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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-First_partial_ceasefire_(26_February_–_July_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_partial_ceasefire_(26_February_–_July_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>First partial ceasefire (26 February – July 2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_partial_ceasefire_(26_February_–_July_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_ceasefire_attempt_(12_September_–_19_September)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_ceasefire_attempt_(12_September_–_19_September)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Second ceasefire attempt (12 September – 19 September)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_ceasefire_attempt_(12_September_–_19_September)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_ceasefire_attempt_(December_2016_–_February_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_ceasefire_attempt_(December_2016_–_February_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016 – February 2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_ceasefire_attempt_(December_2016_–_February_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_ceasefire_attempt_(May_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_ceasefire_attempt_(May_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fourth ceasefire attempt (May 2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_ceasefire_attempt_(May_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July_2017–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July_2017–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fifth ceasefire attempt (July 2017–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July_2017–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of a series on<br />the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.8em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/200px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/300px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/400px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League initiative I</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League initiative II</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011–12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Churkin peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Geneva_I_Conference_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva I Conference on Syria">(Geneva I)</a></small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposal (2013)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Mideast peace conference</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2014</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Four_committees_initiative" title="Four committees initiative">Staffan de Mistura peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">Zabadani agreement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Vienna talks</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Peace_Conference_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Peace Conference (2016)">Geneva III</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">US-Russia ceasefire proposal (2016)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">Geneva IV</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2018_Idlib_demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Idlib demilitarization">Idlib demilitarization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian-Turkish_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Turkish normalization">Syrian-Turkish normalization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2022–24</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Bashar Assad presidentship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Ba'athist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Opposition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Syria" title="Secularism in Syria">Secularism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War">Sectarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Secondary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Electricity supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria#Oil" title="Energy in Syria">Control of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Situation in Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Siege of Madaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International brokers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Peace envoy for Syria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Proposals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> amendment:</b></span> <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution of Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syrian_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Syrian Opposition">Constitution of Syrian Opposition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution of Rojava</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zones</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Projects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_University" title="Free Syrian University">Free Syrian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Is_Being_Slaughtered_Silently" title="Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently">Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template talk:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several attempts have been made to broker <b>ceasefires in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_partial_ceasefire_(26_February_–_July_2016)"><span id="First_partial_ceasefire_.2826_February_.E2.80.93_July_2016.29"></span>First partial ceasefire (26 February – July 2016)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First partial ceasefire (26 February – July 2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#Cessation_of_Hostilities,_February_2016" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process § Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016</a></div> <p>Following talks in Munich, the world powers in the <a href="/wiki/International_Syria_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="International Syria Support Group">International Syria Support Group</a> negotiated a ceasefire between the main parties to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2nd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 February 2016 the United States and Russia announced the Terms for a Cessation of Hostilities in Syria, pledging "that the cessation of hostilities will be monitored in an impartial and transparent manner and with broad media coverage."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 February 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2268" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2268">resolution 2268</a> that demanded all parties to comply with the terms<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a U.S.-Russian deal on a "<a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)#Cessation_of_hostilities_(27_February_2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">cessation of hostilities</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cease-fire started on 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time).<sup id="cite_ref-stopFighting_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stopFighting-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceasefire does not include attacks on UN-designated terrorist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theAtlanticCeasefire_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theAtlanticCeasefire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScrollinCeasefire_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScrollinCeasefire-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the close of February 2016, despite individual clashes, the truce was reported to hold.<sup id="cite_ref-truceholds_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truceholds-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early February 2016, the formal start of the UN-mediated <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Syria_peace_talks_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Syria peace talks (2016)">Geneva Syria peace talks</a><sup id="cite_ref-reutersstart_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersstart-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the opposition's protestations<sup id="cite_ref-aljazwarn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazwarn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notwithstanding, the Syrian government carried on with its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (2016)">offensive operations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-reutersrageon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersrageon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amidst speculations that <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were preparing a military incursion into Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-reuterssuspectincursion_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuterssuspectincursion-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnnnocursion_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnnocursion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saudi announcement was welcomed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to the calls for Russia to stop bombing opposition forces in Syria now that the peace talks had started, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> speaking in <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, said Russia would not stop its air strikes until Russia defeated "such terrorist organisations as Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIL″; he also stressed the imperative that <a href="/wiki/Syria-Turkey_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Turkey border">Syria's border with Turkey</a> be secured to prevent smuggling and the movement of militants.<sup id="cite_ref-reutersnoquit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersnoquit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria′s deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Walid_Muallem" title="Walid Muallem">Walid Muallem</a> said that any foreign country′s ground intervention in the Syrian territory without the government's approval would be deemed an act of aggression to be confronted: "Any aggressor will be sent back to their country in wooden boxes, whether they be Saudis or Turks."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 February, it was confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> based in the town of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>, north-west of Aleppo, had taken a series of towns, including <a href="/wiki/Deir_Jamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Jamal">Deir Jamal</a> and al-Qamiya, as well as a former <a href="/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Menagh Military Airbase">Menagh Military Airbase</a> near the border with Turkey, previously taken by rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-reuterskurdtake_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuterskurdtake-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, on 13 February Turkey began a sustained <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Turkish_shelling_at_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">campaign of shelling</a> on SDF positions in the area of <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> from its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 2016, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> announced that Russia would be pulling out the "main part" of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">its military</a> in Syria. Putin also said that Russia's <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmeimim airbase">Khmeimim airbase</a> will be kept to control the ceasefire agreements and that its <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_facility_in_Tartus" title="Russian naval facility in Tartus">port at Tartus</a> would continue to operate as normal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Western sources, Iran has kept only 700 <a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a> advisors in Syria after the ceasefire, but this has not been confirmed. In mid-March, the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army</a> indicated it would send <a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_Iran" title="Special forces of Iran">Army commandos</a> and snipers as military advisers to Syria and Iraq, the first formal acknowledgement by Iran of deployment of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">regular Iranian Army</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a>) forces outside Iran since the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syrian government with support from Russian and Iranian forces successfully <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">captured Palmyra</a> from the ISIL by the end of March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-advancepalmyra_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advancepalmyra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FSA and allied Islamist groups captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Ra'i</a> from ISIS on April 8. The capture of the town secured an important supply line for the rebels from Turkey near whose border the town is located.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIL <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">recaptured</a> the town along with six villages on April 11.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By July 2016, this ceasefire had mostly unraveled and violence again escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_ceasefire_attempt_(12_September_–_19_September)"><span id="Second_ceasefire_attempt_.2812_September_.E2.80.93_19_September.29"></span>Second ceasefire attempt (12 September – 19 September)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second ceasefire attempt (12 September – 19 September)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria#September_2016_U.S.–Russia_brokered_ceasefire" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria § September 2016 U.S.–Russia brokered ceasefire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></div> <p>On 10 September 2016, Russia and U.S. reached a deal on establishing a cease fire between the Syrian Assad government and a US-supported coalition of so-called 'mainstream Syrian opposition rebel groups'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This ceasefire was backed by the United States and Russia, with the understanding that – if it held for one week – Russia and the United States could begin to plan a joint mission against ISIS and al-Nusra.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2nd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyTimeline-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable loophole in the ceasefire meant that it did not apply to attacks against "terrorist targets" – the Russian government has used claims that it was targeting terrorist elements to justify airstrikes against rebel-held areas.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2nd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceasefire went into effect on 12 September, but was poorly adhered to, with the Syrian government continuing bombing and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War">UN humanitarian aid</a> delayed by security concerns and the danger to convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyTimeline-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceasefire suffered a further set-back 17 September 2016, when a <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">U.S.-British airstrike</a> that they claimed was aimed at ISIL killed 60 Syrian government soldiers, and was on 19 September declared over by the Syrian government, after an airstrike by Syrian or Russian forces hit a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Red_Crescent" title="Syrian Arab Red Crescent">Syrian Arab Red Crescent</a> warehouse, killing 14 people and destroying 18 truckloads of food.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyTimeline-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Airstrike_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airstrike-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 October 2016, the U.S. announced suspension of talks with Russia on implementing the agreement, marking the definitive end of the ceasefire deal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_ceasefire_attempt_(December_2016_–_February_2017)"><span id="Third_ceasefire_attempt_.28December_2016_.E2.80.93_February_2017.29"></span>Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016 – February 2017)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016 – February 2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 December 2016, talks between Turkey and Russia in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> have resulted in the two states brokering a nationwide Syrian ceasefire that is due to begin at midnight on 30 December.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a> stated that it would abide with the truce.<sup id="cite_ref-nationwide_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationwide-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIL, the al-Nusra Front, and the YPG were excluded from the ceasefire, and the following rebel groups signed up for the truce: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Idlib_Army" title="Free Idlib Army">Free Idlib Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Ahl_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Ahl al-Sham">Jabhat Ahl al-Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Mujahideen">Army of Mujahideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>However, the Ahrar al-Sham spokesman denied having signed the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than 2 hours after the ceasefire was due to be implemented, clashes erupted between the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Victory">Army of Victory</a> and government forces in the northern <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>. Rebel-held areas throughout the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> were also reportedly bombed.<sup id="cite_ref-nationwide_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationwide-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December, several rebel groups declared the truce to be "null and void" if clashes continued.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 2017, rebel groups said that they freeze talks about participation in peace conference due to ceasefire violations, referring to <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Barada offensive">Wadi Barada offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on 6 January 2017, the ceasefire is "largely holding".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 February 2017, the cease-fire between Assad forces and rebels collapsed throughout the country, leading to fresh clashes in various locations and a <a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraa offensive (February 2017)">fresh rebel offensive in Daraa</a>. </p><p>The third meeting of the Astana Process talks concluded in Astana on 25 March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-3rdast_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rdast-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All parties that participated remained committed to the ceasefire agreement in place from the second round of Astana talks.<sup id="cite_ref-3rdast_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rdast-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_ceasefire_attempt_(May_2017)"><span id="Fourth_ceasefire_attempt_.28May_2017.29"></span>Fourth ceasefire attempt (May 2017)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fourth ceasefire attempt (May 2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 May 2017, Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed an agreement in Astana to create four "<a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">de-escalation</a> zones" in Syria. The four zones include the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, the northern rebel-controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, the rebel-controlled eastern <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Jordan–Syria border">Jordan–Syria border</a>. The agreement was rejected by some rebel groups,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Democratic Union Party also denounced the deal, saying that the ceasefire zones are "dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis". The ceasefire came into effect on 6 May.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July_2017–present)"><span id="Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_.28July_2017.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Fifth ceasefire attempt (July 2017–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fifth ceasefire attempt (July 2017–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 July 2017, an open-ended cease-fire in southern Syria brokered by the United States, Russia, and Jordan went into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceasefire covered the governorates of Daraa, Suwayda and Quneitra.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was hailed as the first attempt by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> at peacemaking in the Syrian civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 21 July 2017 report by Fox News, the ceasefire was mainly holding, albeit with flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early October 2017, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Nauert" title="Heather Nauert">Heather Nauert</a> of U.S. Department of State said the ceasefire ″[wa]s still holding″.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLundgren2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lundgren, Magnus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895893">"Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016"</a>. <i>Contemporary Security Policy</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 273–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523260.2016.1192377">10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156447200">156447200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504085711/https://zenodo.org/record/895893/files/article.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Security+Policy&rft.atitle=Mediation+in+Syria%3A+initiatives%2C+strategies%2C+and+obstacles%2C+2011%E2%80%932016&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-288&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13523260.2016.1192377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156447200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2nd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2nd_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35556783">"Syria war pause plan agreed by world powers"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lavrov%3A+Russia+won%27t+stop+Syria+strikes+until+%27terrorists%27+defeated&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-lavrov-idUKKCN0VC0SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsru.com/russia/03feb2016/lavrov.html">Лавров назвал условия прекращения операции РФ в Сирии</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206115830/http://www.newsru.com/russia/03feb2016/lavrov.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NEWSru, 3 Feb 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=68617">Update 1-Al-Moallem: Any intervention is an act of aggression, Syria will not comply with any precondition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310145951/http://sana.sy/en/?p=68617">Archived</a> 10 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sana, 6 Feb 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/syria-rebels-face-rout-allies-saudi-turkey-may-071955719.html">As Syria rebels face rout, allies Saudi, Turkey may send troops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301115148/http://news.yahoo.com/syria-rebels-face-rout-allies-saudi-turkey-may-071955719.html">Archived</a> 1 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> AFP, 6 Feb 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuterskurdtake-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuterskurdtake_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VK0E8">"Kurdish forces said to take air base near Turkish border"</a>. Reuters. 11 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075857/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VK0E8">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkish+PM+confirms+shelling+of+Kurdish+forces+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fturkey-shells-kurdish-forces-in-syria-in-retaliation-for-attack-on-border-posts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer(s)2016" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer(s) (14 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUSKCN0VN09S">"Turkey shells northern Syria for second day: monitor"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216215652/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUSKCN0VN09S">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+shells+northern+Syria+for+second+day%3A+monitor&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.au=Staff+writer%28s%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUSKCN0VN09S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/turkey-shells-kurdish-positions-syria-day-160214091007489.html">"Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for second day"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215092516/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/turkey-shells-kurdish-positions-syria-day-160214091007489.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+shells+Kurdish+positions+in+Syria+for+second+day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F02%2Fturkey-shells-kurdish-positions-syria-day-160214091007489.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35807689">"Syria conflict: Russia's Putin orders 'main part' of forces out"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 14 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104070203/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35807689">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Russia%27s+Putin+orders+%27main+part%27+of+forces+out&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35807689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13941226000819">Commander: Iran to Send Commandos, Snipers to Iraq, Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519062653/http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13941226000819">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a>, 16 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumaj" class="citation web cs1">Toumaj, Amir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/03/iran-deploys-army-special-forces-to-syria-and-iraq.php">"Iran deploys Army Special Forces to Syria and Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_War_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Long War Journal">The Long War Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325192901/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/03/iran-deploys-army-special-forces-to-syria-and-iraq.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Iran+deploys+Army+Special+Forces+to+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.aulast=Toumaj&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2016%2F03%2Firan-deploys-army-special-forces-to-syria-and-iraq.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advancepalmyra-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-advancepalmyra_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0WR0RA">"Syrian army, with Russian air support, advances inside Palmyra"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215053227/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0WR0RA">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+army%2C+with+Russian+air+support%2C+advances+inside+Palmyra&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0WR0RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35993918">"Syria war: Rebels take key northern town of al-Rai from IS"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806235741/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35993918">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Rebels+take+key+northern+town+of+al-Rai+from+IS&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35993918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36014027">"Syria conflict:IS retakes northern town of al-Rai from rebels"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412203732/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36014027">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3AIS+retakes+northern+town+of+al-Rai+from+rebels&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36014027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-truce-idUSKCN0ZM0PZ">"Syrian army, rebels agree to 72-hour Eid truce, but fighting continues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 6 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518222909/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-truce-idUSKCN0ZM0PZ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+army%2C+rebels+agree+to+72-hour+Eid+truce%2C+but+fighting+continues&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-truce-idUSKCN0ZM0PZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/syria-civil-war-russia-clinch-syria-deal-160910031517683.html">'Syria's civil war: US and Russia clinch ceasefire deal'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426104457/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/syria-civil-war-russia-clinch-syria-deal-160910031517683.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>, 11 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SkyTimeline-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SkyTimeline_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/syria-timeline-how-the-fragile-week-long-ceasefire-fell-apart-10585670">"Syria timeline: How the fragile week-long ceasefire fell apart"</a>. Sky News. 20 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921192620/http://news.sky.com/story/syria-timeline-how-the-fragile-week-long-ceasefire-fell-apart-10585670">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+timeline%3A+How+the+fragile+week-long+ceasefire+fell+apart&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fsyria-timeline-how-the-fragile-week-long-ceasefire-fell-apart-10585670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYara_Bayoumy_and_John_Irish2016" class="citation news cs1">Yara Bayoumy and John Irish (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opposition-idUSKCN11P240">"Syrian opposition figure says ceasefire never took hold"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920023921/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opposition-idUSKCN11P240">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+opposition+figure+says+ceasefire+never+took+hold&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft.au=Yara+Bayoumy+and+John+Irish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-opposition-idUSKCN11P240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37395807">Syria conflict: Russia fears collapse of ceasefire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530145733/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37395807">Archived</a> 30 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC, 17 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Airstrike-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Airstrike_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Borger2016" class="citation news cs1">Julian Borger (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/19/syria-ceasefire-is-over-says-countrys-military">"US blames Russia after UN aid convoy in Syria targeted by air attack"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015014418/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/19/syria-ceasefire-is-over-says-countrys-military">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+blames+Russia+after+UN+aid+convoy+in+Syria+targeted+by+air+attack&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.au=Julian+Borger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fsep%2F19%2Fsyria-ceasefire-is-over-says-countrys-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonKramer2016" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R.; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html">"Tension With Russia Rises as U.S. Halts Syria Negotiations"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226095051/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tension+With+Russia+Rises+as+U.S.+Halts+Syria+Negotiations&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fus-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-russia/u-s-suspends-syria-ceasefire-talks-with-russia-blames-moscow-idUSKCN1231X3">U.S. suspends Syria ceasefire talks with Russia, blames Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611033303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-russia/u-s-suspends-syria-ceasefire-talks-with-russia-blames-moscow-idUSKCN1231X3">Archived</a> 11 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters, 3 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/28/turkey-russia-broker-ceasefire-deal-syria/">"Turkey and Russia 'broker ceasefire deal for all of Syria'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>AFP</i>. Agence France-Presse. 28 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005070935/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/28/turkey-russia-broker-ceasefire-deal-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFP&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+Russia+%27broker+ceasefire+deal+for+all+of+Syria%27&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F28%2Fturkey-russia-broker-ceasefire-deal-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationwide-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationwide_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationwide_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/a/syria-says-it-has-agreed-to-nationwide-ceasefire/3655304.html">"Nationwide Syrian Cease-fire Begins"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. 29 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230141622/http://www.voanews.com/a/syria-says-it-has-agreed-to-nationwide-ceasefire/3655304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Nationwide+Syrian+Cease-fire+Begins&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsyria-says-it-has-agreed-to-nationwide-ceasefire%2F3655304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38463021">"Syria conflict: Russia-Turkey brokered truce comes into force"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 30 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928123659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38463021">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Russia-Turkey+brokered+truce+comes+into+force&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38463021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38475830?intlink_from_url=&link_location=live-reporting-story">"Syria conflict: UN to vote on Syria ceasefire deal"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 31 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928083843/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38475830?intlink_from_url=&link_location=live-reporting-story">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+UN+to+vote+on+Syria+ceasefire+deal&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38475830%3Fintlink_from_url%3D%26link_location%3Dlive-reporting-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-rebels-ceasefire-idUSKBN14M16Q">Syrian rebels say they froze talks on Russian-backed peace conference due to ceasefire violations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619031000/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-rebels-ceasefire-idUSKBN14M16Q">Archived</a> 19 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters. 2 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38528654">"Syria conflict: Russia 'withdrawing aircraft carrier group'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 6 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217045336/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38528654">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Russia+%27withdrawing+aircraft+carrier+group%27&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38528654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3rdast-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3rdast_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rdast_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/kazakhstan-welcomes-results-of-syria-meeting-in-astana-as-russia-iran-and-turkey-issue-joint-statement/">"Syria meeting in Astana"</a>. The Astana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319193130/http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/kazakhstan-welcomes-results-of-syria-meeting-in-astana-as-russia-iran-and-turkey-issue-joint-statement/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+meeting+in+Astana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fkazakhstan-welcomes-results-of-syria-meeting-in-astana-as-russia-iran-and-turkey-issue-joint-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANNE_BARNARD_and_RICK2017" class="citation web cs1">ANNE BARNARD and RICK (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/world/middleeast/russia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html?smpr&_r=0">"Russia Reaches Deal for Syria Safe Zones, but Some Rebels Scoff"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730064754/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/world/middleeast/russia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html?smpr&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Reaches+Deal+for+Syria+Safe+Zones%2C+but+Some+Rebels+Scoff&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.au=ANNE+BARNARD+and+RICK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Frussia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html%3Fsmpr%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-pyd-idUSKBN1811PZ">"Syrian Kurdish PYD denounces Syria deal for 'de-escalation zones'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508062332/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-pyd-idUSKBN1811PZ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+PYD+denounces+Syria+deal+for+%27de-escalation+zones%27&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-pyd-idUSKBN1811PZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/syria-cease-fire-goes-into-effect-in-southern-part-of-country/">"Syria cease-fire goes into effect in southern part of country"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. 9 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124114208/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/09/cease-fire-in-southern-syria-goes-into-effect.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Syria+cease-fire+goes+into+effect+in+southern+part+of+country&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fsyria-cease-fire-goes-into-effect-in-southern-part-of-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/09/us-russian-ceasefire-holding-in-southwest-syria-say-rebel-sources">"US-Russia ceasefire holding in southwest Syria, say rebel sources"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918035227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/09/us-russian-ceasefire-holding-in-southwest-syria-say-rebel-sources">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US-Russia+ceasefire+holding+in+southwest+Syria%2C+say+rebel+sources&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjul%2F09%2Fus-russian-ceasefire-holding-in-southwest-syria-say-rebel-sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-ceasefire/partial-ceasefire-deal-reached-in-syria-in-trumps-first-peace-effort-idUSKBN19S2DG">Partial ceasefire deal reached in Syria, in Trump's first peace effort</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409204129/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-ceasefire/partial-ceasefire-deal-reached-in-syria-in-trumps-first-peace-effort-idUSKBN19S2DG">Archived</a> 9 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters, 7 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2017" class="citation news cs1">McKay, Hollie (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/syria-ceasefire-brokered-by-us-russia-holding-but-with-flaws-tricks-in-play">"Syria ceasefire brokered by US, Russia holding, but with flaws, 'tricks' in play"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724034208/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/20/syria-ceasefire-brokered-by-us-russia-holding-but-with-flaws-tricks-in-play.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+ceasefire+brokered+by+US%2C+Russia+holding%2C+but+with+flaws%2C+%27tricks%27+in+play&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fsyria-ceasefire-brokered-by-us-russia-holding-but-with-flaws-tricks-in-play&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war+ceasefires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2017/10/274630.htm#SYRIA">Department Press Briefing - October 4, 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511212916/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2017/10/274630.htm#SYRIA">Archived</a> 11 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, 4 October 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War"><b>Background</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2011</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2012</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2013</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2014</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2015</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2016</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2017</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2018</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2019</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2020</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2021</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2022</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2023</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war"><b>Spillover</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration<br />of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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