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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological culture in China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Lower Xiajiadian culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 2000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-2000</span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.347%;left:88.304%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lower Xiajiadian culture"><img alt="Lower Xiajiadian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/20px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/30px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/40px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1456" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_25x83" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:83px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EBLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x89" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MARI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x82" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:82px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ASSYRIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x75" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jeul-<br />mun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x52" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:52px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Andronovo<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x35" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sintashta<br 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style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Ancient<br />Northeast Asians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x68" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:68px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tarim<br />mummies</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_178x28" style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:28px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Okunev</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x27" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Elunino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Elunino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Elunino</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x32" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:32px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Glazkov</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_164x38" style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:38px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karakol_culture" title="Karakol culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Karakol</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_129x15" style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:15px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Samus</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_255x58" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:58px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Lower<br />Xiajiadian</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_159x51" style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:51px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chemurchek</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_112x33" style="position:absolute; left:112px; top:33px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Seima-Turbino<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x95" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x98" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:98px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ELAM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x95" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x100" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EGYPT<br />MIDDLE<br />KINGDOM</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_06x125" style="position:absolute; left:06px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kerma<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_233x84" style="position:absolute; left:233px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Longshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x80" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:80px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Qijia</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_188x70" style="position:absolute; left:188px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Xichengyi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x62" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:62px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tianshanbeilu_culture" title="Tianshanbeilu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Linya</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x65" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Zhukaigou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x73" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shimao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_213x97" style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:97px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Baodun</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x100" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">General location of the Lower Xiajiadian culture, and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span> BCE</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">2200-1600 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> (7000-4500 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> (4500-3000 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoheyan">Xiaoheyan</a> (3000-2000 BCE)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a> (1000-600 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-RDD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg/220px-From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg/330px-From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg/440px-From_Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Transition from Neolithic to Bronze Age in China and to the northwest: Lower Xiajiadian culture is marked as #1</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png/220px-Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png/330px-Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png/440px-Lower_Xiajiadian_culture_area.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Lower Xiajiadian culture area.<sup id="cite_ref-RDD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe,_the_Arc_(with_its_three_zones)_and_the_Central_Plains,_with_major_sites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/220px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/330px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/440px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>The Lower Xiajiadian culture was part of the "Arc of the eastern Steppe", next to the Central Plain of China.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lower Xiajiadian culture</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">夏家店下层文化</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">夏家店下層文化</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàjiādiàn xiàcéng wénhuà</span></i>; 2200–1600 BC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an archaeological culture in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, found mainly in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">Subsistence</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> farming supplemented with animal husbandry and hunting. Archaeological sites have yielded the remains of pigs, dogs, sheep, and cattle. The culture built permanent settlements and achieved relatively high population densities. The population levels reached by the Lower Xiajiadian culture in the <a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a> region would not be matched until the <a href="/wiki/Liao_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Dynasty">Liao Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a>, through the transitional Xiaoheyan culture. The <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> is represented by the lower layer at <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Xiajiadian</a> in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. </p><p>Archaeogenetic data shows that "the West <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> Valley was a contact zone between northern steppe tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plain</a> farming population. The formation and development of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture population was likely a complex process affected by admixture of ethnically different people".<sup id="cite_ref-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lower Xiajiadian culture remains displayed high genetic affinity to "Yellow River farmers" but were not identical to them, in contrast, the Upper Xiajiadian remains displayed high genetic affinity to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a> Amur hunter-gatherers and later <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological and DNA evidence supports examples that the people of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture immigrating to the south and contributed to the gene pool of the Central Plain population during the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone, bone, and pottery artefacts were discovered at Lower Xiajiadian sites, while gold, lead, <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, copper, and bronze artefacts are also found. The most commonly found copper and bronze artefacts are dagger-axes with an integrated handle, mace head, piers, knives, and earrings.<sup id="cite_ref-MRIS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRIS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainly small artifacts only were made of bronze, such as dagger and ornaments, with close similarities de the <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a> in central Inner Mongolia, or the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, but major differences from the <a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang culture</a> of the Central Plain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emerging bronze technology is considered to have been adopted from the Central Asian steppes, and seems to have been key to the introduction of bronze technology into China.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture had tin-bronze knives, of a type thought to have been developed in Western Siberia before 1900 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-KL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, bronze knife technology was probably transferred from the Southern Siberian <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a> to various Chinese cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> or Lower Xiajiadian culture, where very similar knives have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-KL_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People of the Lower Xiajiadian practiced <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> divination. The culture prepared its oracle bones by drilling and polishing the bones before heating them. Inscriptions are generally not found on examples of oracle bones of the Lower Xiajiadian. </p><p>People had good access to local sources of stone, primarily <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, which were often used in construction and tool-making. Lower Xiajiadian houses were typically round, made from mud and stone, and were built with stone walls. Lower Xiajiadian settlements were built near and were protected by cliffs or steep slopes. Stone walls were sometimes erected around the non-sloped perimeter of its settlement. Walls were not thick. Walls with watchtowers and were built by sandwiching a <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> core with two sides of stone walls. </p><p>There are differing views among Chinese specialists on the origins of the people of the northern part of Lower Xiajiadian culture. One view is that they were perhaps related to the <a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a>, who the Shang and Zhou named the non-Chinese people from the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a>. Another view is that they were the Northern tribal conglomerations, like the <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a>, and Tufang.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor Jin Jing-fan (of <a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a>) believes that certain parts of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> culture has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Dongbei</a>. Along with professors Gan Zhi-geng and Guo Da-shun, they believe that Lower Xiajiadian contributed to some of the origins of both <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing"><img alt="Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg/145px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg/217px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg/289px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing"><img alt="Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg/137px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg/205px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg/274px-Lower_Xiajiadian_pottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour-painted pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture, 2000-1500 BCE. Excavated from Dadianzi, Aohanqi, Inner Mongolia. Capital Museum, Beijing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture"><img alt="Pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg/150px-Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg/225px-Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg/300px-Inner_Mongolia_Museum_pottery_zeng_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery pot from the Lower Xiajiadian culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel,_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_(19647402378).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze knife and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture"><img alt="Bronze knife and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg/133px-Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg/200px-Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg/266px-Bronze_Knife_%26_Chisel%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819647402378%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze knife and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Axe,_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_(19809474596).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze axe and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture"><img alt="Bronze axe and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg/200px-Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg/300px-Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg/400px-Bronze_Axe%2C_Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_%2819809474596%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze axe and chisel, Lower Xiajiadian culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Ding_(9830433575).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Ding, Lower Xiajiadian culture"><img alt="Bronze Ding, Lower Xiajiadian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg/200px-Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg/300px-Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg/400px-Bronze_Ding_%289830433575%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze Ding, Lower Xiajiadian culture </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Xiajiadian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Xiajiadian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrennan" class="citation journal cs1">Drennan, Robert D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Northeastern-China-and-neighboring-areas_fig3_303911475">"Settlement and Social Dynamics in the Upper Daling and Chifeng Regions of Northeastern China"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Settlement+and+Social+Dynamics+in+the+Upper+Daling+and+Chifeng+Regions+of+Northeastern+China&rft.aulast=Drennan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FNortheastern-China-and-neighboring-areas_fig3_303911475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Characteristic-ceramics-of-the-Shimao-Zhukaigou-tradition-that-were-also-found-in-Western_fig9_342651041#:~:text=Chariotry%20and%20Prone%20Burials%3A%20Reassessing%20Late%20Shang%20China%E2%80%99s%20Relationship%20with%20Its%20Northern%20Neighbours">"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"</a>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 138–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4">10.1007/s10963-020-09142-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254751158">254751158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Chariotry+and+Prone+Burials%3A+Reassessing+Late+Shang+China%27s+Relationship+with+Its+Northern+Neighbours&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-168&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254751158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FCharacteristic-ceramics-of-the-Shimao-Zhukaigou-tradition-that-were-also-found-in-Western_fig9_342651041%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChariotry%2520and%2520Prone%2520Burials%253A%2520Reassessing%2520Late%2520Shang%2520China%25E2%2580%2599s%2520Relationship%2520with%2520Its%2520Northern%2520Neighbours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China</i>, pp. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China</i>, pp. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hongjie_Li_2011_815–822_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongjie_LiXin_ZhaoYongbin_ZhaoChunxiang_Li2011" class="citation cs2">Hongjie Li; Xin Zhao; Yongbin Zhao; Chunxiang Li; Dayong Si; Hui Zhou; Yinqiu Cui (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2011102#Sec15">"Genetic characteristics and migration history of a bronze culture population in the West Liao-River valley revealed by ancient DNA"</a>, <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>, <b>56</b> (12), Journal of Genetic Health: 815–822, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2011.102">10.1038/jhg.2011.102</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21938002">21938002</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121894">121894</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+characteristics+and+migration+history+of+a+bronze+culture+population+in+the+West+Liao-River+valley+revealed+by+ancient+DNA&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=815-822&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21938002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhg.2011.102&rft.au=Hongjie+Li&rft.au=Xin+Zhao&rft.au=Yongbin+Zhao&rft.au=Chunxiang+Li&rft.au=Dayong+Si&rft.au=Hui+Zhou&rft.au=Yinqiu+Cui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fjhg2011102%23Sec15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNingLiWangZhang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (2020-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264253">"Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 2700. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.2700N">2020NatCo..11.2700N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16557-2">10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264253">7264253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32483115">32483115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+from+northern+China+suggest+links+between+subsistence+changes+and+human+migration&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2700&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7264253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.2700N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32483115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16557-2&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Ning&rft.aufirst=Chao&rft.au=Li%2C+Tianjiao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fan&rft.au=Li%2C+Tao&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiyan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Shizhu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Quanchao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hai&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Dong%2C+Guanghui&rft.au=Wu%2C+Sihao&rft.au=Fang%2C+Yanming&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chen&rft.au=Feng%2C+Chunyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7264253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRIS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MRIS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3"><i>The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe</i></a>. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3">10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6"><bdi>978-981-32-9154-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213467487">213467487</a>. <q>The bronzes of the Lower Xiajiadian culture include dagger-axes with an integrated handle, mace head, piers, knives, and earrings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metal+Road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213467487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rft.isbn=978-981-32-9154-6&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiWangChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chenyuan; Li, Yanxiang; Wang, Lixin; Chen, Kunlong; Liu, Siran (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6">"Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China"</a>. <i>Heritage Science</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6">10.1186/s40494-019-0314-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-7445">2050-7445</a>. <q>The bronze production technology of the LXC is represented by small artifacts, such as daggers and ornaments [8], and is considered closely related to the Zhukaigou Culture in central Inner Mongolia, and Qijia and Siba Culture in the Hexi Corridor [9], but sharply different from the Erligang Culture in the Central Plain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Science&rft.atitle=Primary+research+on+the+bronze+technology+of+Lower+Xiajiadian+Culture+in+northeastern+China&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6&rft.issn=2050-7445&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chenyuan&rft.au=Li%2C+Yanxiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lixin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Kunlong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Siran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40494-019-0314-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiWangChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chenyuan; Li, Yanxiang; Wang, Lixin; Chen, Kunlong; Liu, Siran (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6">"Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China"</a>. <i>Heritage Science</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6">10.1186/s40494-019-0314-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-7445">2050-7445</a>. <q>The Eurasia steppe is considered as an important region of the introduction of bronze technology into ancient China, and our research is mainly focused on the early bronze cultures at the northern frontier of modern China (...) Although this region is not part of the ancient China proper, the understanding of Bronze Age cultures flourishing in this region could help to explain the origins of metallurgy in China</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Science&rft.atitle=Primary+research+on+the+bronze+technology+of+Lower+Xiajiadian+Culture+in+northeastern+China&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40494-019-0314-6&rft.issn=2050-7445&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chenyuan&rft.au=Li%2C+Yanxiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lixin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Kunlong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Siran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40494-019-0314-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KL_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KL_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinduffSunCaoLiu2018" class="citation book cs1">Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death on the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4"><bdi>978-1-108-41861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+its+Eurasian+Neighbors%3A+Artifacts%2C+Identity+and+Death+on+the+Frontier%2C+3000%E2%80%93700+BCE&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41861-4&rft.aulast=Linduff&rft.aufirst=Katheryn+M.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yan&rft.au=Cao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuanqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeo4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasataka2020" class="citation book cs1">Masataka, Nobuo (2020). <i>The Origins of Language Revisited Differentiation from Music and the Emergence of Neurodiversity and Autism</i>. Springer Singapore. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-4250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-4250-3"><bdi>978-981-15-4250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Language+Revisited+Differentiation+from+Music+and+the+Emergence+of+Neurodiversity+and+Autism&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-15-4250-3&rft.aulast=Masataka&rft.aufirst=Nobuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1995" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1995). <i>The Archaeology of Northeast China - Beyond the Great Wall</i>. Routledge. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11755-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11755-0"><bdi>0-415-11755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Northeast+China+-+Beyond+the+Great+Wall&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-11755-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Milledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Xiajiadian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Xiajiadian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Shelach-Lavi" title="Gideon Shelach-Lavi">Shelach, Gideon</a>, <i>Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46090-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46090-4">0-306-46090-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">History</a></li></ul> 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