CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Melanocortin 4 receptor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"152a763b-e01b-4ede-b573-63fdfe82927c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Melanocortin_4_receptor","wgTitle":"Melanocortin 4 receptor","wgCurRevisionId":1212937171,"wgRevisionId":1212937171,"wgArticleId":14119425,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine","Genes on human chromosome 18","G protein-coupled receptors","Human proteins"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Melanocortin_4_receptor","wgRelevantArticleId":14119425,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q21118676","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png/800px-Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="667"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png/640px-Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Melanocortin 4 receptor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Melanocortin_4_receptor rootpage-Melanocortin_4_receptor skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Melanocortin+4+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Melanocortin+4+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Melanocortin+4+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Melanocortin+4+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ca2+_as_a_cofactor_for_ligand_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ca2+_as_a_cofactor_for_ligand_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span>Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> as a cofactor for ligand binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ca2+_as_a_cofactor_for_ligand_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ligands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ligands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-selective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-selective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Non-selective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-selective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Selective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-selective_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-selective_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Non-selective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-selective_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Selective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paralogues[34]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralogues[34]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Paralogues<sup><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralogues[34]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Melanocortin 4 receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4R" title="MC4R – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MC4R" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin-4-Rezeptor" title="Melanocortin-4-Rezeptor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melanocortin-4-Rezeptor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortiin-4_retseptor" title="Melanokortiin-4 retseptor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Melanokortiin-4 retseptor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4R" title="MC4R – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MC4R" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_4_receptor" title="Melanokortinski 4 receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Melanokortinski 4 receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_4_receptor" title="Melanokortinski 4 receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Melanokortinski 4 receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4R" title="MC4R – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MC4R" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%934" title="黑素皮质素受体4 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑素皮质素受体4" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21118676#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Melanocortin_4_receptor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Melanocortin_4_receptor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&oldid=1212937171" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Melanocortin_4_receptor&id=1212937171&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMelanocortin_4_receptor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMelanocortin_4_receptor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21118676" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">MC4R</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png/250px-Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png/375px-Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png/500px-Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P56450%20or%20P32245">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P56450,P32245">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQP">2IQP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQR">2IQR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQS">2IQS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQU">2IQU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQV">2IQV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2IQW">2IQW</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6932">MC4R</a></span>, Melanocortin 4 receptor, BMIQ20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/155541">155541</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:99457">99457</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=4320">4320</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MC4R">MC4R</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000166603">MC4R - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 18 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 18 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_18_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 18 (human)">Chromosome 18 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 18 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 18 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_18_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 215.5364166034px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC4R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC4R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 221.5px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC4R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC4R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">18q21.32</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">60,371,062 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">60,372,775 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 18 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 18 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 18 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 18 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 18 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 211.84420941979px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC4R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC4R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 217.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC4R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC4R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">18|18 E1</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">66,990,775 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">66,993,577 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000166603">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">right uterine tube</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">prefrontal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Hypothalamus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">caudate nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior cingulate cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Brodmann area 9</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">putamen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nucleus accumbens</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right frontal lobe</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Amygdala</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000047259">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hippocampus proper</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">neural tube</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary visual cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">striatum of neuraxis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Cortex of frontal lobe</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000166603">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_MC4R_221467_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/4160/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004930">G protein-coupled receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">signal transducer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0017046">peptide hormone binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004980">melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004977">melanocortin receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031625">ubiquitin protein ligase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042923">neuropeptide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042562">hormone binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000821">regulation of grooming behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007188">adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030073">insulin secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060259">regulation of feeding behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045780">positive regulation of bone resorption</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002024">diet induced thermogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032868">response to insulin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007631">feeding behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000252">negative regulation of feeding behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006112">energy reserve metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019222">regulation of metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007189">adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4160&rn=1">4160</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=17202&rn=1">17202</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000166603;db=core">ENSG00000166603</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000047259;db=core">ENSMUSG00000047259</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P32245">P32245</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P56450">P56450</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_005912">NM_005912</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_016977">NM_016977</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_005903">NP_005903</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_058673">NP_058673</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr18:60371062-60372775">Chr 18: 60.37 – 60.37 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr18:66990775-66993577">Chr 18: 66.99 – 66.99 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18028921" class="extiw" title="d:Q18028921">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18252233" class="extiw" title="d:Q18252233">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Melanocortin 4 receptor</b> (<b>MC<sub>4</sub>R</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">melanocortin receptor</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=MC4R">MC4R</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7949735_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7949735-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9763669_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9763669-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encodes the MC<sub>4</sub>R protein, a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR) that binds <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">α-melanocyte stimulating hormone</a> (α-MSH). In <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> models, MC<sub>4</sub> receptors have been found to be involved in feeding behaviour, the regulation of metabolism, sexual behaviour, and male erectile function.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, two very large <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome-wide association studies">genome-wide association studies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) confirmed the association of variants about 150 kilobases downstream of the <i>MC4R</i> gene with <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, and other anthropometric traits.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18454146_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18454146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loos_2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loos_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thorleifsson_2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorleifsson_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Willer_2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willer_2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>MC4R</i> may also have clinical utility as a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> for predicting individual susceptibility to drug-induced <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effects">adverse effects</a> causing <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a> and related metabolic abnormalities. Another GWAS performed in 2012 identified twenty <a href="/wiki/SNPs" class="mw-redirect" title="SNPs">SNPs</a> located ~190 Kb downstream of <i>MC4R</i> in association with severe <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a>-induced weight gain. This <i>locus</i> overlapped with the region previously identified in the 2009 studies. The rs489693 polymorphism, in particular, sustained a statistically robust signal across three replication cohorts and demonstrated consistent recessive effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22566560_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22566560-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding was replicated again by another research group in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23920449_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23920449-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the above, MC<sub>4</sub> receptor agonists have garnered interest as potential treatments for obesity and insulin resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18323849_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18323849-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24204009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24204009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while MC<sub>4</sub> receptor antagonists have attracted interest as potential treatments for <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17584133_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17584133-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structures of the receptor in complex with the agonist <a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">setmelanotide</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the antagonist SHU9119<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been determined. </p><p>The MC<sub>4</sub> receptor agonist <a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">bremelanotide</a> (PT-141), sold under the brand name <b>Vyleesi</b>, was approved in the United States as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder" title="Female sexual arousal disorder">low sexual desire in women</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a>, a synthetic analog of α-MSH, is marketed to the general population for sexual enhancement by <a href="/wiki/Internet_retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet retailer">internet retailers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19224885_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19224885-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PL-6983" title="PL-6983">PL-6983</a> and <a href="/wiki/PF-00446687" title="PF-00446687">PF-00446687</a> are under investigation as potential treatments for both female and male <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17584134_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17584134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist <a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">afamelanotide</a> (NDP-α-MSH) has been found to induce <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a> (BDNF) expression in the rodent brain via activation of the MC<sub>4</sub> receptor and mediate "intense" <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> and cognitive recovery in an <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26003413_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26003413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25892444_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25892444-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MC<sub>4</sub> receptor antagonists produce pronounced <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>-like effects in animal models of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23680165_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23680165-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17584135_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17584135-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And agonists of the MC<sub>4</sub> receptor such as melanotan II and <a href="/wiki/PF-00446687" title="PF-00446687">PF-00446687</a>, via activation of the central <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> system, have been found to promote <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bond</a> formation in <a href="/wiki/Prairie_vole" title="Prairie vole">prairie voles</a> and, due to these <a href="/wiki/Prosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosocial">prosocial</a> effects, have been suggested as possible treatments for social deficits in <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25652247_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25652247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <i>MC4R</i> mutations were reported to be associated with inherited human <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were found in <a href="/wiki/Zygosity#Heterozygous" title="Zygosity">heterozygotes</a>, suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, based on other research and observations, these mutations seem to have an incomplete penetrance and some degree of <a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">codominance</a>. It has a prevalence of 1.0–2.5% in people with <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass indices</a> greater than 30, making it the most commonly known genetic defect predisposing people to obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-FarooqiORahilly2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarooqiORahilly2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an exome-wide meta-analysis across three cohorts (UKB,GHS and MCPS), there were 16 genes for which there genetic variants was associated with BMI. </p><p>Among the 16 genes, the analysis identified two for which rare mutations are known to cause monogenic obesity: <i>MC4R</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/PCSK1" class="mw-redirect" title="PCSK1">PCSK1</a></i> (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1). One study provides genetic evidence linking  rare coding variation to BMI and obesity-related phenotypes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>MC4R</i> gene mutations are associated with early-onset severe obesity they effect of mutations on opacity in these two heterozygous coding genes among mutations in the <i>MC4R</i> gene (C293R and S94N) are: </p><p>• Rapid weight gains from early age (the most important feature). </p><p>• Development of severe obesity (BMI ≫97th percentile) at early ages, usually <3 years of age. </p><p>• Persistent food-seeking behavior, mostly reported from six months of age. </p><p>• Parental/siblings anthropometric data: suspect if relatives present normal anthropometric data. </p><p>• Tall stature/increased growth velocity (<i>MC4R</i> monogenic diabetes).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is limited treatment options for the most common form of monogenic obesity,  <i>MC4R</i> mutations symptoms can be treated with a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist liraglutide which cause weight loss by reducing appetite. They found that the effects of liraglutide 3.0 mg daily for 16 weeks causes weight reducing and glucose lowering and may be relevant treatment in the most common form of monogenic obesity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MC<sub>4</sub> receptor has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">proopiomelanocortin</a> (POMC).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11101306_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11101306-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9058374_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9058374-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> POMC is a precursor peptide pro-hormone which is cleaved into several other peptide hormones. All of the endogenous ligands of MC<sub>4</sub> are produced by cleaving this one precursor peptide. These endogenous agonists include <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">α-MSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">β-MSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">γ-MSH</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ca2+_as_a_cofactor_for_ligand_binding"><span id="Ca2.2B_as_a_cofactor_for_ligand_binding"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> as a cofactor for ligand binding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ca2+ as a cofactor for ligand binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPCRs can bind a wide variety of extracellular ligands including physiological cations. Biological and pharmacological studies have previously implicated both <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn<sup>2+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> in the function of multiple members of the melanocortin receptor family. There is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> in the agonist-bound structure. The researches hypothesize that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> stabilizes the ligand-binding pocket and functions as an endogenous cofactor for the binding of α-MSH to MC<sub>4</sub> receptor. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> is likely to bind when the receptor is exposed to extracellular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> concentrations (~1.2 mM in the extracellular space of the central nervous system) but might not be bound intracellularly (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> concentration: 100 nm), thus suggesting a potential regulatory role for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> in α-MSH–binding dynamics. </p><p>Signaling along the phospholipase C pathway can significantly raise the intracellular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> concentration, and this may constitute positive feedback from signaling of MC<sub>4</sub> receptor or other receptors that result in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span> flux. This discovery highlights the plasticity and multipronged regulation and control of this receptor and will aid in next-generation structure-based drug design of therapeutics for <i>MC4R</i>-related obesity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-selective">Non-selective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-selective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">α-MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">β-MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">γ-MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a> was approved by FDA as first-ever therapy for chronic weight management (IMCIVREE).The setmelanotide was advanced first-in-class, precision medicine that is designed to directly address the underlying cause of obesities driven by genetic deficits in the melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor pathway.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selective">Selective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD2820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD2820 (page does not exist)">AZD2820</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2112688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2112688 (page does not exist)">LY-2112688</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-0493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-0493 (page does not exist)">MK-0493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-00446687" title="PF-00446687">PF-00446687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-931&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-931 (page does not exist)">PG-931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL-6983" title="PL-6983">PL-6983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_27-3225&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 27-3225 (page does not exist)">Ro 27-3225</a> – also some activity at <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">MC<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THIQ" title="THIQ">THIQ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonists">Antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-selective_2">Non-selective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-selective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">Agouti-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">Agouti signalling peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selective_2">Selective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JKC-363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JKC-363 (page does not exist)">JKC-363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0020 (page does not exist)">MCL-0020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0042 (page does not exist)">MCL-0042</a> – also a <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0129 (page does not exist)">MCL-0129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPB-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPB-10 (page does not exist)">MPB-10</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unknown">Unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paralogues[34]"><span id="Paralogues.5B34.5D"></span><a href="/wiki/Sequence_homology" title="Sequence homology">Paralogues</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paralogues[34]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">MC5R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">MC3R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">MC1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">MC2R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">S1PR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">LPAR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">GPR12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">S1PR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">LPAR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">S1PR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">GPR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">GPR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">LPAR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">GPR119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_1" title="Cannabinoid receptor 1">CNR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">S1PR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">S1PR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_2" title="Cannabinoid receptor 2">CNR2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin receptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000166603">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000166603</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000047259">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000047259</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=4160">"Human PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Human+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D4160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=17202">"Mouse PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mouse+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D17202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7949735-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7949735_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagenisSmithNadeauJohnson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Magenis RE, Smith L, Nadeau JH, Johnson KR, Mountjoy KG, Cone RD (August 1994). "Mapping of the ACTH, MSH, and neural (MC3 and MC4) melanocortin receptors in the mouse and human". <i>Mammalian Genome</i>. <b>5</b> (8): 503–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00369320">10.1007/BF00369320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7949735">7949735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24047677">24047677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Genome&rft.atitle=Mapping+of+the+ACTH%2C+MSH%2C+and+neural+%28MC3+and+MC4%29+melanocortin+receptors+in+the+mouse+and+human&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=503-8&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24047677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7949735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00369320&rft.aulast=Magenis&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Smith%2C+L&rft.au=Nadeau%2C+JH&rft.au=Johnson%2C+KR&rft.au=Mountjoy%2C+KG&rft.au=Cone%2C+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9763669-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9763669_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundaramurthyCampbellLeekMarkham1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sundaramurthy D, Campbell DA, Leek JP, Markham AF, Pieri LF (November 1998). "Assignment of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene to human chromosome band 18q22 by in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping". <i>Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics</i>. <b>82</b> (1–2): 97–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000015074">10.1159/000015074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9763669">9763669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21946787">21946787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytogenetics+and+Cell+Genetics&rft.atitle=Assignment+of+the+melanocortin+4+receptor+%28MC4R%29+gene+to+human+chromosome+band+18q22+by+in+situ+hybridisation+and+radiation+hybrid+mapping&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=97-8&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21946787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9763669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000015074&rft.aulast=Sundaramurthy&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Campbell%2C+DA&rft.au=Leek%2C+JP&rft.au=Markham%2C+AF&rft.au=Pieri%2C+LF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4160">"Entrez Gene: MC4R melanocortin 4 receptor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrez+Gene%3A+MC4R+melanocortin+4+receptor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3FDb%3Dgene%26Cmd%3DShowDetailView%26TermToSearch%3D4160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanBostonKestersonHruby1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD (January 1997). "Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome". <i>Nature</i>. <b>385</b> (6612): 165–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.385..165F">1997Natur.385..165F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F385165a0">10.1038/385165a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8990120">8990120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4304297">4304297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Role+of+melanocortinergic+neurons+in+feeding+and+the+agouti+obesity+syndrome&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6612&rft.pages=165-8&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F385165a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4304297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8990120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.385..165F&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Boston%2C+BA&rft.au=Kesterson%2C+RA&rft.au=Hruby%2C+VJ&rft.au=Cone%2C+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuszarLynchFairchild-HuntressDunmore1997" class="citation journal cs1">Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, et al. (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981865-6">"Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 131–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981865-6">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9019399">9019399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14528879">14528879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Targeted+disruption+of+the+melanocortin-4+receptor+results+in+obesity+in+mice&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-41&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14528879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9019399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981865-6&rft.aulast=Huszar&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Lynch%2C+CA&rft.au=Fairchild-Huntress%2C+V&rft.au=Dunmore%2C+JH&rft.au=Fang%2C+Q&rft.au=Berkemeier%2C+LR&rft.au=Gu%2C+W&rft.au=Kesterson%2C+RA&rft.au=Boston%2C+BA&rft.au=Cone%2C+RD&rft.au=Smith%2C+FJ&rft.au=Campfield%2C+LA&rft.au=Burn%2C+P&rft.au=Lee%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252800%252981865-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PloegMartinHowardNargund2002" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Ploeg LH, Martin WJ, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Austin CP, Guan X, et al. (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123265">"A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>99</b> (17): 11381–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9911381V">2002PNAS...9911381V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.172378699">10.1073/pnas.172378699</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123265">123265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12172010">12172010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+role+for+the+melanocortin+4+receptor+in+sexual+function&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=11381-6&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC123265%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12172010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.172378699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...9911381V&rft.aulast=Van+der+Ploeg&rft.aufirst=LH&rft.au=Martin%2C+WJ&rft.au=Howard%2C+AD&rft.au=Nargund%2C+RP&rft.au=Austin%2C+CP&rft.au=Guan%2C+X&rft.au=Drisko%2C+J&rft.au=Cashen%2C+D&rft.au=Sebhat%2C+I&rft.au=Patchett%2C+AA&rft.au=Figueroa%2C+DJ&rft.au=DiLella%2C+AG&rft.au=Connolly%2C+BM&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+DH&rft.au=Tan%2C+CP&rft.au=Palyha%2C+OC&rft.au=Pong%2C+SS&rft.au=MacNeil%2C+T&rft.au=Rosenblum%2C+C&rft.au=Vongs%2C+A&rft.au=Tang%2C+R&rft.au=Yu%2C+H&rft.au=Sailer%2C+AW&rft.au=Fong%2C+TM&rft.au=Huang%2C+C&rft.au=Tota%2C+MR&rft.au=Chang%2C+RS&rft.au=Stearns%2C+R&rft.au=Tamvakopoulos%2C+C&rft.au=Christ%2C+G&rft.au=Drazen%2C+DL&rft.au=Spar%2C+BD&rft.au=Nelson%2C+RJ&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC123265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18454146-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18454146_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersElliottZabanehZhang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, Zhang W, Li Y, Froguel P, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:5d574084-c635-4621-858d-d06a1ba64013">"Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 716–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.156">10.1038/ng.156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18454146">18454146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12331736">12331736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Common+genetic+variation+near+MC4R+is+associated+with+waist+circumference+and+insulin+resistance&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=716-8&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12331736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18454146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.156&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P&rft.au=Zabaneh%2C+D&rft.au=Zhang%2C+W&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Froguel%2C+P&rft.au=Balding%2C+D&rft.au=Scott%2C+J&rft.au=Kooner%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Frecord%2Fuuid%3A5d574084-c635-4621-858d-d06a1ba64013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loos_2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loos_2008_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosLindgrenLiWheeler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Loos RJ, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Prokopenko I, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669167">"Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 768–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.140">10.1038/ng.140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669167">2669167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18454148">18454148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Common+variants+near+MC4R+are+associated+with+fat+mass%2C+weight+and+risk+of+obesity&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=768-75&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669167%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18454148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.140&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Lindgren%2C+CM&rft.au=Li%2C+S&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+E&rft.au=Zhao%2C+JH&rft.au=Prokopenko%2C+I&rft.au=Inouye%2C+M&rft.au=Freathy%2C+RM&rft.au=Attwood%2C+AP&rft.au=Beckmann%2C+JS&rft.au=Berndt%2C+SI&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+KB&rft.au=Chanock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RB&rft.au=Bergmann%2C+S&rft.au=Bennett%2C+AJ&rft.au=Bingham%2C+SA&rft.au=Bochud%2C+M&rft.au=Brown%2C+M&rft.au=Cauchi%2C+S&rft.au=Connell%2C+JM&rft.au=Cooper%2C+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+GD&rft.au=Day%2C+I&rft.au=Dina%2C+C&rft.au=De%2C+S&rft.au=Dermitzakis%2C+ET&rft.au=Doney%2C+AS&rft.au=Elliott%2C+KS&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P&rft.au=Evans%2C+DM&rft.au=Sadaf+Farooqi%2C+I&rft.au=Froguel%2C+P&rft.au=Ghori%2C+J&rft.au=Groves%2C+CJ&rft.au=Gwilliam%2C+R&rft.au=Hadley%2C+D&rft.au=Hall%2C+AS&rft.au=Hattersley%2C+AT&rft.au=Hebebrand%2C+J&rft.au=Heid%2C+IM&rft.au=Lamina%2C+C&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C&rft.au=Illig%2C+T&rft.au=Meitinger%2C+T&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+HE&rft.au=Herrera%2C+B&rft.au=Hinney%2C+A&rft.au=Hunt%2C+SE&rft.au=Jarvelin%2C+MR&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T&rft.au=Jolley%2C+JD&rft.au=Karpe%2C+F&rft.au=Keniry%2C+A&rft.au=Khaw%2C+KT&rft.au=Luben%2C+RN&rft.au=Mangino%2C+M&rft.au=Marchini%2C+J&rft.au=McArdle%2C+WL&rft.au=McGinnis%2C+R&rft.au=Meyre%2C+D&rft.au=Munroe%2C+PB&rft.au=Morris%2C+AD&rft.au=Ness%2C+AR&rft.au=Neville%2C+MJ&rft.au=Nica%2C+AC&rft.au=Ong%2C+KK&rft.au=O%27Rahilly%2C+S&rft.au=Owen%2C+KR&rft.au=Palmer%2C+CN&rft.au=Papadakis%2C+K&rft.au=Potter%2C+S&rft.au=Pouta%2C+A&rft.au=Qi%2C+L&rft.au=Randall%2C+JC&rft.au=Rayner%2C+NW&rft.au=Ring%2C+SM&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+MS&rft.au=Scherag%2C+A&rft.au=Sims%2C+MA&rft.au=Song%2C+K&rft.au=Soranzo%2C+N&rft.au=Speliotes%2C+EK&rft.au=Syddall%2C+HE&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+SA&rft.au=Timpson%2C+NJ&rft.au=Tobias%2C+JH&rft.au=Uda%2C+M&rft.au=Vogel%2C+CI&rft.au=Wallace%2C+C&rft.au=Waterworth%2C+DM&rft.au=Weedon%2C+MN&rft.au=Willer%2C+CJ&rft.au=Yuan%2C+X&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+E&rft.au=Hirschhorn%2C+JN&rft.au=Strachan%2C+DP&rft.au=Ouwehand%2C+WH&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+MJ&rft.au=Samani%2C+NJ&rft.au=Frayling%2C+TM&rft.au=Vollenweider%2C+P&rft.au=Waeber%2C+G&rft.au=Mooser%2C+V&rft.au=Deloukas%2C+P&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+MI&rft.au=Wareham%2C+NJ&rft.au=Barroso%2C+I&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+KB&rft.au=Chanock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RB&rft.au=Lamina%2C+C&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C&rft.au=Illig%2C+T&rft.au=Meitinger%2C+T&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+HE&rft.au=Kraft%2C+P&rft.au=Hankinson%2C+SE&rft.au=Hunter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Hu%2C+FB&rft.au=Lyon%2C+HN&rft.au=Voight%2C+BF&rft.au=Ridderstrale%2C+M&rft.au=Groop%2C+L&rft.au=Scheet%2C+P&rft.au=Sanna%2C+S&rft.au=Abecasis%2C+GR&rft.au=Albai%2C+G&rft.au=Nagaraja%2C+R&rft.au=Schlessinger%2C+D&rft.au=Jackson%2C+AU&rft.au=Tuomilehto%2C+J&rft.au=Collins%2C+FS&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+M&rft.au=Mohlke%2C+KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorleifsson_2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thorleifsson_2009_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorleifssonWaltersGudbjartssonSteinthorsdottir2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, Steinthorsdottir V, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, et al. (January 2009). "Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity". <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 18–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.274">10.1038/ng.274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19079260">19079260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:764409">764409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+yields+new+sequence+variants+at+seven+loci+that+associate+with+measures+of+obesity&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-24&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A764409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19079260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.274&rft.aulast=Thorleifsson&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Walters%2C+GB&rft.au=Gudbjartsson%2C+DF&rft.au=Steinthorsdottir%2C+V&rft.au=Sulem%2C+P&rft.au=Helgadottir%2C+A&rft.au=Styrkarsdottir%2C+U&rft.au=Gretarsdottir%2C+S&rft.au=Thorlacius%2C+S&rft.au=Jonsdottir%2C+I&rft.au=Jonsdottir%2C+T&rft.au=Olafsdottir%2C+EJ&rft.au=Olafsdottir%2C+GH&rft.au=Jonsson%2C+T&rft.au=Jonsson%2C+F&rft.au=Borch-Johnsen%2C+K&rft.au=Hansen%2C+T&rft.au=Andersen%2C+G&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+T&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+T&rft.au=Aben%2C+KK&rft.au=Verbeek%2C+AL&rft.au=Roeleveld%2C+N&rft.au=Kampman%2C+E&rft.au=Yanek%2C+LR&rft.au=Becker%2C+LC&rft.au=Tryggvadottir%2C+L&rft.au=Rafnar%2C+T&rft.au=Becker%2C+DM&rft.au=Gulcher%2C+J&rft.au=Kiemeney%2C+LA&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+O&rft.au=Kong%2C+A&rft.au=Thorsteinsdottir%2C+U&rft.au=Stefansson%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willer_2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willer_2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillerSpeliotesLoosLi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, Li S, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, et al. (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695662">"Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 25–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.287">10.1038/ng.287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695662">2695662</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19079261">19079261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Six+new+loci+associated+with+body+mass+index+highlight+a+neuronal+influence+on+body+weight+regulation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-34&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19079261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.287&rft.aulast=Willer&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Speliotes%2C+EK&rft.au=Loos%2C+RJ&rft.au=Li%2C+S&rft.au=Lindgren%2C+CM&rft.au=Heid%2C+IM&rft.au=Berndt%2C+SI&rft.au=Elliott%2C+AL&rft.au=Jackson%2C+AU&rft.au=Lamina%2C+C&rft.au=Lettre%2C+G&rft.au=Lim%2C+N&rft.au=Lyon%2C+HN&rft.au=McCarroll%2C+SA&rft.au=Papadakis%2C+K&rft.au=Qi%2C+L&rft.au=Randall%2C+JC&rft.au=Roccasecca%2C+RM&rft.au=Sanna%2C+S&rft.au=Scheet%2C+P&rft.au=Weedon%2C+MN&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+E&rft.au=Zhao%2C+JH&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+LC&rft.au=Prokopenko%2C+I&rft.au=Soranzo%2C+N&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+T&rft.au=Timpson%2C+NJ&rft.au=Almgren%2C+P&rft.au=Bennett%2C+A&rft.au=Bergman%2C+RN&rft.au=Bingham%2C+SA&rft.au=Bonnycastle%2C+LL&rft.au=Brown%2C+M&rft.au=Burtt%2C+NP&rft.au=Chines%2C+P&rft.au=Coin%2C+L&rft.au=Collins%2C+FS&rft.au=Connell%2C+JM&rft.au=Cooper%2C+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+GD&rft.au=Dennison%2C+EM&rft.au=Deodhar%2C+P&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P&rft.au=Erdos%2C+MR&rft.au=Estrada%2C+K&rft.au=Evans%2C+DM&rft.au=Gianniny%2C+L&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C&rft.au=Gillson%2C+CJ&rft.au=Guiducci%2C+C&rft.au=Hackett%2C+R&rft.au=Hadley%2C+D&rft.au=Hall%2C+AS&rft.au=Havulinna%2C+AS&rft.au=Hebebrand%2C+J&rft.au=Hofman%2C+A&rft.au=Isomaa%2C+B&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+KB&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T&rft.au=Jousilahti%2C+P&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+Z&rft.au=Khaw%2C+KT&rft.au=Kraft%2C+P&rft.au=Kuokkanen%2C+M&rft.au=Kuusisto%2C+J&rft.au=Laitinen%2C+J&rft.au=Lakatta%2C+EG&rft.au=Luan%2C+J&rft.au=Luben%2C+RN&rft.au=Mangino%2C+M&rft.au=McArdle%2C+WL&rft.au=Meitinger%2C+T&rft.au=Mulas%2C+A&rft.au=Munroe%2C+PB&rft.au=Narisu%2C+N&rft.au=Ness%2C+AR&rft.au=Northstone%2C+K&rft.au=O%27Rahilly%2C+S&rft.au=Purmann%2C+C&rft.au=Rees%2C+MG&rft.au=Ridderstr%C3%A5le%2C+M&rft.au=Ring%2C+SM&rft.au=Rivadeneira%2C+F&rft.au=Ruokonen%2C+A&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+MS&rft.au=Saramies%2C+J&rft.au=Scott%2C+LJ&rft.au=Scuteri%2C+A&rft.au=Silander%2C+K&rft.au=Sims%2C+MA&rft.au=Song%2C+K&rft.au=Stephens%2C+J&rft.au=Stevens%2C+S&rft.au=Stringham%2C+HM&rft.au=Tung%2C+YC&rft.au=Valle%2C+TT&rft.au=Van+Duijn%2C+CM&rft.au=Vimaleswaran%2C+KS&rft.au=Vollenweider%2C+P&rft.au=Waeber%2C+G&rft.au=Wallace%2C+C&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+RM&rft.au=Waterworth%2C+DM&rft.au=Watkins%2C+N&rft.au=Witteman%2C+JC&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+E&rft.au=Zhai%2C+G&rft.au=Zillikens%2C+MC&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+D&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+MJ&rft.au=Chanock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Farooqi%2C+IS&rft.au=Ferrucci%2C+L&rft.au=Guralnik%2C+JM&rft.au=Hattersley%2C+AT&rft.au=Hu%2C+FB&rft.au=Jarvelin%2C+MR&rft.au=Laakso%2C+M&rft.au=Mooser%2C+V&rft.au=Ong%2C+KK&rft.au=Ouwehand%2C+WH&rft.au=Salomaa%2C+V&rft.au=Samani%2C+NJ&rft.au=Spector%2C+TD&rft.au=Tuomi%2C+T&rft.au=Tuomilehto%2C+J&rft.au=Uda%2C+M&rft.au=Uitterlinden%2C+AG&rft.au=Wareham%2C+NJ&rft.au=Deloukas%2C+P&rft.au=Frayling%2C+TM&rft.au=Groop%2C+LC&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RB&rft.au=Hunter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Mohlke%2C+KL&rft.au=Peltonen%2C+L&rft.au=Schlessinger%2C+D&rft.au=Strachan%2C+DP&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+HE&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+MI&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+M&rft.au=Barroso%2C+I&rft.au=Abecasis%2C+GR&rft.au=Hirschhorn%2C+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22566560-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22566560_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotraCorrellChowdhuryMüller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Malhotra AK, Correll CU, Chowdhury NI, Müller DJ, Gregersen PK, Lee AT, et al. (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166499">"Association between common variants near the melanocortin 4 receptor gene and severe antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain"</a>. <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>69</b> (9): 904–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2012.191">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166499">4166499</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566560">22566560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Association+between+common+variants+near+the+melanocortin+4+receptor+gene+and+severe+antipsychotic+drug-induced+weight+gain&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=904-12&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166499%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22566560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2012.191&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=AK&rft.au=Correll%2C+CU&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+NI&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+DJ&rft.au=Gregersen%2C+PK&rft.au=Lee%2C+AT&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+AK&rft.au=Kane%2C+JM&rft.au=Fleischhacker%2C+WW&rft.au=Kahn%2C+RS&rft.au=Ophoff%2C+RA&rft.au=Meltzer%2C+HY&rft.au=Lencz%2C+T&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23920449-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23920449_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzerwenskyLeuchtSteimer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Czerwensky F, Leucht S, Steimer W (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1461145713000849">"MC4R rs489693: a clinical risk factor for second generation antipsychotic-related weight gain?"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 2103–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1461145713000849">10.1017/S1461145713000849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23920449">23920449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=MC4R+rs489693%3A+a+clinical+risk+factor+for+second+generation+antipsychotic-related+weight+gain%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2103-9&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1461145713000849&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23920449&rft.aulast=Czerwensky&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Leucht%2C+S&rft.au=Steimer%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1461145713000849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18323849-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18323849_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikbergMutulis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wikberg JE, Mutulis F (April 2008). "Targeting melanocortin receptors: an approach to treat weight disorders and sexual dysfunction". <i>Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 307–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2331">10.1038/nrd2331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18323849">18323849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22103245">22103245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=Targeting+melanocortin+receptors%3A+an+approach+to+treat+weight+disorders+and+sexual+dysfunction&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=307-23&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22103245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18323849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrd2331&rft.aulast=Wikberg&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Mutulis%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24204009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24204009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosgerauRaunNilssonDahl2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fosgerau K, Raun K, Nilsson C, Dahl K, Wulff BS (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888513">"Novel α-MSH analog causes weight loss in obese rats and minipigs and improves insulin sensitivity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>220</b> (2): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FJOE-13-0284">10.1530/JOE-13-0284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888513">3888513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24204009">24204009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Novel+%CE%B1-MSH+analog+causes+weight+loss+in+obese+rats+and+minipigs+and+improves+insulin+sensitivity&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-107&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3888513%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24204009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FJOE-13-0284&rft.aulast=Fosgerau&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Raun%2C+K&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+C&rft.au=Dahl%2C+K&rft.au=Wulff%2C+BS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3888513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17584133-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17584133_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterChen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Foster AC, Chen C (2007). "Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics in the treatment of cachexia". <i>Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>7</b> (11): 1131–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156802607780906663">10.2174/156802607780906663</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584133">17584133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35953386">35953386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Melanocortin-4+receptor+antagonists+as+potential+therapeutics+in+the+treatment+of+cachexia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1131-6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35953386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17584133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156802607780906663&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Chen%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeliDegtjarikFierroChunilal2021" class="citation journal cs1">Israeli H, Degtjarik O, Fierro F, Chunilal V, Gill AK, Roth NJ, et al. (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71518">"Structure reveals the activation mechanism of the MC4 receptor to initiate satiation signaling"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>372</b> (6544): 808–814. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..808I">2021Sci...372..808I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abf7958">10.1126/science.abf7958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858992">33858992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233260097">233260097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Structure+reveals+the+activation+mechanism+of+the+MC4+receptor+to+initiate+satiation+signaling&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=6544&rft.pages=808-814&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abf7958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233260097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33858992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...372..808I&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Degtjarik%2C+O&rft.au=Fierro%2C+F&rft.au=Chunilal%2C+V&rft.au=Gill%2C+AK&rft.au=Roth%2C+NJ&rft.au=Botta%2C+J&rft.au=Prabahar%2C+V&rft.au=Peleg%2C+Y&rft.au=Chan%2C+LF&rft.au=Ben-Zvi%2C+D&rft.au=McCormick%2C+PJ&rft.au=Niv%2C+MY&rft.au=Shalev-Benami%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqmro.qmul.ac.uk%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F71518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuGimenezHernandezWu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yu J, Gimenez LE, Hernandez CC, Wu Y, Wein AH, Han GW, et al. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7567314">"Determination of the melanocortin-4 receptor structure identifies Ca<sup>2+</sup> as a cofactor for ligand binding"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>368</b> (6489): 428–433. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...368..428Y">2020Sci...368..428Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz8995">10.1126/science.aaz8995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7567314">7567314</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32327598">32327598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+melanocortin-4+receptor+structure+identifies+Ca%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+as+a+cofactor+for+ligand+binding&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6489&rft.pages=428-433&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7567314%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32327598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz8995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...368..428Y&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gimenez%2C+LE&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+CC&rft.au=Wu%2C+Y&rft.au=Wein%2C+AH&rft.au=Han%2C+GW&rft.au=McClary%2C+K&rft.au=Mittal%2C+SR&rft.au=Burdsall%2C+K&rft.au=Stauch%2C+B&rft.au=Wu%2C+L&rft.au=Stevens%2C+SN&rft.au=Peisley%2C+A&rft.au=Williams%2C+SY&rft.au=Chen%2C+V&rft.au=Millhauser%2C+GL&rft.au=Zhao%2C+S&rft.au=Cone%2C+RD&rft.au=Stevens%2C+RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7567314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/bremelanotide-acetate.html">"Bremelanotide Acetate Monograph for Professionals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Bremelanotide+Acetate+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fbremelanotide-acetate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19224885-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19224885_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-BrownDawsonChandlerMcVeigh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J (February 2009). "Use of melanotan I and II in the general population". <i>BMJ</i>. <b>338</b>: b566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b566">10.1136/bmj.b566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19224885">19224885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43121906">43121906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Use+of+melanotan+I+and+II+in+the+general+population&rft.volume=338&rft.pages=b566&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43121906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19224885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.b566&rft.aulast=Evans-Brown&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Dawson%2C+RT&rft.au=Chandler%2C+M&rft.au=McVeigh%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17584134-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17584134_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadiackSharmaEarleSpana2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ (2007). "Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction". <i>Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>7</b> (11): 1137–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156802607780906681">10.2174/156802607780906681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584134">17584134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Melanocortins+in+the+treatment+of+male+and+female+sexual+dysfunction&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1137-44&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156802607780906681&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17584134&rft.aulast=Shadiack&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Sharma%2C+SD&rft.au=Earle%2C+DC&rft.au=Spana%2C+C&rft.au=Hallam%2C+TJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26003413-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26003413_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiulianiNeriCanaliniCalevro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Giuliani D, Neri L, Canalini F, Calevro A, Ottani A, Vandini E, et al. (July 2015). "NDP-α-MSH induces intense neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in Alzheimer transgenic mice through activation of melanocortin MC4 receptors". <i>Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences</i>. <b>67</b>: 13–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcn.2015.05.004">10.1016/j.mcn.2015.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11380%2F1067772">11380/1067772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003413">26003413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22132459">22132459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=NDP-%CE%B1-MSH+induces+intense+neurogenesis+and+cognitive+recovery+in+Alzheimer+transgenic+mice+through+activation+of+melanocortin+MC4+receptors&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11380%2F1067772&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22132459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26003413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcn.2015.05.004&rft.aulast=Giuliani&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Neri%2C+L&rft.au=Canalini%2C+F&rft.au=Calevro%2C+A&rft.au=Ottani%2C+A&rft.au=Vandini%2C+E&rft.au=Sena%2C+P&rft.au=Zaffe%2C+D&rft.au=Guarini%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25892444-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25892444_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírezSabaCarnigliaDurand2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ramírez D, Saba J, Carniglia L, Durand D, Lasaga M, Caruso C (August 2015). "Melanocortin 4 receptor activates ERK-cFos pathway to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat astrocytes and hypothalamus". <i>Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology</i>. <b>411</b>: 28–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2015.04.008">10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F15275">11336/15275</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25892444">25892444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20727709">20727709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Melanocortin+4+receptor+activates+ERK-cFos+pathway+to+increase+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+expression+in+rat+astrocytes+and+hypothalamus&rft.volume=411&rft.pages=28-37&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F15275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20727709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25892444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mce.2015.04.008&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Saba%2C+J&rft.au=Carniglia%2C+L&rft.au=Durand%2C+D&rft.au=Lasaga%2C+M&rft.au=Caruso%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23680165-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23680165_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerovaLaukovaAlalufSabban2013" class="citation journal cs1">Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL (August 2013). "Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress". <i>Behavioural Brain Research</i>. <b>250</b>: 139–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2013.05.006">10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23680165">23680165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25321970">25321970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Intranasal+infusion+of+melanocortin+receptor+four+%28MC4R%29+antagonist+to+rats+ameliorates+development+of+depression+and+anxiety+related+symptoms+induced+by+single+prolonged+stress&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=139-47&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25321970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23680165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2013.05.006&rft.aulast=Serova&rft.aufirst=LI&rft.au=Laukova%2C+M&rft.au=Alaluf%2C+LG&rft.au=Sabban%2C+EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17584135-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17584135_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakiOkubo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chaki S, Okubo T (2007). "Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders". <i>Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>7</b> (11): 1145–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156802607780906618">10.2174/156802607780906618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584135">17584135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Melanocortin-4+receptor+antagonists+for+the+treatment+of+depression+and+anxiety+disorders&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1145-51&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156802607780906618&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17584135&rft.aulast=Chaki&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Okubo%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25652247-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25652247_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModiInoueBarrettKittelberger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Modi ME, Inoue K, Barrett CE, Kittelberger KA, Smith DG, Landgraf R, Young LJ (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839509">"Melanocortin Receptor Agonists Facilitate Oxytocin-Dependent Partner Preference Formation in the Prairie Vole"</a>. <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>. <b>40</b> (8): 1856–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.35">10.1038/npp.2015.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839509">4839509</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652247">25652247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Melanocortin+Receptor+Agonists+Facilitate+Oxytocin-Dependent+Partner+Preference+Formation+in+the+Prairie+Vole&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1856-65&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839509%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25652247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.35&rft.aulast=Modi&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Inoue%2C+K&rft.au=Barrett%2C+CE&rft.au=Kittelberger%2C+KA&rft.au=Smith%2C+DG&rft.au=Landgraf%2C+R&rft.au=Young%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosLindgrenLiWheeler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Loos RJ, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Prokopenko I, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669167">"Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 768–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.140">10.1038/ng.140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669167">2669167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18454148">18454148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Common+variants+near+MC4R+are+associated+with+fat+mass%2C+weight+and+risk+of+obesity&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=768-75&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669167%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18454148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.140&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Lindgren%2C+CM&rft.au=Li%2C+S&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+E&rft.au=Zhao%2C+JH&rft.au=Prokopenko%2C+I&rft.au=Inouye%2C+M&rft.au=Freathy%2C+RM&rft.au=Attwood%2C+AP&rft.au=Beckmann%2C+JS&rft.au=Berndt%2C+SI&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+KB&rft.au=Chanock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RB&rft.au=Bergmann%2C+S&rft.au=Bennett%2C+AJ&rft.au=Bingham%2C+SA&rft.au=Bochud%2C+M&rft.au=Brown%2C+M&rft.au=Cauchi%2C+S&rft.au=Connell%2C+JM&rft.au=Cooper%2C+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+GD&rft.au=Day%2C+I&rft.au=Dina%2C+C&rft.au=De%2C+S&rft.au=Dermitzakis%2C+ET&rft.au=Doney%2C+AS&rft.au=Elliott%2C+KS&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P&rft.au=Evans%2C+DM&rft.au=Sadaf+Farooqi%2C+I&rft.au=Froguel%2C+P&rft.au=Ghori%2C+J&rft.au=Groves%2C+CJ&rft.au=Gwilliam%2C+R&rft.au=Hadley%2C+D&rft.au=Hall%2C+AS&rft.au=Hattersley%2C+AT&rft.au=Hebebrand%2C+J&rft.au=Heid%2C+IM&rft.au=Lamina%2C+C&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C&rft.au=Illig%2C+T&rft.au=Meitinger%2C+T&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+HE&rft.au=Herrera%2C+B&rft.au=Hinney%2C+A&rft.au=Hunt%2C+SE&rft.au=Jarvelin%2C+MR&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T&rft.au=Jolley%2C+JD&rft.au=Karpe%2C+F&rft.au=Keniry%2C+A&rft.au=Khaw%2C+KT&rft.au=Luben%2C+RN&rft.au=Mangino%2C+M&rft.au=Marchini%2C+J&rft.au=McArdle%2C+WL&rft.au=McGinnis%2C+R&rft.au=Meyre%2C+D&rft.au=Munroe%2C+PB&rft.au=Morris%2C+AD&rft.au=Ness%2C+AR&rft.au=Neville%2C+MJ&rft.au=Nica%2C+AC&rft.au=Ong%2C+KK&rft.au=O%27Rahilly%2C+S&rft.au=Owen%2C+KR&rft.au=Palmer%2C+CN&rft.au=Papadakis%2C+K&rft.au=Potter%2C+S&rft.au=Pouta%2C+A&rft.au=Qi%2C+L&rft.au=Randall%2C+JC&rft.au=Rayner%2C+NW&rft.au=Ring%2C+SM&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+MS&rft.au=Scherag%2C+A&rft.au=Sims%2C+MA&rft.au=Song%2C+K&rft.au=Soranzo%2C+N&rft.au=Speliotes%2C+EK&rft.au=Syddall%2C+HE&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+SA&rft.au=Timpson%2C+NJ&rft.au=Tobias%2C+JH&rft.au=Uda%2C+M&rft.au=Vogel%2C+CI&rft.au=Wallace%2C+C&rft.au=Waterworth%2C+DM&rft.au=Weedon%2C+MN&rft.au=Willer%2C+CJ&rft.au=Yuan%2C+X&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+E&rft.au=Hirschhorn%2C+JN&rft.au=Strachan%2C+DP&rft.au=Ouwehand%2C+WH&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+MJ&rft.au=Samani%2C+NJ&rft.au=Frayling%2C+TM&rft.au=Vollenweider%2C+P&rft.au=Waeber%2C+G&rft.au=Mooser%2C+V&rft.au=Deloukas%2C+P&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+MI&rft.au=Wareham%2C+NJ&rft.au=Barroso%2C+I&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+KB&rft.au=Chanock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RB&rft.au=Lamina%2C+C&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C&rft.au=Illig%2C+T&rft.au=Meitinger%2C+T&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+HE&rft.au=Kraft%2C+P&rft.au=Hankinson%2C+SE&rft.au=Hunter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Hu%2C+FB&rft.au=Lyon%2C+HN&rft.au=Voight%2C+BF&rft.au=Ridderstrale%2C+M&rft.au=Groop%2C+L&rft.au=Scheet%2C+P&rft.au=Sanna%2C+S&rft.au=Abecasis%2C+GR&rft.au=Albai%2C+G&rft.au=Nagaraja%2C+R&rft.au=Schlessinger%2C+D&rft.au=Jackson%2C+AU&rft.au=Tuomilehto%2C+J&rft.au=Collins%2C+FS&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+M&rft.au=Mohlke%2C+KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FarooqiORahilly2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FarooqiORahilly2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqiO'Rahilly2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sadaf_Farooqi" title="Sadaf Farooqi">Farooqi S</a>, O'Rahilly S (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2006-0040">"Genetics of obesity in humans"</a>. <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>27</b> (7): 710–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2006-0040">10.1210/er.2006-0040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17122358">17122358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+obesity+in+humans&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=710-18&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2006-0040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17122358&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=O%27Rahilly%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fer.2006-0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11101306-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11101306_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangFongDickinsonMao2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, et al. (December 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>39</b> (48): 14900–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi001684q">10.1021/bi001684q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11101306">11101306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Molecular+determinants+of+ligand+binding+to+the+human+melanocortin-4+receptor&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=14900-11&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi001684q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11101306&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Fong%2C+TM&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+CJ&rft.au=Mao%2C+C&rft.au=Li%2C+JY&rft.au=Tota%2C+MR&rft.au=Mosley%2C+R&rft.au=Van+Der+Ploeg%2C+LH&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9058374-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9058374_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangOllmannWilsonDickinson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, Gantz I (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898">"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action"</a>. <i>Molecular Endocrinology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 274–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898">10.1210/mend.11.3.9898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9058374">9058374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+recombinant+agouti-signaling+protein+on+melanocortin+action&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-80&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9058374&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Ollmann%2C+MM&rft.au=Wilson%2C+BD&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+C&rft.au=Yamada%2C+T&rft.au=Barsh%2C+GS&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fmend.11.3.9898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MC4R&keywords=MCR4#paralogs">"GeneCards®: The Human Gene Database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GeneCards%C2%AE%3A+The+Human+Gene+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genecards.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcarddisp.pl%3Fgene%3DMC4R%26keywords%3DMCR4%23paralogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountjoyMortrudLowSimerly1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mountjoy KG, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, Simerly RB, Cone RD (October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.8.10.7854347">"Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain"</a>. <i>Molecular Endocrinology</i>. <b>8</b> (10): 1298–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.8.10.7854347">10.1210/mend.8.10.7854347</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7854347">7854347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32709901">32709901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Localization+of+the+melanocortin-4+receptor+%28MC4-R%29+in+neuroendocrine+and+autonomic+control+circuits+in+the+brain&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1298-308&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32709901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7854347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fmend.8.10.7854347&rft.aulast=Mountjoy&rft.aufirst=KG&rft.au=Mortrud%2C+MT&rft.au=Low%2C+MJ&rft.au=Simerly%2C+RB&rft.au=Cone%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fmend.8.10.7854347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGantzMiwaKondaShimoto1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gantz I, Miwa H, Konda Y, Shimoto Y, Tashiro T, Watson SJ, et al. (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2982452-8">"Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>268</b> (20): 15174–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2982452-8">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82452-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8392067">8392067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Molecular+cloning%2C+expression%2C+and+gene+localization+of+a+fourth+melanocortin+receptor&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=15174-9&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2982452-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8392067&rft.aulast=Gantz&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Miwa%2C+H&rft.au=Konda%2C+Y&rft.au=Shimoto%2C+Y&rft.au=Tashiro%2C+T&rft.au=Watson%2C+SJ&rft.au=DelValle%2C+J&rft.au=Yamada%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252982452-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvaroTatroQuillanFogliano1996" class="citation journal cs1">Alvaro JD, Tatro JB, Quillan JM, Fogliano M, Eisenhard M, Lerner MR, et al. (September 1996). "Morphine down-regulates melanocortin-4 receptor expression in brain regions that mediate opiate addiction". <i>Molecular Pharmacology</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 583–91. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8794897">8794897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Morphine+down-regulates+melanocortin-4+receptor+expression+in+brain+regions+that+mediate+opiate+addiction&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=583-91&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8794897&rft.aulast=Alvaro&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Tatro%2C+JB&rft.au=Quillan%2C+JM&rft.au=Fogliano%2C+M&rft.au=Eisenhard%2C+M&rft.au=Lerner%2C+MR&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Duman%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangOllmannWilsonDickinson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, Gantz I (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898">"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action"</a>. <i>Molecular Endocrinology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 274–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898">10.1210/mend.11.3.9898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9058374">9058374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+recombinant+agouti-signaling+protein+on+melanocortin+action&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-80&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fmend.11.3.9898&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9058374&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Ollmann%2C+MM&rft.au=Wilson%2C+BD&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+C&rft.au=Yamada%2C+T&rft.au=Barsh%2C+GS&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fmend.11.3.9898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChagnonChenPérusseChagnon1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chagnon YC, Chen WJ, Pérusse L, Chagnon M, Nadeau A, Wilkison WO, Bouchard C (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2230227">"Linkage and association studies between the melanocortin receptors 4 and 5 genes and obesity-related phenotypes in the Québec Family Study"</a>. <i>Molecular Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (10): 663–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03401705">10.1007/BF03401705</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2230227">2230227</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9392003">9392003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Linkage+and+association+studies+between+the+melanocortin+receptors+4+and+5+genes+and+obesity-related+phenotypes+in+the+Qu%C3%A9bec+Family+Study&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=663-73&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2230227%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9392003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03401705&rft.aulast=Chagnon&rft.aufirst=YC&rft.au=Chen%2C+WJ&rft.au=P%C3%A9russe%2C+L&rft.au=Chagnon%2C+M&rft.au=Nadeau%2C+A&rft.au=Wilkison%2C+WO&rft.au=Bouchard%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2230227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoFarooqiAminianHalsall1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yeo GS, <a href="/wiki/Sadaf_Farooqi" title="Sadaf Farooqi">Farooqi IS</a>, Aminian S, Halsall DJ, Stanhope RG, O'Rahilly S (October 1998). "A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity". <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 111–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F2404">10.1038/2404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9771698">9771698</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7287831">7287831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+frameshift+mutation+in+MC4R+associated+with+dominantly+inherited+human+obesity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-2&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7287831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9771698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F2404&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=GS&rft.au=Farooqi%2C+IS&rft.au=Aminian%2C+S&rft.au=Halsall%2C+DJ&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+RG&rft.au=O%27Rahilly%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaisseClementGuy-GrandFroguel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P (October 1998). "A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity". <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 113–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F2407">10.1038/2407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9771699">9771699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40193066">40193066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+frameshift+mutation+in+human+MC4R+is+associated+with+a+dominant+form+of+obesity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-4&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40193066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9771699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F2407&rft.aulast=Vaisse&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Clement%2C+K&rft.au=Guy-Grand%2C+B&rft.au=Froguel%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinneySchmidtNottebomHeibült1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hinney A, Schmidt A, Nottebom K, Heibült O, Becker I, Ziegler A, et al. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.4.5728">"Several mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation associated with dominantly inherited obesity in humans"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>84</b> (4): 1483–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.4.5728">10.1210/jcem.84.4.5728</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10199800">10199800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Several+mutations+in+the+melanocortin-4+receptor+gene+including+a+nonsense+and+a+frameshift+mutation+associated+with+dominantly+inherited+obesity+in+humans&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1483-6&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.84.4.5728&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10199800&rft.aulast=Hinney&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+A&rft.au=Nottebom%2C+K&rft.au=Heib%C3%BClt%2C+O&rft.au=Becker%2C+I&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+A&rft.au=Gerber%2C+G&rft.au=Sina%2C+M&rft.au=G%C3%B6rg%2C+T&rft.au=Mayer%2C+H&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+W&rft.au=Fichter%2C+M&rft.au=Remschmidt%2C+H&rft.au=Hebebrand%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.84.4.5728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangDickinsonZengLi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Yang YK, Dickinson CJ, Zeng Q, Li JY, Thompson DA, Gantz I (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.20.14100">"Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>274</b> (20): 14100–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.20.14100">10.1074/jbc.274.20.14100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10318826">10318826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+melanocortin+receptor+exoloops+to+Agouti-related+protein+binding&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=14100-6&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.274.20.14100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10318826&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+CJ&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Q&rft.au=Li%2C+JY&rft.au=Thompson%2C+DA&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.274.20.14100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoMacKenzie1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ho G, MacKenzie RG (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.50.35816">"Functional characterization of mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor associated with human obesity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>274</b> (50): 35816–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.50.35816">10.1074/jbc.274.50.35816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10585465">10585465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Functional+characterization+of+mutations+in+melanocortin-4+receptor+associated+with+human+obesity&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=35816-22&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.274.50.35816&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10585465&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+RG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.274.50.35816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangFongDickinsonMao2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, et al. (December 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>39</b> (48): 14900–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi001684q">10.1021/bi001684q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11101306">11101306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Molecular+determinants+of+ligand+binding+to+the+human+melanocortin-4+receptor&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=14900-11&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi001684q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11101306&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Fong%2C+TM&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+CJ&rft.au=Mao%2C+C&rft.au=Li%2C+JY&rft.au=Tota%2C+MR&rft.au=Mosley%2C+R&rft.au=Van+Der+Ploeg%2C+LH&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMergenMergenOzataOner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mergen M, Mergen H, Ozata M, Oner R, Oner C (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.7.7809">"A novel melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutation associated with morbid obesity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>86</b> (7): 3448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.7.7809">10.1210/jcem.86.7.7809</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11443223">11443223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=A+novel+melanocortin+4+receptor+%28MC4R%29+gene+mutation+associated+with+morbid+obesity&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3448&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.86.7.7809&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11443223&rft.aulast=Mergen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mergen%2C+H&rft.au=Ozata%2C+M&rft.au=Oner%2C+R&rft.au=Oner%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.86.7.7809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNultyThompsonBolinWilken2001" class="citation journal cs1">McNulty JC, Thompson DA, Bolin KA, Wilken J, Barsh GS, Millhauser GL (December 2001). "High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein". <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>40</b> (51): 15520–7. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.522.4019">10.1.1.522.4019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0117192">10.1021/bi0117192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11747427">11747427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=High-resolution+NMR+structure+of+the+chemically-synthesized+melanocortin+receptor+binding+domain+AGRP%2887-132%29+of+the+agouti-related+protein&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=15520-7&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.522.4019%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11747427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi0117192&rft.aulast=McNulty&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Thompson%2C+DA&rft.au=Bolin%2C+KA&rft.au=Wilken%2C+J&rft.au=Barsh%2C+GS&rft.au=Millhauser%2C+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockeNeu-YilikGehringHentze2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brocke KS, Neu-Yilik G, Gehring NH, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.3.331">"The human intronless melanocortin 4-receptor gene is NMD insensitive"</a>. <i>Human Molecular Genetics</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 331–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.3.331">10.1093/hmg/11.3.331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11823452">11823452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+human+intronless+melanocortin+4-receptor+gene+is+NMD+insensitive&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-5&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.3.331&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11823452&rft.aulast=Brocke&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Neu-Yilik%2C+G&rft.au=Gehring%2C+NH&rft.au=Hentze%2C+MW&rft.au=Kulozik%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhmg%252F11.3.331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangChenLaiGantz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Yang Y, Chen M, Lai Y, Gantz I, Georgeson KE, Harmon CM (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201343200">"Molecular determinants of human melanocortin-4 receptor responsible for antagonist SHU9119 selective activity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>277</b> (23): 20328–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201343200">10.1074/jbc.M201343200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11912210">11912210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Molecular+determinants+of+human+melanocortin-4+receptor+responsible+for+antagonist+SHU9119+selective+activity&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=20328-35&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M201343200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11912210&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+M&rft.au=Lai%2C+Y&rft.au=Gantz%2C+I&rft.au=Georgeson%2C+KE&rft.au=Harmon%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M201343200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenMorris2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen MJ, Morris MJ (May 2002). "Evidence for an interaction between neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin-4 receptor on feeding in the rat". <i>Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>42</b> (6): 792–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0028-3908%2802%2900025-4">10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00025-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12015205">12015205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29068487">29068487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+an+interaction+between+neuropeptide+Y+and+the+melanocortin-4+receptor+on+feeding+in+the+rat&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=792-7&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29068487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12015205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0028-3908%2802%2900025-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Morris%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiraglia_Del_GiudiceCirilloNigroSantoro2002" class="citation journal cs1">Miraglia Del Giudice E, Cirillo G, Nigro V, Santoro N, D'Urso L, Raimondo P, et al. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijo.0801983">"Low frequency of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations in a Mediterranean population with early-onset obesity"</a>. <i>International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders</i>. <b>26</b> (5): 647–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijo.0801983">10.1038/sj.ijo.0801983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032748">12032748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Obesity+and+Related+Metabolic+Disorders&rft.atitle=Low+frequency+of+melanocortin-4+receptor+%28MC4R%29+mutations+in+a+Mediterranean+population+with+early-onset+obesity&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=647-51&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ijo.0801983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12032748&rft.aulast=Miraglia+Del+Giudice&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Cirillo%2C+G&rft.au=Nigro%2C+V&rft.au=Santoro%2C+N&rft.au=D%27Urso%2C+L&rft.au=Raimondo%2C+P&rft.au=Cozzolino%2C+D&rft.au=Scafato%2C+D&rft.au=Perrone%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ijo.0801983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimLeeKimKim2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kim CS, Lee SH, Kim RY, Kim BJ, Li SZ, Lee IH, et al. (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112085200">"Identification of domains directing specificity of coupling to G-proteins for the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>277</b> (35): 31310–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112085200">10.1074/jbc.M112085200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12045190">12045190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Identification+of+domains+directing+specificity+of+coupling+to+G-proteins+for+the+melanocortin+MC3+and+MC4+receptors&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=31310-7&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M112085200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12045190&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Lee%2C+SH&rft.au=Kim%2C+RY&rft.au=Kim%2C+BJ&rft.au=Li%2C+SZ&rft.au=Lee%2C+IH&rft.au=Lee%2C+EJ&rft.au=Lim%2C+SK&rft.au=Bae%2C+YS&rft.au=Lee%2C+W&rft.au=Baik%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M112085200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191056/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2354">"Melanocortin Receptors: MC<sub>4</sub>"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2354">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Melanocortin+Receptors%3A+MC%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FGPCR%2FReceptorDisplayForward%3FreceptorID%3D2354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+4+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">MC<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-470539" title="BMS-470539">BMS-470539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-8177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-8177 (page does not exist)">PL-8177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNAP-7941" title="SNAP-7941">SNAP-7941</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">MC<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsactide" title="Alsactide">Alsactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codactide (page does not exist)">Codactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giractide (page does not exist)">Giractide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleusactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleusactide (page does not exist)">Norleusactide (pentacosactride)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seractide (page does not exist)">Seractide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracosactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracosactide">Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosactide (page does not exist)">Tosactide (octacosactrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricosactide (page does not exist)">Tricosactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tridecactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tridecactide (page does not exist)">Tridecactide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">MC<sub>3</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-931&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-931 (page does not exist)">PG-931</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">AGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-106 (page does not exist)">PG-106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MC<sub>4</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD2820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD2820 (page does not exist)">AZD2820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIM-22493" class="mw-redirect" title="BIM-22493">BIM-22493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2112688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2112688 (page does not exist)">LY-2112688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-0493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-0493 (page does not exist)">MK-0493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-00446687" title="PF-00446687">PF-00446687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-931&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-931 (page does not exist)">PG-931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL-6983" title="PL-6983">PL-6983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_27-3225&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 27-3225 (page does not exist)">Ro 27-3225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THIQ" title="THIQ">THIQ</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">AGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-131 (page does not exist)">HS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JKC-363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JKC-363 (page does not exist)">JKC-363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0020 (page does not exist)">MCL-0020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0042 (page does not exist)">MCL-0042</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0129 (page does not exist)">MCL-0129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPB-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPB-10 (page does not exist)">MPB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown:</b> <a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">MC<sub>5</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown:</b> <a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alsactide" title="Alsactide">Alsactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codactide (page does not exist)">Codactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dersimelagon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dersimelagon (page does not exist)">Dersimelagon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giractide (page does not exist)">Giractide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleusactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleusactide (page does not exist)">Norleusactide (pentacosactride)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seractide (page does not exist)">Seractide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracosactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracosactide">Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosactide (page does not exist)">Tosactide (octacosactrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricosactide (page does not exist)">Tricosactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tridecactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tridecactide (page does not exist)">Tridecactide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Propeptides:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Lipotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-Lipotropin">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Lipotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Lipotropin">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Terminal_peptide_of_proopiomelanocortin" title="N-Terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin">N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&oldid=1212937171">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&oldid=1212937171</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_18" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 18">Genes on human chromosome 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Category:G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_proteins" title="Category:Human proteins">Human proteins</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2024, at 08:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_4_receptor&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-qqkjn","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.956","walltime":"1.369","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4361,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":341137,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3110,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":207709,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":33,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1152.986 1 -total"," 46.40% 534.931 1 Template:Infobox_gene"," 23.97% 276.383 45 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.99% 242.035 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.91% 102.744 1 Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors"," 8.63% 99.508 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 6.48% 74.684 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.30% 49.563 3 Template:Cn"," 3.50% 40.354 3 Template:Fix"," 3.40% 39.226 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.661","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7797528,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7678f45bf4-tngrn","timestamp":"20241203080512","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Melanocortin 4 receptor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanocortin_4_receptor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21118676","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21118676","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-07T08:51:36Z","dateModified":"2024-03-10T08:06:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3f\/Protein_MC4R_PDB_2IQP.png","headline":"mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens"}</script> </body> </html>