CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dairy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a6c4032d-8d15-4635-a4fa-be3353334609","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dairy","wgTitle":"Dairy","wgCurRevisionId":1275192004,"wgRevisionId":1275192004,"wgArticleId":56228,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2023","EngvarB from January 2023","Articles needing additional references from January 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017","Articles needing additional references from July 2024", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025","Articles with excerpts","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Dairy","Dairy industry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dairy","wgRelevantArticleId":56228,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q637776","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/1200px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/800px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/640px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dairy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dairy rootpage-Dairy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dairy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dairy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dairy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dairy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure of the industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_of_the_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure of the industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milk_supply_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_supply_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Milk supply contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_supply_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industrial processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cream_and_butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cream_and_butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cream and butter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cream_and_butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skimmed_milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skimmed_milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Skimmed milk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skimmed_milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Casein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cheese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Whey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yogurt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yogurt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Yogurt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yogurt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk_powders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_powders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Milk powders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_powders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_milk_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_milk_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Other milk products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_milk_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Milking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Milking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Milking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Milking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milking_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Milking machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_shed_layouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_shed_layouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Milking shed layouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_shed_layouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bail-style_sheds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bail-style_sheds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Bail-style sheds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bail-style_sheds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herringbone_milking_parlours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herringbone_milking_parlours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Herringbone milking parlours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herringbone_milking_parlours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swingover_milking_parlours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swingover_milking_parlours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Swingover milking parlours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swingover_milking_parlours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_milking_sheds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_milking_sheds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Rotary milking sheds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_milking_sheds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_milking_sheds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_milking_sheds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Automatic milking sheds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_milking_sheds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_accessories_in_sheds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_accessories_in_sheds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Supplementary accessories in sheds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_accessories_in_sheds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_milk_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_milk_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Temporary milk storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_milk_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_disposal_and_wastewater_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_disposal_and_wastewater_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Waste disposal and wastewater management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_disposal_and_wastewater_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Associated diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Animal rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animal rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bovine_growth_hormone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bovine_growth_hormone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bovine growth hormone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bovine_growth_hormone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_and_dairy_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_and_dairy_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Climate change and dairy production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_and_dairy_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dairy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="إنتاج الحليب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنتاج الحليب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llecher%C3%ADa" title="Llechería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llechería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мандра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laezhti" title="Laezhti – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laezhti" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleteria" title="Lleteria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleteria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9k%C3%A1rna" title="Mlékárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlékárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaethdy" title="Llaethdy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llaethdy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejeri" title="Mejeri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mejeri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molkerei" title="Molkerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molkerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meierei" title="Meierei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meierei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecher%C3%ADa" title="Lechería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lechería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktouzino" title="Laktouzino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laktouzino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esnetegi" title="Esnetegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esnetegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="لبنیاتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لبنیاتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiterie_(agriculture)" title="Laiterie (agriculture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laiterie (agriculture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molkfabryk" title="Molkfabryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molkfabryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="ડેરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડેરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%EB%86%8D" title="낙농 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙농" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="दुग्ध कृषि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुग्ध कृषि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peternakan_susu" title="Peternakan susu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peternakan susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseificio" title="Caseificio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caseificio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%94" title="מחלבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಹೈನುಗಾರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈನುಗಾರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officina_lactaria" title="Officina lactaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Officina lactaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieno_pramon%C4%97" title="Pieno pramonė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieno pramonė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejipar" title="Tejipar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tejipar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ഡയറി ഫാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയറി ഫാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobasucu" title="Lobasucu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lobasucu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuivelfabriek" title="Zuivelfabriek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuivelfabriek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E8%BE%B2" title="酪農 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酪農" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meieri" title="Meieri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meieri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meieri" title="Meieri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Meieri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairie" title="Dairie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dairie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੇਅਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਅਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ڈیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meieree" title="Meieree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Meieree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleczarnia" title="Mleczarnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mleczarnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молочное хозяйство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молочное хозяйство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseria" title="Caseria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Caseria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum%C3%ABshtaria" title="Qumështaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qumështaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Млекарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Млекарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlije%C4%8Dna_industrija" title="Mliječna industrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mliječna industrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijeri" title="Meijeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meijeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejeri" title="Mejeri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mejeri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="பால் பண்ணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் பண்ணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="డెయిరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెయిరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C4%B1rac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Mandıracılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mandıracılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Молочарня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молочарня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateria" title="Lateria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lateria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ty_s%E1%BB%AFa" title="Công ty sữa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ty sữa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E4%B8%9A" title="乳业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乳业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E8%BE%B2" title="奶農 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奶農" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%A5%AD" title="乳業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乳業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guji" title="Guji – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Guji" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q637776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dairy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dairy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dairy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dairy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dairy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&oldid=1275192004" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dairy&id=1275192004&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDairy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDairy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dairy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dairies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q637776" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place where milk is stored and where butter and cheese are made or sold</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the descriptor of convenience stores in New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Dairy_(New_Zealand)" title="Dairy (New Zealand)">Dairy (New Zealand)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dairy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dairy (disambiguation)">Dairy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dairy" title="Special:EditPage/Dairy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dairy%22">"Dairy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dairy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dairy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dairy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dairy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dairy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/220px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/330px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg/440px-Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Old mountain pasture dairy in <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6cken" title="Schröcken">Schröcken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, Austria, in the <a href="/wiki/Bregenz_Forest" title="Bregenz Forest">Bregenz Forest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dairy</b> is a place where <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> is stored and where <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> are made, or a place where those products are sold.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 325">: 325 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 284">: 284 </span></sup> It may be a room, a building or a larger establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 284">: 284 </span></sup> In the United States, the word may also describe a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farm">dairy farm</a> or the part of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed farm">mixed farm</a> dedicated to milk for human consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-webster_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 284">: 284 </span></sup> whether from <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">buffaloes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>. </p><p>The attributive <i>dairy</i> describes milk-based products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production, for example dairyman, dairymaid, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dairy_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy goat">dairy goat</a>. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of dairy products. These establishments constitute the global dairy industry, part of the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>. </p><p>The word <i>dairy</i> comes from an Old English word for <i>female servant</i> as historically milking was done by dairymaids. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terminology differs between countries. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, for example, an entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy". The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor", except in the case of smaller dairies, where cows are often put on pasture, and usually milked in "stanchion barns". The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house". Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant", also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>. </p><p>In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the United States, sometimes milking sheds are referred to by their type, such as "herring bone shed" or "pit parlour". Parlour design has evolved from simple barns or sheds to large rotary structures in which the workflow (throughput of cows) is very efficiently handled. In some countries, especially those with small numbers of animals being milked, the farm may perform the functions of a dairy plant, processing their own milk into saleable dairy products, such as butter, cheese, or <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. This on-site processing is a traditional method of producing specialist milk products, common in Europe. </p><p>In the United States a <i>dairy</i> can also be a place that processes, distributes and sells dairy products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is stored and processed into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> the singular use of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Dairy_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy (store)">dairy</a></i> almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or <a href="/wiki/Superette" class="mw-redirect" title="Superette">superette</a>. This usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dairy" title="Special:EditPage/Dairy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a> that <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomads</a> engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic relationship">symbiotic relationship</a> between the animals and the <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herders</a>. </p><p>In the more recent past, people in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural societies</a> owned dairy animals that they milked for domestic and local (village) consumption, a typical example of a <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a>. The animals might serve multiple purposes (for example, as a draught animal for pulling a <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a> as a youngster, and at the end of its useful life as meat). In this case, the animals were normally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so that all of the animals could be milked in less than an hour—about 10 per milker. These tasks were performed by a <i>dairymaid</i> (<i>dairywoman</i>) or <i>dairyman</i>. The word <i>dairy</i> harkens back to Middle English <i>dayerie</i>, <i>deyerie</i>, from <i>deye</i> (female servant or dairymaid) and further back to Old English <i>dæge</i> (kneader of bread). </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialisation</a> and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialised <a href="/wiki/List_of_breeds_of_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="List of breeds of cattle">breeds of cattle</a> being developed for dairy, as distinct from beef or <a href="/wiki/Working_animals#Animals_used_for_their_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">draught</a> animals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon turned to <a href="/wiki/Mechanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanisation">mechanisation</a> with machines designed to do the milking. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilkMaid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/220px-MilkMaid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/330px-MilkMaid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/440px-MilkMaid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Girl milking a cow by hand</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">milking</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">processing</a> took place close together in space and time: on a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy farm</a>. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practised. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a> (often pronounced <i>tit</i> or <i>tits</i>) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the fingers progressively, from the <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat. The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper) end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct progressively to the tip to express the trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time. </p><p>The <i>stripping</i> action is repeated, using both hands for speed. Both methods result in the milk that was trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Milk_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk duct">milk duct</a> being squirted out the end into a bucket that is supported between the knees (or rests on the ground) of the milker, who usually sits on a low stool. </p><p>Traditionally the cow, or cows, would stand in the <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">field</a> or paddock while being milked. Young stock, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">heifers</a>, would have to be trained to remain still to be milked. In many countries, the cows were tethered to a post and milked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_the_industry">Structure of the industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure of the industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG/220px-Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG/330px-Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG/440px-Wawa_Dairy_Farms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4271" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wawa_Dairy_Farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawa Dairy Farms">Wawa Dairy Farms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While most countries produce their own milk products, the structure of the dairy industry varies in different parts of the world. In major milk-producing countries most milk is distributed through whole sale markets. In Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196 <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' cooperatives">farmers' cooperatives</a> sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-rurdev_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rurdev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighbourhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of milk is growing rapidly in such countries and presents a major source of income growth for many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in many other branches of the food industry, dairy processing in the major dairy producing countries has become increasingly concentrated, with fewer but larger and more efficient plants operated by fewer workers. This is notably the case in the United States, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In 2009, charges of <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> violations have been made against major dairy industry players in the United States, which critics call "Big Milk".<sup id="cite_ref-npr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another round of <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a> charges was settled in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">Government intervention</a> in milk markets was common in the 20th century. A limited antitrust exemption was created for U.S. dairy cooperatives by the <a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a> of 1922. In the 1930s, some U.S. states adopted price controls, and Federal Milk Marketing Orders started under the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Agreement_Act_of_1937" title="Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937">Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act</a> of 1937 and continue in the 2000s. The Federal Milk Price Support Program began in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-rurdev_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rurdev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Dairy_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Dairy Compact">Northeast Dairy Compact</a> regulated wholesale milk prices in New England from 1997 to 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants producing liquid milk and products with short <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">creams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft cheese">soft cheeses</a>, tend to be located on the outskirts of urban centres close to consumer markets. Plants manufacturing items with longer shelf life, such as butter, milk powders, cheese and whey powders, tend to be situated in rural areas closer to the milk supply. Most large processing plants tend to specialise in a limited range of products. Exceptionally, however, large plants producing a wide range of products are still common in Eastern Europe, a holdover from the former centralised, supply-driven concept of the market under Communist governments.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As processing plants grow fewer and larger, they tend to acquire bigger, more automated and more efficient equipment. While this technological tendency keeps manufacturing costs lower, the need for long-distance transportation often increases the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milk production is irregular, depending on cow biology. Producers must adjust the mix of milk which is sold in liquid form vs. processed foods (such as butter and cheese) depending on changing supply and demand.<sup id="cite_ref-rurdev_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rurdev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk_supply_contracts">Milk supply contracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Milk supply contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, milk supply contracts are regulated by Article 148 of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Regulation">Regulation</a> 1308/2013 – <i>Establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007</i>, which permits member states to create a requirement for the supply of milk from a farmer to a raw milk processor to be backed by a written contract, or to ensure that the first purchaser of milk to make a written offer to the farmer, although in this case the farmer may not be required to enter into a contract.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirteen EU <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> including <a href="/wiki/France#Agriculture" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Spain</a> have introduced laws on compulsory or mandatory written milk contracts (MWC's) between farmers and processors. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> published an analysis of the dairy supply chain and the application of mandatory written contracts across the European Union in 2019, to evaluate the impact of the contracts where they have been adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, a voluntary code of best practice on contractual relationships in the dairy sector was agreed by industry during 2012: this set out minimum standards of good practice for contracts between producers and purchasers.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2020 the <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a> has undertaken a consultation exercise to determine which contractual measures, if any, would improve the resilience of the dairy industry for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian government">Australian government</a> has also introduced a mandatory dairy code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farming">Farming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">Dairy cattle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_4794_Milking_cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A cow being milked in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Palestine</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>When it became necessary to milk larger cows, the cows would be brought to a <a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">shed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barn_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barn (building)">barn</a> that was set up with stalls (<a href="/wiki/Milking_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Milking stall">milking stalls</a>) where the cows could be confined their whole life while they were milked. One person could milk more cows this way, as many as 20 for a skilled worker. But having cows standing about in the yard and shed waiting to be milked is not good for the cow, as she needs as much time in the paddock grazing as is possible. It is usual to restrict the twice-daily milking to a maximum of an hour and a half each time. It makes no difference whether one milks 10 or 1000 cows, the milking time should not exceed a total of about three hours each day for any cow as they should be in stalls and laying down as long as possible to increase comfort which will in turn aid in milk production. A cow is physically milked for only about 10 minutes a day depending on her milk letdown time and the number of milkings per day. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a> sizes increased there was more need to have efficient milking machines, sheds, milk-storage facilities (<a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">vats</a>), bulk-milk transport and shed cleaning capabilities and the means of getting cows from paddock to shed and back. </p><p>As herd numbers increased so did the problems of <a href="/wiki/Animal_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal health">animal health</a>. In New Zealand two approaches to this problem have been used. The first was improved <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicines</a> (and the government regulation of the medicines) that the farmer could use. The other was the creation of <i>veterinary clubs</i> where groups of farmers would employ a <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinarian</a> (vet) full-time and share those services throughout the year. It was in the vet's interest to keep the animals healthy and reduce the number of calls from farmers, rather than to ensure that the farmer needed to call for service and pay regularly. </p><p>This daily milking routine goes on for about 300 to 320 days per year that the cow stays in milk. Some small herds are milked once a day for about the last 20 days of the production cycle but this is not usual for large herds. If a cow is left unmilked just once she is likely to reduce milk-production almost immediately and the rest of the season may see her <i>dried off</i> (giving no milk) and still consuming feed. However, once-a-day milking is now being practised more widely in New Zealand for profit and lifestyle reasons. This is effective because the fall in milk yield is at least partially offset by labour and cost savings from milking once per day. This compares to some intensive farm systems in the United States that milk three or more times per day due to higher milk yields per cow and lower marginal <a href="/wiki/Labour_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour costs">labour costs</a>. </p><p>Farmers who are contracted to supply liquid milk for human consumption (as opposed to milk for processing into butter, cheese, and so on—see milk) often have to manage their <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a> so that the contracted number of cows are in milk the year round, or the required minimum milk output is maintained. This is done by mating cows outside their natural mating time so that the period when each cow in the herd is giving maximum production is in rotation throughout the year. </p><p>Northern hemisphere farmers who keep cows in barns almost all the year usually manage their herds to give continuous production of milk so that they get paid all year round. In the southern hemisphere the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> dairying systems allow for two months of no productivity because their systems are designed to take advantage of maximum grass and milk production in the spring and because the milk processing plants pay bonuses in the dry (winter) season to carry the farmers through the mid-winter break from milking. It also means that cows have a rest from milk production when they are most heavily pregnant. Some year-round milk farms are penalised financially for <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> at any time in the year by being unable to sell their overproduction at current prices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">Artificial insemination</a> (AI) is common in all high-production herds in order to improve the genetics of the female offspring which will be raised for replacements. AI also reduces the need for keeping potentially dangerous bulls on the farm. Male calves are sold to be raised for beef or veal, or slaughtered due to lack of profitability.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cow will calve or freshen about once a year, until she is culled because of declining production, infertility or other health problems. Then the cow will be sold, most often going to slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_processing">Industrial processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">Dairy products</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StanhopeFactory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/StanhopeFactory.JPG/220px-StanhopeFactory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/StanhopeFactory.JPG/330px-StanhopeFactory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/StanhopeFactory.JPG/440px-StanhopeFactory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a> cooperative dairy factory in Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fromagerie77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fromagerie77.jpg/220px-Fromagerie77.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fromagerie77.jpg/330px-Fromagerie77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fromagerie77.jpg/440px-Fromagerie77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a cheese factory in <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satamaito_Dairy_(001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg/220px-Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg/330px-Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg/440px-Satamaito_Dairy_%28001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">tank truck</a> parked in front of the Satamaito dairy in <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Dairy plants process the raw milk they receive from farmers so as to extend its marketable life. Two main types of processes are employed: heat treatment to ensure the safety of milk for human consumption and to lengthen its shelf-life, and dehydrating dairy products such as butter, hard cheese and milk powders so that they can be stored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cream_and_butter">Cream and butter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cream and butter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creamery" title="Creamery">Creamery</a></div> <p>Today, milk is separated by huge machines in bulk into cream and skim milk. The cream is processed to produce various consumer products, depending on its thickness, its suitability for culinary uses and consumer demand, which differs from place to place and country to country. </p><p>Some milk is dried and powdered, some is condensed (by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>) mixed with varying amounts of sugar and canned. Most cream from New Zealand and Australian factories is made into butter. This is done by <a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">churning</a> the cream until the fat globules coagulate and form a monolithic mass. This butter mass is washed and, sometimes, salted to improve keeping qualities. The residual <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> goes on to further processing. The butter is packaged (25 to 50 kg boxes) and chilled for storage and sale. At a later stage these packages are broken down into home-consumption sized packs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skimmed_milk">Skimmed milk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Skimmed milk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The product left after the cream is removed is called skim, or skimmed, milk. To make a consumable liquid a portion of cream is returned to the <a href="/wiki/Skim_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Skim milk">skim milk</a> to make <i><a href="/wiki/Low_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Low fat">low fat</a> milk</i> (semi-skimmed) for human consumption. By varying the amount of cream returned, producers can make a variety of low-fat milks to suit their local market. Whole milk is also made by adding cream back to the skim to form a standardised product. Other products, such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, and flavouring, are also added to appeal to consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casein">Casein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">Casein</a> is the predominant <a href="/wiki/Phosphoprotein" title="Phosphoprotein">phosphoprotein</a> found in fresh milk. It has a very wide range of uses from being a filler for human foods, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, to the manufacture of products such as <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">fabric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, and plastics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheese">Cheese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cheese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Creamery" title="Creamery">Creamery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></div> <p>Cheese is another product made from milk. Whole milk is reacted to form <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curds</a> that can be compressed, processed and stored to form cheese. In countries where milk is legally allowed to be processed without <a href="/wiki/Pasteurize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurize">pasteurisation</a>, a wide range of cheeses can be made using the bacteria found naturally in the milk. In most other countries, the range of cheeses is smaller and the use of artificial cheese curing is greater. <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a> is also the byproduct of this process. Some people with <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a> are able to eat certain types of cheese. This is because some traditionally made hard cheeses, and soft ripened cheeses may create less reaction than the equivalent amount of milk because of the processes involved. Fermentation and higher fat content contribute to lesser amounts of lactose. Traditionally made <a href="/wiki/Emmental_cheese" title="Emmental cheese">Emmental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a> might contain 10% of the lactose found in whole milk. In addition, the ageing methods of traditional cheeses (sometimes over two years) reduce their lactose content to practically nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial cheeses, however, are often manufactured by processes that do not have the same lactose-reducing properties. Ageing of some cheeses is governed by regulations;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other cases there is no quantitative indication of degree of ageing and concomitant lactose reduction, and lactose content is not usually indicated on labels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whey">Whey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Whey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In earlier times, <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> or <b>milk serum</b> was considered to be a waste product and it was, mostly, fed to pigs as a convenient means of disposal. Beginning about 1950, and mostly since about 1980, <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> and many other products, mainly food additives, are made from both casein and cheese whey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yogurt">Yogurt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yogurt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> is similar to making cheese, only the process is stopped before the curd becomes hard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk_powders">Milk powders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Milk powders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milk is also processed by various drying processes into powders. Whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey products are dried into a powder form and used for human and animal consumption. The main difference between production of powders for human or for animal consumption is in the protection of the process and the product from contamination. Some people drink milk reconstituted from powdered milk, because milk is about 88% water and it is much cheaper to transport the dried product.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_milk_products">Other milk products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other milk products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a> is produced commercially in Central Asia. Although traditionally made from <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">mare</a>'s milk, modern industrial variants may use cow's milk. In India, which produces 22% of global milk production (as at 2018), a range of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_dairy_products" title="List of Indian dairy products">traditional milk-based products</a> are produced commercially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milking">Milking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Milking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/220px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/330px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/440px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Preserved <a href="/wiki/Express_Dairies" title="Express Dairies">Express Dairies</a> three-axle Milk Tank Wagon at the <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Didcot Railway Centre</a>, based on an <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (Great Britain)">SR</a> chassis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg/220px-Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg/330px-Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg/440px-Waiting_for_the_milk_train_-_geograph.org.uk_-_93290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churns</a> on a railway platform</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, milking and processing took place on the dairy farm itself. Later, cream was separated from the milk by machine on the farm, and transported to a factory to be made into butter. The skim milk was fed to pigs. This allowed for the high cost of transport (taking the smallest volume high-value product), primitive trucks and the poor quality of roads. Only farms close to factories could afford to take whole milk, which was essential for cheesemaking in industrial quantities, to them. </p><p>Originally milk was distributed in '<a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">pails</a>', a lidded bucket with a handle. These proved impractical for transport by road or rail, and so the <a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">milk churn</a> was introduced, based on the tall conical shape of the <a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">butter churn</a>. Later large railway containers, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Railway_Milk_Tank_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Railway Milk Tank Wagon">British Railway Milk Tank Wagon</a> were introduced, enabling the transport of larger quantities of milk, and over longer distances. </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and better road transport, in the late 1950s, has meant that most farmers milk their cows and only temporarily store the milk in large refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">bulk tanks</a>, from where it is later transported by truck to central processing facilities. </p><p>In many European countries, particularly the United Kingdom, milk is then delivered direct to customers' homes by a <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk float</a>. </p><p>In the United States, a dairy cow produced about 5,300 pounds (2,400 kg) of milk per year in 1950, while the average <a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein cow</a> in 2019 produces more than 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) of milk per year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milking_machines">Milking machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Milking machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">Automatic milking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melkgeschirr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Melkgeschirr.jpg/220px-Melkgeschirr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Melkgeschirr.jpg/330px-Melkgeschirr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Melkgeschirr.jpg/440px-Melkgeschirr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The milking machine extracts milk from all teats.</figcaption></figure> <p>Milking machines are used to harvest milk from cows when manual milking becomes inefficient or labour-intensive. One early model was patented in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The milking unit is the portion of a milking machine for removing milk from an udder. It is made up of a claw, four teatcups, (Shells and rubber liners) long milk tube, long pulsation tube, and a pulsator. The claw is an assembly that connects the short pulse tubes and short milk tubes from the teatcups to the long pulse tube and long milk tube. (Cluster assembly) Claws are commonly made of stainless steel or plastic or both. Teatcups are composed of a rigid outer shell (stainless steel or plastic) that holds a soft inner liner or <i>inflation</i>. Transparent sections in the shell may allow viewing of liner collapse and milk flow. The annular space between the shell and liner is called the pulse chamber. </p><p>Milking machines work in a way that is different from hand milking or calf suckling. Continuous vacuum is applied inside the soft liner to massage milk from the teat by creating a pressure difference across the teat canal (or opening at the end of the teat). Vacuum also helps keep the machine attached to the cow. The vacuum applied to the teat causes congestion of teat tissues (accumulation of blood and other fluids). Atmospheric air is admitted into the pulsation chamber about once per second (the pulsation rate) to allow the liner to collapse around the end of teat and relieve congestion in the teat tissue. The ratio of the time that the liner is open (milking phase) and closed (rest phase) is called the pulsation ratio. </p><p>The four streams of milk from the teatcups are usually combined in the claw and transported to the milkline, or the collection bucket (usually sized to the output of one cow) in a single milk hose. Milk is then transported (manually in buckets) or with a combination of airflow and mechanical <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> to a central storage <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">vat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">bulk tank</a>. Milk is refrigerated on the farm in most countries either by passing through a <a href="/wiki/Heat-exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-exchanger">heat-exchanger</a> or in the bulk tank, or both. </p><p>The photo to the right shows a bucket milking system with the stainless steel bucket visible on the far side of the cow. The two rigid stainless steel teatcup shells applied to the front two quarters of the udder are visible. The top of the flexible liner is visible at the top of the shells as are the short milk tubes and short pulsation tubes extending from the bottom of the shells to the claw. The bottom of the claw is transparent to allow observation of milk flow. When milking is completed the vacuum to the milking unit is shut off and the teatcups are removed. </p><p>Milking machines keep the milk enclosed and safe from external contamination. The interior 'milk contact' surfaces of the machine are kept clean by a manual or automated washing procedures implemented after milking is completed. Milk contact surfaces must comply with regulations requiring food-grade materials (typically <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> and special plastics and rubber compounds) and are easily cleaned. </p><p>Most milking machines are powered by <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power industry">electricity</a> but, in case of electrical failure, there can be an alternative means of motive power, often an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, for the vacuum and milk pumps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milking_shed_layouts">Milking shed layouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Milking shed layouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg/220px-Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg/330px-Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg/440px-Pardes_Hanna_Ag_School_morning_milking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Milking parlour at <a href="/wiki/Pardes_Hanna_Agricultural_High_School" title="Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School">Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bail-style_sheds">Bail-style sheds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bail-style sheds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of milking facility was the first development, after open-paddock milking, for many farmers. The building was a long, narrow, <i>lean-to</i> shed that was open along one long side. The cows were held in a yard at the open side and when they were about to be milked, they were positioned in one of the bails (stalls). Usually, the cows were restrained in the bail with a breech chain and a rope to restrain the outer back leg. The cow could not move about excessively and the milker could expect not to be kicked or trampled while sitting on a (three-legged) stool and milking into a bucket. When each cow was finished, she backed out into the yard again. The UK bail, initially developed by Wiltshire dairy farmer Arthur Hosier, was a six standing mobile shed with steps that the cow mounted, so the herdsman did not have to bend so low. The milking equipment was much as today, a vacuum from a pump, pulsators, a claw-piece with pipes leading to the four shells and liners that stimulate and suck the milk from the teat. The milk went into churns, via a cooler. </p><p>As herd sizes increased a door was set into the front of each bail so that when the milking was done for any cow the milker could, after undoing the leg-rope and with a remote link, open the door and allow her to exit to the pasture. The door was closed, the next cow walked into the bail and was secured. When milking machines were introduced bails were set in pairs so that a cow was being milked in one paired bail while the other could be prepared for milking. When one was finished the machine's cups are swapped to the other cow. This is the same as for <i>Swingover Milking Parlours</i> as described below except that the cups are loaded on the udder from the side. As herd numbers increased it was easier to double-up the cup-sets and milk both cows simultaneously than to increase the number of bails. About 50 cows an hour can be milked in a shed with 8 bails by one person. Using the same teat cups for successive cows has the danger of transmitting infection, mastitis, from one cow to another. Some farmers have devised their own ways to disinfect the clusters between cows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herringbone_milking_parlours">Herringbone milking parlours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Herringbone milking parlours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In herringbone milking sheds, or parlours, cows enter, in single file, and line up almost perpendicular to the central aisle of the milking parlour on both sides of a central pit in which the milker works (you can visualise a fishbone with the ribs representing the cows and the spine being the milker's working area; the cows face outward). After washing the udder and teats the cups of the milking machine are applied to the cows, from the rear of their hind legs, on both sides of the working area. Large herringbone sheds can milk up to 600 cows efficiently with two people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swingover_milking_parlours">Swingover milking parlours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Swingover milking parlours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swingover parlours are the same as herringbone parlours except they have only one set of milking cups to be shared between the two rows of cows, as one side is being milked the cows on the other side are moved out and replaced with unmilked ones. The advantage of this system is that it is less costly to equip, however it operates at slightly better than half-speed and one would not normally try to milk more than about 100 cows with one person. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairy_NSW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dairy_NSW.JPG/220px-Dairy_NSW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dairy_NSW.JPG/330px-Dairy_NSW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dairy_NSW.JPG/440px-Dairy_NSW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotary_milking_sheds">Rotary milking sheds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rotary milking sheds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotary milking sheds (also known as Rotary milking parlor) consist of a turntable with about 12 to 100 individual stalls for cows around the outer edge. A "good" rotary will be operated with 24–32 (~48–50+) stalls by one (two) milkers. The turntable is turned by an electric-motor drive at a rate that one turn is the time for a cow to be milked completely. As an empty stall passes the entrance a cow steps on, facing the center, and rotates with the turntable. The next cow moves into the next vacant stall and so on. The operator, or milker, cleans the teats, attaches the cups and does any other feeding or whatever husbanding operations that are necessary. Cows are milked as the platform rotates. The milker, or an automatic device, removes the milking machine cups and the cow backs out and leaves at an exit just before the entrance. The rotary system is capable of milking very large herds—over a thousand cows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automatic_milking_sheds">Automatic milking sheds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Automatic milking sheds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">Automatic milking</a> or 'robotic milking' sheds can be seen in Australia, New Zealand, the U.S., Canada, and many European countries. Current automatic milking sheds use the voluntary milking (VM) method. These allow the cows to voluntarily present themselves for milking at any time of the day or night, although repeat visits may be limited by the farmer through computer software. A <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> arm is used to clean teats and apply milking equipment, while automated gates direct cow traffic, eliminating the need for the farmer to be present during the process. The entire process is computer controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementary_accessories_in_sheds">Supplementary accessories in sheds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Supplementary accessories in sheds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Farmers soon realised that a milking shed was a good place to feed cows supplementary foods that overcame local dietary deficiencies or added to the cows' wellbeing and production. Each bail might have a box into which such feed is delivered as the cow arrives so that she is eating while being milked. A computer can read the eartag of each animal to ration the correct individual supplement. A close alternative is to use 'out-of-parlour-feeders', stalls that respond to a transponder around the cow's neck that is programmed to provide each cow with a supplementary feed, the quantity dependent on her production, stage in lactation, and the benefits of the main ration </p><p>The holding yard at the entrance of the shed is important as a means of keeping cows moving into the shed. Most yards have a powered gate that ensures that the cows are kept close to the shed. </p><p>Water is a vital commodity on a dairy farm: cows drink about 20 gallons (80 litres) a day, sheds need water to cool and clean them. Pumps and reservoirs are common at milking facilities. Water can be warmed by heat transfer with milk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_milk_storage">Temporary milk storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Temporary milk storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milk from a cow is transported to a nearby storage vessel by the airflow leaking around the cups on the cow or by a special "air inlet" (5–10 L/min free air) in the claw. From there it is pumped by a mechanical pump and cooled by a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>. The milk is then stored in a large vat, or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">bulk tank</a>, which is usually refrigerated until collection for processing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waste_disposal_and_wastewater_management">Waste disposal and wastewater management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Waste disposal and wastewater management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manure_spreader_8685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manure_spreader_8685.jpg/220px-Manure_spreader_8685.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manure_spreader_8685.jpg/330px-Manure_spreader_8685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manure_spreader_8685.jpg/440px-Manure_spreader_8685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Manure spreader going to the field from a dairy farm, <a href="/wiki/Elba,_New_York" title="Elba, New York">Elba, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, waste disposal issues need to be dealt with. The most concentrated waste is at the milking shed, where the animal waste may be liquefied (during the water-washing process) or left in a more solid form, either to be returned to be used on farm ground as organic fertiliser.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the associated milk processing factories, most of the waste is washing water that is treated, usually by composting, and spread on farm fields in either liquid or solid form. This is much different from half a century ago, when the main products were butter, cheese and casein, and the rest of the milk had to be disposed of as waste (sometimes as animal feed).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the dairy industries, there are two main types of wastewater produced; dairy wastewater and cheese whey. Dairy wastewater consists of material losses from the dairy products, effluents from the washing of tanks and equipment and sanitary wastewater from toilets and sinks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical concentrations of BOD and total Kjeldahl nitrogen for dairy wastewater range from 1200 to 5000 mg/L and 30 to 200 mg/L, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-SCV21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCV21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheese whey is the liquid remaining after the formation of curds. It contains important amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lactic acid, fats, and salts and its BOD value can exceed 40,000 mg/L.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dairy wastewater management usually includes equalisation, neutralisation and physical separation followed by biological treatment, while cheese whey is treated in anaerobic digesters or passes through membranes for protein recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-SCV21_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCV21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing of large quantities of milk. Large application rates of milk on the land, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from the decomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the water infiltration rate through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time, any land-based application needs to be well managed and considered.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other waste milk disposal methods commonly employed include solidification and disposal at a solid waste landfill, disposal at a wastewater treatment plant, or discharge into a sanitary sewer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_diseases">Associated diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Associated diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dairy products manufactured under unsanitary or unsuitable conditions have an increased chance of containing bacteria. Proper <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> practices help to reduce the rate of bacterial contamination, and <a href="/wiki/Pasteurisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurisation">pasteurisation</a> greatly decreases the amount of contaminated milk that reaches the consumer. Many countries have required government oversight and regulations regarding dairy production, including requirements for <a href="/wiki/Pasteurisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurisation">pasteurisation</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a> is an infection that can be transmitted to people who work in dairy production sites through exposure to urine or to contaminated water or soil.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">Cowpox</a> is a virus that today is rarely found in either cows or humans. It is a historically important disease, as it led to the first vaccination against the now eradicated <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> can be transmitted from cattle, mainly via milk products that are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unpasteurised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unpasteurised (page does not exist)">unpasteurised</a>. The disease has been eradicated from many countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a> is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by dairy products and direct animal contact. Brucellosis has been eradicated from certain countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria</a> is a bacterial disease associated with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unpasteurised&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unpasteurised (page does not exist)">unpasteurised</a> milk, and can affect some cheeses made in traditional ways. Careful observance of the traditional cheesemaking methods achieves reasonable protection for the consumer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> has been linked to infection with the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium_subspecies_paratuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis"><i>M. paratuberculosis</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17445316_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17445316-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16306778_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16306778-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been found in pasteurised retail milk in the UK and the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>M. paratuberculosis</i> causes a similar disorder, <a href="/wiki/Johne%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Johne's disease">Johne's disease</a>, in livestock.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animal rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A portion of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegans</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jains</a>, object to dairy production as unethical, <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruel to animals</a>, and environmentally deleterious. They do not consume dairy products given these ethical concerns. They state that cattle suffer under conditions employed by the dairy industry and how they are eventually killed for meat once their milk production declines. <sup id="cite_ref-nationalaglawcenter.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalaglawcenter.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-livres.edesaulniers.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livres.edesaulniers.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal rights scholars consider dairy as part of the <a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">animal–industrial complex</a>. According to Kathleen Stachowski, the animal–industrial complex "naturalizes the human as a consumer of other animals," whose enormity includes "its long reach into our lives, and how well it has done its job normalizing brutality toward the animals whose very existence is forgotten".<sup id="cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachowski2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that the corporate dairy industry, the government, and schools forms the animal–industrial complex troika of immense influence, which hides from the public's view the <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> violations and <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">cruelties</a> happening within the dairy industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachowski2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stachowski also states that the troika "hijacks" schoolchildren by promoting milk in the K-12 nutrition education curriculum and making them "eat the products of industrial animal production".<sup id="cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachowski2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bovine_growth_hormone">Bovine growth hormone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bovine growth hormone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">Bovine somatotropin</a></div> <p>In 1937, it was found that <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">bovine somatotropin</a> (BST or bovine growth hormone) would increase the yield of milk. Several pharmaceutical companies developed commercial rBST products and they have been approved for use in the U.S., Mexico, Brazil, India, Russia, and at least ten others. The World Health Organization, and others have stated that dairy products and meat from BST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. However, based on negative <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> effects,<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rBST has not been allowed in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, or the European Union since 2000 – and in the U.S. has lost popularity due to consumer demands for rBST-free cows,<sup id="cite_ref-seattlepi.nwsource.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattlepi.nwsource.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only about 17% of all cows in America now receiving rBST.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_and_dairy_production">Climate change and dairy production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Climate change and dairy production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock#Cattle" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock&action=edit#Cattle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> As of 2009, there were 1.2 billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> climate, cattle experience <i>mild</i> heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while <i>moderate</i> heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to <i>severe</i> heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <i>mild</i> heat stress can reduce the yield of <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a>: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 200 g (0.44 lb), with the loss reaching 540 g (1.19 lb) for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) during severe heat stress. In <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk <i>quality</i> suffers substantially, with lower fat and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg (1.5 and 8.8 lb) in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg (16 lb)) due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers suggest that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 747">: 747 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dairy industry in the United Kingdom">Dairy industry in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy industry in the United States</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy and health">Dairy and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein Friesian cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_car" title="Milk car">Milk car</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agnes Margaret Macdonald (editor) (1972). <i>Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary</i>, fourth edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/055010206X" title="Special:BookSources/055010206X">055010206X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webster_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Woolf (editor) (1980). <i>Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877793980" title="Special:BookSources/0877793980">0877793980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/NZJAG19430515.2.21">"The Construction of Milking Sheds"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Agriculture</i>. <b>66</b> (5): 275. 15 May 1943 – via Papers Past.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+Milking+Sheds&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=275&rft.date=1943-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fperiodicals%2FNZJAG19430515.2.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rurdev-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rurdev_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rurdev_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rurdev_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Cooperatives in the Dairy Industry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012183148/http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/pub/cir116.pdf"><i>Cooperative Information, Report 1, Section 16</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development. September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/pub/cir116.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cooperatives+in+the+Dairy+Industry&rft.btitle=Cooperative+Information%2C+Report+1%2C+Section+16&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Rural+Development&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rurdev.usda.gov%2Frbs%2Fpub%2Fcir116.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161438/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0521e/i0521e00.pdf">Milk for Health and Wealth</a>, FAO, Rome, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112002639">Independent Farmers Feel Squeezed By Milk Cartel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311211135/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112002639">Archived</a> 11 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by John Burnett. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 20 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Rathke2016" class="citation news cs1">Lisa Rathke (8 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/06/07/judge-approves-settlement-northeast-dairy-farmers/gDtYBPE6tu5DwW9K3oelIK/story.html">"Judge approves $50m settlement to Northeast dairy farmers"</a>. <i>Bostonglobe.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819011602/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/06/07/judge-approves-settlement-northeast-dairy-farmers/gDtYBPE6tu5DwW9K3oelIK/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bostonglobe.com&rft.atitle=Judge+approves+%2450m+settlement+to+Northeast+dairy+farmers&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft.au=Lisa+Rathke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F06%2F07%2Fjudge-approves-settlement-northeast-dairy-farmers%2FgDtYBPE6tu5DwW9K3oelIK%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703182704/http://www.dairycompact.org/prices.htm">"Monthly Compact, Federal Order #1, and Over-Order Prices for Class I Milk Since the Compact Regulation Took Effect in July of 1997"</a>. Northeast Dairy Compact Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dairycompact.org/prices.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Compact%2C+Federal+Order+%231%2C+and+Over-Order+Prices+for+Class+I+Milk+Since+the+Compact+Regulation+Took+Effect+in+July+of+1997&rft.pub=Northeast+Dairy+Compact+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairycompact.org%2Fprices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Field, Thomas; Taylor, Robert (2008). <i>Scientific farm animal production: an introduction to animal science</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120343986" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120343986"><bdi>978-8120343986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+farm+animal+production%3A+an+introduction+to+animal+science&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8120343986&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agrifood-forum.net/publications/guide"><i>Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214113504/http://www.agrifood-forum.net/publications/guide/">Archived</a> 14 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners, United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, Denmark Miljøstyrelsen. Published by UNEP/Earthprint, 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280718423" title="Special:BookSources/9789280718423">9789280718423</a>). Text at Agrifood Forum – Publications – Downloads – Sector Guides – Index.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Union, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2013:347:FULL">Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418030052/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2013:347:FULL">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 148 published 20 December 2013, accessed 25 September 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Government, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/impact-mandatory-written-dairy-contracts-european-countries-potential-application-scotland/pages/2/">Dairy contracts in European countries: research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053920/http://www.gov.scot/publications/impact-mandatory-written-dairy-contracts-european-countries-potential-application-scotland/pages/2/">Archived</a> 29 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published 19 November 2019, accessed 7 October 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cr-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cr_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cr_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DEFRA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consult.defra.gov.uk/agri-food-chain-directorate/contractual-relationships-in-the-uk-dairy-industry/">Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919084424/https://consult.defra.gov.uk/agri-food-chain-directorate/contractual-relationships-in-the-uk-dairy-industry/">Archived</a> 19 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published 24 June 2020, accessed 7 October 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DEFRA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consult.defra.gov.uk/agri-food-chain-directorate/contractual-relationships-in-the-uk-dairy-industry/supporting_documents/dairyconsultationdoc.pdf">Consultation: Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry, June 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013002/https://consult.defra.gov.uk/agri-food-chain-directorate/contractual-relationships-in-the-uk-dairy-industry/supporting_documents/dairyconsultationdoc.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 7 October 2020, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-happens-to-bobby-calves/">"What happens to bobby calves? – RSPCA Knowledgebase"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+happens+to+bobby+calves%3F+%E2%80%93+RSPCA+Knowledgebase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.rspca.org.au%2Fknowledge-base%2Fwhat-happens-to-bobby-calves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220092250/https://freefromharm.org/dairyfacts/">"10 Dairy Facts the Industry Doesn't Want You to Know"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freefromharm.org/dairyfacts/">the original</a> on 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Dairy+Facts+the+Industry+Doesn%27t+Want+You+to+Know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreefromharm.org%2Fdairyfacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730190352/http://www.ilovecheese.com/lactose_intolerant_faqs.asp">"DairyGood.org | Home"</a>. Ilovecheese.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilovecheese.com/lactose_intolerant_faqs.asp">the original</a> on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DairyGood.org+%26%23124%3B+Home&rft.pub=Ilovecheese.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilovecheese.com%2Flactose_intolerant_faqs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711084008/http://www.farmhousecheesemakers.com/pdo-our-provenance//">"Example of cheese regulations: "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar" must be aged for 9 months"</a>. Farmhousecheesemakers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmhousecheesemakers.com/pdo-our-provenance/">the original</a> on 11 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Example+of+cheese+regulations%3A+%22West+Country+Farmhouse+Cheddar%22+must+be+aged+for+9+months&rft.pub=Farmhousecheesemakers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmhousecheesemakers.com%2Fpdo-our-provenance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Hagan2019" class="citation news cs1">O’Hagan, Maureen (19 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619132011/https://undark.org/article/cows-holstein-diversity/">"From Two Bulls, 9 Million Dairy Cows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Undark_Magazine" title="Undark Magazine">Undark Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undark.org/article/cows-holstein-diversity/">the original</a> on 19 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undark+Magazine&rft.atitle=From+Two+Bulls%2C+9+Million+Dairy+Cows&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Hagan&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundark.org%2Farticle%2Fcows-holstein-diversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst_Magazines1907" class="citation book cs1">Hearst Magazines (August 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ud8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA868"><i>Popular Mechanics</i></a>. Hearst Magazines. p. 868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.pages=868&rft.pub=Hearst+Magazines&rft.date=1907-08&rft.au=Hearst+Magazines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dud8DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070923005331/http://www.roboticdairy.com/indexframe01.htm">"Robotic dairy at Winnindoo, Victoria, Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roboticdairy.com/indexframe01.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robotic+dairy+at+Winnindoo%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roboticdairy.com%2Findexframe01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915004140/http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/manure/surface-irrigation-systems-for-wastewater/">"Surface irrigation systems for treating milk house wastewater : Dairy Extension : University of Minnesota Extension"</a>. <i>Extension.umn.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/manure/surface-irrigation-systems-for-wastewater/">the original</a> on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extension.umn.edu&rft.atitle=Surface+irrigation+systems+for+treating+milk+house+wastewater+%3A+Dairy+Extension+%3A+University+of+Minnesota+Extension&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.umn.edu%2Fagriculture%2Fdairy%2Fmanure%2Fsurface-irrigation-systems-for-wastewater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloodgood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bloodgood, Don E. (20 November 2017). "Milk Waste Disposal". <i>Sewage Works Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">695–</span>706. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25030895">25030895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sewage+Works+Journal&rft.atitle=Milk+Waste+Disposal&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E706&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25030895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bloodgood&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavov AK, General characteristics and treatment possibilities of dairy wastewater – a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 53:237–242 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi">https://doi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711094433/https://doi/">Archived</a> 11 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 10.17113/ftb.55.01.17.4520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCV21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCV21_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCV21_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stasinakis AS, Charalambous P and Vyrides I, Dairy wastewater management in EU: produced amounts, existing legislation, applied treatment processes and future challenges. J Environ Manage 303:114–152 (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114152">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114152</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228063418/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721022143?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> 28 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[4] Flores-Mendoza AP, Hernández-García H, Cocotle-Ronzón Y and Hernandez-Martinez E, Methanogenesis of raw cheese whey: pH and substrate–inoculum ratio evaluation at mesophyll temperature range. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95:1946–1952 (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6391">https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6391</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Waste Management". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220180710/http://www.ecohydrology.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/142432/Waste_Management.pdf"><i>Environmental Best Practice Guidelines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dairy Catch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecohydrology.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/142432/Waste_Management.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waste+Management&rft.btitle=Environmental+Best+Practice+Guidelines&rft.pub=Dairy+Catch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecohydrology.uwa.edu.au%2F__data%2Fpage%2F142432%2FWaste_Management.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050110/http://www.in.gov/idem/files/landcomp_dairyfactsheet.pdf">"Fact Sheet: Proper Disposal of Milk Waste"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/idem/files/landcomp_dairyfactsheet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Proper+Disposal+of+Milk+Waste&rft.pub=Indiana+Department+of+Environmental+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fidem%2Ffiles%2Flandcomp_dairyfactsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140619205649/http://www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/leptospirosis-in-cattle.aspx">"Leptospirosis in Cattle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Animal_Disease_Information_Service" title="National Animal Disease Information Service">National Animal Disease Information Service</a> (UK). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/leptospirosis-in-cattle.aspx">the original</a> on 19 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leptospirosis+in+Cattle&rft.pub=National+Animal+Disease+Information+Service+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nadis.org.uk%2Fbulletins%2Fleptospirosis-in-cattle.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Leptospirosis/Pages/causes.aspx">"Causes of leptospirosis"</a>. National Health Service (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512204135/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Leptospirosis/Pages/Causes.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causes+of+leptospirosis&rft.pub=National+Health+Service+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2FConditions%2FLeptospirosis%2FPages%2Fcauses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermon-Taylor2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hermon-Taylor, John (14 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718892">"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease and the Doomsday scenario"</a>. <i>Gut Pathogens</i>. <b>1</b> (15). BioMed Central: 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1757-4749-1-15">10.1186/1757-4749-1-15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718892">2718892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19602288">19602288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Mycobacterium+avium+subspecies+paratuberculosis%2C+Crohn%27s+disease+and+the+Doomsday+scenario&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2718892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19602288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1757-4749-1-15&rft.aulast=Hermon-Taylor&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2718892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17445316-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17445316_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzoigwe_JCKhaitsa_MLGibbs_PS2007" class="citation journal cs1">Uzoigwe JC; Khaitsa ML; Gibbs PS (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870686">"Epidemiological evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease"</a>. <i>Epidemiol. Infect</i>. <b>135</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1057–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807008448">10.1017/S0950268807008448</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870686">2870686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17445316">17445316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiol.+Infect.&rft.atitle=Epidemiological+evidence+for+Mycobacterium+avium+subspecies+paratuberculosis+as+a+cause+of+Crohn%27s+disease&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1057-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2870686%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17445316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0950268807008448&rft.au=Uzoigwe+JC&rft.au=Khaitsa+ML&rft.au=Gibbs+PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2870686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16306778-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16306778_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaser_SACollins_MT2005" class="citation journal cs1">Naser SA; Collins MT (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea">"Debate on the lack of evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease"</a>. <i>Inflamm. Bowel Dis</i>. <b>11</b> (12): 1123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea">10.1097/01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306778">16306778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inflamm.+Bowel+Dis.&rft.atitle=Debate+on+the+lack+of+evidence+of+Mycobacterium+avium+subsp.+paratuberculosis+in+Crohn%27s+disease&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1123&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16306778&rft.au=Naser+SA&rft.au=Collins+MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlubb_DMGearry_RBBarclay_MLRoberts_RL2011" class="citation journal cs1">Glubb DM; Gearry RB; Barclay ML; Roberts RL; Pearson J; Keenan JI; McKenzie J; Bentley RW (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120942">"<i>NOD2</i> and <i>ATG16L1</i> polymorphisms affect monocyte responses in Crohn's disease"</a>. <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>17</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">2829–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v17.i23.2829">10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2829</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120942">3120942</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21734790">21734790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=NOD2+and+ATG16L1+polymorphisms+affect+monocyte+responses+in+Crohn%27s+disease&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2829-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120942%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21734790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v17.i23.2829&rft.au=Glubb+DM&rft.au=Gearry+RB&rft.au=Barclay+ML&rft.au=Roberts+RL&rft.au=Pearson+J&rft.au=Keenan+JI&rft.au=McKenzie+J&rft.au=Bentley+RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalande_JDBehr_M" class="citation web cs1">Lalande JD; Behr M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219234544/http://www.paratuberculosis.info/web/images/proc11/108.pdf">"NOD2 MEDIATES HOST RESISTANCE TO MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paratuberculosos.info</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paratuberculosis.info/web/images/proc11/108.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paratuberculosos.info&rft.atitle=NOD2+MEDIATES+HOST+RESISTANCE+TO+MYCOBACTERIUM+AVIUM+PARATUBERCULOSIS+INFECTION&rft.au=Lalande+JD&rft.au=Behr+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paratuberculosis.info%2Fweb%2Fimages%2Fproc11%2F108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingson_JLAnderson_JLKoziczkowski_JJ2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ellingson JL; Anderson JL; Koziczkowski JJ; et al. (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028x-68.5.966">"Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR"</a>. <i>J. Food Prot</i>. <b>68</b> (5). Journal of Food Protection, United States: <span class="nowrap">966–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028x-68.5.966">10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15895728">15895728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Food+Prot.&rft.atitle=Detection+of+viable+Mycobacterium+avium+subsp.+paratuberculosis+in+retail+pasteurized+whole+milk+by+two+culture+methods+and+PCR.&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E966-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4315%2F0362-028x-68.5.966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15895728&rft.au=Ellingson+JL&rft.au=Anderson+JL&rft.au=Koziczkowski+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4315%252F0362-028x-68.5.966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iacobbo, K., & Iacobbo, M. (2006). Vegetarians and vegans in America today. Greenwood Publishing Group.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalaglawcenter.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalaglawcenter.org_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Agricultural_Law_Center2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wolfson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wolfson (page does not exist)">David J. Wolfson</a> (4 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310222238/http://nationalaglawcenter.org/publication/wolfson-beyond-the-law-agribusiness-and-the-systemic-abuse-of-animals-raised-for-food-or-food-production-2-animal-l-123-154-1996/">"Beyond the Law: Agribusiness and the Systemic Abuse of Animals Raised for Food or Food Production, 2 ANIMAL L. 123–154 (1996)"</a>. <i>National Agricultural Law Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaglawcenter.org/publication/wolfson-beyond-the-law-agribusiness-and-the-systemic-abuse-of-animals-raised-for-food-or-food-production-2-animal-l-123-154-1996/">the original</a> on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Agricultural+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Law%3A+Agribusiness+and+the+Systemic+Abuse+of+Animals+Raised+for+Food+or+Food+Production%2C+2+ANIMAL+L.+123%E2%80%93154+%281996%29.&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.au=David+J.+Wolfson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaglawcenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fwolfson-beyond-the-law-agribusiness-and-the-systemic-abuse-of-animals-raised-for-food-or-food-production-2-animal-l-123-154-1996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livres.edesaulniers.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livres.edesaulniers.com_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061132/http://livres.edesaulniers.com/?product=vache-a-lait-dix-mythes-de-lindustrie-laitiere">"Vache a lait Dix Mythes de lindustrie Laitiere"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livres.edesaulniers.com/?product=vache-a-lait-dix-mythes-de-lindustrie-laitiere">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vache+a+lait+Dix+Mythes+de+lindustrie+Laitiere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivres.edesaulniers.com%2F%3Fproduct%3Dvache-a-lait-dix-mythes-de-lindustrie-laitiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stachowski2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stachowski2012_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachowski2012" class="citation web cs1">Stachowski, Kathleen (12 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/the-animal-industrial-complex">"The Animal-Industrial Complex: The Monster in Our Midst"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>If the idea of an animal industrial complex seemed a bit outlandish—maybe even a little paranoid—to anyone a few paragraphs back, perhaps now? … not so much.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=The+Animal-Industrial+Complex%3A+The+Monster+in+Our+Midst&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.aulast=Stachowski&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fexplore%2Fsavingearth%2Fthe-animal-industrial-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904003449/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scah/out21_en.pdf"><i>Report on Animal Welfare Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. 10 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scah/out21_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+Animal+Welfare+Aspects+of+the+Use+of+Bovine+Somatotrophin&rft.pub=The+Scientific+Committee+on+Animal+Health+and+Animal+Welfare%2C+European+Union.&rft.date=1999-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsc%2Fscah%2Fout21_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seattlepi.nwsource.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seattlepi.nwsource.com_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/300596_safeway22.html">"Safeway milk free of bovine hormone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 22 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Safeway+milk+free+of+bovine+hormone&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fbusiness%2F300596_safeway22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329000803/http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/pressdesc.asp?id=819">"Statement and Q&A-Starbucks Completes its Conversion – All U.S. Company-Operated Stores Use Dairy Sourced Without the Use of rBGH"</a>. Starbucks Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/pressdesc.asp?id=819">the original</a> on 29 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+and+Q%26A-Starbucks+Completes+its+Conversion+%E2%80%93+All+U.S.+Company-Operated+Stores+Use+Dairy+Sourced+Without+the+Use+of+rBGH&rft.pub=Starbucks+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starbucks.com%2Faboutus%2Fpressdesc.asp%3Fid%3D819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, GRACE Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125153612/http://www.sustainabletable.org/797/rbgh">"rBGH"</a>. <i>GRACE Communications Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainabletable.org/797/rbgh">the original</a> on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRACE+Communications+Foundation&rft.atitle=rBGH&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=GRACE+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainabletable.org%2F797%2Frbgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaughanMaderHoltSullivan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes". <i>International Journal of Biometeorology</i>. <b>54</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">617–</span>627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00484-009-0233-4">10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19458966">19458966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10134761">10134761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biometeorology&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+heat+tolerance+of+17+beef+cattle+genotypes&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E627&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10134761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19458966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00484-009-0233-4&rft.aulast=Gaughan&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Mader%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Holt%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cattle-livestock-count-heads">"Number of cattle, 1961 to 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Number+of+cattle%2C+1961+to+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fcattle-livestock-count-heads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇaylıArslan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Çaylı, Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions". <i>Journal of Biosystems Engineering</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42853-021-00126-6">10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246655199">246655199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosystems+Engineering&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+Thermal+Environment+and+Determination+of+Heat+Stress+Periods+for+Dairy+Cattle+Under+Eastern+Mediterranean+Climate+Conditions&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42853-021-00126-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246655199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%87ayl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Ali+M.&rft.au=Arslan%2C+Bilge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedTamminenEmanuelson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Haseeb; Tamminen, Lena-Mari; Emanuelson, Ulf (22 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03461-5">"Temperature, productivity, and heat tolerance: Evidence from Swedish dairy production"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>175</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">1269–</span>1285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ClCh..175...10A">2022ClCh..175...10A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03461-5">10.1007/s10584-022-03461-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253764271">253764271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Temperature%2C+productivity%2C+and+heat+tolerance%3A+Evidence+from+Swedish+dairy+production&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1269-%3C%2Fspan%3E1285&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253764271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03461-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ClCh..175...10A&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Haseeb&rft.au=Tamminen%2C+Lena-Mari&rft.au=Emanuelson%2C+Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10584-022-03461-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramodSahibBecha_BVenkatachalapathy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pramod, S.; Sahib, Lasna; Becha B, Bibin; Venkatachalapathy, R. Thirupathy (3 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x">"Analysis of the effects of thermal stress on milk production in a humid tropical climate using linear and non-linear models"</a>. <i>Tropical Animal Health and Production</i>. <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1269–</span>1285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11250-020-02525-x">10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33392887">33392887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255113614">255113614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Animal+Health+and+Production&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+effects+of+thermal+stress+on+milk+production+in+a+humid+tropical+climate+using+linear+and+non-linear+models&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1269-%3C%2Fspan%3E1285&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255113614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33392887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11250-020-02525-x&rft.aulast=Pramod&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sahib%2C+Lasna&rft.au=Becha+B%2C+Bibin&rft.au=Venkatachalapathy%2C+R.+Thirupathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11250-020-02525-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-PenedoVelardeKiplingRuete2020" class="citation journal cs1">Blanco-Penedo, Isabel; Velarde, Antonio; Kipling, Richard P.; Ruete, Alejandro (25 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02818-y">"Modeling heat stress under organic dairy farming conditions in warm temperate climates within the Mediterranean basin"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>162</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1269–</span>1285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ClCh..162.1269B">2020ClCh..162.1269B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02818-y">10.1007/s10584-020-02818-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327%2F909">20.500.12327/909</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221283658">221283658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Modeling+heat+stress+under+organic+dairy+farming+conditions+in+warm+temperate+climates+within+the+Mediterranean+basin&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1269-%3C%2Fspan%3E1285&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12327%2F909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221283658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02818-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ClCh..162.1269B&rft.aulast=Blanco-Penedo&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Velarde%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Kipling%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Ruete%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10584-020-02818-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjitkarBuVan_WijkMa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4">"Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>161</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>652. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ClCh..161..637R">2020ClCh..161..637R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02688-4">10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214783104">214783104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Will+heat+stress+take+its+toll+on+milk+production+in+China%3F&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E652&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214783104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02688-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ClCh..161..637R&rft.aulast=Ranjitkar&rft.aufirst=Sailesh&rft.au=Bu%2C+Dengpan&rft.au=Van+Wijk%2C+Mark&rft.au=Ma%2C+Ying&rft.au=Ma%2C+Lu&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Lianshen&rft.au=Shi%2C+Jianmin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chousheng&rft.au=Xu%2C+Jianchu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02688-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter05.pdf">Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dairies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dairies">Dairies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Crossley, Eric Lomax. <i>The United Kingdom Dairy Industry</i> (1959).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFream1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fream, William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dairy and Dairy-farming"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dairy_and_Dairy-farming">"Dairy and Dairy-farming" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">737–</span>761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dairy+and+Dairy-farming&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fream&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Fuquay, John W. ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences</i> (2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage</li> <li>Jay, J. M. (1992). <i>Modern Food Microbiology</i>; 4th edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 237–9.</li> <li>Lampe, Markus, and Paul Sharp. <i> A Land of Milk and Butter: How Elites Created the Modern Danish Dairy Industry</i> (U of Chicago Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/?s=danish+dairy">online review</a></li> <li>March, M. D., et al. "Current trends in British dairy management regimens." <i>Journal of dairy science</i> 97.12 (2014): 7985-7994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214006936">online</a></li> <li>Potter, N. N. & J. H. Hotchkiss. (1995). <i>Food Science</i>; 5th Edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 279–315.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinemann,_Doug2018" class="citation web cs1">Reinemann, Doug (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbswisconsin.org/watch/university-place/milking-machines-the-first-100-years-9w9rp0/">"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years"</a>. <i>pbswisconsin.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbswisconsin.org&rft.atitle=Milking+Machines%3AThe+First+100+Years&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Reinemann%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbswisconsin.org%2Fwatch%2Funiversity-place%2Fmilking-machines-the-first-100-years-9w9rp0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Scott, A., Reinhold, S., Hermes, T. et al. "Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes". <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6</a></li> <li>Swasigood, H. E. (1985). "Characteristics of Edible Fluids of Animal Origin: Milk". In <i>Food Chemistry</i>; 2nd edition. Revised and Expanded. O. R. Fennema, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 791–827.</li> <li>Taylor, David. "The English dairy industry, 1860-1930." <i>Economic History Review</i> 29.4 (1976): 585-601. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595345">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfson, D. J. (1996). "Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production". <i>Animal Law</i>. <b>2</b>: 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Law&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+law%3A+Agribusiness+and+the+systemic+abuse+of+animals+raised+for+food+or+food+production&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wolfson&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milk" title="Category:Milk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1871" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1871" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125979-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035448">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035460">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Industrie laitière"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936430z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Industrie laitière"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936430z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569265">Japan</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="乳業"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01197238">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mlékárny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122919&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540975805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027650">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy&oldid=1275192004">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy&oldid=1275192004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dairy" title="Category:Dairy">Dairy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dairy_industry" title="Category:Dairy industry">Dairy industry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2023" title="Category:EngvarB from January 2023">EngvarB from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2023">Articles needing additional references from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2024">Articles needing additional references from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 16:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dairy</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>54 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-fs2rn","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.055","walltime":"1.273","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7649,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":159953,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6788,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":191894,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1118.345 1 -total"," 32.06% 358.507 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.22% 147.901 1 Template:Excerpt"," 10.86% 121.412 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.89% 88.289 1 Template:Milk_navbox"," 7.87% 87.969 18 Template:Cite_web"," 7.59% 84.831 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.65% 63.205 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 5.50% 61.533 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.05% 56.432 2 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.679","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12007756,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-775xd","timestamp":"20250215000344","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dairy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dairy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q637776","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q637776","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-11T19:26:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T16:29:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Alte_Batzenalpe_2014_Interior_06.jpg","headline":"business enterprise established for the processing of animal milk"}</script> </body> </html>