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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Web+server" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Web+server" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_WWW_project_(1989–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_WWW_project_(1989–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial WWW project (1989–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_WWW_project_(1989–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fast_and_wild_development_(1991–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_and_wild_development_(1991–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fast and wild development (1991–1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast_and_wild_development_(1991–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosive_growth_and_competition_(1996–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosive_growth_and_competition_(1996–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Explosive growth and competition (1996–2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosive_growth_and_competition_(1996–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_challenges_(2015_and_later_years)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_challenges_(2015_and_later_years)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>New challenges (2015 and later years)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_challenges_(2015_and_later_years)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Common features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Common tasks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Read_request_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Read_request_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Read request message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Read_request_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-URL_normalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_normalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>URL normalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_normalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>URL mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_path_translation_to_file_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_path_translation_to_file_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>URL path translation to file system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_path_translation_to_file_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manage_request_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manage_request_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Manage request message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manage_request_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serve_static_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serve_static_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Serve static content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serve_static_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directory_index_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directory_index_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.1</span> <span>Directory index files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directory_index_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.2</span> <span>Regular files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serve_dynamic_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serve_dynamic_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Serve dynamic content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serve_dynamic_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directory_listings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directory_listings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.1</span> <span>Directory listings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directory_listings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_or_module_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_or_module_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.2</span> <span>Program or module processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_or_module_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Send_response_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Send_response_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Send response message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Send_response_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Error_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Error_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Error message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Error_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_authorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_authorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>URL authorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_authorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_redirection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_redirection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>URL redirection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_redirection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successful_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successful_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Successful message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successful_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Content cache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>File cache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Dynamic cache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernel-mode_and_user-mode_web_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernel-mode_and_user-mode_web_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernel-mode_and_user-mode_web_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_metrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_metrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Performance metrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_metrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Software efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Operating conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benchmarking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benchmarking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Benchmarking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benchmarking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Load_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Load_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Load limits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Load_limits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Load limits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Load_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes_of_overload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_overload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Causes of overload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_overload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms_of_overload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_of_overload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Symptoms of overload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_of_overload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-overload_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-overload_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anti-overload techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-overload_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Market share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Web server</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbediener" title="Webbediener – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Webbediener" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="خادم ويب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خادم ويب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvidor_web" title="Sirvidor web – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sirvidor web" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-server" title="Veb-server – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veb-server" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ওয়েব সার্ভার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েব সার্ভার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B1-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вэб-сервер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вэб-сервер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B1-%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Вэб-сэрвэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэб-сэрвэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Уеб сървър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уеб сървър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-server" title="Veb-server – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veb-server" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_web" title="Servidor web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servidor web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%BD_server" title="Webový server – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Webový server" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webserver" title="Webserver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Webserver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webserver" title="Webserver – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Webserver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veebiserver" title="Veebiserver – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veebiserver" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_web" title="Servidor web – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servidor web" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTT-servilo" title="TTT-servilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TTT-servilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="سرور وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرور وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serveur_web" title="Serveur web – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serveur web" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freastala%C3%AD_Gr%C3%A9as%C3%A1in" title="Freastalaí Gréasáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Freastalaí Gréasáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84" title="웹 서버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹 서버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A2_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վեբ սերվեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեբ սերվեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="वेब सर्वर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेब सर्वर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Web server" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servero_di_WWW" title="Servero di WWW – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Servero di WWW" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peladen_web" title="Peladen web – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peladen web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitor_de_rete" title="Servitor de rete – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Servitor de rete" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vef%C3%BEj%C3%B3nn" title="Vefþjónn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vefþjónn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_web" title="Server web – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Server web" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA_HTTP" title="שרת HTTP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרת HTTP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Веб сервер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Веб сервер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Веб-сервер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Веб-сервер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABmek%C4%BCa_serveris" title="Tīmekļa serveris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīmekļa serveris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Blv%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B_w%C9%9B%CC%81b%C9%9B" title="Sɛlvɛ́lɛ wɛ́bɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sɛlvɛ́lɛ wɛ́bɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Web server" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webszerver" title="Webszerver – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Webszerver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Мрежен опслужувач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежен опслужувач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="വെബ് സെർവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെബ് സെർവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayan_web" title="Pelayan web – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelayan web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B1_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вэб сервер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вэб сервер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webserver" title="Webserver – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Webserver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0" title="वेब सर्भर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वेब सर्भर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90" title="Webサーバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Webサーバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webserver" title="Webserver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Webserver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Web-сервер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Web-сервер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serwer_WWW" title="Serwer WWW – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serwer WWW" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_web" title="Servidor web – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Servidor web" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Web server" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_web" title="Server web – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Server web" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Веб-сервер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веб-сервер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueb_serveri" title="Ueb serveri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ueb serveri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Web server" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%BD_server" title="Webový server – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Webový server" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spletni_stre%C5%BEnik" title="Spletni strežnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spletni strežnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="خزمەتگووزاریی وێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خزمەتگووزاریی وێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Веб-сервер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веб-сервер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-server" title="Veb-server – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veb-server" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW-palvelin" title="WWW-palvelin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="WWW-palvelin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbserver" title="Webbserver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Webbserver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="வலை வழங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலை வழங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="వెబ్ సర్వర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెబ్ సర్వర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เว็บเซิร์ฟเวอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เว็บเซิร์ฟเวอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Сервери веб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сервери веб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_sunucusu" title="Web sunucusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Web sunucusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вебсервер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вебсервер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ویب سرور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویب سرور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_ch%E1%BB%A7_web" title="Máy chủ web – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy chủ web" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8" title="网页服务器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网页服务器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8" title="網頁伺服器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網頁伺服器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Web_server" title="Special:EditPage/Web server">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Web+server%22">"Web server"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Web+server%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Web+server%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Web+server%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Web+server%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Web+server%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Web_server_serving_static_content.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png/221px-Web_server_serving_static_content.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png/332px-Web_server_serving_static_content.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>PC clients communicating via the network with a web server serving static content only</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/300px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/450px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/600px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The inside and front of a <a href="/wiki/Dell_PowerEdge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell PowerEdge">Dell PowerEdge</a> server, a computer designed to be mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Rack_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rack mount">rack mount</a> environment. Servers similar to this one are often used as web servers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/300px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/450px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/600px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Multiple web servers may be used for a high-traffic website.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg/320px-Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg/480px-Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg/639px-Wikimedia_Servers-0051_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Server_farm" title="Server farm">Server farm</a> with thousands of web servers used for super-high traffic websites</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acorplan120m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Acorplan120m.jpg/160px-Acorplan120m.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Acorplan120m.jpg/240px-Acorplan120m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Acorplan120m.jpg/320px-Acorplan120m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">ADSL</a> modem running an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_HTTP_server" title="Embedded HTTP server">embedded web server</a> serving <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a> used for modem configuration</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>web server</b> is <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and underlying <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> that accepts requests via <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocol</a> created to distribute <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a>) or its secure variant <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>. A user agent, commonly a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a>, initiates communication by making a request for a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Web_Resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Resource">resource</a> using HTTP, and the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> responds with the content of that resource or an <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">error message</a>. A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-server-technology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-web-server-sun_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-server-sun-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hardware used to run a web server can vary according to the volume of requests that it needs to handle. At the low end of the range are <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> that runs a small web server as its configuration interface. A high-traffic <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> might handle requests with hundreds of servers that run on racks of high-speed computers. </p><p>A resource sent from a web server can be a pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> (<a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static content</a>) available to the web server, or it can be generated at the time of the request (<a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic content</a>) by another <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> that communicates with the server software. The former usually can be served faster and can be more easily <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cached</a> for repeated requests, while the latter supports a broader range of applications. </p><p>Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">REST</a> and <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>, which use HTTP as a basis for general computer-to-computer communication, as well as support for <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> extensions, have extended the application of web servers well beyond their original purpose of serving human-readable pages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginevra,_centro_visitatori_del_cern,_primo_server_della_storia_(1989),_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG/120px-Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG/180px-Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG/240px-Ginevra%2C_centro_visitatori_del_cern%2C_primo_server_della_storia_%281989%29%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>First web proposal (1989) evaluated as <i>"vague but exciting..."</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/330px-First_Web_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/440px-First_Web_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The world's first web server, a <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> workstation with Ethernet, 1990. The case label reads: "This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_web_browser" title="History of the web browser">History of the web browser</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></div> <p>This is a very brief history of <i>web server programs</i>, so some information necessarily overlaps with the histories of the <i>web browsers</i>, the <i>World Wide Web</i> and the <i>Internet</i>; therefore, for the sake of clarity and understandability, some key historical information below reported may be similar to that found also in one or more of the above-mentioned history articles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_WWW_project_(1989–1991)"><span id="Initial_WWW_project_.281989.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Initial WWW project (1989–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial WWW project (1989–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1989, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a> proposed a new project to his employer <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, with the goal of easing the exchange of information between scientists by using a <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system. The proposal titled <i>"HyperText and CERN"</i>, asked for comments and it was read by several people. In October 1990 the proposal was reformulated and enriched (having as co-author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>), and finally, it was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-TBL-fight-fake-news_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBL-fight-fake-news-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history-computers-internet-www_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-computers-internet-www-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-project-history-original-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between late 1990 and early 1991 the project resulted in Berners-Lee and his developers writing and testing several software libraries along with three programs, which initially ran on <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP OS</a> installed on <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> workstations: <sup id="cite_ref-www-TBL-announcement-1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-TBL-announcement-1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-web-history_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-project-history-original-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a graphical <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, called <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>;</li> <li>a portable <a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">line mode web browser</a>;</li> <li>a web server, later known as <a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a>.</li></ul> <p>Those early browsers retrieved web pages written in a <a href="/wiki/HTML#History" title="HTML">simple early form of HTML</a>, from web server(s) using a new basic communication protocol that was named <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP 0.9</a>. </p><p>In August 1991 Tim Berners-Lee announced the <i>birth of WWW technology</i> and encouraged scientists to adopt and develop it.<sup id="cite_ref-www-TBL-web-announcement_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-TBL-web-announcement-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, those programs, along with their <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, were made available to people interested in their usage.<sup id="cite_ref-www-TBL-announcement-1991_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-TBL-announcement-1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the source code was not formally licensed or placed in the public domain, CERN informally allowed users and developers to experiment and further develop on top of them. Berners-Lee started promoting the adoption and the usage of those programs along with their <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">porting</a> to other <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-project-history-original-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fast_and_wild_development_(1991–1995)"><span id="Fast_and_wild_development_.281991.E2.80.931995.29"></span>Fast and wild development (1991–1995)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fast and wild development (1991–1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of active web sites (1991–1996)<sup id="cite_ref-ws-web-app-test-ajax_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-web-app-test-ajax-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-stats-1991-1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-stats-1991-1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>In December 1991, the <strong>first web server outside Europe</strong> was installed at SLAC (U.S.A.).<sup id="cite_ref-web-history_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a very important event because it started trans-continental web communications between web browsers and web servers. </p><p>In 1991–1993, CERN web server program continued to be actively developed by the www group, meanwhile, thanks to the availability of its source code and the public specifications of the HTTP protocol, many other implementations of web servers started to be developed. </p><p>In April 1993, CERN issued a public official statement stating that the three components of Web software (the basic line-mode client, the web server and the library of common code), along with their <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, were put in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CERN-licensing-the-web_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CERN-licensing-the-web-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement freed web server developers from any possible legal issue about the development of <i>derivative work</i> based on that source code (a threat that in practice never existed). </p><p>At the beginning of 1994, the most notable among new web servers was <a href="/wiki/NCSA_httpd" class="mw-redirect" title="NCSA httpd">NCSA httpd</a> which ran on a variety of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based OSs and could serve <i>dynamically generated content</i> by implementing the <code>POST</code> HTTP method and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> to communicate with external programs. These capabilities, along with the multimedia features of NCSA's <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> browser (also able to manage <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">FORMs</a> in order to send data to a web server) highlighted the potential of web technology for publishing and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> applications. </p><p>In the second half of 1994, the development of NCSA httpd stalled to the point that a group of external software developers, <a href="/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmasters</a> and other professional figures interested in that server, started to write and collect <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patches</a> thanks to the NCSA httpd source code being available to the public domain. At the beginning of 1995 those patches were all applied to the last release of NCSA source code and, after several tests, the <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache HTTP server">Apache HTTP server</a> project was started.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSA-public-Apache_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSA-public-Apache-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-apache-how-it-came-to-be_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-apache-how-it-came-to-be-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1994, a new commercial web server, named <a href="/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Server#Netsite" title="Oracle iPlanet Web Server">Netsite</a>, was released with specific features. It was the first one of many other similar products that were developed first by <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, then also by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, and finally by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. </p><p>In mid-1995, the first version of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a> was released, for <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> OS, by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. This marked the entry, in the field of World Wide Web technologies, of a very important commercial developer and vendor that has played and still is playing a key role on both sides (client and server) of the web. </p><p>In the second half of 1995, CERN and NCSA web servers started to decline (in global percentage usage) because of the widespread adoption of new web servers which had a much faster development cycle along with more features, more fixes applied, and more performances than the previous ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosive_growth_and_competition_(1996–2014)"><span id="Explosive_growth_and_competition_.281996.E2.80.932014.29"></span>Explosive growth and competition (1996–2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Explosive growth and competition (1996–2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of active web sites (1996-2002)<sup id="cite_ref-ws-stats-1991-1996_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-stats-1991-1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-stats-1999-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-stats-1999-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg/220px-Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg/330px-Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg/440px-Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sun's <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a> 3 – a computer <a href="/wiki/Server_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Server appliance">server appliance</a> (2002, discontinued)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of 1996, there were already over <b>fifty</b> known (different) web server software programs that were available to everybody who wanted to own an Internet <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> and/or to host websites.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-1996-sw-products_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-1996-sw-products-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them lived only shortly and were replaced by other web servers. </p><p>The publication of <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a> about protocol versions HTTP/1.0 (1996) and HTTP/1.1 (1997, 1999), forced most web servers to comply (not always completely) with those standards. The use of TCP/IP <a href="/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection" title="HTTP persistent connection">persistent connections</a> (HTTP/1.1) required web servers both to increase the maximum number of concurrent connections allowed and to improve their level of scalability. </p><p>Between 1996 and 1999, <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Application_Server" title="Netscape Application Server">Netscape Enterprise Server</a> and Microsoft's IIS emerged among the leading commercial options whereas among the freely available and <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> programs Apache HTTP Server held the lead as the preferred server (because of its reliability and its many features). </p><p>In those years there was also another commercial, highly innovative and thus notable web server called <a href="/wiki/Zeus_Web_Server" title="Zeus Web Server">Zeus</a> (<i>now discontinued</i>) that was known as one of the fastest and most scalable web servers available on market, at least till the first decade of 2000s, despite its low percentage of usage. </p><p>Apache resulted in the most used web server from mid-1996 to the end of 2015 when, after a few years of decline, it was surpassed initially by IIS and then by Nginx. Afterward IIS dropped to much lower percentages of usage than Apache (see also <a href="#Market_share">market share</a>). </p><p>From 2005–2006, Apache started to improve its speed and its scalability level by introducing new performance features (e.g. event MPM and new content cache).<sup id="cite_ref-ws-apache-overview-2.2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-apache-overview-2.2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-apache-overview-2.4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-apache-overview-2.4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As those new performance improvements initially were marked as experimental, they were not enabled by its users for a long time and so Apache suffered, even more, the competition of commercial servers and, above all, of other open-source servers which meanwhile had already achieved far superior performances (mostly when serving static content) since the beginning of their development and at the time of the Apache decline were able to offer also a long enough list of well tested advanced features. </p><p>In fact, a few years after 2000 started, not only other commercial and highly competitive web servers, e.g. <a href="/wiki/LiteSpeed_Web_Server" title="LiteSpeed Web Server">LiteSpeed</a>, but also many other open-source programs, often of excellent quality and very high performances, among which should be noted <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_(web_server)" title="Hiawatha (web server)">Hiawatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(webserver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee (webserver)">Cherokee HTTP server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighttpd" title="Lighttpd">Lighttpd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a> and other derived/related products also available with commercial support, emerged. </p><p>Around 2007–2008, most popular web browsers increased their previous default limit of 2 persistent connections per host-domain (a limit recommended by RFC-2616)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2616-8.1.4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2616-8.1.4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 4, 6 or 8 persistent connections per host-domain, in order to speed up the retrieval of heavy web pages with lots of images, and to mitigate the problem of the shortage of persistent connections dedicated to dynamic objects used for bi-directional notifications of events in web pages.<sup id="cite_ref-browsers-max-persistent-connections-per-host-domain_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browsers-max-persistent-connections-per-host-domain-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a year, these changes, on average, nearly tripled the maximum number of persistent connections that web servers had to manage. This trend (of increasing the number of persistent connections) definitely gave a strong impetus to the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxies</a> in front of slower web servers and it gave also one more chance to the emerging new web servers that could show all their speed and their capability to handle very high numbers of concurrent connections without requiring too many hardware resources (expensive computers with lots of CPUs, RAM and fast disks).<sup id="cite_ref-ws-root-bench-2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-root-bench-2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_challenges_(2015_and_later_years)"><span id="New_challenges_.282015_and_later_years.29"></span>New challenges (2015 and later years)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New challenges (2015 and later years)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, RFCs published new protocol version [HTTP/2], and as the implementation of new specifications was not trivial at all, a <b>dilemma arose among developers of less popular web servers</b> (e.g. with a percentage of usage lower than 1% .. 2%), about adding or not adding support for that new protocol version.<sup id="cite_ref-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-http2-support_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-http2-support-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact supporting HTTP/2 often required radical changes to their internal implementation due to many factors (practically always required encrypted connections, capability to distinguish between HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2 connections on the same TCP port, binary representation of HTTP messages, message priority, compression of HTTP headers, use of streams also known as TCP/IP sub-connections and related flow-control, etc.) and so a few developers of those web servers opted for <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software#Features" title="Comparison of web server software">not supporting new HTTP/2 version</a> (at least in the near future) also because of these main reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws-http2-support_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-http2-support-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>protocols HTTP/1.x would have been supported anyway by browsers for a very long time (maybe forever) so that there would be no incompatibility between clients and servers in next future;</li> <li>implementing HTTP/2 was considered a task of <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2#Criticisms" title="HTTP/2">overwhelming complexity</a> that could open the door to a whole new class of <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> that till 2015 did not exist and so it would have required notable investments in developing and testing the implementation of the new protocol;</li> <li>adding HTTP/2 support could always be done in future in case the efforts would be justified.</li></ul> <p>Instead, developers of <b>most popular web servers, rushed to offer the availability of new protocol</b>, not only because they had the work force and the time to do so, but also because usually their previous implementation of <a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a> protocol could be reused as a starting point and because most used web browsers implemented it very quickly for the same reason. Another reason that prompted those developers to act quickly was that webmasters felt the pressure of the ever increasing <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a> and they really wanted to install and to try – as soon as possible – something that could drastically lower the number of TCP/IP connections and speedup accesses to hosted websites.<sup id="cite_ref-http2-faq-just-1-connection_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http2-faq-just-1-connection-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020–2021 the HTTP/2 dynamics about its implementation (by top web servers and popular web browsers) were partly replicated after the publication of advanced drafts of future RFC about <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Client-server-model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Client-server-model.svg/250px-Client-server-model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Client-server-model.svg/375px-Client-server-model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Client-server-model.svg/500px-Client-server-model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>PC clients connected to a web server via Internet</figcaption></figure> <p>The following technical overview should be considered only as an attempt to give a few very <i>limited examples</i> about <i>some</i> features that may be <a href="/wiki/Implementation#Computer_science" title="Implementation">implemented</a> in a web server and <i>some</i> of the tasks that it may perform in order to have a sufficiently wide scenario about the topic. </p><p>A <b>web server program</b> plays the role of a server in a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a> by implementing one or more versions of HTTP protocol, often including the HTTPS secure variant and other features and extensions that are considered useful for its planned usage. </p><p>The complexity and the efficiency of a web server program may vary a lot depending on (e.g.):<sup id="cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-server-technology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="#Common_features">common features</a> implemented;</li> <li><a href="#Common_tasks">common tasks</a> performed;</li> <li><a href="#Performances">performances</a> and scalability level aimed as a goal;</li> <li><a href="#Software_efficiency">software</a> model and techniques adopted to achieve wished performance and scalability level;</li> <li>target hardware and category of usage, e.g. embedded system, low-medium traffic web server, high traffic <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> web server.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_features">Common features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although web server programs differ in how they are implemented, most of them offer the following common features. </p><p>These are <b>basic features</b> that most web servers usually have. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static content serving</a>: to be able to serve static content (web files) to clients via HTTP protocol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>: support for one or more versions of HTTP protocol in order to send versions of HTTP responses compatible with versions of client HTTP requests, e.g. HTTP/1.0, HTTP/1.1 (eventually also with <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> connections <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>), plus, if available, <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging (software)">Logging</a>: usually web servers have also the capability of logging some information, about client requests and server responses, to <a href="/wiki/Server_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Server log">log files</a> for security and statistical purposes.</li></ul> <p>A few other more <b>advanced</b> and popular <b>features</b> (<i>only a very short selection</i>) are the following ones. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic content serving</a>: to be able to serve dynamic content (generated on the fly) to clients via HTTP protocol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_hosting" title="Virtual hosting">Virtual hosting</a>: to be able to serve many websites (<a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>) using only one <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>.</li> <li><a href="#URL_authorization">Authorization</a>: to be able to allow, to forbid or to authorize access to portions of website paths (web resources).</li> <li><a href="#Content_cache">Content cache</a>: to be able to cache static and/or dynamic content in order to speed up server responses;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">Large file support</a>: to be able to serve files whose size is greater than 2 GB on 32 bit <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">Bandwidth throttling</a>: to limit the speed of content responses in order to not saturate the network and to be able to serve more clients;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewrite_engine" title="Rewrite engine">Rewrite engine</a>: to map parts of <a href="/wiki/Clean_URL" title="Clean URL">clean URLs</a> (found in client requests) to their real names.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_error_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom error page">Custom error pages</a>: support for customized HTTP error messages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_tasks">Common tasks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server program, when it is running, usually performs several general <b>tasks</b>, (e.g.):<sup id="cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-server-technology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>starts, optionally reads and applies settings found in its <a href="/wiki/Configuration_file" title="Configuration file">configuration file</a>(s) or elsewhere, optionally opens log file, starts listening to client connections / requests;</li> <li>optionally tries to adapt its general behavior according to its settings and its current <a href="#Operating_conditions">operating conditions</a>;</li> <li>manages <b>client connection(s)</b> (accepting new ones or closing the existing ones as required);</li> <li><b><a href="#Read_request_message">receives</a></b> client requests (by reading HTTP messages): <ul><li>reads and verify each HTTP request message;</li> <li>usually performs <a href="#URL_normalization">URL normalization</a>;</li> <li>usually performs <a href="#URL_mapping">URL mapping</a> (which may default to URL path translation);</li> <li>usually performs <a href="#URL_path_translation_to_file_system">URL path translation</a> along with various security checks;</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="#Manage_request_message">executes</a></b> or refuses requested HTTP method: <ul><li>optionally manages <a href="#URL_authorization">URL authorizations</a>;</li> <li>optionally manages <a href="#URL_redirection">URL redirections</a>;</li> <li>optionally manages requests for <b><a href="#Serve_static_content">static resources</a></b> (file contents): <ul><li>optionally manages <a href="#Directory_index_files">directory index files</a>;</li> <li>optionally manages <a href="#Regular_files">regular files</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>optionally manages requests for <b><a href="#Serve_dynamic_content">dynamic resources</a></b>: <ul><li>optionally manages <a href="#Directory_listings">directory listings</a>;</li> <li>optionally manages <a href="#Program_or_module_processing">program or module processing</a>, checking the availability, the start and eventually the stop of the execution of external programs used to generate dynamic content;</li> <li>optionally manages the communications with external programs / internal modules used to generate dynamic content;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="#Send_response_message">replies</a></b> to client requests sending proper HTTP responses (e.g. requested resources or error messages) eventually verifying or adding <a href="/wiki/HTTP_headers" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP headers">HTTP headers</a> to those sent by dynamic programs / modules;</li> <li>optionally <b>logs</b> (partially or totally) <b>client requests and/or its responses</b> to an external user log file or to a system log file by <a href="/wiki/Syslog" title="Syslog">syslog</a>, usually using <a href="/wiki/Common_Log_Format" title="Common Log Format">common log format</a>;</li> <li>optionally <b>logs process messages</b> about <b>detected anomalies or other notable events</b> (e.g. in client requests or in its internal functioning) using syslog or some other system facilities; these log messages usually have a debug, warning, error, alert level which can be filtered (not logged) depending on some settings, see also <a href="/wiki/Syslog#Severity_level" title="Syslog">severity level</a>;</li> <li>optionally generates <b>statistics</b> about web traffic managed and/or its performances;</li> <li>other custom tasks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Read_request_message">Read request message</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Read request message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web server programs are able:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-2.1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-2.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-3.4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-3.4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-3.5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-3.5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to read an HTTP request message;</li> <li>to interpret it;</li> <li>to verify its syntax;</li> <li>to identify known <a href="/wiki/HTTP_headers" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP headers">HTTP headers</a> and to extract their values from them.</li></ul> <p>Once an HTTP request message has been decoded and verified, its values can be used to determine whether that request can be satisfied or not. This requires many other steps, including <b><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security checks</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_normalization">URL normalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: URL normalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/URL_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a></div> <p>Web server programs usually perform some type of <a href="/wiki/URL_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> found in most HTTP request messages) in order to: </p> <ul><li>make resource path always a clean uniform path from root directory of website;</li> <li>lower security risks (e.g. by intercepting more easily attempts to access static resources outside the root directory of the website or to access to portions of path below website root directory that are forbidden or which require authorization);</li> <li>make path of web resources more recognizable by human beings and <a href="/wiki/Web_log_analysis_software" title="Web log analysis software">web log analysis programs</a> (also known as log analyzers / statistical applications).</li></ul> <p>The term <i>URL normalization</i> refers to the process of modifying and standardizing a URL in a consistent manner. There are several types of normalization that may be performed, including the conversion of the scheme and host to lowercase. Among the most important normalizations are the removal of "." and ".." path segments and adding trailing slashes to a non-empty path component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_mapping">URL mapping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: URL mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/URL_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="URL mapping">URL mapping</a></div><blockquote><p>"URL mapping is the process by which a URL is analyzed to figure out what resource it is referring to, so that that resource can be returned to the requesting client. This process is performed with every request that is made to a web server, with some of the requests being served with a file, such as an HTML document, or a gif image, others with the results of running a CGI program, and others by some other process, such as a built-in module handler, a PHP document, or a Java servlet."<sup id="cite_ref-ws-url-mapping_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-url-mapping-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote><p>In practice, web server programs that implement advanced features, beyond the simple <i>static content serving</i> (e.g. URL rewrite engine, dynamic content serving), usually have to figure out how that URL has to be handled, e.g. as a: </p><ul><li><a href="#URL_redirection">URL redirection</a>, a redirection to another URL;</li> <li><i>static request</i> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> content;</li> <li><i>dynamic request</i> of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">directory</a> listing of files or other sub-directories contained in that directory;</li> <li>other types of dynamic request in order to identify the program / module processor able to handle that kind of URL path and to pass to it other <a href="/wiki/URL_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="URL parts">URL parts</a>, i.e. usually path-info and <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query string</a> variables.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>One or more configuration files of web server may specify the mapping of parts of <b>URL path</b> (e.g. initial parts of <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">file path</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> and other path components) to a specific URL handler (file, directory, external program or internal module).<sup id="cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a web server implements one or more of the above-mentioned advanced features then the path part of a valid URL may not always match an existing file system path under website directory tree (a file or a directory in <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>) because it can refer to a virtual name of an internal or external module processor for dynamic requests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_path_translation_to_file_system">URL path translation to file system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: URL path translation to file system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web server programs are able to translate an URL path (all or part of it), that refers to a physical file system path, to an <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">absolute path</a> under the target website's root directory.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Website's root directory may be specified by a configuration file or by some internal rule of the web server by using the name of the website which is the <a href="/wiki/URL#Syntax" title="URL">host</a> part of the URL found in HTTP client request.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Path translation to file system is done for the following types of web resources: </p> <ul><li>a local, usually non-executable, file (static request for file content);</li> <li>a local directory (dynamic request: directory listing generated on the fly);</li> <li>a program name (dynamic requests that is executed using CGI or SCGI interface and whose output is read by web server and resent to client who made the HTTP request).</li></ul> <p>The web server appends the path found in requested URL (HTTP request message) and appends it to the path of the (Host) website root directory. On an <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache server</a>, this is commonly <code>/home/www/website</code> (on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> machines, usually it is: <code>/var/www/website</code>). See the following examples of how it may result. </p><p><b>URL path translation for a static file request</b> </p><p>Example of a <i>static request</i> of an existing file specified by the following URL: </p> <pre>http://www.example.com/path/file.html </pre> <p>The client's <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a> connects to <code>www.example.com</code> and then sends the following <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>/1.1 request: </p> <pre>GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive </pre> <p>The result is the local file system resource: </p> <pre>/home/www/www.example.com/path/file.html </pre> <p>The web server then reads the <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the file and contain the file itself or an error message will return saying that the file does not exist or its access is forbidden. </p><p><b>URL path translation for a directory request (without a static index file)</b> </p><p>Example of an implicit <i>dynamic request</i> of an existing directory specified by the following URL: </p> <pre>http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/ </pre> <p>The client's <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a> connects to <code>www.example.com</code> and then sends the following <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>/1.1 request: </p> <pre>GET /directory1/directory2 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive </pre> <p>The result is the local directory path: </p> <pre>/home/www/www.example.com/directory1/directory2/ </pre> <p>The web server then verifies the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">directory</a> and if it exists and it can be accessed then tries to find out an index file (which in this case does not exist) and so it passes the request to an internal module or a program dedicated to directory listings and finally reads data output and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the directory (list of contained subdirectories and files) or an error message will return saying that the directory does not exist or its access is forbidden. </p><p><b>URL path translation for a dynamic program request</b> </p><p>For a <i>dynamic request</i> the URL path specified by the client should refer to an existing external program (usually an executable file with a CGI) used by the web server to generate dynamic content.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-dynamic-rqs-root-dir_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-dynamic-rqs-root-dir-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example of a <i>dynamic request</i> using a program file to generate output: </p> <pre>http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15 </pre> <p>The client's <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a> connects to <code>www.example.com</code> and then sends the following <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>/1.1 request: </p> <pre>GET /cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&ordeby=thread&date=2021-10-15 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive </pre> <p>The result is the local file path of the program (in this example, a <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> program): </p> <pre>/home/www/www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php </pre> <p>The web server executes that program, passing in the path-info and the <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query string</a> <code>action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15</code> so that the program has the info it needs to run. (In this case, it will return an HTML document containing a view of forum entries ordered by thread from October 15, 2021). In addition to this, the web server reads data sent from the external program and resends that data to the client that made the request. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manage_request_message">Manage request message</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manage request message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once a request has been read, interpreted, and verified, it has to be managed depending on its method, its URL, and its parameters, which may include values of HTTP headers. </p><p>In practice, the web server has to handle the request by using one of these response paths:<sup id="cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>if something in request was not acceptable (in status line or message headers), web server already sent an error response;</li> <li>if request has a method (e.g. <code>OPTIONS</code>) that can be satisfied by general code of web server then a successful response is sent;</li> <li>if URL requires authorization then an <a href="#URL_authorization">authorization error message</a> is sent;</li> <li>if URL maps to a redirection then a <a href="#URL_redirection">redirect message</a> is sent;</li> <li>if URL maps to a <a href="#Serve_dynamic_content">dynamic resource</a> (a virtual path or a directory listing) then its handler (an internal module or an external program) is called and request parameters (query string and path info) are passed to it in order to allow it to reply to that request;</li> <li>if URL maps to a <a href="#Serve_static_content">static resource</a> (usually a file on file system) then the internal static handler is called to send that file;</li> <li>if request method is not known or if there is some other unacceptable condition (e.g. resource not found, internal server error, etc.) then an <a href="#Error_message">error response</a> is sent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serve_static_content">Serve static content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Serve static content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Web_server_serving_static_content.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png/221px-Web_server_serving_static_content.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png/332px-Web_server_serving_static_content.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Web_server_serving_static_content.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static content only</figcaption></figure> <p>If a web server program is capable of <b>serving static content</b> and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to send file content whenever a request message has a valid URL path matching (after URL mapping, URL translation and URL redirection) that of an existing file under the root directory of a website and file has attributes which match those required by internal rules of web server program.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That kind of content is called <i>static</i> because usually it is not changed by the web server when it is sent to clients and because it remains the same until it is modified (file modification) by some program. </p><p>NOTE: when serving <b>static content only</b>, a web server program usually <b>does not change file contents</b> of served websites (as they are only read and never written) and so it suffices to support only these <a href="/wiki/HTTP_method" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP method">HTTP methods</a>: </p> <ul><li><code>OPTIONS</code></li> <li><code>HEAD</code></li> <li><code>GET</code></li></ul> <p>Response of static file content can be sped up by a <b><a href="#File_cache">file cache</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Directory_index_files">Directory index files</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Directory index files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_server_directory_index" title="Web server directory index">Web server directory index</a></div> <p>If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches one of an existing <i>directory</i> and that directory is accessible and serving directory index file(s) is enabled then a web server program may try to serve the first of known (or configured) static index file names (a <a href="#Regular_files">regular file</a>) found in that directory; if no index file is found or other conditions are not met then an error message is returned. </p><p>Most used names for static index files are: <code>index.html</code>, <code>index.htm</code> and <code>Default.htm</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_files">Regular files</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regular files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches the file name of an existing <i>file</i> and that file is accessible by web server program and its attributes match internal rules of web server program, then web server program can send that file to client. </p><p>Usually, for security reasons, most web server programs are pre-configured to serve only <a href="/wiki/Regular_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular file">regular files</a> or to avoid to use <i>special file types</i> like <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">device files</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a> to them. The aim is to avoid undesirable side effects when serving static web resources.<sup id="cite_ref-web-server-http_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-server-http-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serve_dynamic_content">Serve dynamic content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Serve dynamic content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png/221px-Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png/332px-Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png/442px-Web_server_serving_static_and_dynamic_content.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static and dynamic content</figcaption></figure> <p>If a web server program is capable of <b>serving dynamic content</b> and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to communicate with the proper internal module or external program (associated with the requested URL path) in order to pass to it the parameters of the client request. After that, the web server program reads from it its data response (that it has generated, often on the fly) and then it resends it to the client program who made the request.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>NOTE: when serving <b>static and dynamic content</b>, a web server program usually has to support also the following HTTP method in order to be able to safely <b>receive data</b> from client(s) and so to be able to host also websites with interactive form(s) that may send large data sets (e.g. lots of <a href="/wiki/Data_entry" title="Data entry">data entry</a> or <a href="/wiki/File_upload" class="mw-redirect" title="File upload">file uploads</a>) to web server / external programs / modules: </p> <ul><li><code>POST</code></li></ul> <p>In order to be able to communicate with its internal modules and/or external programs, a web server program must have implemented one or more of the many available <b>gateway interface(s)</b> (see also <a href="#StandardCGIs">Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for dynamic content</a>). </p><p>The three <b>standard</b> and historical <b>gateway interfaces</b> are the following ones. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></dt> <dd>An external CGI program is run by web server program for each dynamic request, then web server program reads from it the generated data response and then resends it to client.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></dt> <dd>An external SCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for network connections; every time there is a new request for it, web server program makes a new network connection to it in order to send request parameters and to read its data response, then network connection is closed.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FastCGI</a></dt> <dd>An external FastCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for a network connection which is established permanently by web server; through that connection are sent the request parameters and read data responses.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Directory_listings">Directory listings</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Directory listings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Web_server_directory_list.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Web_server_directory_list.png/271px-Web_server_directory_list.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Web_server_directory_list.png/407px-Web_server_directory_list.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Web_server_directory_list.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Directory listing dynamically generated by a web server</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_server_directory_index" title="Web server directory index">Web server directory index</a></div> <p>A web server program may be capable to manage the dynamic generation (on the fly) of a <b><a href="/wiki/Web_server_directory_index" title="Web server directory index">directory index list</a></b> of files and sub-directories.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-directory-listings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a web server program is configured to do so and a requested URL path matches an existing directory and its access is allowed and no static index file is found under that directory then a web page (usually in HTML format), containing the list of files and/or subdirectories of above mentioned directory, is <i>dynamically generated</i> (on the fly). If it cannot be generated an error is returned. </p><p>Some web server programs allow the customization of directory listings by allowing the usage of a web page template (an HTML document containing placeholders, e.g. <code>$(FILE_NAME), $(FILE_SIZE)</code>, etc., that are replaced with the field values of each file entry found in directory by web server), e.g. <code>index.tpl</code> or the usage of HTML and embedded source code that is interpreted and executed on the fly, e.g. <code>index.asp</code>, and / or by supporting the usage of dynamic index programs such as CGIs, SCGIs, FCGIs, e.g. <code>index.cgi</code>, <code>index.php</code>, <code>index.fcgi</code>. </p><p>Usage of dynamically generated <i>directory listings</i> is usually avoided or limited to a few selected directories of a website because that generation takes much more OS resources than sending a static index page. </p><p>The main usage of <i>directory listings</i> is to allow the download of files (usually when their names, sizes, modification date-times or <a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attributes</a> may change randomly / frequently) <i>as they are, without requiring to provide further information to requesting user</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-apache-dir_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-apache-dir-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Program_or_module_processing">Program or module processing</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Program or module processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An external program or an internal module (<i>processing unit</i>) can execute some sort of application function that may be used to get data from or to store data to one or more <a href="/wiki/Content_repository" title="Content repository">data repositories</a>, e.g.:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>files (file system);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> (DBs);</li> <li>other sources located in local computer or in other computers.</li></ul> <p>A <i>processing unit</i> can return any kind of web content, also by using data retrieved from a data repository, e.g.:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>a document (e.g. <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, etc.);</li> <li>an image;</li> <li>a video;</li> <li>structured data, e.g. that may be used to update one or more values displayed by a dynamic page (<a href="/wiki/DHTML" class="mw-redirect" title="DHTML">DHTML</a>) of a <a href="/wiki/Web_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Web interface">web interface</a> and that maybe was requested by an <a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a> <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic page</a>).</li></ul> <p>In practice whenever there is content that may vary, depending on one or more parameters contained in client request or in configuration settings, then, usually, it is generated dynamically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Send_response_message">Send response message</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Send response message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web server programs are able to send response messages as replies to client request messages.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-2.1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-2.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An error response message may be sent because a request message could not be successfully read or decoded or analyzed or executed.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-3.4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-3.4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NOTE: the following sections are reported only as examples to help to understand what a web server, more or less, does; these sections are by any means neither exhaustive nor complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Error_message">Error message</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Error message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server program may reply to a client request message with many kinds of error messages, anyway these errors are divided mainly in two categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_client_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP client errors">HTTP client errors</a>, due to the type of request message or to the availability of requested web resource;<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231-6.5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231-6.5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_server_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP server errors">HTTP server errors</a>, due to internal server errors.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231-6.6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231-6.6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When an error response / message is received by a client browser, then if it is related to the main user request (e.g. an URL of a web resource such as a web page) then usually that error message is shown in some browser window / message. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_authorization">URL authorization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: URL authorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server program may be able to verify whether the requested URL path:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7235-1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7235-1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>can be freely accessed by everybody;</li> <li>requires a user authentication (request of user credentials, e.g. such as <a href="/wiki/User_name" class="mw-redirect" title="User name">user name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a>);</li> <li>access is forbidden to some or all kind of users.</li></ul> <p>If the authorization / access rights feature has been implemented and enabled and access to web resource is not granted, then, depending on the required access rights, a web server program: </p> <ul><li>can deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#403" title="List of HTTP status codes">forbidden</a>);</li> <li>may deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#401" title="List of HTTP status codes">unauthorized</a>) that usually forces the client browser to ask human user to provide required user credentials; if authentication credentials are provided then web server program verifies and accepts or rejects them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_redirection">URL redirection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: URL redirection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></div> <p>A web server program <i>may</i> have the capability of doing URL redirections to new URLs (new locations) which consists in replying to a client request message with a response message containing a new URL suited to access a valid or an existing web resource (client should redo the request with the new URL).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231-6.4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231-6.4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>URL redirection of location is used:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231-6.4_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231-6.4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to fix a directory name by adding a final slash '/';<sup id="cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-directory-listings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to give a new URL for a no more existing URL path to a new path where that kind of web resource can be found.</li> <li>to give a new URL to another domain when current domain has too much load.</li></ul> <p>Example 1: a URL path points to a <b>directory</b> name but it does not have a final slash '/' so web server sends a redirect to client in order to instruct it to redo the request with the fixed path name.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-directory-listings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From:<br />   <code>/directory1/directory2</code><br /> To:<br />   <code>/directory1/directory2/</code> </p><p>Example 2: a whole set of documents has been <b>moved inside website</b> in order to reorganize their file system paths. </p><p>From:<br />   <code>/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/</code><br /> To:<br />   <code>/directory1/directory2/2021/10/08/</code> </p><p>Example 3: a whole set of documents has been <b>moved to a new website</b> and now it is mandatory to use secure HTTPS connections to access them. </p><p>From:<br />   <code>http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/</code><br /> To:<br />   <code>https://docs.example.com/directory1/2021-10-08/</code> </p><p>Above examples are only a few of the possible kind of redirections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Successful_message">Successful message</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Successful message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server program is able to reply to a valid client request message with a successful message, optionally containing requested <b>web resource data</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231-6.3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231-6.3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If web resource data is sent back to client, then it can be <b>static content</b> or <b>dynamic content</b> depending on how it has been retrieved (from a file or from the output of some program / module). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_cache">Content cache</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Content cache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to speed up web server responses by lowering average HTTP response times and hardware resources used, many popular web servers implement one or more content <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caches</a>, each one specialized in a content category.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-content-cache-apache_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-content-cache-apache-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ws-content-cache-nginx_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-content-cache-nginx-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Content is usually cached by its origin, e.g.: </p> <ul><li>static content: <ul><li><a href="#File_cache">file cache</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>dynamic content: <ul><li><a href="#Dynamic_cache">dynamic cache</a> (module / program output).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="File_cache">File cache</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: File cache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, static contents found in <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> which had to be accessed frequently, randomly and quickly, have been stored mostly on electro-mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">disks</a> since mid-late 1960s / 1970s; regrettably reads from and writes to those kind of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">devices</a> have always been considered very slow operations when compared to <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> speed and so, since early <a href="/wiki/Operative_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Operative system">OSs</a>, first disk caches and then also <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> file <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cache</a> sub-systems were developed to speed up <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> operations of frequently accessed data / files. </p><p>Even with the aid of an OS file cache, the relative / occasional slowness of I/O operations involving directories and files stored on disks became soon a <a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(software)" title="Bottleneck (software)">bottleneck</a> in the increase of <a href="#Performances">performances</a> expected from top level web servers, specially since mid-late 1990s, when web Internet traffic started to grow exponentially along with the constant increase of speed of Internet / network lines. </p><p>The problem about how to further efficiently speed-up the serving of static files, thus increasing the maximum number of requests/responses per second (<a href="#requests_per_second">RPS</a>), started to be studied / researched since mid 1990s, with the aim to propose useful cache models that could be implemented in web server programs.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-file-cache-mmc_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-file-cache-mmc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, nowadays, many popular / high performance web server programs include their own <i><a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a></i> <b>file cache</b>, tailored for a web server usage and using their specific implementation and parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-file-cache-iplanet_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-file-cache-iplanet-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ws-file-cache-apache_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-file-cache-apache-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ws-file-cache-servez_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-file-cache-servez-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide spread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID</a> and/or fast <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (storage hardware with very high I/O speed) has slightly reduced but of course not eliminated the advantage of having a file cache incorporated in a web server. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_cache">Dynamic cache</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dynamic cache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic content, output by an internal module or an external program, may not always change very frequently (given a unique URL with keys / parameters) and so, maybe for a while (e.g. from 1 second to several hours or more), the resulting output can be cached in RAM or even on a fast <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-disk-cache-apache_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-disk-cache-apache-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical usage of a dynamic cache is when a website has <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a> about news, weather, images, maps, etc. that do not change frequently (e.g. every <i>n</i> minutes) and that are accessed by a huge number of clients per minute / hour; in those cases it is useful to return cached content too (without calling the internal module or the external program) because clients often do not have an updated copy of the requested content in their browser caches.<sup id="cite_ref-ws-dynamic-cache-edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-dynamic-cache-edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anyway, in most cases those kind of caches are implemented by external servers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxy</a>) or by storing dynamic data output in separate computers, managed by specific applications (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">memcached</a>), in order to not compete for hardware resources (CPU, RAM, disks) with web server(s).<sup id="cite_ref-ws-dynamic-cache-tut_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-dynamic-cache-tut-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ws-dynamic-cache-std_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-dynamic-cache-std-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernel-mode_and_user-mode_web_servers">Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server software can be either incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> and executed in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> space, or it can be executed in <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a> (like other regular applications). </p><p>Web servers that run in <a href="/wiki/Supervisor_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervisor mode">kernel mode</a> (usually called <a href="/wiki/In-kernel_web_server" title="In-kernel web server">kernel space web servers</a>) can have direct access to kernel resources and so they can be, in theory, faster than those running in user mode; anyway there are disadvantages in running a web server in kernel mode, e.g.: difficulties in developing (<a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>) software whereas <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">run-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Critical_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical error">critical errors</a> may lead to serious problems in OS kernel. </p><p>Web servers that run in <a href="/wiki/User-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User-mode">user-mode</a> have to ask the system for permission to use more memory or more <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> resources. Not only do these requests to the kernel take time, but they might not always be satisfied because the system reserves resources for its own usage and has the responsibility to share hardware resources with all the other running applications. Executing in user mode can also mean using more buffer/data copies (between user-space and kernel-space) which can lead to a decrease in the performance of a user-mode web server. </p><p>Nowadays almost all web server software is executed in user mode (because many of the aforementioned small disadvantages have been overcome by faster hardware, new OS versions, much faster OS <a href="/wiki/System_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="System calls">system calls</a> and new optimized web server software). See also <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software" title="Comparison of web server software">comparison of web server software</a> to discover which of them run in kernel mode or in user mode (also referred as kernel space or user space). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performances">Performances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To <b>improve the <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a></b> (on client / browser side), a web server should <b>reply quickly</b> (as soon as possible) to client requests; unless content response is throttled (by configuration) for some type of files (e.g. big or huge files), also returned data content should be sent as fast as possible (high transfer speed). </p><p>In other words, a <b>web server should always be very <a href="/wiki/Responsiveness" title="Responsiveness">responsive</a></b>, even under high load of web traffic, in order to keep <b>total user's wait</b> (sum of browser time + network time + <b>web server response time</b>) for a response <b>as low as possible</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_metrics">Performance metrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Performance metrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For web server software, main key <b>performance metrics</b> (measured under vary <a href="#Operating_conditions">operating conditions</a>) usually are at least the following ones (i.e.):<sup id="cite_ref-first-monday-web-server-performance_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-monday-web-server-performance-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><strong>number of <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="requests_per_second"></span><span class="vanchor-text">requests per second</span></span></i></strong> (<strong>RPS</strong>, similar to <strong><a href="/wiki/Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">QPS</a></strong>, depending on HTTP version and configuration, type of HTTP requests and other operating conditions);</li> <li><strong>number of <i>connections per second</i></strong> (<strong>CPS</strong>), is the number of connections per second accepted by web server (useful when using HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 with a very low limit of requests / responses per connection, i.e. 1 .. 20);</li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">network latency</a></strong> + <b><a href="/wiki/Response_time_(technology)" title="Response time (technology)">response time</a></b> for each new client request; usually benchmark tool shows how many requests have been satisfied within a scale of time laps (e.g. within 1ms, 3ms, 5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 30ms, 40ms) and / or the shortest, the average and the longest response time;</li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> of responses</strong>, in bytes per second.</li></ul> <p>Among the operating conditions, the <strong>number</strong> (1 .. <i>n</i>) of <strong>concurrent client connections</strong> used during a test is an important parameter because it allows to correlate the <strong><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> level</strong> supported by web server with results of the tested performance metrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_efficiency">Software efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Software efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>specific web server <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a> and model adopted</b> (e.g.): </p> <ul><li>single <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> or multi-process;</li> <li>single <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">thread</a> (no thread) or multi-thread for each process;</li> <li>usage of <a href="/wiki/Coroutines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroutines">coroutines</a> or not;</li></ul> <p>... and other <b>programming techniques</b>, such as (e.g.): </p> <ul><li>minimization of possible <a href="/wiki/Cache_miss" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache miss">CPU cache misses</a>;</li> <li>minimization of possible <a href="/wiki/Branch_misprediction" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch misprediction">CPU branch mispredictions</a> in critical paths for speed;</li> <li>minimization of the number of <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> used to perform a certain function / task;</li> <li>other tricks;</li></ul> <p>... used to implement a web server program, <b>can bias a lot the <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performances</a></b> and in particular the <b><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> level</b> that can be achieved under <b>heavy load</b> or when using high end hardware (many CPUs, disks and lots of RAM). </p><p>In practice some web server software models may require more OS resources (specially more CPUs and more RAM) than others to be able to work well and so to achieve target performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_conditions">Operating conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Operating conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many <b>operating conditions that can affect the performances</b> of a web server; performance values may vary depending on (i.e.): </p> <ul><li>the settings of web server (including the fact that log file is or is not enabled, etc.);</li> <li>the HTTP version used by client requests;</li> <li>the average HTTP request type (method, length of HTTP headers and optional body);</li> <li>whether the requested content is static or dynamic;</li> <li>whether the content is <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cached</a> or not cached (by server and/or by client);</li> <li>whether the content is <a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">compressed</a> on the fly (when transferred), pre-compressed (i.e. when a file resource is stored on disk already compressed so that web server can send that file directly to the network with the only indication that its content is compressed) or not compressed at all;</li> <li>whether the connections are or are not encrypted;</li> <li>the average <a href="/wiki/Network_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Network speed">network speed</a> between web server and its clients;</li> <li>the number of active <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission control protocol">TCP</a> connections;</li> <li>the number of active processes managed by web server (including external CGI, SCGI, FCGI programs);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a> limitations or settings of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> of the computer(s) on which the web server runs;</li> <li>other minor conditions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benchmarking">Benchmarking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Benchmarking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_server_benchmarking" title="Web server benchmarking">Web server benchmarking</a></div> <p>Performances of a web server are typically <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarked</a> by using one or more of the available <a href="/wiki/Web_server_benchmarking#Tools_for_benchmarking" title="Web server benchmarking">automated load testing tools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Load_limits">Load limits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Load limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A web server (program installation) usually has pre-defined <b>load limits</b> for each combination of <a href="#Operating_conditions">operating conditions</a>, also because it is limited by OS resources and because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and several tens of thousands for each active web server process, see also the <a href="/wiki/C10k_problem" title="C10k problem">C10k problem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C10M_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="C10M problem">C10M problem</a>). </p><p>When a web server is near to or over its load limits, it gets <b>overloaded</b> and so it may become <b>unresponsive</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_overload">Causes of overload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Causes of overload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At any time web servers can be overloaded due to one or more of the following causes (e.g.). </p> <ul><li><b>Excess legitimate web traffic</b>. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the website in a short amount of time, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">Slashdot effect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Denial_of_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Denial of Service">Distributed Denial of Service</a> attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Computer worms</a> that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSS_worm" title="XSS worm">XSS worms</a> can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers or web servers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">Internet bots</a> Traffic not filtered/limited on large websites with very few network resources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>) and/or hardware resources (CPUs, RAM, disks).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (network) slowdowns (e.g. due to packet losses) so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached.</li> <li>Web servers, <b>serving dynamic content</b>, <b>waiting for slow responses coming from <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">back-end</a> computer(s)</b> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>), maybe because of too many queries mixed with too many inserts or updates of DB data; in these cases web servers have to wait for back-end data responses before replying to HTTP clients but during these waits too many new client connections / requests arrive and so they become overloaded.</li> <li>Web servers (<a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>) <b>partial unavailability</b>. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures such as <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">back-end</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>) failures; in these cases the remaining web servers may get too much traffic and become overloaded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms_of_overload">Symptoms of overload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Symptoms of overload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symptoms of an overloaded web server are usually the following ones (e.g.). </p> <ul><li>Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).</li> <li>The web server returns an <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">HTTP error code</a>, such as 500, 502,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 503,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 504,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 408, or even an intermittent <a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">404</a>.</li> <li>The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission control protocol">TCP</a> connections before it returns any content.</li> <li>In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a>, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-overload_techniques">Anti-overload techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Anti-overload techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular websites use common techniques like the following ones (e.g.). </p> <ul><li>Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage.</li> <li>Tuning web server(s) parameters to improve their security and performances.</li> <li>Deploying <strong><a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">web cache</a></strong> techniques (not only for static contents but, whenever possible, for dynamic contents too).</li> <li>Managing network traffic, by using: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewalls</a> to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns;</li> <li>HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> patterns;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_management" title="Bandwidth management">Bandwidth management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_shaping" title="Traffic shaping">traffic shaping</a>, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage.</li></ul></li> <li>Using different <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> and computers to serve different kinds (static and dynamic) of content; the aim is to <b>separate</b> big or huge files (<code>download.*</code>) (that domain might be replaced also by a <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">CDN</a>) from small and medium-sized files (<code>static.*</code>) and from main dynamic site (maybe where some contents are stored in a <a href="/wiki/Back-end_database" title="Back-end database">backend database</a>) (<code>www.*</code>); the idea is to be able to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 – 1000 MB) files (maybe throttling downloads) and to fully <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cache</a> small and medium-sized files, without affecting performances of dynamic site under heavy load, by using different settings for each (group) of web server computers, e.g.: <ul><li><code>https://download.example.com</code></li> <li><code>https://static.example.com</code></li> <li><code>https://www.example.com</code></li></ul></li> <li>Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancer</a> so that they act or are seen as one big web server.</li> <li>Adding more hardware resources (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, fast <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disks</a>) to each computer.</li> <li>Using more efficient computer programs for web servers (see also: <a href="#Software_efficiency">software efficiency</a>).</li> <li>Using the most efficient <strong><a href="#StandardCGIs">Web Server Gateway Interface</a></strong> to process dynamic requests (spawning one or more external programs every time a dynamic page is retrieved, kills performances).</li> <li>Using other programming techniques and <a href="/wiki/Workaround" title="Workaround">workarounds</a>, especially if dynamic content is involved, to speed up the HTTP responses (i.e. by avoiding dynamic calls to retrieve objects, such as style sheets, images and scripts), that never change or change very rarely, by copying that content to static files once and then keeping them synchronized with dynamic content).</li> <li>Using latest efficient versions of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> (e.g. beyond using common HTTP/1.1 also by enabling <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> and maybe <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> too, whenever available web server software has reliable support for the latter two protocols) in order to reduce a lot the number of TCP/IP connections started by each client and the size of data exchanged (because of more compact HTTP headers representation and maybe data compression).</li></ul> <p><b>Caveats about using HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 protocols</b> </p><p><em title="HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 caveats">Even if newer HTTP (2 and 3) protocols usually generate less network traffic for each request / response data, they may require more <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> resources (i.e. RAM and CPU) used by web server software (because of <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted data</a>, lots of stream buffers and other implementation details); besides this, HTTP/2 and maybe HTTP/3 too, depending also on settings of web server and client program, may not be the best options for data upload of big or huge files at very high speed because their data streams are optimized for concurrency of requests and so, in many cases, using HTTP/1.1 TCP/IP connections may lead to better results / higher upload speeds (your mileage may vary)</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-nextcloud-http2-slow-upload_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nextcloud-http2-slow-upload-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nginx-http2-slow-upload_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nginx-http2-slow-upload-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share">Market share</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Market share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on HTTP server programs: <a href="/wiki/Category:Web_server_software" title="Category:Web server software">Category:Web server software</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usage_share_of_web_servers_(Source_Netcraft).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg/300px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg/450px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg/600px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Chart:<br /><i>Market share of all sites</i> for most popular web servers 2005–2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usage_share_of_web_servers_(Source_Netcraft)_1995-2005.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg/300px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg/450px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg/600px-Usage_share_of_web_servers_%28Source_Netcraft%29_1995-2005.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Chart:<br /><i>Market share of all sites</i> for most popular web servers 1995–2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Web server: Market share of all sites </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a> (Nginx, Inc.) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation" title="The Apache Software Foundation">ASF</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/OpenResty" title="OpenResty">OpenResty</a> (OpenResty Software Foundation) </th> <th>Cloudflare Server (<a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare, Inc.</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">GWS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>) </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td>October 2021<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>34.95%</td> <td>24.63%</td> <td>6.45%</td> <td>4.87%</td> <td>4.00% (*)</td> <td>4.00% (*)</td> <td>Less than 22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2021<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>34.54%</td> <td>26.32%</td> <td>6.36%</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>3.90%</td> <td>Less than 18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2020<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>36.48%</td> <td>24.5%</td> <td>4.00%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>14.21%</td> <td>3.18%</td> <td>Less than 15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2019<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>25.34%</td> <td>26.16%</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>28.42%</td> <td>1.66%</td> <td>Less than 19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2018<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>24.32%</td> <td>27.45%</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>34.50%</td> <td>1.20%</td> <td>Less than 13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2017<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>19.42%</td> <td>20.89%</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>43.16%</td> <td>1.03%</td> <td>Less than 15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2016<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>16.61%</td> <td>32.80%</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>29.83%</td> <td>2.21%</td> <td>Less than 19% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>NOTE: (*) percentage rounded to integer number, because its decimal values are not publicly reported by source page (only its rounded value is reported in graph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software" title="Comparison of web server software">Comparison of web server software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_server" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP server">HTTP server</a> (core part of a web server program that serves HTTP requests)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">HTTP compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source web application">Open source web application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMP_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AMP packages">List of AMP packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_object" title="Variant object">Variant object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_hosting" title="Virtual hosting">Virtual hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Web hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">Web container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Web proxy">Web proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="StandardCGIs"></span><b>Standard Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic content">dynamic contents</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> Common Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a> Simple Common Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FastCGI</a> Fast Common Gateway Interface</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="CustomCGIs"></span><b>A few other Web Server Interfaces (server or <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> specific) used for dynamic contents:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">SSI</a> Server Side Includes, rarely used, static HTML documents containing SSI directives are interpreted by server software to include small dynamic data on the fly when pages are served, e.g. date and time, other static file contents, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">SAPI</a> Server Application Programming Interface: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISAPI" class="mw-redirect" title="ISAPI">ISAPI</a> Internet Server Application Programming Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">NSAPI</a> Netscape Server Application Programming Interface</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSGI" class="mw-redirect" title="PSGI">PSGI</a> Perl Web Server Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSGI" class="mw-redirect" title="WSGI">WSGI</a> Python Web Server Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Rack</a> Rack Web Server Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a> JavaScript Web Server Gateway Interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Servlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Servlet">Java Servlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaServer_Pages" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaServer Pages">JavaServer Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-web-server-technology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web-server-technology_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/11/24/father-web-sir-tim-berners-lee-plan-fight-fake-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-computer.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Computers+and+Computing%2C+Internet%2C+Birth%2C+The+World+Wide+Web+of+Tim+Berners-Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2FInternet%2FMaturing%2FLee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-project-history-original-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www-project-history-original_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berner-Lee1992" class="citation web cs1">Tim Berner-Lee (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html">"WWW Project History (original)"</a>. 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CERN (World Wide Web project). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202001216/https://web30.web.cern.ch/web-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+History&rft.pub=CERN+%28World+Wide+Web+project%29&rft.au=Web+Administrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb30.web.cern.ch%2Fweb-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-TBL-web-announcement-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www-TBL-web-announcement_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berner-Lee1991" class="citation web cs1">Tim Berner-Lee (2 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt">"Qualifiers on hypertext links ..."</a> CERN (World Wide Web project). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207032603/https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Netcraft. 22 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227070918/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2021/12/22/december-2021-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Apache: HTTPd server project. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127091204/http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/new_features_2_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+new+features+in+Apache+2.2&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.2%2Fnew_features_2_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-apache-overview-2.4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-apache-overview-2.4_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/new_features_2_4.html">"Overview of new features in Apache 2.4"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112829/http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/new_features_2_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+new+features+in+Apache+2.4&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.4%2Fnew_features_2_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2616-8.1.4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2616-8.1.4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616#section-8.1.4">"Connections, persistent connections: practical considerations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616"><i>RFC 2616, Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1</i></a>. pp. 46–47. sec. 8.1.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connections%2C+persistent+connections%3A+practical+considerations&rft.btitle=RFC+2616%2C+Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+--+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pages=pp.-46-47.-sec.-8.1.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2616%26%23035%3Bsection-8.1.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browsers-max-persistent-connections-per-host-domain-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browsers-max-persistent-connections-per-host-domain_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgdev-blog.blogspot.com/2014/01/maximum-concurrent-connection-to-same.html">"Maximum concurrent connections to the same domain for browsers"</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221234815/http://sgdev-blog.blogspot.com/2014/01/maximum-concurrent-connection-to-same.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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RootUsers. 8 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223131547/https://www.rootusers.com/linux-web-server-performance-benchmark-2016-results/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Web+Server+Performance+Benchmark+-+2016+results&rft.pub=RootUsers&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootusers.com%2Flinux-web-server-performance-benchmark-2016-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-http2-faq-http2-replace-http1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http2.github.io/faq/#will-http2-replace-http1x">"Will HTTP/2 replace HTTP/1.x?"</a>. IETF HTTP Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927004541/http://http2.github.io/faq/#will-http2-replace-http1x">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+HTTP%2F2+replace+HTTP%2F1.x%3F&rft.pub=IETF+HTTP+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttp2.github.io%2Ffaq%2F%23will-http2-replace-http1x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-http2-support-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ws-http2-support_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-http2-support_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/httpwg/http2-spec/wiki/Implementations">"Implementations of HTTP/2 in client and server software"</a>. IETF HTTP Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223003728/https://github.com/httpwg/http2-spec/wiki/Implementations">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementations+of+HTTP%2F2+in+client+and+server+software&rft.pub=IETF+HTTP+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fhttpwg%2Fhttp2-spec%2Fwiki%2FImplementations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http2-faq-just-1-connection-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-http2-faq-just-1-connection_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http2.github.io/faq/#why-just-one-tcp-connection">"Why just one TCP connection?"</a>. IETF HTTP Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927004541/http://http2.github.io/faq/#why-just-one-tcp-connection">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+just+one+TCP+connection%3F&rft.pub=IETF+HTTP+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttp2.github.io%2Ffaq%2F%23why-just-one-tcp-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7230-2.1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-2.1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-2.1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-2.1">"Client/Server Messaging"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230"><i>RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing</i></a>. pp. 7–8. sec. 2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7230">10.17487/RFC7230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Client%2FServer+Messaging&rft.btitle=RFC+7230%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Message+Syntax+and+Routing&rft.pages=pp.-7-8.-sec.-2.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7230%26%23035%3Bsection-2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7230-3.4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-3.4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-3.4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.4">"Handling Incomplete Messages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230"><i>RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing</i></a>. p. 34. sec. 3.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7230">10.17487/RFC7230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handling+Incomplete+Messages&rft.btitle=RFC+7230%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Message+Syntax+and+Routing&rft.pages=p.-34.-sec.-3.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7230%26%23035%3Bsection-3.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7230-3.5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-3.5_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.5">"Message Parsing Robustness"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230"><i>RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing</i></a>. pp. 34–35. sec. 3.5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7230">10.17487/RFC7230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Message+Parsing+Robustness&rft.btitle=RFC+7230%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Message+Syntax+and+Routing&rft.pages=pp.-34-35.-sec.-3.5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7230%26%23035%3Bsection-3.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-url-mapping-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-url-mapping_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Bowen2002" class="citation web cs1">R. Bowen (29 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.apache.org/~jim/ApacheCons/ApacheCon2002/pdf/Bowen-urlmap-ACUS02/bowen-urlmap-ACUS02.pdf">"URL Mapping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Apache software foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181448/http://people.apache.org/~jim/ApacheCons/ApacheCon2002/pdf/Bowen-urlmap-ACUS02/bowen-urlmap-ACUS02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URL+Mapping&rft.pub=Apache+software+foundation&rft.date=2002-09-29&rft.au=R.+Bowen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.apache.org%2F~jim%2FApacheCons%2FApacheCon2002%2Fpdf%2FBowen-urlmap-ACUS02%2Fbowen-urlmap-ACUS02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-static-rqs-root-dir-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-static-rqs-root-dir_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/urlmapping.html">"Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020053640/http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/urlmapping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+URLs+to+Filesystem+Locations&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.4%2Furlmapping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-dynamic-rqs-root-dir-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-dynamic-rqs-root-dir_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/cgi.html">"Dynamic Content with CGI"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181448/https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/cgi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Content+with+CGI&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.4%2Fhowto%2Fcgi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web-server-http-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web-server-http_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Shiflett2003" class="citation book cs1">Chris Shiflett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxg8_i9dVakC&pg=PA38"><i>HTTP developer's handbook</i></a>. Sams's publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32454-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32454-7"><bdi>0-672-32454-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185219/https://www.google.it/books/edition/HTTP_Developer_s_Handbook/oxg8_i9dVakC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA38&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+developer%27s+handbook&rft.pub=Sams%27s+publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-672-32454-7&rft.au=Chris+Shiflett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doxg8_i9dVakC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-directory-listings-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ws-directory-listings_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASF_Infrabot2019" class="citation web cs1">ASF Infrabot (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/HTTPD/DirectoryListings">"Directory listings"</a>. Apache foundation: HTTPd server project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607234544/https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/HTTPD/DirectoryListings">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+listings&rft.pub=Apache+foundation%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.au=ASF+Infrabot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcwiki.apache.org%2Fconfluence%2Fdisplay%2FHTTPD%2FDirectoryListings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-apache-dir-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-apache-dir_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/">"Apache: directory listing to download files"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202004258/http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apache%3A+directory+listing+to+download+files&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.apache.org%2Fdist%2Fhttpd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7231-6.5-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7231-6.5_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.5">"Client Error 4xx"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231"><i>RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content</i></a>. p. 58. sec. 6.5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7231">10.17487/RFC7231</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Client+Error+4xx&rft.btitle=RFC+7231%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Semantics+and+Content&rft.pages=p.-58.-sec.-6.5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7231%26%23035%3Bsection-6.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7231-6.6-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7231-6.6_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.6">"Server Error 5xx"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231"><i>RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content</i></a>. pp. 62-63. sec. 6.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7231">10.17487/RFC7231</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Server+Error+5xx&rft.btitle=RFC+7231%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Semantics+and+Content&rft.pages=pp.-62-63.-sec.-6.6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7231%26%23035%3Bsection-6.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7235-1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7235-1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235#section-1">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235"><i>RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication</i></a>. p. 3. sec. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7235">10.17487/RFC7235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235">7235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=RFC+7235%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Authentication&rft.pages=p.-3.-sec.-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7235%26%23035%3Bsection-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7231-6.4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7231-6.4_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc7231-6.4_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.4">"Response Status Codes: Redirection 3xx"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231"><i>RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content</i></a>. pp. 53–54. sec. 6.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7231">10.17487/RFC7231</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Response+Status+Codes%3A+Redirection+3xx&rft.btitle=RFC+7231%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Semantics+and+Content&rft.pages=pp.-53-54.-sec.-6.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7231%26%23035%3Bsection-6.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7231-6.3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7231-6.3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-6.3">"Successful 2xx"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231"><i>RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content</i></a>. pp. 51-54. sec. 6.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7231">10.17487/RFC7231</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Successful+2xx&rft.btitle=RFC+7231%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Semantics+and+Content&rft.pages=pp.-51-54.-sec.-6.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7231%26%23035%3Bsection-6.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-content-cache-apache-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-content-cache-apache_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/caching.html">"Caching Guide"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209211243/https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/caching.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caching+Guide&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.4%2Fcaching.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-content-cache-nginx-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-content-cache-nginx_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.nginx.com/nginx/admin-guide/content-cache/content-caching/">"NGINX Content Caching"</a>. F5 NGINX. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209211246/https://docs.nginx.com/nginx/admin-guide/content-cache/content-caching/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGINX+Content+Caching&rft.pub=F5+NGINX&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.nginx.com%2Fnginx%2Fadmin-guide%2Fcontent-cache%2Fcontent-caching%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-file-cache-mmc-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-file-cache-mmc_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelos_P._Markatos1996" class="citation web cs1">Evangelos P. Markatos (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ra.ethz.ch/cdstore/www5/www218/overview.htm">"Main Memory Caching of Web Documents"</a>. Computer networks and ISDN Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185224/https://www.ra.ethz.ch/cdstore/www5/www218/overview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Memory+Caching+of+Web+Documents&rft.pub=Computer+networks+and+ISDN+Systems&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Evangelos+P.+Markatos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ra.ethz.ch%2Fcdstore%2Fwww5%2Fwww218%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-file-cache-iplanet-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-file-cache-iplanet_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19146-01/821-1827/gaidp/index.html">"IPlanet Web Server 7.0.9: file-cache"</a>. Oracle. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209175035/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19146-01/821-1827/gaidp/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPlanet+Web+Server+7.0.9%3A+file-cache&rft.pub=Oracle&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fcd%2FE19146-01%2F821-1827%2Fgaidp%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-file-cache-apache-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-file-cache-apache_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_file_cache.html">"Apache Module mod_file_cache"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194811/https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_file_cache.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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GNU. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209173634/https://www.gnu.org/software/serveez/manual/html_node/HTTP-Server.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTTP+server%3A+configuration%3A+file+cache&rft.pub=GNU&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fserveez%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2FHTTP-Server.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-disk-cache-apache-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-disk-cache-apache_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_cache_disk.html">"Apache Module mod_cache_disk"</a>. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209211241/https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_cache_disk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apache+Module+mod_cache_disk&rft.pub=Apache%3A+HTTPd+server+project&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.4%2Fmod%2Fmod_cache_disk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-dynamic-cache-edu-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-dynamic-cache-edu_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educative.io/edpresso/what-is-dynamic-cache">"What is dynamic cache?"</a>. Educative. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209234355/https://www.educative.io/edpresso/what-is-dynamic-cache">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Siteground. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185251/https://www.siteground.com/tutorials/supercacher/dynamic-cache/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Cache+Option+Tutorial&rft.pub=Siteground&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siteground.com%2Ftutorials%2Fsupercacher%2Fdynamic-cache%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-dynamic-cache-std-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws-dynamic-cache-std_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArun_IyengarJim_Challenger2000" class="citation web cs1">Arun Iyengar; Jim Challenger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2585583">"Improving Web Server Performance by Caching Dynamic Data"</a>. Usenix<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=WebMonitor%3A+a+tool+for+measuring+World+Wide+Web+server+performance&rft.date=1997-07-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v2i7.539&rft.au=Jussara+M.+Almeida&rft.au=Virgilio+Almeida&rft.au=David+J.+Yates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstmonday.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F539%2F460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLifewire" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Tim; Lifewire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/502-bad-gateway-error-explained-2622939">"Getting a 502 Bad Gateway Error? Here's What to Do"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042443/https://www.lifewire.com/502-bad-gateway-error-explained-2622939">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Getting+a+502+Bad+Gateway+Error%3F+Here%27s+What+to+Do&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Lifewire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2F502-bad-gateway-error-explained-2622939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itpro.co.uk/go/30258">"What is a 502 bad gateway and how do you fix it?"</a>. <i>IT PRO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185257/https://www.itpro.co.uk/web-hosting/30258/what-is-a-502-bad-gateway-and-how-do-you-fix-it">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IT+PRO&rft.atitle=What+is+a+502+bad+gateway+and+how+do+you+fix+it%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itpro.co.uk%2Fgo%2F30258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLifewire" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Tim; Lifewire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/503-service-unavailable-explained-2622940">"Getting a 503 Service Unavailable Error? Here's What to Do"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185318/https://www.lifewire.com/503-service-unavailable-explained-2622940">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Getting+a+503+Service+Unavailable+Error%3F+Here%27s+What+to+Do&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Lifewire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2F503-service-unavailable-explained-2622940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLifewire" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Tim; Lifewire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/504-gateway-timeout-error-explained-2622941">"Getting a 504 Gateway Timeout Error? Here's What to Do"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423182953/https://www.lifewire.com/504-gateway-timeout-error-explained-2622941">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Getting+a+504+Gateway+Timeout+Error%3F+Here%27s+What+to+Do&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Lifewire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2F504-gateway-timeout-error-explained-2622941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nextcloud-http2-slow-upload-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nextcloud-http2-slow-upload_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmany2021" class="citation web cs1">many (24 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nextcloud/server/issues/25297">"Slow uploads with HTTP/2"</a>. github. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116002101/https://github.com/nextcloud/server/issues/25297">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slow+uploads+with+HTTP%2F2&rft.pub=github&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft.au=many&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnextcloud%2Fserver%2Fissues%2F25297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nginx-http2-slow-upload-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nginx-http2-slow-upload_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunho_Choi2020" class="citation web cs1">Junho Choi (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.cloudflare.com/delivering-http-2-upload-speed-improvements/">"Delivering HTTP/2 upload speed improvements"</a>. Cloudflare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116002101/https://blog.cloudflare.com/delivering-http-2-upload-speed-improvements/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delivering+HTTP%2F2+upload+speed+improvements&rft.pub=Cloudflare&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.au=Junho+Choi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.cloudflare.com%2Fdelivering-http-2-upload-speed-improvements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2021/10/15/october-2021-web-server-survey.html">"October 2021 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 15 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115125905/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2021/10/15/october-2021-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+2021+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2021%2F10%2F15%2Foctober-2021-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2021/02/26/february-2021-web-server-survey.html">"February 2021 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 26 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415082427/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2021/02/26/february-2021-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2020+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2020%2F02%2F20%2Ffebruary-2020-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2019/02/28/february-2019-web-server-survey.html">"February 2019 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 28 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083053/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2019/02/28/february-2019-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2019+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2019%2F02%2F28%2Ffebruary-2019-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2018/02/13/february-2018-web-server-survey.html">"February 2018 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 13 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417141318/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2018/02/13/february-2018-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2018+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2018%2F02%2F13%2Ffebruary-2018-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2017/02/27/february-2017-web-server-survey.html">"February 2017 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062733/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2017/02/27/february-2017-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2017+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2017%2F02%2F27%2Ffebruary-2017-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/02/22/february-2016-web-server-survey.html">"February 2016 Web Server Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a>. 22 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127205027/https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/02/22/february-2016-web-server-survey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2016+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Netcraft&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2016%2F02%2F22%2Ffebruary-2016-web-server-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_server&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/What_is_a_web_server">Mozilla: what is a web server?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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