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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_blonde_lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_blonde_lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Spanish blonde lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_blonde_lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blonde lace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg/220px-Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg/330px-Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg/440px-Fichu%2C_lace_%28AM_783-7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>This fichu is an example of blonde strapwork technique</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechey,_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/250px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/375px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/500px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Queen Adelaide wearing blonde lace, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Blonde lace</b> is a continuous <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">bobbin lace</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> that is made of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. The term <i>blonde</i> refers to the natural color of the silk thread.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally this lace was made with the natural-colored silk, and later in black.<sup id="cite_ref-Ipswich_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipswich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most blonde lace was also made in black.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ipswich_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipswich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern, which is generally of flowers, is made with a soft silk thread, thicker than the thread used for the <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground" title="Bobbin lace ground">ground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L&L2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&L2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes a big contrast between the flowers and the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-L&L2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&L2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the same stitches as <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_lace" title="Chantilly lace">Chantilly lace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lille_lace" title="Lille lace">Lille lace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-L&L2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&L2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is similarly made in strips 5 in (13 cm) wide and invisibly joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L&L2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&L2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blonde lace is not as good as Chantilly lace though, as the ground is not as firm, nor is the pattern as regular.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blonde lace became very popular, and replaced <a href="/wiki/Mechlin_lace" title="Mechlin lace">Mechlin lace</a>. It is very soft, and thus was well suited to the gathered trimmings fashionable during the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blonde lace was used by royalty, and was worn in the portraits of the daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte</a> in 1817, and of Queen <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide</a> in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805 blonde lace was popular in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blonde lace was made in Caen from 1744, in parts of Flanders, in Barcelona, and, in small quantities, in the east Midlands of England from about 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not suffer when other lacemakers were reduced to the brink of ruin in 1821 to 1832 by the introduction of machine-made bobbin net. In fact, the demand for blonde actually increased, and <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> exported great quantities, by smuggling, to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the earliest laces to be copied by machine - in 1833 the traverse warp machine (invented in 1811) made it for a full season, and it was sold without saying it was machine-made, at handmade prices, with no one the wiser.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1840 blonde lace was out of favor.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_blonde_lace">Spanish blonde lace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blonde_lace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spanish blonde lace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919.772_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1919.772_web.jpg/220px-1919.772_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1919.772_web.jpg/330px-1919.772_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1919.772_web.jpg/440px-1919.772_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Blonde lace from Spain, early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>There was a lot of blonde lace made in Spain, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> region, and especially in Barcelona.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had all the same qualities as blonde lace made elsewhere, with very large flowers. It was used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantillas</a> and scarves and became part of the archetypical image of a Spanish lady.<sup id="cite_ref-Old_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blonde_lace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEarnshaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Earnshaw, Pat (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf_atmcxERcC&pg=PA16"><i>A Dictionary of Lace</i></a>. Dover. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-40482-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-40482-X"><bdi>0-486-40482-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Lace&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1999-02&rft.isbn=0-486-40482-X&rft.aulast=Earnshaw&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKf_atmcxERcC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlonde+lace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipswich-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipswich_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipswich_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffel2003" class="citation book cs1">Raffel, Marta Cotterell (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taavyQa65oAC&pg=PA151"><i>The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840</i></a>. University Press of New England. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-163-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-163-6"><bdi>1-58465-163-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laces+of+Ipswich%3A+The+Art+and+Economics+of+an+Early+American+Industry%2C+1750-1840&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=1-58465-163-6&rft.aulast=Raffel&rft.aufirst=Marta+Cotterell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaavyQa65oAC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlonde+lace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalliser1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser" title="Fanny Bury Palliser">Palliser, Bury</a> (November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of Lace</i></a>. Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n102">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24742-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24742-2"><bdi>0-486-24742-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-16</span></span>. <q>Mechlin lace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Lace&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1984-11&rft.isbn=0-486-24742-2&rft.aulast=Palliser&rft.aufirst=Bury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlonde+lace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L&L2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L&L2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L&L2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L&L2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L&L2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowys2002" class="citation book cs1">Powys, Marian (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2G1sifycRUAC&pg=PA31"><i>Lace and Lace Making</i></a>. Dover Publications. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41811-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41811-1"><bdi>0-486-41811-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-16</span></span>. <q>Worked with a heavy soft flat thread, the flowers stand out with great effect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lace+and+Lace+Making&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=0-486-41811-1&rft.aulast=Powys&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2G1sifycRUAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlonde+lace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Old_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2002" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Clara M. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh1MYkEzpJUC&q=chantilly+lace&pg=PA65"><i>Old World Lace: A Concise Illustrated Guide</i></a>. Dover. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42150-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42150-3"><bdi>0-486-42150-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+World+Lace%3A+A+Concise+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2002-06&rft.isbn=0-486-42150-3&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Clara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh1MYkEzpJUC%26q%3Dchantilly%2Blace%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlonde+lace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blonde_lace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lace_types" title="Template:Lace types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lace_types" title="Template talk:Lace types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lace_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lace types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lace_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">Needle lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace" title="Alençon lace">Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aemilia Ars (page does not exist)">Aemilia Ars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentan_lace" title="Argentan lace">Argentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentella" title="Argentella">Argentella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_needlelace" title="Armenian needlelace">Armenian</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano">Burano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_lace" title="Filet lace">Filet lace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frisado_de_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frisado de Valladolid (page does not exist)">Frisado de Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_lace" title="Greek lace">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halas_lace" title="Halas lace">Halas lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery" title="Hedebo embroidery">Hedebo embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollie_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollie Point">Hollie Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia#Hvar:_agave_or_aloe_lace" title="Lacemaking in Croatia"> Hvar lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmare_lace" title="Kenmare lace">Kenmare Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace" title="Nallıhan silk needlelace">Nallıhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD" title="Ñandutí">Ñandutí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya_(lace)" title="Oya (lace)">Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pag_lace" title="Pag lace">Pag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_France" title="Point de France">Point de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Gaze" title="Point de Gaze">Point de Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Venise" title="Point de Venise">Point de Venise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_in_Aria" title="Punto in Aria">Punto in Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncetto Valsesiano (page does not exist)">Puncetto Valsesiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_lace" title="Tenerife lace">Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youghal_lace" title="Youghal lace">Youghal</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buratto" title="Buratto">Buratto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filet_lace" title="Filet lace">Filet lace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Limerick_lace" title="Limerick lace">Limerick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reticella" title="Reticella">Reticella</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambour_lace" title="Tambour lace">Tambour</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Cutwork" title="Cutwork">Cutwork</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Broderie_anglaise" title="Broderie anglaise">Broderie anglaise</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace" title="Carrickmacross lace">Carrickmacross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lefkara_lace" title="Lefkara lace">Lefkara lace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saba_lace" title="Saba lace"> Saba lace</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/100px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/150px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/200px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">Bobbin lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace" title="Mesh grounded bobbin lace">Mesh grounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_lace" title="Antwerp lace">Antwerp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arras_lace" title="Arras lace">Arras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_lace" title="Bayeux lace">Bayeux</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beeralu (page does not exist)">Beeralu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beveren_lace" title="Beveren lace">Beveren</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Binche_lace" title="Binche lace">Binche</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blonde</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bucks_point_lace" title="Bucks point lace">Bucks point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chantilly_lace" title="Chantilly lace">Chantilly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chefoo lace (page does not exist)">Chefoo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cogne_lace" title="Cogne lace">Cogne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flanders_lace" title="Flanders lace">Flanders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Freehand_lace" title="Freehand lace">Freehand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille_lace" title="Lille lace">Lille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_lace" title="Ipswich lace">Ipswich</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mechlin_lace" title="Mechlin lace">Mechlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mundillo" title="Mundillo">Mundillo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_lace" title="Paris lace">Paris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valenciennes_lace" title="Valenciennes lace">Valenciennes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'s Gravenmoer lace (page does not exist)">'s Gravenmoer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torchon_lace" title="Torchon lace">Torchon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace" title="Tønder lace">Tønder</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guipure" title="Guipure">Guipure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace" title="Bedfordshire lace">Bedfordshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cluny_lace" title="Cluny lace">Cluny</a></dd> <dd><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy" class="extiw" title="fr:Dentelle du Puy">Dentelle du Puy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoese_lace" title="Genoese lace">Genoese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liptov" title="Liptov">Liptov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lace" title="Maltese lace">Maltese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yak_lace" title="Yak lace">Yak lace</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Part_lace" title="Part lace">Part laces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges_lace" title="Bruges lace">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels_lace" title="Brussels lace">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre" title="Brussels lace">Point d'Angleterre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honiton_lace" title="Honiton lace">Honiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosaline_lace" title="Rosaline lace">Rosaline</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace" title="Bobbin tape lace">Tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantù lace (page does not exist)">Cantù</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinojosa lace (page does not exist)">Hinojosa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Idrija_lace" title="Idrija lace">Idrija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace" title="Milanese bobbin lace">Milanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant lace (page does not exist)">Peasant</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_lace" title="Russian lace">Russian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schneeberg_lace" title="Schneeberg lace">Schneeberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Pair_Flanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Pair Flanders (page does not exist)">Three Pair Flanders</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tape_lace" title="Tape lace">Tape lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_lace" title="Battenberg lace">Battenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branscombe_lace" title="Branscombe lace">Branscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezzopunto (page does not exist)">Mezzopunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_lace" title="Princess lace">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_lace" title="Renaissance lace">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_point_lace" title="Romanian point lace">Romanian point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocheted_lace" title="Crocheted lace">Crocheted lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broomstick_lace" title="Broomstick lace">Broomstick lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_crochet" title="Filet crochet">Filet crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_lace" title="Hairpin lace">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_crochet_lace" title="Irish crochet lace">Irish crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orvieto lace (page does not exist)">Orvieto lace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lace_machine" title="Lace machine">Machine</a>-made lace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine" title="Barmen lace machine">Barmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_lace" title="Chemical lace">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavers_machine" title="Leavers machine">Leavers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine" title="Nottingham lace curtain machine">Nottingham Lace Curtain Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_machine" title="Pusher machine">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_knitting#Raschel_machine" title="Warp knitting">Raschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking_frame" title="Stocking frame">Stocking Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_knitting" title="Warp knitting">Warp Knit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other handmade laces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancay_gauze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancay gauze (page does not exist)">Chancay gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace_knitting" title="Lace knitting">Lace knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_lace" title="Liturgical lace">Liturgical lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lace" title="Metal lace">Metal lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_a_groppo" title="Punto a groppo">Punto a groppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprang" title="Sprang">Sprang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lace">Lace</a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/16px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/24px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/16px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/24px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/32px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a 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Régime">Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_France" title="Category:Textile arts of France">Textile arts of France</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 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