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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Limiting the data rate on network controllers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about computer networks. For the rate-limiting step in chemical kinetics, see <a href="/wiki/Rate-determining_step" title="Rate-determining step">Rate-determining step</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, <b>rate limiting</b> is used to control the rate of requests sent or received by a <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a>. It can be used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS attacks</a><sup id="cite_ref-cisco_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cisco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and limit <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">web scraping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates flooding rates for one zombie machine are in excess of 20 <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> GET requests per second,<sup id="cite_ref-request_rate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-request_rate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legitimate rates much less. </p><p>Rate limiting should be used along with <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">throttling pattern</a> to minimize the number of throttling errors. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_appliances">Hardware appliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hardware appliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardware appliances can limit the rate of requests on layer 4 or 5 of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. </p><p>Rate limiting can be induced by the network protocol stack of the sender due to a received <a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a>-marked packet and also by the <a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">network scheduler</a> of any router along the way. </p><p>While a hardware appliance can limit the rate for a given range of IP-addresses on layer 4, it risks blocking a network with many users which are masked by <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">NAT</a> with a single <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISP</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection" title="Deep packet inspection">Deep packet inspection</a> can be used to filter on the session layer but will effectively disarm encryption protocols like <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> between the appliance and the protocol server (i.e. web server). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol_servers">Protocol servers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protocol servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protocol servers using a request / response model, such as <a href="/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">FTP servers</a> or typically <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web servers</a> may use a central <a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">in-memory</a> <a href="/wiki/Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key-value database</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a>, for session management. A rate limiting algorithm is used to check if the user session (or IP address) has to be limited based on the information in the session cache. </p><p>In case a client made too many requests within a given time frame, <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> servers can respond with status code <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#429" title="List of HTTP status codes">429: Too Many Requests</a>. </p><p>However, in some cases (i.e. web servers) the session management and rate limiting algorithm should be built into the application (used for dynamic content) running on the web server, rather than the web server itself. </p><p>When a protocol server or a network device notice that the configured request limit is reached, then it will offload new requests and not respond to them. Sometimes they may be added to a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queue (data structure)">queue</a> to be processed once the input rate reaches an acceptable level, but at peak times the request rate can even exceed the capacities of such queues and requests have to be thrown away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_centers">Data centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Data centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data centers widely use rate limiting to control the share of resources given to different tenants and applications according to their service level agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-architecture_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architecture-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of rate limiting techniques are applied in data centers using software and hardware. Virtualized data centers may also apply rate limiting at the hypervisor layer. Two important performance metrics of rate limiters in data centers are resource footprint (memory and CPU usage) which determines scalability, and precision. There usually exists a trade-off, that is, higher precision can be achieved by dedicating more resources to the rate limiters. A considerable body of research with focus on improving performance of rate limiting in data centers.<sup id="cite_ref-architecture_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architecture-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_management" title="Bandwidth management">Bandwidth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">Bandwidth throttling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project Shield</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Algorithms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_bucket" title="Token bucket">Token bucket</a><sup id="cite_ref-algo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_bucket" title="Leaky bucket">Leaky bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixed_window_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fixed window counter (page does not exist)">Fixed window counter</a><sup id="cite_ref-algo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sliding_window_log&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sliding window log (page does not exist)">Sliding window log</a><sup id="cite_ref-algo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sliding_window_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sliding window counter (page does not exist)">Sliding window counter</a><sup id="cite_ref-algo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Libraries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/stefanprodan/WebApiThrottle">ASP.NET Web API rate limiter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/stefanprodan/AspNetCoreRateLimit">ASP.NET Core rate limiting middleware</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Husseinhj/RateLimiting.NET">Rate limiting for .NET (PCL Library)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tj/node-ratelimiter">Rate limiting for Node.JS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cisco-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cisco_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Deal2004" class="citation web cs1">Richard A. Deal (September 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=345618&seqNum=5">"Cisco Router Firewall Security: DoS Protection"</a>. <i>Cisco Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco+Press&rft.atitle=Cisco+Router+Firewall+Security%3A+DoS+Protection&rft.date=2004-09-22&rft.au=Richard+A.+Deal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciscopress.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.asp%3Fp%3D345618%26seqNum%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+limiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Greenberg, Andy (12 January 2021). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/parler-hack-data-public-posts-images-video/">"An Absurdly Basic Bug Let Anyone Grab All of Parler's Data"</a></span>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164535/https://www.wired.com/story/parler-hack-data-public-posts-images-video/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=An+Absurdly+Basic+Bug+Let+Anyone+Grab+All+of+Parler%27s+Data&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fparler-hack-data-public-posts-images-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+limiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-request_rate-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-request_rate_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinghe_JinNazarov_NodirChaetae_ImSeung_Yeob_Nam2014" class="citation web cs1">Jinghe Jin; Nazarov Nodir; Chaetae Im; Seung Yeob Nam (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267384975_Mitigating_HTTP_GET_Flooding_Attacks_through_Modified_NetFPGA_Reference_Router">"Mitigating HTTP GET Flooding Attacks through Modified NetFPGA Reference Router"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306015051/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267384975_Mitigating_HTTP_GET_Flooding_Attacks_through_Modified_NetFPGA_Reference_Router">Archived</a> from the original on Mar 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitigating+HTTP+GET+Flooding+Attacks+through+Modified+NetFPGA+Reference+Router&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.au=Jinghe+Jin&rft.au=Nazarov+Nodir&rft.au=Chaetae+Im&rft.au=Seung+Yeob+Nam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267384975_Mitigating_HTTP_GET_Flooding_Attacks_through_Modified_NetFPGA_Reference_Router&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+limiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cloud Native Using Containers, Functions, and Data to Build Next-Generation Applications</i>. 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(May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321744877_Datacenter_Traffic_Control_Understanding_Techniques_and_Trade-offs">"Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Trade-offs"</a>. <i>IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03530">1712.03530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCOMST.2017.2782753">10.1109/COMST.2017.2782753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116085557/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321744877_Datacenter_Traffic_Control_Understanding_Techniques_and_Trade-offs">Archived</a> from the original on Jan 16, 2024 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Surveys+%26+Tutorials&rft.atitle=Datacenter+Traffic+Control%3A+Understanding+Techniques+and+Trade-offs&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1712.03530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCOMST.2017.2782753&rft.aulast=Noormohammadpour&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Raghavendra%2C+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321744877_Datacenter_Traffic_Control_Understanding_Techniques_and_Trade-offs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+limiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-algo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-algo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-algo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-algo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-algo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikrad_Mahdi2017" class="citation web cs1">Nikrad Mahdi (April 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/figma-design/an-alternative-approach-to-rate-limiting-f8a06cf7c94c">"An alternative approach to rate limiting"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=An+alternative+approach+to+rate+limiting&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.au=Nikrad+Mahdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Ffigma-design%2Fan-alternative-approach-to-rate-limiting-f8a06cf7c94c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+limiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&oldid=1239782071">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate_limiting&oldid=1239782071</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_performance" title="Category:Network performance">Network performance</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 August 2024, at 14:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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