water-science-center%2Fscience%2Fscience-topics%2Fwildfires-and-water-quality%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWildfires%2520can%2520compromise%2520water%2520quality%2Cand%2520drinking-water%2520treatment%2520processes.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoelisonValencaLeeKarim2023" class="citation journal cs1">Raoelison, Onja D.; Valenca, Renan; Lee, Allison; Karim, Samiha; Webster, Jackson P.; Poulin, Brett A.; Mohanty, Sanjay K. (15 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122019273">"Wildfire impacts on surface water quality parameters: Cause of data variability and reporting needs"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 317: 120713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EPoll.31720713R">2023EPoll.31720713R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2022.120713">10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-7491">0269-7491</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435284">36435284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253859681">253859681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Wildfire+impacts+on+surface+water+quality+parameters%3A+Cause+of+data+variability+and+reporting+needs&rft.volume=317&rft.pages=120713&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253859681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EPoll.31720713R&rft.issn=0269-7491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2022.120713&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36435284&rft.aulast=Raoelison&rft.aufirst=Onja+D.&rft.au=Valenca%2C+Renan&rft.au=Lee%2C+Allison&rft.au=Karim%2C+Samiha&rft.au=Webster%2C+Jackson+P.&rft.au=Poulin%2C+Brett+A.&rft.au=Mohanty%2C+Sanjay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0269749122019273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/opinions/Final-HDPE-Service-Line-Decontamination-2019-03-18.pdf">"Considerations for Decontaminating HDPE Service Lines by Flushing"</a> (PDF). engineering.purdue.edu. 18 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813140928/https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/opinions/Final-HDPE-Service-Line-Decontamination-2019-03-18.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineering.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=Considerations+for+Decontaminating+HDPE+Service+Lines+by+Flushing&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2FPlumbingSafety%2Fopinions%2FFinal-HDPE-Service-Line-Decontamination-2019-03-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupertMagnuson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Haupert, Levi M.; Magnuson, Matthew L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7424390">"Numerical Model for Decontamination of Organic Contaminants in Polyethylene Drinking Water Pipes in Premise Plumbing by Flushing"</a>. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 145 (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29EE.1943-7870.0001542">10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7424390">7424390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801447">32801447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Engineering&rft.atitle=Numerical+Model+for+Decontamination+of+Organic+Contaminants+in+Polyethylene+Drinking+Water+Pipes+in+Premise+Plumbing+by+Flushing&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7424390%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32801447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29EE.1943-7870.0001542&rft.aulast=Haupert&rft.aufirst=Levi+M.&rft.au=Magnuson%2C+Matthew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7424390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacsonProctorWangEdwards2021" class="citation journal cs1">Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0EW00836B">"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"</a>. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 7 (2): 274–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0EW00836B">10.1039/D0EW00836B</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230567682">230567682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Water+Research+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Drinking+water+contamination+from+the+thermal+degradation+of+plastics%3A+Implications+for+wildfire+and+structure+fire+response&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-284&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD0EW00836B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230567682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Kristofer+P.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Caitlin+R.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Q.+Erica&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ethan+Y.&rft.au=Noh%2C+Yoorae&rft.au=Shah%2C+Amisha+D.&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FD0EW00836B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires/">"Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. 28 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526210836/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Plastic+pipes+are+polluting+drinking+water+systems+after+wildfires&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2F12%2Fplastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1997" class="citation web cs1">Santos, Robert L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602175115/http://library.csustan.edu/bsantos/section3.htm">"Section Three: Problems, Cares, Economics, and Species"</a>. The Eucalyptus of California. California State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.csustan.edu/bsantos/section3.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Eucalyptus+of+California&rft.atitle=Section+Three%3A+Problems%2C+Cares%2C+Economics%2C+and+Species&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.csustan.edu%2Fbsantos%2Fsection3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Fire. The Australian Experience, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fire_adaptations_NOVA222-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Fire_adaptations_NOVA222_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Pyne" class="citation web cs1">Stephen J. Pyne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html">"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"</a>. NOVA online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808123751/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Plants+Use+Fire+%28And+Are+Used+By+It%29&rft.pub=NOVA+online&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Pyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ffire%2Fplants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeley,_J.E.C.J._Fotheringham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, J.E. & C.J. Fotheringham (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506235220/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/emissions.pdf">"Trace gas emission in smoke-induced germination"</a> (PDF). Science. 276 (5316): 1248–1250. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.2708">10.1.1.3.2708</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.276.5316.1248">10.1126/science.276.5316.1248</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/emissions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Trace+gas+emission+in+smoke-induced+germination&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=5316&rft.pages=1248-1250&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.3.2708%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.276.5316.1248&rft.au=Keeley%2C+J.E.&rft.au=C.J.+Fotheringham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werc.usgs.gov%2Fseki%2Fpdfs%2Femissions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fire_adaptations_flematti-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Fire_adaptations_flematti_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlematti_GRGhisalberti_ELDixon_KWTrengove_RD2004" class="citation journal cs1">Flematti GR; Ghisalberti EL; Dixon KW; Trengove RD (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1099944">"A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination"</a>. Science. 305 (5686): 977. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1099944">10.1126/science.1099944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15247439">15247439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42979006">42979006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+compound+from+smoke+that+promotes+seed+germination&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5686&rft.pages=977&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42979006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15247439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1099944&rft.au=Flematti+GR&rft.au=Ghisalberti+EL&rft.au=Dixon+KW&rft.au=Trengove+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1099944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218072405/http://oeapp.oregonexplorer.info/Wildfire/topics/topics.aspx?Res=16142">"About Oregon wildfire risk"</a>. Oregon State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oeapp.oregonexplorer.info/Wildfire/topics/topics.aspx?Res=16142">the original</a> on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Oregon+wildfire+risk&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foeapp.oregonexplorer.info%2FWildfire%2Ftopics%2Ftopics.aspx%3FRes%3D16142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerrSantín2016" class="citation journal cs1">Doerr, Stefan H.; Santín, Cristina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874420">"Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>. 371 (1696): 20150345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0345">10.1098/rstb.2015.0345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874420">4874420</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216515">27216515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+trends+in+wildfire+and+its+impacts%3A+perceptions+versus+realities+in+a+changing+world&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1696&rft.pages=20150345&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874420%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27216515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0345&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Stefan+H.&rft.au=Sant%C3%ADn%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr208en/psw_gtr208en_505-512_haines.pdf">"The National Wildfire Mitigation Programs Database: State, County, and Local Efforts to Reduce Wildfire Risk"</a> (PDF). US Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907045339/http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr208en/psw_gtr208en_505-512_haines.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Wildfire+Mitigation+Programs+Database%3A+State%2C+County%2C+and+Local+Efforts+to+Reduce+Wildfire+Risk&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpsw%2Fpublications%2Fdocuments%2Fpsw_gtr208en%2Fpsw_gtr208en_505-512_haines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/extreme-wildfires-may-be-fueled-by-climate-change/">"Extreme wildfires may be fueled by climate change"</a>. Michigan State University. 1 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803213631/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/extreme-wildfires-may-be-fueled-by-climate-change/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+wildfires+may+be+fueled+by+climate+change&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsutoday.msu.edu%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fextreme-wildfires-may-be-fueled-by-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajamanickam_Antonimuthu2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Rajamanickam Antonimuthu (5 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mprIejWp00">White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074119/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mprIejWp00">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House+explains+the+link+between+Climate+Change+and+Wild+Fires&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.au=Rajamanickam+Antonimuthu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-mprIejWp00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.purakamasks.com/how-did-forest-fires-affect-air-quality-in-california">"How Have Forest Fires Affected Air Quality in California?"</a>. www.purakamasks.com. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.purakamasks.com&rft.atitle=How+Have+Forest+Fires+Affected+Air+Quality+in+California%3F&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.purakamasks.com%2Fhow-did-forest-fires-affect-air-quality-in-california&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-oehha.ca.gov-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oehha.ca.gov_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oehha.ca.gov_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oehha.ca.gov_229-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oehha.ca.gov_229-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Environmental_Health_Hazard_Assessment2008" class="citation web cs1">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oehha.ca.gov/air/risk_assess/wildfirev8.pdf">"Wildfire smoke: A guide for public health officials"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516071549/http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/risk_assess/wildfirev8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+smoke%3A+A+guide+for+public+health+officials&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Office+of+Environmental+Health+Hazard+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foehha.ca.gov%2Fair%2Frisk_assess%2Fwildfirev8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Wildlife_Coordination_Group2001" class="citation web cs1">National Wildlife Coordination Group (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/ottmar-smoke-management-guide.pdf">"Smoke management guide for prescribed and wildland fire"</a> (PDF). Boise, ID: National Interagency Fire Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200515/http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/ottmar-smoke-management-guide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smoke+management+guide+for+prescribed+and+wildland+fire&rft.place=Boise%2C+ID&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft.date=2001&rft.au=National+Wildlife+Coordination+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpnw%2Fpubs%2Fottmar-smoke-management-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayMoffatGazzardBaker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492003">"Health impacts of wildfires"</a>. PLOS Currents. 4: e4f959951cce2c. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2F4f959951cce2c">10.1371/4f959951cce2c</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492003">3492003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145351">23145351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Currents&rft.atitle=Health+impacts+of+wildfires&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e4f959951cce2c&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23145351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2F4f959951cce2c&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Moffat%2C+A&rft.au=Gazzard%2C+R&rft.au=Baker%2C+D&rft.au=Murray%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/wildfire-smoke-air-hazardous-toxic-metals-study-california">"Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds"</a>. the Guardian. 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wildfire+smoke+can+increase+hazardous+toxic+metals+in+air%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F21%2Fwildfire-smoke-air-hazardous-toxic-metals-study-california&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency2009" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_08-09.pdf">"Air quality index: A guide to air quality and health"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130507/http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_08-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+quality+index%3A+A+guide+to+air+quality+and+health&rft.date=2009&rft.au=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fairnow%2Faqi_brochure_08-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_234-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWilsonMickleyDominici2017" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Jia Coco; Wilson, Ander; Mickley, Loretta J.; Dominici, Francesca; Ebisu, Keita; Wang, Yun; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Peng, Roger D.; Yue, Xu (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130603">"Wildfire-specific Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Hospital Admissions in Urban and Rural Counties"</a>. Epidemiology. 28 (1): 77–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fede.0000000000000556">10.1097/ede.0000000000000556</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1044-3983">1044-3983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130603">5130603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27648592">27648592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Wildfire-specific+Fine+Particulate+Matter+and+Risk+of+Hospital+Admissions+in+Urban+and+Rural+Counties&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-85&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1044-3983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27648592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fede.0000000000000556&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Jia+Coco&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Ander&rft.au=Mickley%2C+Loretta+J.&rft.au=Dominici%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Ebisu%2C+Keita&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yun&rft.au=Sulprizio%2C+Melissa+P.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Roger+D.&rft.au=Yue%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleanairresources.com/resources/side-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-inhalation">"Side Effects of Wildfire Smoke Inhalation"</a>. www.cleanairresources.com. 11 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174432/https://www.cleanairresources.com/resources/side-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-inhalation">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cleanairresources.com&rft.atitle=Side+Effects+of+Wildfire+Smoke+Inhalation&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairresources.com%2Fresources%2Fside-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-inhalation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/smoke/wildgd.pdf">"1 Wildfire Smoke A Guide for Public Health Officials"</a> (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509110731/http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/smoke/wildgd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Wildfire+Smoke+A+Guide+for+Public+Health+Officials&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fttnamti1%2Ffiles%2Fambient%2Fsmoke%2Fwildgd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_237-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsbergLongoBaxterBoutté2012" class="citation journal cs1">Forsberg, Nicole T.; Longo, Bernadette M.; Baxter, Kimberly; Boutté, Marie (2012). "Wildfire Smoke Exposure: A Guide for the Nurse Practitioner". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_for_Nurse_Practitioners" title="The Journal for Nurse Practitioners">The Journal for Nurse Practitioners</a>. 8 (2): 98–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nurpra.2011.07.001">10.1016/j.nurpra.2011.07.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+for+Nurse+Practitioners&rft.atitle=Wildfire+Smoke+Exposure%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Nurse+Practitioner&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-106&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nurpra.2011.07.001&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Nicole+T.&rft.au=Longo%2C+Bernadette+M.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Boutt%C3%A9%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_238-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_238-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_238-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuGeZhouHou2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034084">"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"</a>. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine. 4 (2): 95–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cdtm.2018.04.001">10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-882X">2095-882X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034084">6034084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988900">29988900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronic+Diseases+and+Translational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effects+of+particulate+matter+on+allergic+respiratory+diseases&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6034084%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2095-882X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29988900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cdtm.2018.04.001&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jin-Zhun&rft.au=Ge%2C+Dan-Dan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Lin-Fu&rft.au=Hou%2C+Ling-Yun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ying&rft.au=Li%2C+Qi-Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6034084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32952154-239"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32952154_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmMillerBalmes2021" class="citation journal cs1">Holm SM, Miller MD, Balmes JR (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502220">"Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review"</a>. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 31 (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JESEE..31....1H">2021JESEE..31....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41370-020-00267-4">10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502220">7502220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32952154">32952154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Expo+Sci+Environ+Epidemiol&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+wildfire+smoke+in+children+and+public+health+tools%3A+a+narrative+review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7502220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32952154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41370-020-00267-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JESEE..31....1H&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Miller%2C+MD&rft.au=Balmes%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7502220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsonVargoMiletFrench2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Justine A.; Vargo, Jason; Milet, Meredith; French, Nancy H.F.; Billmire, Michael; Johnson, Jeffrey; Hoshiko, Sumi (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6038982">"The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: An observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis"</a>. PLOS Medicine. 15 (7): e1002601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002601">10.1371/journal.pmed.1002601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1676">1549-1676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6038982">6038982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29990362">29990362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+San+Diego+2007+wildfires+and+Medi-Cal+emergency+department+presentations%2C+inpatient+hospitalizations%2C+and+outpatient+visits%3A+An+observational+study+of+smoke+exposure+periods+and+a+bidirectional+case-crossover+analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1002601&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6038982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29990362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002601&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Justine+A.&rft.au=Vargo%2C+Jason&rft.au=Milet%2C+Meredith&rft.au=French%2C+Nancy+H.F.&rft.au=Billmire%2C+Michael&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Hoshiko%2C+Sumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6038982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuGeZhouHou2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034084">"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"</a>. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine. 4 (2): 95–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cdtm.2018.04.001">10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-882X">2095-882X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034084">6034084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988900">29988900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronic+Diseases+and+Translational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effects+of+particulate+matter+on+allergic+respiratory+diseases&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6034084%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2095-882X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29988900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cdtm.2018.04.001&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jin-Zhun&rft.au=Ge%2C+Dan-Dan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Lin-Fu&rft.au=Hou%2C+Ling-Yun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ying&rft.au=Li%2C+Qi-Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6034084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidBrauerJohnstonJerrett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Colleen E.; Brauer, Michael; Johnston, Fay H.; Jerrett, Michael; Balmes, John R.; Elliott, Catherine T. (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010409">"Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 124 (9): 1334–1343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnvHP.124.1334R">2016EnvHP.124.1334R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1409277">10.1289/ehp.1409277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010409">5010409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27082891">27082891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Critical+Review+of+Health+Impacts+of+Wildfire+Smoke+Exposure&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1334-1343&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5010409%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016EnvHP.124.1334R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27082891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1409277&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Colleen+E.&rft.au=Brauer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Fay+H.&rft.au=Jerrett%2C+Michael&rft.au=Balmes%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Catherine+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5010409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/asthma-children-facts-sheet.html">"American Lung Association and Asthma Fact sheet"</a>. American Lung Association. 19 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116182804/http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/asthma-children-facts-sheet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Lung+Association&rft.atitle=American+Lung+Association+and+Asthma+Fact+sheet&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Flung-health-and-diseases%2Flung-disease-lookup%2Fasthma%2Flearn-about-asthma%2Fasthma-children-facts-sheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishimuraGalanterRothOh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nishimura, Katherine K.; Galanter, Joshua M.; Roth, Lindsey A.; Oh, Sam S.; Thakur, Neeta; Nguyen, Elizabeth A. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778732">"Early-Life Air Pollution and Asthma Risk in Minority Children. The GALA II and SAGE II Studies"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 188 (3): 309–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201302-0264oc">10.1164/rccm.201302-0264oc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-449X">1073-449X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778732">3778732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750510">23750510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Early-Life+Air+Pollution+and+Asthma+Risk+in+Minority+Children.+The+GALA+II+and+SAGE+II+Studies&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-318&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1073-449X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23750510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201302-0264oc&rft.aulast=Nishimura&rft.aufirst=Katherine+K.&rft.au=Galanter%2C+Joshua+M.&rft.au=Roth%2C+Lindsey+A.&rft.au=Oh%2C+Sam+S.&rft.au=Thakur%2C+Neeta&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuChiuCoullKloog2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu, Hsiao-Hsien Leon; Chiu, Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda; Coull, Brent A.; Kloog, Itai; Schwartz, Joel; Lee, Alison (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4642201">"Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 192 (9): 1052–1059. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201504-0658OC">10.1164/rccm.201504-0658OC</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-4970">1535-4970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4642201">4642201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26176842">26176842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Prenatal+Particulate+Air+Pollution+and+Asthma+Onset+in+Urban+Children.+Identifying+Sensitive+Windows+and+Sex+Differences&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1052-1059&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4642201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1535-4970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26176842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201504-0658OC&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Hsien+Leon&rft.au=Chiu%2C+Yueh-Hsiu+Mathilda&rft.au=Coull%2C+Brent+A.&rft.au=Kloog%2C+Itai&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Joel&rft.au=Lee%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4642201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehuaQingShanyanQijun2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hehua, Zhang; Qing, Chang; Shanyan, Gao; Qijun, Wu; Yuhong, Zhao (November 2017). "The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review". Environmental Research. 159: 519–530. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ER....159..519H">2017ER....159..519H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2017.08.038">10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9351">0013-9351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28888196">28888196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22300866">22300866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+prenatal+exposure+to+air+pollution+on+childhood+wheezing+and+asthma%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=519-530&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22300866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ER....159..519H&rft.issn=0013-9351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2017.08.038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28888196&rft.aulast=Hehua&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft.au=Qing%2C+Chang&rft.au=Shanyan%2C+Gao&rft.au=Qijun%2C+Wu&rft.au=Yuhong%2C+Zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello-FroschShenassa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Shenassa, Edmond D. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1551987">"The Environmental 'Riskscape' and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (8): 1150–1153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.8930">10.1289/ehp.8930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1551987">1551987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16882517">16882517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+%27Riskscape%27+and+Social+Inequality%3A+Implicationsfor+Explaining+Maternal+and+Child+Health+Disparities&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1150-1153&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1551987%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16882517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8930&rft.aulast=Morello-Frosch&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Shenassa%2C+Edmond+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1551987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Wildfire_Coordinating_Group2007" class="citation web cs1">National Wildfire Coordinating Group (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pms841/pms841_all-72dpi.pdf">"Wildland firefighter fatalities in the United States 1990–2006"</a> (PDF). NWCG Safety and Health Working Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315081248/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pms841/pms841_all-72dpi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildland+firefighter+fatalities+in+the+United+States+1990%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=NWCG+Safety+and+Health+Working+Team&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fpubs%2Fpms841%2Fpms841_all-72dpi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapanikolaouAdamisMellonProdromitis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Papanikolaou, V.; Adamis, D.; Mellon, R.C.; Prodromitis, G. (2011). "Psychological distress following wildfires disaster in a rural part of Greece: A case-control population-based study". International Journal of Emergency Mental Health. 13 (1): 11–26. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21957753">21957753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Emergency+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Psychological+distress+following+wildfires+disaster+in+a+rural+part+of+Greece%3A+A+case-control+population-based+study&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-26&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21957753&rft.aulast=Papanikolaou&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Adamis%2C+D.&rft.au=Mellon%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Prodromitis%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellonPapanikolauProdromitis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mellon, Robert C.; Papanikolau, Vasiliki; Prodromitis, Gerasimos (2009). "Locus of control and psychopathology in relation to levels of trauma and loss: Self-reports of Peloponnesian wildfire survivors". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 22 (3): 189–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjts.20411">10.1002/jts.20411</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19452533">19452533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Traumatic+Stress&rft.atitle=Locus+of+control+and+psychopathology+in+relation+to+levels+of+trauma+and+loss%3A+Self-reports+of+Peloponnesian+wildfire+survivors&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-196&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjts.20411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19452533&rft.aulast=Mellon&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Papanikolau%2C+Vasiliki&rft.au=Prodromitis%2C+Gerasimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallSchellElliottRayburn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, G.N.; Schell, T.L.; Elliott, M.N.; Rayburn, N.R.; Jaycox, L.H. (2007). "Psychiatric Disorders Among Adults Seeking Emergency Disaster Assistance After a Wildland-Urban Interface Fire". Psychiatric Services. 58 (4): 509–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ps.58.4.509">10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412853">17412853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Services&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Disorders+Among+Adults+Seeking+Emergency+Disaster+Assistance+After+a+Wildland-Urban+Interface+Fire&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-514&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ps.58.4.509&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17412853&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft.au=Schell%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+M.N.&rft.au=Rayburn%2C+N.R.&rft.au=Jaycox%2C+L.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermottLeeJuddGibbon2005" class="citation journal cs1">McDermott, B.M.; Lee, E.M.; Judd, M.; Gibbon, P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:78468/UQ78468_OA.pdf">"Posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster"</a> (PDF). Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 50 (3): 137–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370505000302">10.1177/070674370505000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15830823">15830823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38364512">38364512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Posttraumatic+stress+disorder+and+general+psychopathology+in+children+and+adolescents+following+a+wildfire+disaster&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=137-143&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38364512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15830823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F070674370505000302&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+E.M.&rft.au=Judd%2C+M.&rft.au=Gibbon%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A78468%2FUQ78468_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRibbeCunninghamWeddle2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, R.T.; Ribbe, D.P.; Cunningham, P.B.; Weddle, J.D.; Langley, A.K. (2002). "Psychological impact of fire disaster on children and their parents". Behavior Modification. 26 (2): 163–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145445502026002003">10.1177/0145445502026002003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11961911">11961911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:629959">629959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Modification&rft.atitle=Psychological+impact+of+fire+disaster+on+children+and+their+parents&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-186&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A629959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11961911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0145445502026002003&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft.au=Ribbe%2C+D.P.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+P.B.&rft.au=Weddle%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Langley%2C+A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-254"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html">"Particulate Matter (PM) Standards"</a>. EPA. 24 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125540/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Particulate+Matter+%28PM%29+Standards&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fttn%2Fnaaqs%2Fstandards%2Fpm%2Fs_pm_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandMakeVedalZhang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, E. Rand; Make, Barry J.; Vedal, Sverre; Zhang, Lening; Dutton, Steven J.; Murphy, James R.; Silkoff, Philip E. (2005). "Wildfire smoke and respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 115 (2): 420–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2004.11.030">10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15696107">15696107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Wildfire+smoke+and+respiratory+symptoms+in+patients+with+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=420-422&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2004.11.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15696107&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=E.+Rand&rft.au=Make%2C+Barry+J.&rft.au=Vedal%2C+Sverre&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lening&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Silkoff%2C+Philip+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelfinoBrummelWuStern2009" class="citation journal cs1">Delfino, R.J.; Brummel, S; Wu, J.; Stern, H.; Ostro, B.; Lipsett, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176821">"The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003"</a>. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 66 (3): 189–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.2008.041376">10.1136/oem.2008.041376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176821">4176821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017694">19017694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+relationship+of+respiratory+and+cardiovascular+hospital+admissions+to+the+southern+California+wildfires+of+2003&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-197&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4176821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19017694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.2008.041376&rft.aulast=Delfino&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Brummel%2C+S&rft.au=Wu%2C+J.&rft.au=Stern%2C+H.&rft.au=Ostro%2C+B.&rft.au=Lipsett%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4176821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzliAvolWuGauderman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kunzli, N.; Avol, E.; Wu, J.; Gauderman, W.J.; Rappaport, E.; Millstein, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648104">"Health Effects of the 2003 Southern California Wildfires on Children"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 174 (11): 1221–1228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.200604-519OC">10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648104">2648104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16946126">16946126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Health+Effects+of+the+2003+Southern+California+Wildfires+on+Children&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1221-1228&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2648104%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16946126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.200604-519OC&rft.aulast=Kunzli&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Avol%2C+E.&rft.au=Wu%2C+J.&rft.au=Gauderman%2C+W.J.&rft.au=Rappaport%2C+E.&rft.au=Millstein%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2648104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolstiusReidJesdaleMorello-Frosch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holstius, David M.; Reid, Colleen E.; Jesdale, Bill M.; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440113">"Birth Weight Following Pregnancy During the 2003 Southern California Wildfires"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (9): 1340–1345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnvHP.120.1340H">2012EnvHP.120.1340H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1104515">10.1289/ehp.1104515</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440113">3440113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22645279">22645279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Birth+Weight+Following+Pregnancy+During+the+2003+Southern+California+Wildfires&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1340-1345&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440113%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22645279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1104515&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EnvHP.120.1340H&rft.aulast=Holstius&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Reid%2C+Colleen+E.&rft.au=Jesdale%2C+Bill+M.&rft.au=Morello-Frosch%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Fay H.; et al. (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522061115/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/vfe/Landscape-Fire-Smoke-Global-Mortality-Johnston-2012.pdf">"Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires"</a> (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (5): 695–701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnvHP.120..695J">2012EnvHP.120..695J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1104422">10.1289/ehp.1104422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3346787">3346787</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22456494">22456494</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/vfe/Landscape-Fire-Smoke-Global-Mortality-Johnston-2012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Estimated+global+mortality+attributable+to+smoke+from+landscape+fires&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=695-701&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3346787%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22456494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1104422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EnvHP.120..695J&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Fay+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.uni-freiburg.de%2Fvfe%2FLandscape-Fire-Smoke-Global-Mortality-Johnston-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404162105/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/index.html">"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2022"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/index.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPCC+Sixth+Assessment+Report+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freport.ipcc.ch%2Far6wg3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctorLeeYuShah2020" class="citation journal cs1">Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination". AWWA Water Science. 2 (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AWWWS...2E1183P">2020AWWWS...2E1183P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1183">10.1002/aws2.1183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225641536">225641536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AWWA+Water+Science&rft.atitle=Wildfire+caused+widespread+drinking+water+distribution+network+contamination&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225641536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faws2.1183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AWWWS...2E1183P&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Caitlin+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Juneseok&rft.au=Yu%2C+David&rft.au=Shah%2C+Amisha+D.&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheltonSeidelWhamFischer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Whelton, Andrew J.; Seidel, Chad; Wham, Brad P.; Fischer, Erica C.; Isaacson, Kristofer; Jankowski, Caroline; MacArthur, Nathan; McKenna, Elizabeth; Ley, Christian (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1318">"The Marshall Fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response"</a>. AWWA Water Science. 5 (1). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AWWWS...5E1318W">2023AWWWS...5E1318W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1318">10.1002/aws2.1318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AWWA+Water+Science&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Fire%3A+Scientific+and+policy+needs+for+water+system+disaster+response&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faws2.1318&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023AWWWS...5E1318W&rft.aulast=Whelton&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Seidel%2C+Chad&rft.au=Wham%2C+Brad+P.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Erica+C.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+Kristofer&rft.au=Jankowski%2C+Caroline&rft.au=MacArthur%2C+Nathan&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Ley%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Faws2.1318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowskiIsaacsonLarsenLey2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jankowski, Caroline; Isaacson, Kristofer; Larsen, Madeline; Ley, Christian; Cook, Myles; Whelton, Andrew J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1319">"Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells"</a>. AWWA Water Science. 5 (1). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AWWWS...5E1319J">2023AWWWS...5E1319J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faws2.1319">10.1002/aws2.1319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AWWA+Water+Science&rft.atitle=Wildfire+damage+and+contamination+to+private+drinking+water+wells&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faws2.1319&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023AWWWS...5E1319J&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+Kristofer&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Madeline&rft.au=Ley%2C+Christian&rft.au=Cook%2C+Myles&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Faws2.1319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdimayomiProctorWangSabbaghi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Odimayomi, Tolulope O.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Qi Erica; Sabbaghi, Arman; Peterson, Kimberly S.; Yu, David J.; Lee, Juneseok; Shah, Amisha D.; Ley, Christian J.; Noh, Yoorae; Smith, Charlotte D.; Webster, Jackson P.; Milinkevich, Kristin; Lodewyk, Michael W.; Jenks, Julie A.; Smith, James F.; Whelton, Andrew J. (3 May 2021). "Water safety attitudes, risk perception, experiences, and education for households impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire, California". Natural Hazards. 108 (1): 947–975. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatHa.108..947O">2021NatHa.108..947O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-021-04714-9">10.1007/s11069-021-04714-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=Water+safety+attitudes%2C+risk+perception%2C+experiences%2C+and+education+for+households+impacted+by+the+2018+Camp+Fire%2C+California&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=947-975&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-021-04714-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatHa.108..947O&rft.aulast=Odimayomi&rft.aufirst=Tolulope+O.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Caitlin+R.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Qi+Erica&rft.au=Sabbaghi%2C+Arman&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kimberly+S.&rft.au=Yu%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Juneseok&rft.au=Shah%2C+Amisha+D.&rft.au=Ley%2C+Christian+J.&rft.au=Noh%2C+Yoorae&rft.au=Smith%2C+Charlotte+D.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Jackson+P.&rft.au=Milinkevich%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Lodewyk%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Jenks%2C+Julie+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Private-Drinking-Water-Wells-2021-05-16.pdf">"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations for Private Wells"</a> (PDF). Purdue University. 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+a+Wildfire%3A+Water+Safety+Considerations+for+Private+Wells&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2FPlumbingSafety%2Fresources%2FAfter-a-Wildfire-Private-Drinking-Water-Wells-2021-05-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Water-Safety-in-Buildings-2021-05-16.pdf">"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations Inside Buildings"</a> (PDF). Purdue University. 16 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071449/https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Water-Safety-in-Buildings-2021-05-16.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+a+Wildfire%3A+Water+Safety+Considerations+Inside+Buildings&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2FPlumbingSafety%2Fresources%2FAfter-a-Wildfire-Water-Safety-in-Buildings-2021-05-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/12/fire-destroyed-this-california-towns-water-system-but-that-didnt-slow-the-effort-to-rebuild/">"Fire Destroyed This California Town's Water System. But That Didn't Slow the Effort to Rebuild"</a>. 12 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071449/https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/12/fire-destroyed-this-california-towns-water-system-but-that-didnt-slow-the-effort-to-rebuild/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+Destroyed+This+California+Town%27s+Water+System.+But+That+Didn%27t+Slow+the+Effort+to+Rebuild&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilbeat.org%2F2023%2F12%2Ffire-destroyed-this-california-towns-water-system-but-that-didnt-slow-the-effort-to-rebuild%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacsonProctorWangEdwards2021" class="citation journal cs1">Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0EW00836B">"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"</a>. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 7 (2): 274–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0EW00836B">10.1039/D0EW00836B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Water+Research+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Drinking+water+contamination+from+the+thermal+degradation+of+plastics%3A+Implications+for+wildfire+and+structure+fire+response&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-284&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD0EW00836B&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Kristofer+P.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Caitlin+R.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Q.+Erica&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ethan+Y.&rft.au=Noh%2C+Yoorae&rft.au=Shah%2C+Amisha+D.&rft.au=Whelton%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FD0EW00836B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornDowNeumann2023" class="citation journal cs1">Horn, Gavin P.; Dow, Nicholas W.; Neumann, Danielle L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10694-023-01487-4">"Pilot Study on Fire Effluent Condensate from Full Scale Residential Fires"</a>. Fire Technology. 60: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10694-023-01487-4">10.1007/s10694-023-01487-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Technology&rft.atitle=Pilot+Study+on+Fire+Effluent+Condensate+from+Full+Scale+Residential+Fires&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10694-023-01487-4&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Gavin+P.&rft.au=Dow%2C+Nicholas+W.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Danielle+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10694-023-01487-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovasatTomac2020" class="citation book cs1">Movasat, Mahta; Tomac, Ingrid (21 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784482834.019">"Post-Fire Mudflow Prevention by Biopolymer Treatment of Water Repellent Slopes"</a>. Geo-Congress 2020. pp. 170–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F9780784482834.019">10.1061/9780784482834.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-8283-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-8283-4"><bdi>978-0-7844-8283-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213023120">213023120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304130445/https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784482834.019">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Fire+Mudflow+Prevention+by+Biopolymer+Treatment+of+Water+Repellent+Slopes&rft.btitle=Geo-Congress+2020&rft.pages=170-178&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213023120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F9780784482834.019&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-8283-4&rft.aulast=Movasat&rft.aufirst=Mahta&rft.au=Tomac%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascelibrary.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1061%2F9780784482834.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Jane (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00028-3">"The devastating mudslides that follow forest fires"</a>. Nature. 601 (7892): 184–186. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..184P">2022Natur.601..184P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00028-3">10.1038/d41586-022-00028-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35022598">35022598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245907336">245907336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+devastating+mudslides+that+follow+forest+fires&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7892&rft.pages=184-186&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00028-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245907336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35022598&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..184P&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-022-00028-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoozeReinhardtQuiringOttmar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Booze, T.F.; Reinhardt, T.E.; Quiring, S.J.; Ottmar, R.D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/publications/fulltext/boozeetal2004.pdf">"A screening-level assessment of the health risks of chronic smoke exposure for wildland firefighters"</a> (PDF). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1 (5): 296–305. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.541.5076">10.1.1.541.5076</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15459620490442500">10.1080/15459620490442500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15238338">15238338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24889908">24889908</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530185250/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/publications/fulltext/boozeetal2004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Hygiene&rft.atitle=A+screening-level+assessment+of+the+health+risks+of+chronic+smoke+exposure+for+wildland+firefighters&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=296-305&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.541.5076%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24889908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15238338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15459620490442500&rft.aulast=Booze&rft.aufirst=T.F.&rft.au=Reinhardt%2C+T.E.&rft.au=Quiring%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Ottmar%2C+R.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpnw%2Ffera%2Fpublications%2Ffulltext%2Fboozeetal2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-158/">"CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy (2013–158)"</a>. www.cdc.gov. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2013158">10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013158</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154309/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-158/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Publications+and+Products+%E2%80%93+Wildland+Fire+Fighting%3A+Hot+Tips+to+Stay+Safe+and+Healthy+%282013%E2%80%93158%29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2013158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F2013-158%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/12/12/feature/living-under-a-time-bomb-california-communities-scramble-to-avoid-becoming-the-next-wildfire-tragedy/?noredirect=on&wpisrc=nl_rainbow&wpmm=1">"Living under a time bomb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124160550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/12/12/feature/living-under-a-time-bomb-california-communities-scramble-to-avoid-becoming-the-next-wildfire-tragedy/?noredirect=on&wpisrc=nl_rainbow&wpmm=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Living+under+a+time+bomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fwp%2F2018%2F12%2F12%2Ffeature%2Fliving-under-a-time-bomb-california-communities-scramble-to-avoid-becoming-the-next-wildfire-tragedy%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don%26wpisrc%3Dnl_rainbow%26wpmm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgj-275"><a href="#cite_ref-rgj_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_SabalowPhillip_ReeseDale_Kasler" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Sabalow; Phillip Reese; Dale Kasler. "A real life gamble: California races to predict which town could be the next victim". Destined to Burn. Reno Gazette Journal. The Sacramento Bee. p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Destined+to+Burn&rft.atitle=A+real+life+gamble%3A+California+races+to+predict+which+town+could+be+the+next+victim&rft.pages=1A&rft.au=Ryan+Sabalow&rft.au=Phillip+Reese&rft.au=Dale+Kasler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bchousing.org/publications/MBAR-Wildfires.pdf">"Design Discussion Primer – Wildfires"</a> (PDF). BC Housing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220155847/https://www.bchousing.org/publications/MBAR-Wildfires.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+Discussion+Primer+%E2%80%93+Wildfires&rft.pub=BC+Housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bchousing.org%2Fpublications%2FMBAR-Wildfires.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61929966">"Earliest evidence of wildfire found in Wales"</a>. 27 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163528/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61929966">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2022 – via www.bbc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+wildfire+found+in+Wales&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-61929966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasspool-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Glasspool_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasspoolEdwardsAxe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Glasspool, IJ; Edwards, D; Axe, L (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology. 32 (5): 381–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Geo....32..381G">2004Geo....32..381G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG20363.1">10.1130/G20363.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Charcoal+in+the+Silurian+as+evidence+for+the+earliest+wildfire&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=381-383&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG20363.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Geo....32..381G&rft.aulast=Glasspool&rft.aufirst=IJ&rft.au=Edwards%2C+D&rft.au=Axe%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsAxe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (April 2004). "Anatomical Evidence in the Detection of the Earliest Wildfires". PALAIOS. 19 (2): 113–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Palai..19..113E">2004Palai..19..113E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1669%2F0883-1351%282004%29019%3C0113%3AAEITDO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0113:AEITDO>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-1351">0883-1351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129438858">129438858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&rft.atitle=Anatomical+Evidence+in+the+Detection+of+the+Earliest+Wildfires&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-128&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1669%2F0883-1351%282004%29019%3C0113%3AAEITDO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129438858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0883-1351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Palai..19..113E&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Axe%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott2006-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott2006_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottGlasspool2006" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, C.; Glasspool, J. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–10865. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10310861S">2006PNAS..10310861S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103">10.1073/pnas.0604090103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">1544139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832054">16832054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+diversification+of+Paleozoic+fire+systems+and+fluctuations+in+atmospheric+oxygen+concentration&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=10861-10865&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10310861S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16832054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Glasspool%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausas_594-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausas_594_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausas_594_281-1">b</a> Pausas and Keeley, 594 </li> <li id="cite_note-cenozoic-division-282"><a href="#cite_ref-cenozoic-division_282-0">^</a> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> has been divided up into the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> sub-eras, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> periods. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf">2009 version of the ICS time chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229003212/http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf">Archived</a> 29 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Pausas and Keeley, 595 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Pausas and Keeley, 596 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/Redwood/Redwood2.html">"Redwood Trees"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901062508/http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/Redwood/Redwood2.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Pausas and Keeley, 597 </li> <li id="cite_note-RackhamFire-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RackhamFire_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RackhamFire_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (November–December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln54/rackham.html#hist">"Fire in the European Mediterranean: History"</a>. AridLands Newsletter. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011110940/http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln54/rackham.html#hist">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AridLands+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+European+Mediterranean%3A+History&rft.volume=54&rft.date=2003-11%2F2003-12&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.arizona.edu%2FOALS%2FALN%2Faln54%2Frackham.html%23hist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RackhamHist-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RackhamHist_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RackhamHist_288-1">b</a> Rackham, 229–230 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldammer-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldammer_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldammer_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldammer1998" class="citation conference cs1">Goldammer, Johann G. (5–9 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816155656/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/programmes/natcon/natcon_1.htm">"History of Fire in Land-Use Systems of the Baltic Region: Implications on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management"</a>. First Baltic Conference on Forest Fires. Radom-Katowice, Poland: Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/programmes/natcon/natcon_1.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=History+of+Fire+in+Land-Use+Systems+of+the+Baltic+Region%3A+Implications+on+the+Use+of+Prescribed+Fire+in+Forestry%2C+Nature+Conservation+and+Landscape+Management&rft.btitle=First+Baltic+Conference+on+Forest+Fires&rft.place=Radom-Katowice%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Global+Fire+Monitoring+Center+%28GFMC%29&rft.date=1998-05-05%2F1998-05-09&rft.aulast=Goldammer&rft.aufirst=Johann+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.uni-freiburg.de%2Fprogrammes%2Fnatcon%2Fnatcon_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/fmt_pdfs/fmn60-3.pdf">"Wildland fire – An American legacy|"</a> (PDF). Fire Management Today. 60 (3): 4, 5, 9, 11. Summer 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401085836/http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/fmt_pdfs/fmn60-3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Management+Today&rft.atitle=Wildland+fire+%E2%80%93+An+American+legacy%26%23124%3B&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4%2C+5%2C+9%2C+11&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Ffire%2Ffmt%2Ffmt_pdfs%2Ffmn60-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Fire. The Australian Experience, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Karki, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerWellsJull1995" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, G.A.; Wells, S.G.; Jull, A.J.T. (1995). "Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes". GSA Bulletin. 107 (10): 1211–1230. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995GSAB..107.1211M">1995GSAB..107.1211M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281995%29107%3C1211%3AFAACIY%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1211:FAACIY>2.3.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Fire+and+alluvial+chronology+in+Yellowstone+National+Park%3A+Climatic+and+intrinsic+controls+on+Holocene+geomorphic+processes&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1211-1230&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281995%29107%3C1211%3AFAACIY%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995GSAB..107.1211M&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft.au=Wells%2C+S.G.&rft.au=Jull%2C+A.J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Pitkänen, et al., 15–16 and 27–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.R._MarlonP.J._BartleinC._CarcailletD.G._Gavin2008" class="citation journal cs1">J.R. Marlon; P.J. Bartlein; C. Carcaillet; D.G. Gavin; S.P. Harrison; P.E. Higuera; F. Joos; M.J. Power; I.C. Prentice (2008). "Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia". Nature Geoscience. 1 (10): 697–702. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1..697M">2008NatGe...1..697M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo313">10.1038/ngeo313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Climate+and+human+influences+on+global+biomass+burning+over+the+past+two+millennia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=697-702&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo313&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1..697M&rft.au=J.R.+Marlon&rft.au=P.J.+Bartlein&rft.au=C.+Carcaillet&rft.au=D.G.+Gavin&rft.au=S.P.+Harrison&rft.au=P.E.+Higuera&rft.au=F.+Joos&rft.au=M.J.+Power&rft.au=I.C.+Prentice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmr.uoregon.edu/science-and-innovation/uo-research-news/research-news-2008/september-2008/climate-change-human-activity-and-wildfires-1/">University of Oregon Summary, accessed 2 February 2010</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927051047/http://pmr.uoregon.edu/science-and-innovation/uo-research-news/research-news-2008/september-2008/climate-change-human-activity-and-wildfires-1/">Archived</a> 27 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensMartinClinton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, Scott L.; Martin, Robert E.; Clinton, Nicholas E. (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands". Forest Ecology and Management. 251 (3): 205–216. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ForEM.251..205S">2007ForEM.251..205S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2007.06.005">10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+fire+area+and+emissions+from+California%27s+forests%2C+woodlands%2C+shrublands%2C+and+grasslands&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-216&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2007.06.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ForEM.251..205S&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Scott+L.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Nicholas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90493">"Researchers Detect a Global Drop in Fires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. 30 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175626/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90493">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Researchers+Detect+a+Global+Drop+in+Fires&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D90493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndelaMorton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andela, N.; Morton, D.C.; et al. (30 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6047075">"A human-driven decline in global burned area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 356 (6345): 1356–1362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...356.1356A">2017Sci...356.1356A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal4108">10.1126/science.aal4108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6047075">6047075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28663495">28663495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+human-driven+decline+in+global+burned+area&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=6345&rft.pages=1356-1362&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6047075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28663495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal4108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...356.1356A&rft.aulast=Andela&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Morton%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6047075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-07-biodiversity-criticism-sweden-forest-industry.html">"Fires spark biodiversity criticism of Sweden's forest industry"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709215426/https://phys.org/news/2018-07-biodiversity-criticism-sweden-forest-industry.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Fires+spark+biodiversity+criticism+of+Sweden%27s+forest+industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-07-biodiversity-criticism-sweden-forest-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BE6B5/(httpNews)/531DAFFB8B319F69C125792E00499ED1">"The Great Lie: Monoculture Trees as Forests | News & Views | UNRISD"</a>. www.unrisd.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171045/https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BE6B5/(httpNews)/531DAFFB8B319F69C125792E00499ED1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unrisd.org&rft.atitle=The+Great+Lie%3A+Monoculture+Trees+as+Forests+%26%23124%3B+News+%26+Views+%26%23124%3B+UNRISD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrisd.org%2F80256B3C005BE6B5%2F%28httpNews%29%2F531DAFFB8B319F69C125792E00499ED1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606073831/https://www.state.sc.us/forest/scplants.pdf">"Plant flammability list"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.sc.us/forest/scplants.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+flammability+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.sc.us%2Fforest%2Fscplants.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183717/https://www.firesafemarin.org/plants/fire-prone">"Fire-prone plant list"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firesafemarin.org/plants/fire-prone">the original</a> on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire-prone+plant+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firesafemarin.org%2Fplants%2Ffire-prone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spread_like_wildfire_definition_in_the_Cambridge_English_Dictionary-303"><a href="#cite_ref-spread_like_wildfire_definition_in_the_Cambridge_English_Dictionary_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spread-like-wildfire">"Spread Like Wildfire"</a>. definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829100446/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spread-like-wildfire">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=definition+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Spread+Like+Wildfire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fspread-like-wildfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonKalabokidisMarmarasKonstantinidis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Martha; Kalabokidis, Kostas; Marmaras, Emmanuel; Konstantinidis, Pavlos; Marangudakis, Manussos (2005). "Fire and Society: A Comparative Analysis of Wildfire in Greece and the United States". Human Ecology Review. 12 (2): 169–182. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707531">24707531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Ecology+Review&rft.atitle=Fire+and+Society%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Wildfire+in+Greece+and+the+United+States.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-182&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24707531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Kalabokidis%2C+Kostas&rft.au=Marmaras%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Konstantinidis%2C+Pavlos&rft.au=Marangudakis%2C+Manussos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokeybear.com/vault/default.asp?js=1">"Smokey's Journey"</a>. Smokeybear.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306051136/http://www.smokeybear.com/vault/default.asp?js=1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smokey%27s+Journey&rft.pub=Smokeybear.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smokeybear.com%2Fvault%2Fdefault.asp%3Fjs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Sosbe2014" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Sosbe (7 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2014/08/7/smokey-bear-iconic-symbol-wildfire-prevention-still-going-strong-70">"Smokey Bear, Iconic Symbol of Wildfire Prevention, Still Going Strong at 70"</a>. USDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190859/https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2014/08/7/smokey-bear-iconic-symbol-wildfire-prevention-still-going-strong-70">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USDA&rft.atitle=Smokey+Bear%2C+Iconic+Symbol+of+Wildfire+Prevention%2C+Still+Going+Strong+at+70&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.au=Kathryn+Sosbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usda.gov%2Fmedia%2Fblog%2F2014%2F08%2F7%2Fsmokey-bear-iconic-symbol-wildfire-prevention-still-going-strong-70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerHexamer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Auer, Matthew R.; Hexamer, Benjamin E. (18 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff13071130">"Income and Insurability as Factors in Wildfire Risk"</a>. Forests. 13 (7): 1130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff13071130">10.3390/f13071130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4907">1999-4907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forests&rft.atitle=Income+and+Insurability+as+Factors+in+Wildfire+Risk&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1130&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ff13071130&rft.issn=1999-4907&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft.au=Hexamer%2C+Benjamin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Ff13071130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvaradoSandbergPickford1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V.; Pickford, Stewart G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1998%20files/Special%20addition%201/v72%20p66%20Alvarado%20et%20al.PDF">"Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events"</a> (PDF). Northwest Science. 72 (Special): 66–75. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1998%20files/Special%20addition%201/v72%20p66%20Alvarado%20et%20al.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwest+Science&rft.atitle=Modeling+Large+Forest+Fires+as+Extreme+Events&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=Special&rft.pages=66-75&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Alvarado&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+David+V.&rft.au=Pickford%2C+Stewart+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetmed.wsu.edu%2Forg_nws%2FNWSci%2520journal%2520articles%2F1998%2520files%2FSpecial%2520addition%25201%2Fv72%2520p66%2520Alvarado%2520et%2520al.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080559/http://www.bushfirecrc.com/events/downloads/Forum-report-final-from-printer.pdf">"Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum"</a> (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bushfirecrc.com/events/downloads/Forum-report-final-from-printer.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Big+Fires+Inevitable%3F+A+Report+on+the+National+Bushfire+Forum&rft.place=Parliament+House%2C+Canberra&rft.pub=Bushfire+CRC&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bushfirecrc.com%2Fevents%2Fdownloads%2FForum-report-final-from-printer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515025527/http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/subs_pdf/47_2_edwards_firewatch_tech_desc.pdf">"Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires"</a> (PDF). Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/subs_pdf/47_2_edwards_firewatch_tech_desc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+remote+surveillance+system+for+the+prevention+of+forest+fires&rft.pub=Council+of+Australian+Governments+%28COAG%29+Inquiry+on+Bushfire+Mitigation+and+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au%2Fsubs_pdf%2F47_2_edwards_firewatch_tech_desc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilling1983" class="citation web cs1">Billing, P (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/97892B7CD0C75AB3CA2572230047B454/$File/Research+Report+20.pdf">"Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No. 20"</a> (PDF). Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otways+Fire+No.+22+%E2%80%93+1982%2F83+Aspects+of+fire+behaviour.+Research+Report+No.+20&rft.pub=Victoria+Department+of+Sustainability+and+Environment&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Billing&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dse.vic.gov.au%2FCA256F310024B628%2F0%2F97892B7CD0C75AB3CA2572230047B454%2F%24File%2FResearch%2BReport%2B20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza_CostaSandberg2004" class="citation journal cs1">de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2004_costa001.pdf">"Mathematical model of a smoldering log"</a> (PDF). Combustion and Flame. 139 (3): 227–238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CoFl..139..227D">2004CoFl..139..227D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.combustflame.2004.07.009">10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Combustion+and+Flame&rft.atitle=Mathematical+model+of+a+smoldering+log&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-238&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.combustflame.2004.07.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CoFl..139..227D&rft.aulast=de+Souza+Costa&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpnw%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Fpnw_2004_costa001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://fire.feric.ca/36152002/EvaluationOfThreeWildfireSmokeDetectionSystem.pdf">"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems"</a> (PDF). Advantage. 5 (4). June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fire.feric.ca/36152002/EvaluationOfThreeWildfireSmokeDetectionSystem.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advantage&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+three+wildfire+smoke+detection+systems&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffire.feric.ca%2F36152002%2FEvaluationOfThreeWildfireSmokeDetectionSystem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901174059/http://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/correspond/FireOpsPlan.pdf">"Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan"</a> (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/correspond/FireOpsPlan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Fire+and+Aviation+Operations+Action+Plan&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Fnicc%2Fadministrative%2Fnmac%2Fcorrespond%2FFireOpsPlan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney1998" class="citation web cs1">Finney, Mark A. (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080606/http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/farsite/publications/fireareaall.pdf">"FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator – Model Development and Evaluation"</a> (PDF). US Forest Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/farsite/publications/fireareaall.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FARSITE%3A+Fire+Area+Simulator+%E2%80%93+Model+Development+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=1998-03&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firemodels.org%2Fdownloads%2Ffarsite%2Fpublications%2Ffireareaall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722125603/http://www.bushfire.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20050308_44889DFD.pdf">"Fire. The Australian Experience"</a> (PDF). NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bushfire.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20050308_44889DFD.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire.+The+Australian+Experience&rft.pub=NSW+Rural+Fire+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bushfire.nsw.gov.au%2Ffile_system%2Fattachments%2FState08%2FAttachment_20050308_44889DFD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821230940/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf">"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology"</a> (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Wildland+Fire+Terminology&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fpubs%2Fglossary%2Fpms205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/index.htm">HTML version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMcCaffreyJain2004" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf">"Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity"</a> (2.79 MB PDF). General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Technical+Report+RMRS-GTR-120&rft.atitle=Science+Basis+for+Changing+Forest+Structure+to+Modify+Wildfire+Behavior+and+Severity&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=McCaffrey%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Jain%2C+Theresa+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Frm%2Fpubs%2Frmrs_gtr120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveRackham2001" class="citation book cs1">Grove, A.T.; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trcsOyzKvRwC&q=The+nature+of+Mediterranean+Europe:+An+ecological+history">The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10055-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10055-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Mediterranean+Europe%3A+An+Ecological+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10055-6&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft.au=Rackham%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrcsOyzKvRwC%26q%3DThe%2Bnature%2Bof%2BMediterranean%2BEurope%3A%2BAn%2Becological%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarki2002" class="citation web cs1">Karki, Sameer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730211840/http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf">"Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia"</a> (PDF). Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/11241-0-0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Involvement+in+and+Management+of+Forest+Fires+in+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=Project+FireFight+South+East+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Karki&rft.aufirst=Sameer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fforestry%2F11241-0-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, J E (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628154018/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/K2009_Fire%20severity%20terminology.pdf">"Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Wildland Fire. 18 (1): 116–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FWF07049">10.1071/WF07049</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/K2009_Fire%20severity%20terminology.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Wildland+Fire&rft.atitle=Fire+intensity%2C+fire+severity+and+burn+severity%3A+a+brief+review+and+suggested+usage&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-126&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FWF07049&rft.aulast=Keeley&rft.aufirst=J+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werc.usgs.gov%2Fseki%2Fpdfs%2FK2009_Fire%2520severity%2520terminology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514200510/http://www.nifc.gov/fire_policy/pdf/strategy.pdf">"Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy"</a> (PDF). National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/fire_policy/pdf/strategy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interagency+Strategy+for+the+Implementation+of+Federal+Wildland+Fire+Management+Policy&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Council&rft.date=2003-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Ffire_policy%2Fpdf%2Fstrategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1971" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, John W (1971). The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-55740-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-55740-1"><bdi>978-0-471-55740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+and+Uses+of+Fire+Retardants&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-471-55740-1&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartellSun2008" class="citation journal cs1">Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095126/https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2008_martell_sun.pdf">"The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario"</a> (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (6): 1547–1563. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CaJFR..38.1547M">2008CaJFR..38.1547M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FX07-210">10.1139/X07-210</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2008_martell_sun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Forest+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+fire+suppression%2C+vegetation%2C+and+weather+on+the+area+burned+by+lightning-caused+forest+fires+in+Ontario&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1547-1563&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FX07-210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CaJFR..38.1547M&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=David+L&rft.au=Sun%2C+Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firelab.utoronto.ca%2Fpubs%2F2008_martell_sun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGedalofPetersonMote2004" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, D.; Gedalof, Z.; Peterson, D.L.; Mote, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.for.nau.edu/courses/pzf/FireEcolMgt/McKenzie_ConBio2004.pdf">"Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation"</a> (PDF). Conservation Biology. 18 (4): 890–902. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ConBi..18..890M">2004ConBi..18..890M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2004.00492.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54617780">54617780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Climatic+change%2C+wildfire%2C+and+conservation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-902&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54617780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2004.00492.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ConBi..18..890M&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Gedalof%2C+Z.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Mote%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.for.nau.edu%2Fcourses%2Fpzf%2FFireEcolMgt%2FMcKenzie_ConBio2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917201358/http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/FILES/PDF%20%20FILES/Linked%20PDFs/2%20Wildland%20fire%20overview.PDF">"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview"</a> (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/FILES/PDF%20%20FILES/Linked%20PDFs/2%20Wildland%20fire%20overview.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group+Communicator%27s+Guide+for+Wildland+Fire+Management%3A+Fire+Education%2C+Prevention%2C+and+Mitigation+Practices%2C+Wildland+Fire+Overview&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Fpreved%2Fcomm_guide%2Fwildfire%2FFILES%2FPDF%2520%2520FILES%2FLinked%2520PDFs%2F2%2520Wildland%2520fire%2520overview.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepstad2007" class="citation web cs1">Nepstad, Daniel C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/Publications/WWFBinaryitem7658.pdf">"The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse"</a> (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International). Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amazon%27s+Vicious+Cycles%3A+Drought+and+Fire+in+the+Greenhouse&rft.pub=World+Wide+Fund+for+Nature+%28WWF+International%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nepstad&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fclimate%2FPublications%2FWWFBinaryitem7658.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonGawronski2005" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713193831/http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.pdf">"The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)"</a> (PDF). Quick Response Research Report. 173. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quick+Response+Research+Report&rft.atitle=The+2003+Southern+California+Wildfires%3A+Constructing+Their+Cause%28s%29&rft.volume=173&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stuart&rft.au=Gawronski%2C+Vincent+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fhazards%2Fresearch%2Fqr%2Fqr173%2Fqr173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.html">HTML version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausasKeeley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pausas, Juli G.; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015842/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/K2009_Pausas_Burning%20Story.pdf">"A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life"</a> (PDF). BioScience. 59 (7): 593–601. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BiSci..59..593P">2009BiSci..59..593P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2009.59.7.10">10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F57324">10261/57324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43217453">43217453</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/K2009_Pausas_Burning%20Story.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=A+Burning+Story%3A+The+Role+of+Fire+in+the+History+of+Life&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=593-601&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F57324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43217453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BiSci..59..593P&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fbio.2009.59.7.10&rft.aulast=Pausas&rft.aufirst=Juli+G.&rft.au=Keeley%2C+Jon+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werc.usgs.gov%2Fseki%2Fpdfs%2FK2009_Pausas_Burning%2520Story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeuch2005" class="citation conference cs1">Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928172017/http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf">"Firefighting Safety in France"</a> (PDF). In Butler, B.W.; Alexander, M.E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf">Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors – 10 Years Later</a> (PDF). Missoula, Montana: The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Firefighting+Safety+in+France&rft.btitle=Eighth+International+Wildland+Firefighter+Safety+Summit+%E2%80%93+Human+Factors+%E2%80%93+10+Years+Later&rft.place=Missoula%2C+Montana&rft.pub=The+International+Association+of+Wildland+Fire%2C+Hot+Springs%2C+South+Dakota&rft.date=2005-04-26%2F2005-04-28&rft.aulast=Peuch&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iawfonline.org%2Fsummit%2F2005%2520Presentations%2F2005_pdf%2FPeuch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitkänenHuttunenJungnerMeriläinen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anbf40/anbf40-015.pdf">"Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland"</a> (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 40: 15–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3847">0003-3847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Botanici+Fennici&rft.atitle=Holocene+fire+history+of+middle+boreal+pine+forest+sites+in+eastern+Finland&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=15-33&rft.date=2003-02-28&rft.issn=0003-3847&rft.aulast=Pitk%C3%A4nen&rft.aufirst=Aki&rft.au=Huttunen%2C+Pertti&rft.au=Jungner%2C+H%C3%B6gne&rft.au=Meril%C3%A4inen%2C+Jouko&rft.au=Tolonen%2C+Kimmo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sekj.org%2FPDF%2Fanbf40%2Fanbf40-015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlucinskiGouldMcCarthyHollis2007" class="citation report cs1">Plucinski, M.; Gould, J.; McCarthy, G.; Hollis, J. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf">The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Aerial Firefighting in Australia: Part 1</a> (PDF) (Report). Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06534-5"><bdi>978-0-643-06534-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Effectiveness+and+Efficiency+of+Aerial+Firefighting+in+Australia%3A+Part+1&rft.pub=Bushfire+Cooperative+Research+Centre&rft.date=2007-06&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06534-5&rft.aulast=Plucinski&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Gould%2C+J.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+G.&rft.au=Hollis%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bushfirecrc.com%2Fresearch%2Fdownloads%2FAerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan-Miguel-AyanzRavailKelhaOllero2005" class="citation journal cs1">San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320072940/http://grvc.us.es/publica/revistas/documentos/R-050.05ActiveFire.pdf">"Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing"</a> (PDF). Natural Hazards. 35 (3): 361–376. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NatHa..35..361S">2005NatHa..35..361S</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.880">10.1.1.475.880</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-004-1797-2">10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89606739">89606739</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grvc.us.es/publica/revistas/documentos/R-050.05ActiveFire.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=Active+Fire+Detection+for+Fire+Emergency+Management%3A+Potential+and+Limitations+for+the+Operational+Use+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-376&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.475.880%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89606739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-004-1797-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005NatHa..35..361S&rft.aulast=San-Miguel-Ayanz&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Ravail%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Kelha%2C+Vaino&rft.au=Ollero%2C+Anibal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrvc.us.es%2Fpublica%2Frevistas%2Fdocumentos%2FR-050.05ActiveFire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wagtendonk1996" class="citation journal cs1">van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/yosemite/vii_c43.pdf">"Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments"</a> (PDF). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options: 1155–1166. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/yosemite/vii_c43.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Nevada+Ecosystem+Project%3A+Final+Report+to+Congress%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Assessments+and+Scientific+Basis+for+Management+Options&rft.atitle=Use+of+a+Deterministic+Fire+Growth+Model+to+Test+Fuel+Treatments&rft.pages=1155-1166&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=van+Wagtendonk&rft.aufirst=Jan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werc.usgs.gov%2Fyosemite%2Fvii_c43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wagtendonk2007" class="citation journal cs1">van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091930/http://www.fireecology.net/Journal/pdf/Volume03/Issue02/003.pdf">"The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use"</a> (PDF). Fire Ecology. 3 (2): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FiEco...3b...3V">2007FiEco...3b...3V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4996%2Ffireecology.0302003">10.4996/fireecology.0302003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85841606">85841606</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fireecology.net/Journal/pdf/Volume03/Issue02/003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Evolution+of+Wildland+Fire+Use&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85841606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4996%2Ffireecology.0302003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FiEco...3b...3V&rft.aulast=van+Wagtendonk&rft.aufirst=Jan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fireecology.net%2FJournal%2Fpdf%2FVolume03%2FIssue02%2F003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"> (U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werc.usgs.gov/news/apr2008.html">WERC Highlights – April 2008</a>)</li></ul></div> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10244">"Wildfire Statistics"</a>. Congressional Research Service. 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+Statistics&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FIF%2FIF10244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire" class="Z3988"></li> Attribution <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q169950" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q169950">Wildfire</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Wildfires at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" class="extiw" title="c:Wildfire">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Forest_Fires" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Forest Fires">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_Ecology/Case_Studies/Asian_Rainforest_Politics" class="extiw" title="b:Applied Ecology/Case Studies/Asian Rainforest Politics">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wildfires" class="extiw" title="voy:Wildfires">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firefighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firefighting" title="Template talk:Firefighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting" title="Category:Firefighting">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Firefighting">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire" title="Template talk:Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fires" title="Category:Lists of fires">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual fires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_type" title="Category:Fires by type">By type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_country" title="Category:Fires by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_year" title="Category:Fires by year">By year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Death by burning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromanias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pyromaniac" title="Child pyromaniac">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Firefighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation" title="International Flame Research Foundation">International Flame Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Combustion_Institute" title="The Combustion Institute">The Combustion Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire" title="Category:Fire">Category</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire">Commons</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Fire">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin (abiogenesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146723">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115117&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556176505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644887">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&oldid=1257263601">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&oldid=1257263601</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildfires" title="Category:Wildfires">Wildfires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_management" title="Category:Emergency management">Emergency management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_prevention" title="Category:Fire prevention">Fire prevention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_fire" title="Category:Types of fire">Types of fire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters" title="Category:Natural disasters">Natural disasters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildfire_ecology" title="Category:Wildfire ecology">Wildfire ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weather_lore" title="Category:Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2024">Articles with dead external links from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2021">Articles to be expanded from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2023">Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_National_Park_Service" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 01:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zw2dd","wgBackendResponseTime":236,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.975","walltime":"3.900","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21230,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":948549,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":107956,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":62,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1104881,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3182.573 1 -total"," 47.89% 1524.182 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.84% 599.708 100 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.15% 514.137 132 Template:Cite_web"," 6.99% 222.349 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.69% 212.792 7 Template:Annotated_link"," 5.44% 173.270 2 Template:Excerpt"," 5.23% 166.327 1 Template:Firefighting"," 4.72% 150.185 1 Template:Columns-list"," 4.56% 145.214 9 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.861","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19344090,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","18.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","60","3.2"],["[others]","540","28.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6696b4cc84-b8zlb","timestamp":"20241122140605","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wildfire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildfire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169950","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169950","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-11T05:41:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T01:37:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Burnout_ops_on_Mangum_Fire_McCall_Smokejumpers.jpg","headline":"uncontrolled fire of natural, accidental or criminal origin, which spreads over a natural or agricultural area covered by combustible vegetation"}</script> </body> </html>