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Current conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_phase_of_the_conflict_(2011–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_phase_of_the_conflict_(2011–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Initial phase of the conflict (2011–2012) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_phase_of_the_conflict_(2011–2012)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Initial phase of the conflict (2011–2012) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_phase_of_the_conflict_(2011–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests,_civil_uprising,_and_defections_(March–July_2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests,_civil_uprising,_and_defections_(March–July_2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests,_civil_uprising,_and_defections_(March–July_2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_armed_insurgency_(July_2011–April_2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_armed_insurgency_(July_2011–April_2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Initial armed insurgency (July 2011–April 2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_armed_insurgency_(July_2011–April_2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kofi_Annan_ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kofi_Annan_ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kofi_Annan_ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewed_fighting_(June–October_2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_fighting_(June–October_2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Renewed fighting (June–October 2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_fighting_(June–October_2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_offensives_(November_2012–April_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_offensives_(November_2012–April_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rebel offensives (November 2012–April 2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_offensives_(November_2012–April_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_government_offensives_(April–June_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_government_offensives_(April–June_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ba'athist government offensives (April–June 2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_government_offensives_(April–June_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_fighting_(July–October_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_fighting_(July–October_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Continued fighting (July–October 2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_fighting_(July–October_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(October–December_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(October–December_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ba'athist Government offensives (October–December 2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(October–December_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Islamist_groups_(January–September_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Islamist_groups_(January–September_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Islamist_groups_(January–September_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fighting_between_ISIL_and_other_rebel_groups_(January–March_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_between_ISIL_and_other_rebel_groups_(January–March_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Fighting between ISIL and other rebel groups (January–March 2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_between_ISIL_and_other_rebel_groups_(January–March_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(March–May_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(March–May_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Ba'athist Government offensives (March–May 2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(March–May_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_(3_June_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_(3_June_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Presidential election (3 June 2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_(3_June_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIL–Ba'athist_government_conflict_intensifies_(June–September_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL–Ba'athist_government_conflict_intensifies_(June–September_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 ISIL–Ba'athist government conflict intensifies (June–September 2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL–Ba'athist_government_conflict_intensifies_(June–September_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014–September_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014–September_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014–September 2015) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014–September_2015)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014–September 2015) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014–September_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._intervenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._intervenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 U.S. intervenes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._intervenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Front_(October_2014–February_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Front_(October_2014–February_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Southern Front (October 2014–February 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Front_(October_2014–February_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Al-Nusra_Front_and_Islamist_takeover_(October_2014–March_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Al-Nusra_Front_and_Islamist_takeover_(October_2014–March_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Northern Al-Nusra Front and Islamist takeover (October 2014–March 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Al-Nusra_Front_and_Islamist_takeover_(October_2014–March_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_Conquest_advances_in_Idlib_(April–June_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_Conquest_advances_in_Idlib_(April–June_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Army of Conquest advances in Idlib (April–June 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_Conquest_advances_in_Idlib_(April–June_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgent_ISIL_advance_(May–September_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgent_ISIL_advance_(May–September_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Resurgent ISIL advance (May–September 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgent_ISIL_advance_(May–September_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015–July 2016) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015–July 2016) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Russian intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_air_and_ground_strikes;_Vienna_peace_talks;_disagreements_of_Russia,_Iran_and_Western_powers_(October–November_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_air_and_ground_strikes;_Vienna_peace_talks;_disagreements_of_Russia,_Iran_and_Western_powers_(October–November_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 US air and ground strikes; Vienna peace talks; disagreements of Russia, Iran and Western powers (October–November 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_air_and_ground_strikes;_Vienna_peace_talks;_disagreements_of_Russia,_Iran_and_Western_powers_(October–November_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_shoots_down_Russian_plane;_Syrian_army_camp_bombed;_UN_Resolution_2254_transitional_plan_(November–December_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_shoots_down_Russian_plane;_Syrian_army_camp_bombed;_UN_Resolution_2254_transitional_plan_(November–December_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Turkey shoots down Russian plane; Syrian army camp bombed; UN Resolution 2254 transitional plan (November–December 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_shoots_down_Russian_plane;_Syrian_army_camp_bombed;_UN_Resolution_2254_transitional_plan_(November–December_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_army_pushes_north_and_retakes_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_in_the_south-west_(January_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_army_pushes_north_and_retakes_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_in_the_south-west_(January_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Syrian army pushes north and retakes Al-Shaykh Maskin in the south-west (January 2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_army_pushes_north_and_retakes_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_in_the_south-west_(January_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_ceasefire_(26_February–July_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_ceasefire_(26_February–July_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_ceasefire_(26_February–July_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_interventions,_Raqqa_campaign,_Aleppo_recaptured,_Deir_ez-Zor_siege_broken_(August_2016–December_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_interventions,_Raqqa_campaign,_Aleppo_recaptured,_Deir_ez-Zor_siege_broken_(August_2016–December_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Turkish interventions, Raqqa campaign, Aleppo recaptured, Deir ez-Zor siege broken (August 2016–December 2017) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish_interventions,_Raqqa_campaign,_Aleppo_recaptured,_Deir_ez-Zor_siege_broken_(August_2016–December_2017)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkish interventions, Raqqa campaign, Aleppo recaptured, Deir ez-Zor siege broken (August 2016–December 2017) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish_interventions,_Raqqa_campaign,_Aleppo_recaptured,_Deir_ez-Zor_siege_broken_(August_2016–December_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SDF_advances;_Turkish_military_intervention_begins_in_northern_Syria:_Operation_Euphrates_Shield_(August_2016–January_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDF_advances;_Turkish_military_intervention_begins_in_northern_Syria:_Operation_Euphrates_Shield_(August_2016–January_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 SDF advances; Turkish military intervention begins in northern Syria: Operation Euphrates Shield (August 2016–January 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDF_advances;_Turkish_military_intervention_begins_in_northern_Syria:_Operation_Euphrates_Shield_(August_2016–January_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raqqa_campaign_(November_2016–January_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raqqa_campaign_(November_2016–January_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Raqqa campaign (November 2016–January 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raqqa_campaign_(November_2016–January_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleppo_recaptured;_Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed_ceasefire_(December_2016–April_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleppo_recaptured;_Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed_ceasefire_(December_2016–April_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016–April 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleppo_recaptured;_Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed_ceasefire_(December_2016–April_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian-American_conflict;_de-escalation_zones_(April–June_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian-American_conflict;_de-escalation_zones_(April–June_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian-American_conflict;_de-escalation_zones_(April–June_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIL_siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_broken;_CIA_program_halted;_Russian_forces_permanent_(July–December_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL_siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_broken;_CIA_program_halted;_Russian_forces_permanent_(July–December_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL_siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_broken;_CIA_program_halted;_Russian_forces_permanent_(July–December_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_forces_enter_conflict;_continued_civil_conflicts;_US_withdrawal;_diplomatic_negotiations_(January–December_2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_forces_enter_conflict;_continued_civil_conflicts;_US_withdrawal;_diplomatic_negotiations_(January–December_2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Turkish forces enter conflict; continued civil conflicts; US withdrawal; diplomatic negotiations (January–December 2018) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish_forces_enter_conflict;_continued_civil_conflicts;_US_withdrawal;_diplomatic_negotiations_(January–December_2018)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkish forces enter conflict; continued civil conflicts; US withdrawal; diplomatic negotiations (January–December 2018) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish_forces_enter_conflict;_continued_civil_conflicts;_US_withdrawal;_diplomatic_negotiations_(January–December_2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army_advance_in_Hama_province_and_Ghouta;_Operation_Olive_Branch_(January–March_2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_advance_in_Hama_province_and_Ghouta;_Operation_Olive_Branch_(January–March_2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Operation Olive Branch (January–March 2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_advance_in_Hama_province_and_Ghouta;_Operation_Olive_Branch_(January–March_2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Douma_chemical_attack;_U.S.-led_missile_strikes;_Southern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Douma_chemical_attack;_U.S.-led_missile_strikes;_Southern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; Southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Douma_chemical_attack;_U.S.-led_missile_strikes;_Southern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_between_Kurdish_regional_government_and_Syrian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_between_Kurdish_regional_government_and_Syrian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Negotiations between Kurdish regional government and Syrian government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_between_Kurdish_regional_government_and_Syrian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_conflicts,_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_conflicts,_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Continuing conflicts, 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_conflicts,_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_US_withdrawal;_Turkish_buffer_zone_agreements;_Iraq_strikes_ISIL_targets_(September–December_2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_US_withdrawal;_Turkish_buffer_zone_agreements;_Iraq_strikes_ISIL_targets_(September–December_2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Partial US withdrawal; Turkish buffer zone agreements; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_US_withdrawal;_Turkish_buffer_zone_agreements;_Iraq_strikes_ISIL_targets_(September–December_2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–September_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–September_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–September 2019) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–September_2019)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–September 2019) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–September_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_outbreaks_of_civil_war,_2019_Northwestern_offensive_(May–September_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_outbreaks_of_civil_war,_2019_Northwestern_offensive_(May–September_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 New outbreaks of civil war, 2019 Northwestern offensive (May–September 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_outbreaks_of_civil_war,_2019_Northwestern_offensive_(May–September_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_agreements_in_mid-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_agreements_in_mid-2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 New agreements in mid-2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_agreements_in_mid-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_offensive_and_Second_Turkish_Buffer_Zone;_Kurdish_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October–December_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_offensive_and_Second_Turkish_Buffer_Zone;_Kurdish_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October–December_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Turkish offensive and Second Turkish Buffer Zone; Kurdish collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October–December 2019) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish_offensive_and_Second_Turkish_Buffer_Zone;_Kurdish_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October–December_2019)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkish offensive and Second Turkish Buffer Zone; Kurdish collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October–December 2019) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish_offensive_and_Second_Turkish_Buffer_Zone;_Kurdish_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October–December_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria;_Russian_mediation_and_US_power_vacuum;_Kurdish–Syrian_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria;_Russian_mediation_and_US_power_vacuum;_Kurdish–Syrian_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria; Russian mediation and US power vacuum; Kurdish–Syrian collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria;_Russian_mediation_and_US_power_vacuum;_Kurdish–Syrian_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_(October_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_(October_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone (October 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_(October_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_troops_enter_Raqqa;_Syrian_Constitutional_Committee;_NATO_summit;_Turkish_occupation;_continued_refugee_crisis_(October_2019–December_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_troops_enter_Raqqa;_Syrian_Constitutional_Committee;_NATO_summit;_Turkish_occupation;_continued_refugee_crisis_(October_2019–December_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Russian troops enter Raqqa; Syrian Constitutional Committee; NATO summit; Turkish occupation; continued refugee crisis (October 2019–December 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_troops_enter_Raqqa;_Syrian_Constitutional_Committee;_NATO_summit;_Turkish_occupation;_continued_refugee_crisis_(October_2019–December_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continued_refugee_crisis,_Kurdish_fears_of_ethnic_cleansing,_and_UN_aid_dispute_(December_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_refugee_crisis,_Kurdish_fears_of_ethnic_cleansing,_and_UN_aid_dispute_(December_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Continued refugee crisis, Kurdish fears of ethnic cleansing, and UN aid dispute (December 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_refugee_crisis,_Kurdish_fears_of_ethnic_cleansing,_and_UN_aid_dispute_(December_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(December_2019–April_2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(December_2019–April_2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Fourth northwestern Syria offensive and Operation Spring Shield (December 2019–April 2020) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(December_2019–April_2020)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fourth northwestern Syria offensive and Operation Spring Shield (December 2019–April 2020) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(December_2019–April_2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_begins_(December_2019–February_2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_begins_(December_2019–February_2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Fourth northwestern Syria offensive begins (December 2019–February 2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_begins_(December_2019–February_2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balyun_airstrikes_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(February–April_2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balyun_airstrikes_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(February–April_2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Balyun airstrikes and Operation Spring Shield (February–April 2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balyun_airstrikes_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(February–April_2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_conflict_ends,_clashes_with_Turkish_forces,_economic_crisis_(May_2020–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_conflict_ends,_clashes_with_Turkish_forces,_economic_crisis_(May_2020–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Civil conflict ends, clashes with Turkish forces, economic crisis (May 2020–2022) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_conflict_ends,_clashes_with_Turkish_forces,_economic_crisis_(May_2020–2022)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil conflict ends, clashes with Turkish forces, economic crisis (May 2020–2022) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_conflict_ends,_clashes_with_Turkish_forces,_economic_crisis_(May_2020–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Caesar_Act_sanctions,_economic_crisis,_crime_wave_(May–July_2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Caesar_Act_sanctions,_economic_crisis,_crime_wave_(May–July_2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 U.S. Caesar Act sanctions, economic crisis, crime wave (May–July 2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Caesar_Act_sanctions,_economic_crisis,_crime_wave_(May–July_2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrenched_Russian_influence_and_continued_Kurdish–Turkish_tensions_(July_2020–June_2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrenched_Russian_influence_and_continued_Kurdish–Turkish_tensions_(July_2020–June_2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Entrenched Russian influence and continued Kurdish–Turkish tensions (July 2020–June 2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrenched_Russian_influence_and_continued_Kurdish–Turkish_tensions_(July_2020–June_2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accords_between_Syrian_government_and_rebels,_conflicts_with_Turkish_forces_and_proxies,_2022_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accords_between_Syrian_government_and_rebels,_conflicts_with_Turkish_forces_and_proxies,_2022_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Accords between Syrian government and rebels, conflicts with Turkish forces and proxies, 2022 – present </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accords_between_Syrian_government_and_rebels,_conflicts_with_Turkish_forces_and_proxies,_2022_–_present-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accords between Syrian government and rebels, conflicts with Turkish forces and proxies, 2022 – present subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accords_between_Syrian_government_and_rebels,_conflicts_with_Turkish_forces_and_proxies,_2022_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discussion_by_Kurdish_groups_and_Syrian_government_on_joint_efforts_against_Turkey,_and_ISIS,_June_2022–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion_by_Kurdish_groups_and_Syrian_government_on_joint_efforts_against_Turkey,_and_ISIS,_June_2022–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Discussion by Kurdish groups and Syrian government on joint efforts against Turkey, and ISIS, June 2022–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion_by_Kurdish_groups_and_Syrian_government_on_joint_efforts_against_Turkey,_and_ISIS,_June_2022–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate_in_civil_conflict,_renewed_relations_with_Assad_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate_in_civil_conflict,_renewed_relations_with_Assad_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Stalemate in civil conflict, renewed relations with Assad government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate_in_civil_conflict,_renewed_relations_with_Assad_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Turkish_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Turkish_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Conflict with Turkish forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Turkish_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events_within_Syrian_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_within_Syrian_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Events within Syrian society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_within_Syrian_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Historical aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_and_statistical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_and_statistical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Lists and statistical records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_and_statistical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Specific offensives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Peace efforts and civil society groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_other_local_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_other_local_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 History of other local conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_other_local_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Timeline of the Syrian civil war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronik_des_B%C3%BCrgerkriegs_in_Syrien_seit_2011" title="Chronik des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien seit 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chronik des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien seit 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_guerra_civil_siria" title="Anexo:Cronología de la guerra civil siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de la guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="گاه‌شمار جنگ داخلی سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شمار جنگ داخلی سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_della_guerra_civile_siriana" title="Cronologia della guerra civile siriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia della guerra civile siriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Хронология гражданской войны в Сирии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хронология гражданской войны в Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_sis%C3%A4llissodan_aikajana" title="Syyrian sisällissodan aikajana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian sisällissodan aikajana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_kronolojisi" title="Suriye İç Savaşı'nın kronolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye İç Savaşı'nın kronolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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(January–April 2013)">January–April 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–December 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">January–July 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">August–December 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">January–July 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">August–December 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">January–April 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–August 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">September–December 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">January–April 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–August 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">September–December 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">January–April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">September–December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">January–April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">September–December 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian civil war">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 25em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:300px; display:table;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_uprising_in_Syria_(March–August_2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Civil uprising in Syria</a> (March–August 2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (May–August 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">1st Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">1st Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Latakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Start_of_insurgency_(Sept._2011_–_April_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Start of insurgency</a> (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (2011–14)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive" title="2012 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">1st Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">Syrian–Turkish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">1st Idlib City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraqib" title="Battle of Saraqib">Saraqeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">1st Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)">Hama Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat & Tiyas ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">1st Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">1st Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">Aleppo Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(2012)" title="Battle of Azaz (2012)">Azaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">2nd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">1st al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">2nd Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rise_of_ISIS_in_2014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Rise of ISIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_in_Syria" title="2014 in Syria">2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">1st Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">2nd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2nd Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">4th Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">2nd Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">2nd Qalamoun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">1st Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">1st Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">3rd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">6th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">1st Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S.-led_intervention,_Rebel_and_ISIL_advances_(Sept._2014_–_Sept._2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Rebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">ISIL advances</a> (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">3rd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">2nd Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">2014 Idlib city raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Nusra–FSA conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">2nd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">1st Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian civil war)">3rd Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">4th Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama/Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">5th Idlib Gov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">2nd Idlib city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">2nd Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">1st Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">3rd Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">1st Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_and_As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Daraa and As-Suwayda offensive (June 2015)">Daraa/As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">2nd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (June–July 2015)">5th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">4th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2015)">2nd Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">2nd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)">Al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">1st al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)" title="Douma massacre (2015)">Douma market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">7th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive" title="Kuweires offensive">Kuweires offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_intervention_(Sept._2015_–_March_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(October_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (October 2015)">3rd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">2nd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">3rd Latakia offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">5th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">6th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hama_offensive" title="2015 Hama offensive">4th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer_bombings" title="Tell Tamer bombings">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">al-Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River_offensive" title="Orontes River offensive">Orontes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">1st Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">1st Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">2nd Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">2nd Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Tanf offensive (2016)">Al-Tanf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">2nd Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">3rd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)">2nd Maarat al-Nu'man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo_escalation_and_Euphrates_Shield_(March_2016_–_February_2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo escalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> (March 2016 – February 2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">8th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Daraa offensive (March–April 2016)">6th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">9th–11th Aleppo offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)" title="Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016)">Al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">1st Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">8th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(2016)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (2016)">3rd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartus_bombings" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartus bombings">Jableh & Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_airstrike" title="Tokhar airstrike">Tokhar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">9th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">12th–14th Aleppo offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">4th Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">1st Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atmeh_attack" title="2016 Atmeh attack">Atmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd Al-Hasakah City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">5th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016)">1st Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Quneitra offensive (September 2016)">4th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">Deir ez-Zor airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">Aleppo aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">15th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">16th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">2nd Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">17th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">4th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">1st Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">5th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">4th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">18th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">7th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">8th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collapse_of_ISIS_in_Syria_(2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Collapse of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in Syria (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_Syria" title="2017 in Syria">2017</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">Eastern Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">al-Jina mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">6th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">US Shayrat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">2nd Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">2nd Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">9th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">5th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">4th Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">2nd Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Crossing_offensive_(2017)" title="Euphrates Crossing offensive (2017)">Euphrates Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">2nd Abu Kamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">7th Hama offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rebels_in_retreat_and_Operation_Olive_Branch(Nov._2017_–_Sep._2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rebels in retreat and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> (Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">3rd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib_market_massacre" title="Atarib market massacre">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">3rd Syrian Desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">5th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">1st Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">10th Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">2nd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">U.S.-led missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">2nd Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">3rd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">1st As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2nd Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">2nd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">3rd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">2nd Qamishli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_demilitarization(Sep._2018_–_April_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> (Sep. 2018 – April 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Sep. 2018 missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack#Retaliatory_missile_and_drone_strikes" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Iranian Eastern Euphrates strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_U.S._airstrike_in_Baghuz" title="2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz">U.S. airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Idlib_offensive,_Operation_Peace_Spring,_&amp;_Second_Idlib_offensive_(April_2019_–_March_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">First Idlib offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Second Idlib offensive</a> (April 2019 – March 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">4th Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">Raqqa & Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">2nd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Peace Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Kayla Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">3rd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Spring Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">2nd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2020 Daraa clashes">10th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_ceasefire_(March_2020_–_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Qamishli & Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">4th Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_offensive" title="2021 Daraa offensive">11th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">3rd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwestern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes">3rd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2nd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">Deir ez-Zor (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">3rd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike" title="2023 Homs drone strike">Homs drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_consulate_airstrike_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus">Iranian consulate airstrike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_anti-Turkish_riots_in_Syria" title="2024 anti-Turkish riots in Syria">Anti-Turkish riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Aleppo_offensive_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Aleppo offensive (2024)">Northwestern Aleppo offensive (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israel and the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> This is a broad timeline of the course of major events of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. It only includes major territorial changes and attacks and does not include every event. The uprising against Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> gradually turned into a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-1">[1]</a> with two significant milestones being the initial March 2011 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests and the 15 July 2012 declaration by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> that the fighting had gradually become so widespread that the situation should be regarded as a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In October 2019, Kurdish leaders of <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, a region within Syria, announced they had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was enacted in the wake of the US withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made this deal in order to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces who were invading Syria and attacking Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As of 2023, the civil war had largely subsided, mainly achieving a stalemate. One source stated: <blockquote> The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad's hold on power seems secure. Meanwhile, the Syrian people are suffering an economic crisis, and a massive earthquake at the start of 2023 cast much of the population in the north into further despair.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_2023-6">[6]</a> </blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status_of_conflict">Current status of conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current status of conflict">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Misinformation" title="Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Misinformation" title="Template talk:Misinformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)">Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)">Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> / Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Opposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opposition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checking website">Fact-checking website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> In October 2019, Kurdish leaders of <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, a region within Syria, announced they had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was enacted in the wake of the US withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made this deal in order to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces who were invading Syria and attacking Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>, and the US withdrawal of forces, Russia began some efforts at mediation, and arranged for negotiations and the first-ever accordance between the Syrian government in Damascus and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurdish</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-9">[9]</a> Russia also negotiated an agreement to form the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, which made new changes to the positions of Syrian, Turkish and SDF forces.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_middle_east-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fraser-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-13">[13]</a> There remain millions of Syrian refugees who are displaced into refugee camps across the region, under severe conditions. Conflict continues between the Syrian government and various rebel groups. The Syrian "<a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Day of Rage</a>" protests were gathered on 15 March 2011,<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-1">[1]</a> and on 15 July 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> declared the situation to be a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 2022, the leader of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Mazloum Abdi, said that Kurdish forces were willing to work with Syrian government forces to defend against Turkey, saying "Damascus should use its air defense systems against Turkish planes." Abdi said that Kurdish groups would be able to cooperate with the Syrian government, and still retain their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-thenationalnews.com-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurdish,_Syrian_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-19">[19]</a> In July 2022, the SDF and the official Syrian military forged active plans to coordinate actively together to create defense plans to guard against invasion by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-english.aawsat.com-20">[20]</a> The SDF said that they felt that the main threat to Kurdish groups was an invasion by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-coffeeordie.com-21">[21]</a> As of 2023, active fighting in the conflict between the Syrian government and rebel groups had mostly subsided, but there were occasional flareups in Northwestern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Jazeera_Staff_2023-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.un.org-23">[23]</a> In early 2023, reports indicated that the forces of ISIS in Syria had mostly been defeated, with only a few cells remaining in various remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-iraq.un.org-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-centcom.mil-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-euronews.com-26">[26]</a> As of 2023, Turkey was continuing its support for various militias within Syria, consisting mostly of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a>, which periodically attempted some operations against Kurdish groups such as the YPG/YPJ.<a href="#cite_note-newlinesinstitute.org-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-rebelgroups-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-30">[30]</a> One stated goal was to create "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, according to a statement by Turkish President Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-Agencies-31">[31]</a> The operations were generally aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and other areas further east. President Erdoğan openly stated his support for the operations, in talks with Moscow in mid-2022.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-32">[32]</a> The more detailed timeline of the Syrian Civil War is contained in the articles linked to in the infobox on the right and in the list below. A chronological narrative of some of the main events and developments follows the list of years, but it is not comprehensive.<a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/220px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/330px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/440px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing changes in Syrian territorial control, as well as foreign military bases, between October 2011 and March 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_conditions">Current conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current conditions">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, various sources reported that the war had settled into the status of a low-level conflict, which had mainly achieved a stalemate. One source stated: <blockquote> The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad's hold on power seems secure. Meanwhile, the Syrian people are suffering an economic crisis, and a massive earthquake at the start of 2023 cast much of the population in the north into further despair.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_2023-6">[6]</a></blockquote> One major NGO stated: <blockquote>Twelve years into Syria’s devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trending toward normalizing relations with the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition groups, proxies, local militias and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian population has been brutalized, with nearly a half a million killed, 12 million fleeing their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the Assad regime firmly in power.<a href="#cite_note-usip.org-34">[33]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_phase_of_the_conflict_(2011–2012)">Initial phase of the conflict (2011–2012)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial phase of the conflict (2011–2012)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests,_civil_uprising,_and_defections_(March–July_2011)">Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Banyas_demonstration)_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/220px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/330px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/440px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Assad protests in <a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a>, 29 April 2011</figcaption></figure> Major unrest began on 15 March 2011, when protesters marched in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, demanding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners, triggered by the arrest of a teenage boy and his friends a few days earlier in the city of <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>, for writing in <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, "It's your turn, doctor".<a href="#cite_note-DaraaVice-35">[34]</a> Security forces retaliated by opening fire on the protesters,<a href="#cite_note-SCW-36">[35]</a> and according to witnesses who spoke to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, the Ba'ath government forces detained six of them.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR-38">[37]</a> On 18 March, the Syrian Army fired on demonstrators, killing four people.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Writer and analyst Louai al-Hussein, referencing the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> ongoing at that time, wrote that, "Syria is now on the map of countries in the region with an uprising".<a href="#cite_note-DR-38">[37]</a> On 20 March, the protesters burned down a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party</a> headquarters and other government buildings. The ensuing clashes claimed the lives of 15 protesters.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Ten days later in a speech, President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> blamed "foreign conspirators" pushing Israeli propaganda for the protests.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg/220px-Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg/330px-Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg/440px-Syrian_Demonstration_Douma_Damascus_08-04-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Protests in <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a> on 8 April 2011 against <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar al Assad">President Bashar al-Assad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg/220px-Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg/330px-Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg/440px-Lattakia_20_june_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Assad rally in <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, 20 June 2011</figcaption></figure> Until 7 April, the protesters predominantly demanded democratic reforms, release of political prisoners, an increase in freedoms, abolition of the emergency law and an end to corruption. After 8 April, the emphasis in demonstration slogans shifted slowly towards a call to overthrow the Assad government. Protests spread; on Friday 8 April, they occurred simultaneously in ten cities. By Friday 22 April, protests were taking place in twenty cities. On 25 April, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> initiated a series of large-scale deadly military attacks on towns with tanks, infantry carriers, and artillery, leading to hundreds of civilian deaths. By the end of May 2011, 1,000 civilians<a href="#cite_note-bbc24M11-42">[41]</a> and 150 soldiers and policemen<a href="#cite_note-Kh.31-5-11-43">[42]</a> had been killed and thousands detained;<a href="#cite_note-bbc5511,17.19GMT-44">[43]</a> among the arrested were many students, liberal activists and human rights advocates.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Unverified reports claim that a portion of the security forces in <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a> defected after secret police and intelligence officers executed soldiers who had refused to fire on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-understandingwar-46">[45]</a> Later, more protesters in Syria took up arms, and more soldiers defected to protect protesters. On 1 July 2011, 100,000 people protested against the government across Syria.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Institute_of_Peace_2021-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_armed_insurgency_(July_2011–April_2012)">Initial armed insurgency (July 2011–April 2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial armed insurgency (July 2011–April 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_defectors" title="List of Syrian defectors">List of Syrian defectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war</a> lasted from late July 2011 to April 2012, and was associated with the rise of armed oppositional militias across Syria and the beginning of armed rebellion against the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>. The beginning of organized insurgency is typically marked by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) on 29 July 2011, when a group of defected officers declared the establishment of the first organized oppositional military force. Composed of defected Syrian Armed Forces personnel, the rebel army aimed to protect protestors and ultimately remove Bashar al-Assad and his government from power.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Institute_of_Peace_2021-47">[46]</a> This period of the war saw the initial civil uprising take on many of the characteristics of a civil war, according to several outside observers, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">armed elements</a> became better organized and began carrying out successful attacks in retaliation for the crackdown by the Syrian Ba'athist government on demonstrators and defectors.<a href="#cite_note-nowin-48">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">monitoring mission</a>, initiated in December 2011, ended in failure by February 2012, as <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> Ba'athist troops and <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">oppositional militants</a> continued to do battle across the country and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Syrian Ba'athist government</a> prevented foreign observers from touring active battlefields, including besieged <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">oppositional</a> strongholds. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria,_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg/220px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg/330px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg/440px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Syrian army checkpoint in <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, January 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kofi_Annan_ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)">Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)</a></div> In early 2012, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> acted as the UN–<a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Envoy of the Secretary-General">Joint Special Representative for</a> Syria and started negotiations for a peace plan, which included provision for a ceasefire. However, even as the negotiations for it were being conducted, the Syrian army continued fighting.<a href="#cite_note-deadly_reprisals-49">[48]</a>: 11  Incommunicado detention, including of children, also continued.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In April, Assad began employing <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopters</a> against rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-Air_War-51">[50]</a> On 12 April, both sides, the Syrian Ba'athist Government and rebels of the FSA, entered a UN-mediated ceasefire period. It was a failure, with infractions of the ceasefire by both sides resulting in several dozen casualties. For examples, the 30 April 2012 Idlib bombing was a <a href="/wiki/Car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car bombing">car bombing</a> that targeted the Syrian military in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>, killing twenty people. Most of those killed were members of the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Acknowledging its failure, Annan called for Iran to be "part of the solution", though the country has been excluded from the Friends of Syria initiative.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The peace plan practically collapsed by early June and the UN mission was withdrawn from Syria. Annan officially resigned in frustration on 2 August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)">Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war</a></div> The 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian civil war refers to the third phase of the war, which gradually escalated from the UN-mediated cease fire attempt during April–May 2012 and deteriorated into radical violence, escalating the conflict level to a fully fledged civil war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_fighting_(June–October_2012)">Renewed fighting (June–October 2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renewed fighting (June–October 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus (2012)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a> of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed and the consequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian Ba'athist government, the ceasefire practically collapsed, as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. On 1 June, President Assad vowed to crush the anti-government uprising.<a href="#cite_note-aa0406-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/220px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/330px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/440px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> (left) and a <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> (right) in the FSA announce the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_Brigade" title="Conquest Brigade">Conquest Brigade</a>, part of the FSA in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, 31 July 2012.</figcaption></figure> On 5 June, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">fighting broke out in Haffa</a> and nearby villages in the coastal governorate of <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>. Syrian Army troops were backed by <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_gunship" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter gunship">helicopter gunships</a> in the heaviest clashes in the governorate since the revolt began. Government forces seized the territory following days of fighting and shelling.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> On 6 June, 78 civilians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a>. According to activist sources, the Syrian Army started by shelling the village before the <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> militia moved in.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The UN observers headed to Al-Qubeir in the hope of investigating the alleged massacre, but they were met with a roadblock and small arms fire and were forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war.<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-6-12-59">[58]</a> The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, Damascus and Aleppo. In both cities, peaceful protests – including a general strike by Damascus shopkeepers and a small strike in Aleppo were interpreted as indicating that the historical alliance between the Ba'ath government and the business establishment in the large cities had become weak.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> On 22 June, a Turkish <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 fighter jet</a> was <a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">shot down by Syrian government forces</a>, killing both pilots. Syria and Turkey disputed whether the jet had been flying in Syrian or international <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> when it was shot down. Despite Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>'s vows to retaliate harshly against Assad's government, no such intervention materialised. Bashar al-Assad publicly apologised for the incident. By 10 July, rebel forces had captured most of the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Al-Qusayr</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, after weeks of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> By mid-July, rebels had captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqeb</a>, in Idlib Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_in_Syria_(August_2012).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg/220px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg/330px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg/440px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2012%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in August 2012</figcaption></figure> By 15 July 2012, with fighting spread across the country and 16,000 people killed, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> declared the conflict a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Fighting in Damascus intensified, with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">major rebel push</a> to take the city.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> On 18 July, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Syrian Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a>, former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a>, and the president's brother-in-law General <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> were killed by a <a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">suicide bomb attack</a> in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph9408321-65">[64]</a> The Syrian intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a>, who was injured in the same explosion, later died from his injuries.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Both the FSA and Liwa al-Islam claimed responsibility for the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In mid-July, rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">attacked Damascus</a> and were repelled in two weeks, although <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">fighting continued in the outskirts</a>. After this, the focus shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">battle for control of Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> On 25 July, multiple sources reported that the government was using fighter jets to attack rebel positions in Aleppo and Damascus,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> and on 1 August, UN observers in Syria witnessed government fighter jets firing on rebels in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In early August, the Syrian Army recaptured Salaheddin district, an important rebel stronghold in Aleppo. In August, the Ba'athist government began using fixed-wing warplanes against the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Air_War-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_Air-71">[70]</a> On 19 July, Iraqi officials reported that the FSA had gained control of all four border checkpoints between Syria and Iraq, increasing concerns for the safety of Iraqis trying to escape the violence in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On 19 September, rebel forces seized a border crossing between Syria and Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>. It was speculated that this crossing could provide opposition forces with strategic and logistical advantages due to Turkish support of the rebels, whose headquarters subsequently relocated from southern Turkey into northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> On 6 September 2012 Kurdish activists reported that 21 civilians were killed in the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsud in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, when the Syrian Army shelled the local mosque and its surroundings. Despite the district being neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> and free of Ba'athist government and FSA clashes, local residents believed that the district was shelled as retaliation for sheltering anti-government civilians from other parts of the city. In a statement released shortly after the deaths, the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) vowed to retaliate.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed tank on a road in Aleppo, 6 October 2012</figcaption></figure> A few days later, Kurdish forces killed 3 soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Efrîn) and captured a number of other Ba'athist government soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Kobanî) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Dêrika Hemko) from where they drove the remaining Ba'athist government security forces. It was also reported that the Ba'athist government had begun to arm Arab tribes around <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> in preparation for a possible confrontation with Kurdish forces, who still did not completely control the city.<a href="#cite_note-pydkills-75">[74]</a> At least 8 Ba'athist government soldiers were killed and 15 wounded by a car bomb in the al-Gharibi district of Qamishli on 30 September 2012. The explosion targeted the Political Security branch.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In October, rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Nu%27man_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2012)">seized control of Maarat al-Numan</a>, a town in Idlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, marking increased influence in <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Lakhdar Brahimi arranged for a ceasefire during <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> in late October, but it quickly collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebel_offensives_(November_2012–April_2013)">Rebel offensives (November 2012–April 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rebel offensives (November 2012–April 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">2012 Hama offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive (2013)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shaddadi (2013)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (2013)</a></div> After Brahimi's ceasefire agreement ended on 30 October, the Syrian military expanded its aerial bombing campaign in Damascus. A bombing of the Damascus district of Jobar was the first instance of a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter jet">fighter jet</a> being used to bomb Damascus. The following day, Gen. Abdullah Mahmud al-Khalidi, a Syrian Air Force commander, was assassinated by opposition gunmen in the Damascus district of Rukn al-Din.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In early November 2012, rebels made significant gains in northern Syria. The rebel capture of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a> in Idlib Governorate, which lies on the <a href="/wiki/M5_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M5 Motorway (Syria)">M5 highway</a>, further isolated Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Due to insufficient anti-aircraft weapons, rebel units attempted to nullify the Ba'athist government's air power by destroying landed helicopters and aircraft on air bases.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On 3 November, rebels launched an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz_air_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Taftanaz air base">Taftanaz air base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> On 18 November, rebels <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">took control of</a> Base 46 in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, one of the Syrian Army's largest bases in northern Syria, after weeks of intense fighting. Defected General Mohammed Ahmed al-Faj, who commanded the assault, stated that nearly 300 Syrian troops had been killed and 60 had been captured, with rebels seizing large amounts of heavy weapons, including tanks.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> On 22 November, rebels captured the <a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a> military base in the country's eastern <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>. Activists said this gave the rebels control of a large amount of territory east of the base, stretching to the Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> On 29 November, at approximately 10:26 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>, the Syrian Internet and phone service was shut off for a two-day period.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Syrian officials blamed the blackout on terrorists having cut "a main fiber optic cable connecting Damascus to the rest of the world";<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> in August 2014 claimed that this Internet breakdown had been caused, though unintended, by hackers of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> during an operation to intercept Internet communication in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In mid-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military had fired <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria. Reportedly, six Scud missiles were fired at the Sheikh Suleiman base north of Aleppo, which rebel forces had occupied. It is unclear whether the Scuds hit the intended target.<a href="#cite_note-Scud_Missiles2-89">[88]</a> The Ba'athist government denied this claim.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Later that month, a further Scud attack took place near Marea, a town north of Aleppo near the Turkish border. The missile appeared to have missed its target.<a href="#cite_note-Scud_Missiles2-89">[88]</a> That same month, the British <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> reported that the FSA had now penetrated into Latakia Governorate's coast through Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In late December, rebel forces pushed further into Damascus, taking control of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk</a> and Palestine refugee camps, pushing out pro-Ba'athist government <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command</a> fighters with the help of other factions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Rebel forces launched <a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">an offensive</a> in Hama Governorate, later claiming to have forced army regulars to evacuate several towns and bases,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and stating that "three-quarters of western rural Hama is under our control."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Rebels also captured the town of Harem near the Turkish border in Idlib Governorate, after weeks of heavy fighting.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> On 11 January 2013, Islamist groups, including al-Nusra Front, took full control of the <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz" title="Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a> air base in the Idlib Governorate, after weeks of fighting. The air base was often used by the Syrian military to carry out helicopter raids and deliver supplies. The rebels claimed to have seized helicopters, tanks and multiple rocket launchers, before being forced to withdraw by a Ba'athist government counter-attack. The leader of the al-Nusra Front said the amount of weapons they took was a "game changer".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On 11 February, Islamist rebels captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Al-Thawrah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a>, Syria's largest dam and a key source of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The next day, rebel forces took control of Jarrah air base, located 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> On 14 February, fighters from al-Nusra Front took control of Shadadeh, a town in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> near the Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> On 20 February, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> exploded in Damascus near the Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch headquarters, killing at least 53 people and injuring more than 235.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> None of the groups claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On 21 February, the FSA in Quasar began shelling Hezbollah positions in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Prior to this, Hezbollah had been shelling villages near Quasar from within Lebanon. A 48-hour ultimatum was issued by a FSA commander on 20 February, warning the militant group to stop the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8642756918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/220px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/330px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/440px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo, Karm al Jabal neighborhood, 4 March 2013</figcaption></figure>On 2 March, intense clashes between rebels and the Syrian Army erupted in the city of Raqqa, with many reportedly killed on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> On the same day, Syrian troops regained several villages near Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> By 3 March, rebels had overrun Raqqa's central prison, allowing them to free hundreds of prisoners, according to the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The SOHR also stated that rebel fighters were now in control of most of an <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal_Police_Academy" title="Khan al-Asal Police Academy">Aleppo police academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal" title="Khan al-Asal">Khan al-Asal</a>, and that over 200 rebels and Ba'athist government troops had been killed fighting for control of it.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> By 6 March, the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa, effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. Residents of Raqqa toppled a bronze statue of his late father Hafez al-Assad in the centre of the city. The rebels also seized two top Ba'athist government officials.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday1-108">[107]</a> On 18 March, the Syrian Air Force attacked rebel positions in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> for the first time. The attack occurred at the Wadi al-Khayl Valley area, near the town of Arsal.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> On 21 March, a suspected suicide bombing in the Iman Mosque in Mazraa district killed as many as 41 people, including the pro-Assad Sunni cleric, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Buti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Buti">Mohammed al-Buti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On 23 March, several rebel groups seized the 38th division air defense base in southern Daraa Governorate near a highway linking Damascus to Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> On the next day, rebels captured a 25 km strip of land near the Jordanian border, which included the towns of <a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzrib</a>, Abdin, and the al-Rai military checkpoint.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> On 25 March, rebels launched one of their heaviest bombardments of Central Damascus since the revolt began. Fighting between the army and YPG fighters in the Kurdish village of Gir Zîro (Tall Adas), near <a href="/wiki/Al-Maabadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maabadah">al-Maabadah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Girkê Legê), where an army battalion of around 200 soldiers had been blockaded<a href="#cite_note-firat_heavier-113">[112]</a> since 9 January.<a href="#cite_note-ypg_mabada1-114">[113]</a> YPG forces claimed to have expelled Ba'athist government after the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-115">[114]</a> One soldier was reportedly killed and another eight injured, while seven were captured (later released<a href="#cite_note-ypg_mabada1-114">[113]</a>) and 27 defected.<a href="#cite_note-firat_heavier-113">[112]</a> Fighting at the oil field near Gir Zîro ended on 21 January, when Ba'athist government forces withdrew after receiving no assistance from Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In Rumeilan, directly west of al-Maabadah, another 200 soldiers had been surrounded by YPG forces, and 10 soldiers were reported to have defected.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-115">[114]</a> From 8 to 11 February,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> heavy clashes broke out between the YPG and Ba'athist government troops in the PYD/YPG-held district Ashrafiyah where, according to SOHR, at least 3 soldiers and 5 pro-Ba'athist government militiamen were killed. The fighting followed deadly shelling on 31 January on Ashrafiyah, in which 23<a href="#cite_note-5killed27213-118">[117]</a> civilians were killed after FSA units moved into the Kurdish sector of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> According to its own reports, the YPG lost 7 of its members in the fighting, while also claiming that 48 soldiers were killed and 22 captured,<a href="#cite_note-5killed27213-118">[117]</a> and a further 70 injured.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In early March, YPG forces established full control of oil fields and installations in north-east Syria after Ba'athist government forces posted there surrendered. Also, YPG assaulted Ba'athist government forces and took control of the towns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tall_%CA%BFAdas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tall ʿAdas (page does not exist)">Tall ʿAdas</a>, which is adjacent to Rumeilan oil fields, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Tirbespî).<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'athist_government_offensives_(April–June_2013)">Ba'athist government offensives (April–June 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ba'athist government offensives (April–June 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_in_Syria_(June_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg/220px-Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg/330px-Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg/440px-Situation_in_Syria_%28June_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in June 2013</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)</a></div> On 17 April, Ba'athist government forces breached a six-month rebel blockade in Wadi al-Deif, near Idlib. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after Ba'athist government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed Ba'athist government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> On 18 April, the FSA took control of Al-Dab'a Air Base near the city of al-Qusayr.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The base was being used primarily to garrison ground troops. Meanwhile, the Syrian Army re-captured the town of Abel. The SOHR said the loss of the town would hamper rebel movements between al-Qusayr and Homs city. The capture of the airport would have relieved the pressure on the rebels in the area, but their loss of <a href="/wiki/Abil" title="Abil">Abel</a> made the situation more complicated.<a href="#cite_note-seize-124">[123]</a> The same day, rebels reportedly assassinated Ali Ballan, who was a Ba'athist government employee, in the Mazzeh district of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> On 21 April, Ba'athist government forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">captured the town of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a>, near Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In April, Ba'athist government and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> forces launched <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">an offensive</a> to capture areas near al-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al-Radwaniya near the Lebanese border.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> By this point, eight villages had fallen to the Ba'athist government offensive in the area.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 24 April, after five weeks of fighting, Ba'athist government troops re-took control of the town of Otaiba, east of Damascus, which had been serving as the main arms supply route from Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Meanwhile, in the north of the country, rebels took control of a position on the edge of the strategic Mennagh Military airbase, on the outskirts of Aleppo. This allowed them to enter the airbase after months of besieging it.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> On 2 May, Ba'athist government forces captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qisa" title="Al-Qisa">Qaysa</a> in a push north from the city's airport. Troops also retook the Wadi al-Sayeh central district of Homs, driving a wedge between two rebel strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> SOHR reported <a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">a massacre</a> of over 100 people by the Syrian Army in the coastal town of Al Bayda, Baniyas. However, this could not be independently verified due to movement restrictions on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Yet the multiple video images that residents had recorded – particularly of small children, were so shocking that even some Ba'athist government supporters rejected Syrian television's official version of events, that the army had simply "crushed a number of terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-134">[133]</a> On 15 June, the Syrian Army captured the Damascus suburb of Ahmadiyeh near the city's airport,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> and on 22 June, captured the rebel stronghold town of <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_fighting_(July–October_2013)">Continued fighting (July–October 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Continued fighting (July–October 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></div> On 28 June, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> On 12 July FSA reported that one of its commanders, Kamal Hamami, had been killed by Islamists a day before. The rebels declared that the assassination by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and Levant</a>, was tantamount to a declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> On 17 July, FSA forces took control of most of the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a> after seizing up to 40 army posts stationed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> On 18 July, Kurdish YPG forces secured control of the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ras al-Ain</a>, after days of fighting with the al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In the following three months, continued fighting between Kurdish and mainly jihadist rebel forces led to the capture of two dozen towns and villages in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah Governorate</a> by Kurdish fighters,<a href="#cite_note-fr-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes-143">[142]</a> while the Jihadists made limited gains in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates after they turned on the Kurdish rebel group <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Jabhat al-Akrad</a> over its relationship with the YPG. In Aleppo Governorate, Islamists massacred the Kurds leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> On 22 July, FSA fighters seized control of the western Aleppo suburb of <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal" title="Khan al-Asal">Khan al-Asal</a>. The town was the last Ba'athist government stronghold in the western portion of Aleppo Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On 27 July, after weeks of fighting and bombardment in Homs, the Syrian Army captured the historic <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque">Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and two days later, captured the district of Khaldiyeh.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> On 4 August, around 10 rebel brigades, launched <a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">a large-scale offensive</a> on the Ba'athist government stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>. Initial attacks by 2,000 opposition members seized as many as 12 villages in the mountainous area. Between 4 and 5 August 20 rebels and 32 Ba'athist government soldiers and militiamen had been killed in the clashes. Hundreds of Alawite villagers fled to Latakia. By 5 August, rebel fighters advanced to 20 kilometers from Qardaha, the home town of the Assad family.<a href="#cite_note-RegimeRegainsGround-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> However, in mid-August, the military counter-attacked and recaptured all of the territory previously lost to the rebels in the coastal region during the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-serious-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-pushback-151">[150]</a> A Syrian security force source "told AFP the army still had to recapture the Salma region, a strategic area along the border with Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report 190 civilians were killed by rebel forces during the offensive, at least 67 being executed while fleeing, including 48 women and 11 children. Another 200 civilians, primarily women and children, were taken hostage.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-154">[153]</a> On 6 August, rebels captured <a href="/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Menagh Military Airbase">Menagh Military Airbase</a> after a 10-month siege. The strategic airbase is located on the road between Aleppo city and the Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> On 21 August, <a href="/wiki/2013_Ghouta_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Ghouta attacks">a chemical attack</a> took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by Ba'athist government forces into the area, which had been hotbeds of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-SyriaOffensive-157">[156]</a> On 24 August, rebels captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariha, Syria">Ariha</a>. However, Ba'athist government forces recaptured Ariha on 3 September.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> On 26 August, rebel forces took over the town of <a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a> in Aleppo Governorate which was the Ba'athist government's last supply route for the city of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> On 8 September, rebels led by the al-Nusra Front <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">captured the Christian town of Maaloula</a>, 43 km north of Damascus,<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The Syrian Army launched a counterattack a few days later, recapturing the town.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> On 18 September, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS) overran the FSA-held town of Azaz in the north. The fighting was the most severe since tensions rose between militant factions in Syria earlier in the year.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Soon after ISIS captured Azaz, a ceasefire was announced between the rival rebel groups. However, in early October, more fighting erupted in the town.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> On 20 September, Alawite militias including the NDF killed 15 civilians in the Sunni village of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a> in Hama Governorate. The massacre occurred in retaliation for a rebel capture of the village of Jalma, in Hama, which killed five soldiers, along with the seizure of a military checkpoint which killed 16 soldiers and 10 NDF militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In mid-September, the military captured the towns of Deir Salman and Shebaa on the outskirts of Damascus. The Army also captured six villages in eastern Homs.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Fighting broke out in those towns again in October.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> On 28 September, rebels seized the Ramtha border post in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a> on the Syria Jordan crossing after fighting which left 26 soldiers dead along with 7 foreign rebel fighters.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> On 3 October, AFP reported that Syria's army re-took the town of <a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a>, which is located on a supply route linking central Syria to the city of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> On 7 October, the Syrian Army managed to reopen the supply route between Aleppo and Khanasir.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> On 9 October, rebels seized the Hajanar guard post on the Jordanian border after a month of fierce fighting. Rebels were now in control of a swath of territory along the border from outside of Daraa to the edge of Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The same day, Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite fighters, backed up by artillery, air-strikes and tanks, captured the town of Sheikh Omar, on the southern outskirts of Damascus. Two days later, they also captured the towns of al-Thiabiya and Husseiniya on the southern approaches to Damascus. The capture of the three towns strengthened the Ba'athist government hold on major supply lines and put more pressure on rebels under siege in the Eastern Ghouta area.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On 14 October, SOHR reported that rebels captured the Resefa and Sinaa districts of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> city, as well as Deir ez-Zor's military hospital.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(October–December_2013)">Ba'athist Government offensives (October–December 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ba'athist Government offensives (October–December 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)</a></div> The Syrian Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">al-Abas brigade</a>, launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> On 16 October, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> reported that Syrian troops recaptured the town of Bweida, south of Damascus. On 17 October, the Syrian Ba'athist government's head of Military Intelligence in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>, Jameh Jameh, was assassinated by rebels in Deir ez-Zor city. SOHR reported that he had been shot by a rebel sniper during a battle with rebel brigades.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> On 24 October, the Syrian Army retook control of the town of Hatetat al-Turkman, located southeast of Damascus, along the Damascus International Airport road.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> On 26 October, Kurdish rebel fighters seized control of the strategic Yarubiya border crossing between Syria and Iraq from al-Nusra in Al Hasakah Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Elsewhere, in Daraa Governorate, rebel fighters captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Tafas" title="Tafas">Tafas</a> from Ba'athist government forces after weeks of clashes which left scores dead.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> On 1 November, the Syrian Army retook control of the key city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Safira" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Safira">Al-Safira</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> and the next day, the Syrian Army and its allies recaptured the village of Aziziyeh on the northern outskirts of Al-Safira.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> From early to mid-November, Syrian Army forces captured several towns south of Damascus, including Hejeira and Sbeineh. Ba'athist Government forces also recaptured the town of Tel Aran, southeast of Aleppo, and a military base near Aleppo's international airport.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> On 10 November, the Syrian Army had taken full control of "Base 80", near Aleppo's airport.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> According to the SOHR, 63 rebels,<a href="#cite_note-retakes-185">[184]</a> and 32 soldiers were killed during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-retakes-185">[184]</a> One other report put the number of rebels killed between 60 and 80.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Army units were backed-up by Hezbollah fighters and pro-Ba'athist government militias during the assault.<a href="#cite_note-retakes-185">[184]</a> The following day, Ba'athist government forces secured most of the area around the airport.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-reopen-188">[187]</a> On 13 November, Ba'athist government forces captured most of Hejeira.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Rebels retreated from Hejeira to <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">Al-Hajar al-Aswad</a>. However, their defenses in besieged districts closer to the heart of Damascus were still reportedly solid.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> On 15 November, the Syrian Army retook control of the city of Tell Hassel near Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> On 18 November, the Syrian troops stormed the town of Babbila.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> On 19 November, Ba'athist government forces took full control of Qara.<a href="#cite_note-mmedia-193">[192]</a> The same day, the Syrian Army captured al-Duwayrinah.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> On 23 November, al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels captured the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Omar_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Omar Field (page does not exist)">al-Omar oil field</a>, Syria's largest oil field, in Deir al-Zor Governorate causing the Ba'athist government to rely almost entirely on imported oil.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> On 24 November, rebels captured the towns of Bahariya, Qasimiya, Abbadah, and Deir Salman in Damascus's countryside.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> On 28 November, the Syrian Army recaptured Deir Attiyeh.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> On 2 December, rebels led by the Free Syrian Army recaptured the historic Christian town of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27loula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'loula">Ma'loula</a>. After the fighting, reports emerged that 12 nuns had been abducted by the rebels. However, the FSA disputes this and said that the nuns had been evacuated to the nearby rebel held town of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Yabrud</a> due to the Army shelling.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In early December, the Islamic Front seized control of Bab al-Hawa border crossing with Turkey, which had been in hands of FSA.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The groups also captured warehouses containing equipment delivered by the U.S. In response, the U.S. and Britain said they halted all non-lethal aid to the FSA, fearing that further supplies could fall in hands of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> militants.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> On 9 December, the Army took full control of Nabek,<a href="#cite_note-alabama-203">[202]</a> with fighting continuing in its outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday1-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Islamist_groups_(January–September_2014)">Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fighting_between_ISIL_and_other_rebel_groups_(January–March_2014)">Fighting between ISIL and other rebel groups (January–March 2014)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fighting between ISIL and other rebel groups (January–March 2014)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></div> Tension between moderate rebel forces and ISIL had been high since ISIL captured the border town of <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> from FSA forces on 18 September 2013.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Conflict was renewed over <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> in early October<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> and in late November ISIL captured the border town of <a href="/wiki/Atme" title="Atme">Atme</a> from an FSA brigade.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> On 3 January 2014, the Army of the Mujahideen, the Free Syrian Army and the Islamic Front launched an offensive against ISIL in Aleppo and Idlib governorates. A spokesman for the rebels said that rebels attacked ISIL in up to 80% of all ISIL-held villages in Idlib and 65% of those in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> By 6 January, opposition rebels managed to expel ISIL forces from the city of Raqqa, ISIL's largest stronghold and capital of the Raqqa Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> On 8 January, opposition rebels expelled most ISIL forces from the city of Aleppo, however ISIL reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a> managed to retake several neighborhoods of the city of Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> By mid January ISIL had retaken the entire city of Raqqa, while rebels expelled ISIL fighters fully from Aleppo city and the villages west of it. On 29 January, Turkish aircraft near the border fired on an ISIL convoy inside the Aleppo province of Syria, killing 11 ISIL fighters and an ISIL emir.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> In late January it was confirmed that rebels had assassinated ISIL's second in command, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a>, who was al-Qaeda's military council head and a former military officer in Saddam Hussein's army.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> By mid-February, the al-Nusra Front joined the battle in support of rebel forces, and expelled ISIL from the Deir Ezzor Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> By March, the ISIL forces fully retreated from the Idlib Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> On 4 March, ISIL retreated from the border town of Azaz and other nearby villages, choosing instead to consolidate around Raqqa in an anticipation of an escalation of fighting with al-Nusra.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ba'athist_Government_offensives_(March–May_2014)">Ba'athist Government offensives (March–May 2014)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ba'athist Government offensives (March–May 2014)">edit</a>]</div> On 4 March, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> took control of Sahel in the Qalamoun region.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> On 8 March, Ba'athist government forces took over Zara, in Homs Governorate, further blocking rebel supply routes from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> On 11 March, Ba'athist Government forces and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> took control of the Rima Farms region, directly facing Yabrud.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> On 16 March, Hezbollah and Ba'athist government forces captured <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Yabrud</a>, after Free Syrian Army fighters made an unexpected withdrawal, leaving the al-Nusra Front to fight in the city on its own.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> On 18 March, Israel used artillery against a Syrian Army base, after four of its soldiers had been wounded by a roadside bomb while patrolling Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> On 19 March, the Syrian Army captured Ras al-Ain near <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Yabrud</a>, after two days of fighting and al-Husn in Homs Governorate, while rebels in the Daraa Governorate captured Daraa prison, and freed hundreds of detainees.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-lorientlejour.com-225">[224]</a> On 20 March, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> in al-Husn.<a href="#cite_note-lorientlejour.com-225">[224]</a> On 29 March, Syrian Army took control of the villages of <a href="/wiki/Flitah" title="Flitah">Flitah</a> and Ras Maara near the border with Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> On 22 March, rebels took control of the Kesab border post in the Latakia Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> By 23 March, rebels had taken most of Khan Sheikhoun in Hama.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> During clashes near the rebel-controlled Kesab border post in Latakia, Hilal Al Assad, NDF leader in Latakia and one of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Al_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Al Assad">Bashar Al Assad</a>'s cousins was killed by rebel fighters.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> On 4 April, rebels captured the town of Babulin, Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> On 9 April, the Syrian Army took control of <a href="/wiki/Rankous" title="Rankous">Rankous</a> in the Qalamoun region.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> On 12 April, rebels in Aleppo stormed the Ba'athist government-held Ramouseh industrial district in an attempt to cut the Army supply route between the airport and a large Army base. The rebels also took the Rashidin neighbourhood and parts of the Jamiat al-Zahra district.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> On 26 April, the Syrian Army took control of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zabadani" title="Al-Zabadani">Al-Zabadani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> According to SOHR, rebels took control of Tell Ahrmar, Quneitra.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Rebels in Daraa also took over Brigade 61 Base and the 74th battalion.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> On 26 April, the FSA announced they had begun an offensive against ISIL in the Raqqa Governorate, and had seized five towns west of Raqqa city.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> On 29 April, activists said that the Syrian Army captured Tal Buraq near the town of Mashara in Quneitra without any clashes.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> On 7 May, a truce went into effect in the city of Homs, SOHR reported. The terms of the agreement include safe evacuation of Islamist fighters from the city, which would then fall under Ba'athist government control, in exchange for release of prisoners and safe passage of humanitarian aid for Nubul and Zahraa, two Shiite enclaves besieged by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> On 18 May, the head of Syria's Air Defense, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Ishaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Ishaq (page does not exist)">Hussein Ishaq</a>, died of wounds sustained during a rebel attack on an air defense base near Mleiha the previous day. In Hama Governorate, rebel forces took control of the town of Tel Malah, killing 34 pro-Assad fighters at an army post near the town. Its seizure marked the third time rebels have taken control of the town.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_election_(3_June_2014)">Presidential election (3 June 2014)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidential election (3 June 2014)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 Syrian presidential election</a></div> Syria held a presidential election in Ba'athist government-held areas on 3 June 2014. For the first time in the history of Syria more than one person was allowed to stand as a presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-BBC030614-242">[241]</a> More than 9,000 polling stations were set up in Ba'athist government-held areas.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria</a>, 11.63 million Syrians voted (the turnout was 73.42%).<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> won the election with 88.7% of the votes. As for Assad's challengers, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Nouri" title="Hassan al-Nouri">Hassan al-Nouri</a> received 4.3% of the votes and <a href="/wiki/Maher_Hajjar" title="Maher Hajjar">Maher Hajjar</a> received 3.2%.<a href="#cite_note-BBC040614-246">[245]</a> Allies of Assad from more than 30 countries were invited by the Syrian Ba'athist government to follow the presidential election,<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> including Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, India, Iran, Iraq, Nicaragua, Russia, South Africa and Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> The Iranian official <a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Boroujerdi" title="Alaeddin Boroujerdi">Alaeddin Boroujerdi</a> read a statement by the group saying the election was "free, fair and transparent".<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the United States all dismissed the election as illegitimate and a farce.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> State employees were told to vote or face interrogation.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> On the ground there were no independent monitors stationed at the polling stations.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> It is claimed in an opinion piece that as few as 6 million eligible voters remained in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-independentuksyriaelection-260">[259]</a> Due to rebel, Kurdish and ISIL control of Syrian territories there was no voting in roughly 60% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISIL–Ba'athist_government_conflict_intensifies_(June–September_2014)">ISIL–Ba'athist government conflict intensifies (June–September 2014)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ISIL–Ba'athist government conflict intensifies (June–September 2014)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png/220px-Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png/330px-Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png/440px-Syrian_war_map_18_6_14.png 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in June 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg/220px-Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg/330px-Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg/440px-Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS_-_12-31-2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>In red: the area controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) proto-state in December 2014</figcaption></figure> Starting on 5 June, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a> seized swathes of territory in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in addition to heavy weapons and equipment from the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>, some of which they brought into Syria. Ba'athist Government airstrikes targeted ISIL bases in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> in coordination with an Iraqi Army counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> On 14 June, Ba'athist government forces retook the town of <a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>, while rebels took over Tall al-Gomo near the town of <a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>, as well as reentering the <a href="/wiki/An-Nabek_District" title="An-Nabek District">Qalamoun area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>, on 17 July ISIL took control of the Shaar oil field, killing 90 pro-Ba'athist government forces while losing 21 fighters. In addition, 270 guards and Ba'athist government-aligned fighters were missing. About 30 Ba'athist government persons managed to escape to the nearby Hajjar field.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> On 20 July, the Syrian Army secured the field, although fighting continued in its outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> On 25 July, the Islamic State took control of the Division 17 base near Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> On 7 August, ISIL took the Brigade 93 base in Raqqa using weapons captured from their offensive in Iraq. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombs</a> also went off before the base was stormed.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> On 13 August, ISIL forces took the towns of <a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a> and Turkmanbareh from rebels in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a>. ISIL forces also took a handful of nearby villages. The other towns seized include Masoudiyeh, <a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabiq</a> and Ghouz.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 14 August, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> militias retook the town of Mleiha in <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>. The Supreme Military Council of the FSA denied claims of Mleiha's seizure, rather the rebels have redeployed from recent advances to other defensive lines.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Mleiha has been held by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a>. Rebels had used the town to fire mortars on Ba'athist government held areas inside Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-272">[271]</a> Meanwhile, ISIL forces in Raqqa were launching a siege on <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Tabqa_Air_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Tabqa Air base">Tabqa airbase</a>, the Syrian Ba'athist government's last military base in Raqqa. Kuwaires airbase in Aleppo also came under fierce attack by ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> On 16 August, there were reports that 22 people were killed in the village of Daraa by a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> outside a mosque. The bomb was thought to be detonated by ISIL. Also on 16 August, the Islamic State seized the village of Beden in Aleppo Governorate from rebels.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> On 17 August, SOHR said that in the past two weeks ISIL jihadists had killed over 700 tribal members in oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> On 19 August, a senior figure in ISIL who had helped prepare and plan car and suicide bombs across Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq was killed. Some reports said that he was killed by Hezbollah fighters. There were also several reports that he was killed by the Syrian Army in the Qalamoun region, near the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> On 19 August, American journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Foley_(journalist)" title="James Foley (journalist)">James Foley</a> was executed by ISIL, who claimed it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. Boston-based website <a href="/wiki/GlobalPost" title="GlobalPost">GlobalPost</a>, for which Foley previously worked, reported they were certain that he was held by pro-government forces before.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> ISIL also threatened to execute <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sotloff" title="Steven Sotloff">Steven Sotloff</a>, who was kidnapped at the Syria–Turkey border in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> There were reports ISIL captured a Japanese national, two Italian nationals, and a Danish national as well.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war, and more than 80 kidnapped, according to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> On 22 August, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded that Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> On 23 August, in Raqqa, the Syrian Army took control of the town of Al-Ejeil.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> ISIL reportedly sent reinforcements from Iraq to the governorate of Raqqa. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said at least 400 ISIL fighters had also been wounded in the previous five days in clashes with the Syrian Army and <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Force (Syria)">National Defence Force</a> in Raqqa alone.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> At the same time, several senior UK and US figures urged Turkey to stop allowing ISIL to cross the border to Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> It was around this time that the Americans realized that the Turks had no intention of sealing their side of the border, and so Washington decided to work with the Syrian Kurds to close off the border on the Syrian side.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> A year later, with the Kurds in control of most of the Turkey–Syria border, and the Syrian army advancing under Russian air support to seal the remainder, the situation was causing great ructions in Ankara.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> On the following day, the Islamic State seized Tabqa airbase from Ba'athist government forces.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> The battle for the base left 346 ISIL fighters and 195 soldiers dead.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> Prisoners taken by ISIL forces were executed and a video from the mass killing was posted on YouTube. The death toll varied from 120 to 250.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> On 26 August, the Syrian Air Force carried out airstrikes against ISIL targets in the Governorate of Deir ez-Zor (for its oil and natural gas resources as well as strategically splitting ISIL territories). This was the first time the Syrian Army had attacked them in Deir ez-Zor, as the Syrian Army pulled out of Raqqa and shifted to Deir ez-Zor in a bid to seize its oil and natural gas resources as well as strategically splitting ISIL territories.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014–September_2015)">U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014–September 2015)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014–September 2015)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in the Syrian civil war">American intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2014" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State § 2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._intervenes">U.S. intervenes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S. intervenes">edit</a>]</div> American jets began bombing ISIL in Syria on 23 September 2014, raising U.S. involvement in the war-torn country. At least 20 targets in and around Raqqa were hit, the opposition group Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said. Foreign partners participating in the strikes with the United States were Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Jordan. The U.S. and "partner nation forces" began striking ISIL targets using fighters, bombers and Tomahawk missiles, Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Kirby said.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> U.S. aircraft include <a href="/wiki/B-1_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 bomber">B-1 bombers</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16s</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-18" class="mw-redirect" title="F-18">F-18s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predator_drones" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator drones">Predator drones</a>, with F-18s flying missions off the <a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)</a> in the Persian Gulf. <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a> were fired from the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Arleigh_Burke" title="USS Arleigh Burke">USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Syria's Foreign Ministry told the Associated Press that the U.S. informed Syria's envoy to the U.N. that "strikes will be launched against the terrorist group in Raqqa".<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The United States informed the Free Syrian Army beforehand of the impending airstrikes, and the rebels said that weapons transfers to the Free Syrian Army had begun.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> The United States also attacked a specific faction of al-Nusra called the <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_(Islamist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan (Islamist group)">Khorasan Group</a>, who according to the United States had training camps and plans for attacking the United States in the future.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> For its part, Turkey launched an official request to the U.N. for a no-fly zone over Syria.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> The same day, Israel shot down a Syrian warplane after it entered the Golan area from Quneitra.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> By 3 October, ISIL forces were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kobanê">heavily shelling the city of Kobanî</a> and were within a kilometre of the town.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> Within 36 hours from 21 October, the Syrian air force carried out over 200 airstrikes on rebel-held areas across Syria and US and Arab jets attacked IS positions around Kobanî. Syrian Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Omran_al-Zoubi" title="Omran al-Zoubi">Omran al-Zoubi</a> said the YPG forces in Kobanî had been provided with military and logistical support.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Syria reported that its air force had destroyed two fighter jets being operated by IS.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20141022-304">[303]</a> By 26 January, the Kurdish YPG forced ISIL forces in Kobanî to retreat,<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> thus fully recapturing the city.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> The U.S. confirmed that the city had been cleared of ISIL forces on 27 January,<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> and ISIL admitted defeat in Kobanî city three days later, although they vowed to return.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Front_(October_2014–February_2015)">Southern Front (October 2014–February 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Southern Front (October 2014–February 2015)">edit</a>]</div> In February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army</a> formed in southern Syria. Six months later, they started a string of victories in Daraa and Quneitra during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">2014 Quneitra offensive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra (2015)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a>. A Ba'athist government counter-offensive (the <a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">2015 Southern Syria offensive</a>) during this period, that included the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, recaptured 15 towns, villages and hills,<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> but the operation slowed soon after<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2April2015-312">[311]</a> and stalled.<a href="#cite_note-march-313">[312]</a> From early 2015, opposition military operations rooms based in Jordan and Turkey began increasing cooperation,<a href="#cite_note-FT_13_Feb_2015-314">[313]</a> with Saudi Arabia and Qatar also reportedly agreeing upon the necessity to unite opposition factions against the Syrian Ba'athist government.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Al-Nusra_Front_and_Islamist_takeover_(October_2014–March_2015)">Northern Al-Nusra Front and Islamist takeover (October 2014–March 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northern Al-Nusra Front and Islamist takeover (October 2014–March 2015)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/220px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/330px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/440px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>U.S.-led coalition airstrike targeting Islamic State positions during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>.</figcaption></figure> In late October 2014, a conflict erupted between the al-Nusra Front on one side and the western-backed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Revolutionaries_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Revolutionaries Front">SRF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazzm_Movement" title="Hazzm Movement">Hazzm Movement</a> on the other (<a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict</a>). ISIL reportedly reinforced al-Nusra. By the end of February 2015 al-Nusra had defeated both groups, captured the entire <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawiya Mountain">Zawiya Mountain</a> region in Idlib province and several towns and military bases in other governorates, and seized weapons supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> to the two moderate groups.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> The significant amount of weapons seized included a small number of <a href="/wiki/BGM-71" class="mw-redirect" title="BGM-71">BGM-71</a> anti-tank missiles similar to weapons systems al-Nusra Front had previously captured from Ba'athist government stockpiles such as French <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILANs</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/HJ-8" title="HJ-8">HJ-8s</a> and Russian <a href="/wiki/9K111_Fagot" title="9K111 Fagot">9K111 Fagots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> Reuters reported that this represented al-Nusra crushing pro-Western rebels in the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> According to FSA commanders in northern Syria, however, the elimination of Harakat Hazm and the SRF was a welcome development due to the leaders of those factions allegedly involved in corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Lister-320">[319]</a> The Western-backed <a href="/wiki/New_Syrian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="New Syrian Forces">30th Division</a> of the FSA remained active elsewhere in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> By 24 March 2015 the al-Nusra Front dominated most of Idlib province, except for the Ba'athist government-held provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>, which they had encircled on three sides along with its Islamist allies.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> On 28 March a joint coalition of Islamist forces, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a>, captured Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> This left the north largely taken over by <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a>, al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels, with the south of the country becoming the last significant foothold for the mainstream, non-jihadist opposition fighters.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_Conquest_advances_in_Idlib_(April–June_2015)">Army of Conquest advances in Idlib (April–June 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Army of Conquest advances in Idlib (April–June 2015)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Battle of Idlib (2015)</a></div> On 22 April, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">a new rebel offensive</a> was launched in the north-west of Syria and by 25 April, the rebel coalition <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a> had captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> At the end of the following month, the rebels also seized the <a href="/wiki/Al-Mastumah" title="Al-Mastumah">Al-Mastumah</a> military base,<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariha, Syria">Ariha</a>, leaving Ba'athist government forces in control of tiny pockets of Idlib, including the Abu Dhuhur military airport.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> In addition, according to the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Doha_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Doha Center">Brookings Doha Center</a>, the Army of Conquest coalition was a broad opposition effort to ensure that the Al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front was contained, with the rearguard involvement of Western-backed factions being regarded as crucial.<a href="#cite_note-Lister-320">[319]</a> Still, according to some, the FSA in northern Syria had by this point all but dissipated. Many of the moderate fighters joined more extremist organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a>, the largest faction in the Army of Conquest, which led to the subsequent rise of the Islamist Army of Conquest coalition.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> Rebel advances led to Ba'athist government and Hezbollah morale plunging dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> In north-west Syria these losses were countered by a Hezbollah-led offensive in the Qalamoun mountains north of Damascus, on the border with Lebanon, that gave Hezbollah effective control of the entire area.<a href="#cite_note-North_mountains_gains-332">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgent_ISIL_advance_(May–September_2015)">Resurgent ISIL advance (May–September 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Resurgent ISIL advance (May–September 2015)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May 2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_in_Syria_(August_2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg/220px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg/330px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg/440px-Situation_in_Syria_%28August_2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in August 2015</figcaption></figure> On 21 May, ISIL took control of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, after eight days of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> The jihadists also captured the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">Al-Sukhnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiriya">Amiriya</a>, as well as several oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> Following the capture of Palmyra, ISIL conducted mass executions in the area, killing an estimated 217–329 Ba'athist government civilian supporters and soldiers, according to opposition activists.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Ba'athist Government sources put the number of killed at 400–450.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> By early June, ISIL reached the town of Hassia, which lies on the main road from Damascus to Homs and Latakia, and reportedly took up positions to the west of it, creating a potential disaster for the Ba'athist government and raising the threat of Lebanon being sucked further into the war.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> On 25 June, ISIL launched two offensives. One was a surprise diversionary attack on Kobanî, while the second targeted Ba'athist government-held parts of Al-Hasakah city.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> The ISIL offensive on Al-Hasakah displaced 60,000 people, with the UN estimating a total of 200,000 would be displaced.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> In July 2015, a raid by U.S. special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's "chief financial officer", <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(ISIL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sayyaf (ISIL)">Abu Sayyaf</a>, produced evidence that <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish</a> officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members.<a href="#cite_note-yahoonews-342">[341]</a> ISIL captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">Al-Qaryatayn</a> from the Ba'athist government on 5 August 2015.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Australia joined the bombing of ISIL in Syria in mid September, an extension of their efforts in Iraq for the past year.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-343">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)">Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015–July 2016)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015–July 2016)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)</a></div> <table class="toccolours collapsible" style="float: right; margin-left:1em; width:400px; font-size:88%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F5F5F5;">Russian military facilities involved in the war in Syria </th></tr> <tr> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg/400px-Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg/600px-Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg/800px-Outline_map_of_Middle_East.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="654" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:189px; top:17px"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspian Flotilla"><img alt="Caspian Flotilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian Flotilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:32px"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspian Flotilla"><img alt="Caspian Flotilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian Flotilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:42px"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspian Flotilla"><img alt="Caspian Flotilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian Flotilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaspiysk" title="Kaspiysk">Kaspiysk</a>)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aircraft group"><img alt="Aircraft group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aircraft group (page does not exist)">Aircraft group</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авиационная группа ВВС России в Сирии">ru</a>] <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">ASF RF</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:124px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian naval facility in Tartus"><img alt="Russian naval facility in Tartus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_facility_in_Tartus" title="Russian naval facility in Tartus">720th PL of the Russian Navy</a></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Russian_Navy-344">[343]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-RIA_Novosti-345">[344]</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_Special_forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Group Special forces (page does not exist)">Group Special forces</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Группа российских военных специалистов в Сирии">ru</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_intervention">Russian intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Russian intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)</a></div> On 30 September 2015,<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> at an official request by the Syrian Ba'athist government headed by President Bashar al-Assad,<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Aerospace Forces</a> began a sustained campaign of air strikes against both ISIL and the anti-Assad FSA.<a href="#cite_note-bbc3-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-stuff-349">[348]</a> Initially, the raids were conducted solely by Russian aircraft stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmeimim (air base)">Khmeimim base</a> in Syria. Shortly after the start of the Russian operation, U.S. president Barack Obama was reported to have authorized the resupply of Syrian Kurds and the Arab-Syrian opposition, Obama reportedly emphasizing to his team that the U.S. would continue to support the Syrian opposition now that Russia had joined the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-350">[349]</a> On 7 October 2015, Russian officials said the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian Flotilla</a> had earlier that day fired 26 <a href="/wiki/3M-54_Klub" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Klub">sea-based cruise missiles</a> at 11 ISIL targets in Syria destroying those and causing no civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Russian_Navy-344">[343]</a> On the same day, the Syrian Ba'athist government's ground forces launched the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria ground offensive</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> that in the following few days succeeded in recapturing some territory in northern <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>, close to the Ba'athist government's coastal heartland in the west of the country.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> On 8 October 2015, the U.S. officially announced the end of the Pentagon's $500 million program to train and equip Syrian rebels in an acknowledgment that the program had failed.<a href="#cite_note-fail-354">[353]</a> (However, other covert and significantly larger<a href="#cite_note-larger-355">[354]</a> CIA programs to arm anti-Ba'athist government fighters in Syria continue.)<a href="#cite_note-covert-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-trim-357">[356]</a> Two weeks after the start of the Russian campaign in Syria, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> opined that with anti-Ba'athist government commanders receiving for the first time bountiful supplies of U.S.-made anti-tank missiles and with Russia raising the number of airstrikes against the Ba'athist government's opponents that had raised morale in both camps, broadening war objectives and hardening political positions, the conflict was turning into an all-out <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> between the U.S. and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-larger-355">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Turkish_Foreign_Minister_Sinirlioglu,_Saudi_Foreign_Minister_al-Jubeir,_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Before_Quadrilateral_Meeting_in_Austria_Focused_on_Syria_(22580971515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Turkish_Foreign_Minister_Sinirlioglu%2C_Saudi_Foreign_Minister_al-Jubeir%2C_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Before_Quadrilateral_Meeting_in_Austria_Focused_on_Syria_%2822580971515%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Turkish_Foreign_Minister_Sinirlioglu%2C_Saudi_Foreign_Minister_al-Jubeir%2C_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Before_Quadrilateral_Meeting_in_Austria_Focused_on_Syria_%2822580971515%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Turkish_Foreign_Minister_Sinirlioglu%2C_Saudi_Foreign_Minister_al-Jubeir%2C_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Before_Quadrilateral_Meeting_in_Austria_Focused_on_Syria_%2822580971515%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>The foreign ministers of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Vienna</a>, before a four-way discussion focused on Syria, 29 October 2015</figcaption></figure> Despite multiple top-ranking casualties incurred by the Iranian forces advising fighters in Syria,<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-assessed-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-2more-360">[359]</a> in mid-October the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October_2015_%E2%80%93_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo offensive (October 2015 – present)">Russian-Syrian-Iranian-Hezbollah offensive</a> targeting rebels in Aleppo went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-newsru-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-euronews-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-planoff-363">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-farsnews-364">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcoffensive-365">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_air_and_ground_strikes;_Vienna_peace_talks;_disagreements_of_Russia,_Iran_and_Western_powers_(October–November_2015)">US air and ground strikes; Vienna peace talks; disagreements of Russia, Iran and Western powers (October–November 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: US air and ground strikes; Vienna peace talks; disagreements of Russia, Iran and Western powers (October–November 2015)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_07_10_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in November 2015</figcaption></figure> At the end of October 2015, the U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> signalled a shift in the strategy of the U.S.-led campaign saying there will be more air strikes and ruling in the use of direct ground raids, the fight in Syria concentrating mostly on Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-cartershift-366">[365]</a> On 30 October and two weeks later, <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Syria peace talks</a> were held in Vienna, initiated by the United States, Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, in which on 30 October Iran participated for the first time in negotiations on Syrian settlement.<a href="#cite_note-viennabbc-367">[366]</a> The participants disagreed on the future of Bashar Assad. On 10 November 2015, the Syrian Ba'athist government forces completed the <a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuweires offensive (September–November 2015)">operation to break through</a> the ISIL insurgents' blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Kuweires_Military_Aviation_Institute" title="Kuweires Military Aviation Institute">Kweires air base</a> in Aleppo Province, where Ba'athist government forces had been under siege since April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-deblock-368">[367]</a> In mid-November 2015, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Russian plane bombing over Sinai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris attacks</a>, both Russia<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> and France significantly intensified their strikes in Syria, France closely coordinating with the U.S. military.<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> On 17 November, Putin said he had issued orders for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva">cruiser Moskva</a> that had been in eastern Mediterranean since the start of the Russian operations to "work as with an ally",<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-russtepup-372">[371]</a> with the French naval group led by flagship <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_(R91)" class="mw-redirect" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)">Charles De Gaulle</a> then on her way to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> Shortly afterwards, a Russian foreign ministry official criticised France's stridently anti-Assad stance as well as France's air strikes at oil and gas installations in Syria<a href="#cite_note-syroilhits-374">[373]</a> as apparently designed to prevent those from returning under the Syrian Ba'athist government's control; the Russian official pointed out that such strikes by France could not be justified as they were carried out without the Syrian Ba'athist government's consent.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> In his remarks to a French delegation that included French parliamentarians, on 14 November, President Bashar Assad sharply criticised France's as well as other Western States' actions against the Syrian Ba'athist government suggesting that French support for Syrian opposition forces had led to the Islamic State-claimed attacks in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> On 19 November 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama, speaking of the Vienna process, said he was unable to "foresee a situation in which we can end the civil war in Syria while Assad remains in power" and urged Russia and Iran to stop supporting the Syrian Ba'athist government.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> On 20 November 2015, the UN Security Council, while failing to invoke the UN's <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII</a>, which gives specific legal authorisation for the use of force,<a href="#cite_note-failing-381">[380]</a> unanimously passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2249" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2249">Resolution 2249</a> that urged UN members to "redouble and coordinate their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts committed specifically by ISIL...as well as...all other...entities associated with Al-Qaida, and other terrorist groups, as designated by the United Nations Security Council, and as may further be agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">International Syria Support Group</a> (ISSG) and endorsed by the UN Security Council".<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> The adopted resolution was drafted by France and co-sponsored by the UK<a href="#cite_note-cosp-383">[382]</a> the following day after Russia introduced an updated version of its previously submitted draft resolution that was blocked by the Western powers as seeking to legitimise Assad's authority.<a href="#cite_note-unsecurity-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardunsecurity-385">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey_shoots_down_Russian_plane;_Syrian_army_camp_bombed;_UN_Resolution_2254_transitional_plan_(November–December_2015)">Turkey shoots down Russian plane; Syrian army camp bombed; UN Resolution 2254 transitional plan (November–December 2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Turkey shoots down Russian plane; Syrian army camp bombed; UN Resolution 2254 transitional plan (November–December 2015)">edit</a>]</div> On 24 November 2015, Turkey <a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">shot down a Russian warplane</a> that allegedly violated Turkish airspace and crashed in northwestern Syria, leading to the Russian pilot's death.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-386">[385]</a> Following the crash, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> rebels from <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades" title="Syrian Turkmen Brigades">Syrian Turkmen Brigades</a> attacked and shot down a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> rescue helicopter, killing a Russian naval infantryman.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-386">[385]</a> A few days later, Russian aircraft were reported to have struck targets in the Syrian town of <a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariha, Syria">Ariha</a> in Idlib province that was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a> causing multiple casualties on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-arihaalj-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-arihanewsru-388">[387]</a> On 2 December 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> voted to expand <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a> into Syria with a majority of 397–223.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> That day, two British <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a> aircraft took off from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a> immediately at 22:30, each carrying three <a href="/wiki/Paveway" title="Paveway">Paveway</a> bombs. Two further aircraft were deployed at 00:30 on 3 December, and all aircraft returned by 06:30 without their bombs.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a> said that the strikes hit the Omar oil fields in eastern Syria, and that eight more jets (two Tornados and six <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoons</a>) were being sent to RAF Akrotiri to join the eight already there.<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> On 7 December 2015, the Ba'athist government of Syria announced that US-led coalition warplanes had fired nine missiles at its army camp near Ayyash, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir al-Zour province</a>, on the evening prior, killing three soldiers and wounding 13 others; three armoured vehicles, four military vehicles, heavy machine-guns and an arms and ammunition depot were also destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-agressbbc-392">[391]</a> The Ba'athist government condemned the strikes, the first time the Ba'athist government forces would be struck by the coalition,<a href="#cite_note-1sttimesindep-393">[392]</a> as an act of "flagrant aggression"; the coalition spokesman denied it was responsible.<a href="#cite_note-agressbbc-392">[391]</a> Anonymous Pentagon officials alleged later in the day that the Pentagon was "certain" that a Russian warplane (presumably a <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">TU-22 bomber</a>) had carried out the attack.<a href="#cite_note-pentagclaim-394">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutersdenied-395">[394]</a> The claim was denied by the Russian military spokesman who noted that four Western coalition warplanes (other than U.S.) had been spotted over the Deir az-Zor area in Syria on 6 December.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 14 December 2015, Russia's government news media reported that the Syrian Ba'athist government forces retook a <a href="/wiki/Marj_al-Sultan" title="Marj al-Sultan">Marj al-Sultan</a> military airbase east of Damascus that had been held by <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marjalsultan-396">[395]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2254" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254">UN resolution 2254</a> of 18 December 2015 endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">ISSG</a>'s transitional plan but did not clarify who would represent the Syrian opposition, while condemning terrorist groups like ISIL and al-Qaeda; it made no mention of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad.<a href="#cite_note-reutersendorse-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_army_pushes_north_and_retakes_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_in_the_south-west_(January_2016)">Syrian army pushes north and retakes Al-Shaykh Maskin in the south-west (January 2016)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Syrian army pushes north and retakes Al-Shaykh Maskin in the south-west (January 2016)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)</a></div> On 12 January 2016, the Syria Ba'athist government announced that its army and allied forces had established "full control" of the strategically situated town of <a href="/wiki/Salma,_Syria" title="Salma, Syria">Salma</a>, a predominantly Sunni village<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> in the mostly Alawite northwestern province of Latakia, and continued to advance north.<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> On 16 January 2016, ISIL militants <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January_2016)#Initial_assault_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January 2016)">launched raid</a> on Ba'athist government-held areas in the city of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> and killed up to 300 people.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> Counter-strikes by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> fighter jets, in support of Syrian army forces, were reported to take back the areas.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> On 21 January 2016, Russia's activity presumably aimed at setting up a new base in the Ba'athist government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Kamishly_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamishly Airport">Kamishly Airport</a> was first reported;<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnbase-406">[405]</a> the northeastern town of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> had been largely under the Syrian Kurds' control since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)">Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> in the governorate of Al-Hasakah in July 2013. Similar activity by the U.S. forces was suspected in the <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a> Airbase in the same province, 50 km away from the Kamishly Airport; the area is likewise controlled by the US-backed Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG).<a href="#cite_note-cnnbase-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> On 24 January 2016, the Syrian Ba'athist government announced its forces, carrying on with their <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">Latakia offensive</a>, had seized the predominantly Sunni-populated town of <a href="/wiki/Rabia,_Syria" title="Rabia, Syria">Rabia</a>, the last major town held by rebels in western Latakia province; Russian forces were said to have played an important role in the recapture,<a href="#cite_note-bbcrabia-408">[407]</a> which threatened rebel supply lines from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-bbcrabia-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> By 26 January 2016, the Syrian Ba'athist government established "full control" over the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">Al-Shaykh Maskin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> thus completing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin">operation</a> that had begun in late December 2015. Several analysts considered this a turning of the tide for the Syrian Ba'athist government, citing the significance of military help from Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah, considering that rebels had once controlled about 70% of the province.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Palmyra_by_RSII_coalition_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive</a> in March 2016</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_ceasefire_(26_February–July_2016)">Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Syrian civil war ceasefires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)</a></div> On 26 February 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2268" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2268">resolution 2268</a> that endorsed a previously brokered U.S.-Russian deal on a "<a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)#Cessation_of_hostilities_(27_February_2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">cessation of hostilities</a>".<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> The cease-fire started on 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time).<a href="#cite_note-stopFighting-414">[413]</a> The ceasefire does not include attacks on UN-designated terrorist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-theAtlanticCeasefire-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScrollinCeasefire-416">[415]</a> At the close of February 2016, despite individual clashes, the truce was reported to hold.<a href="#cite_note-truceholds-417">[416]</a> By the end of March, the Syrian Ba'athist government forces with support from Russia and Iran successfully <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">captured Palmyra</a> from the ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-advancepalmyra-418">[417]</a> By early July 2016, the truce was said to have mostly unraveled, violence again escalated, and the fighting between all the major parties to the conflict continued.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> At the end of July 2016, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93August_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo offensive (June–August 2016)">the fighting between the Ba'athist government and Islamist rebels in and around Aleppo intensified</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_interventions,_Raqqa_campaign,_Aleppo_recaptured,_Deir_ez-Zor_siege_broken_(August_2016–December_2017)">Turkish interventions, Raqqa campaign, Aleppo recaptured, Deir ez-Zor siege broken (August 2016–December 2017)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Turkish interventions, Raqqa campaign, Aleppo recaptured, Deir ez-Zor siege broken (August 2016–December 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDF_advances;_Turkish_military_intervention_begins_in_northern_Syria:_Operation_Euphrates_Shield_(August_2016–January_2017)">SDF advances; Turkish military intervention begins in northern Syria: Operation Euphrates Shield (August 2016–January 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: SDF advances; Turkish military intervention begins in northern Syria: Operation Euphrates Shield (August 2016–January 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></div> On 12 August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> fully <a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">captured the northern city of Manbij</a> from ISIL and some days later announced a new offensive towards <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">Al-Bab</a>, which could eventually connect the Kurdish regions in Northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> On 16 August the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">battle of al-Hasakah</a> began with some minor clashes. On 19 August, the Pentagon warned the Syrian Ba'athist government against "interfering with coalition forces or our partners" in the northeastern region near the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>, adding that the U.S. had the right to defend its troops which were operational in the area.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> On 22 August, the Kurdish YPG, having captured Ghwairan, the only major Arab neighbourhood in Hasaka that had been in Ba'athist government hands, launched a major assault to seize the last Ba'athist government-controlled areas of the northeastern Syrian city of Hasaka, after a Russian mediation team failed to mend the rift between the two sides;<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> the next day the capture of the city was completed.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> On 24 August 2016, Turkey's armed forces invaded Syria in the <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> area controlled by ISIL starting what the Turkish president called the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarabulus_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jarabulus (2016)">Operation Euphrates Shield</a>, aimed against, according to his statement, both the IS and Kurdish ″terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria″.<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-tanksroll-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> The Syrian Ba'athist government denounced the intervention as a "blatant violation of its sovereignty" and said that "fighting terrorism isn't done by ousting ISIS and replacing it with other terrorist organizations backed directly by Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> The PYD leader <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Muslim Muhammad">Salih Muslim</a> said that Turkey was now in the "Syrian quagmire" and would be defeated like IS.<a href="#cite_note-tanksroll-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Speaking in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> the same day, U.S. vice president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> indirectly endorsed Turkey's move and said that the U.S. had made it clear to the Syrian Kurdish forces that they should move back east across the Euphrates, or lose U.S. support.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a> As Turkish troops and the Turkish-aligned Syrian rebels took control of Jarabulus and moved further south towards the Syrian town of Manbij, they clashed with the Kurdish YPG, which led the U.S. officials to voice concern and issue a warning to both sides.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> On 29 August, U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> specified that the U.S. did not support Turkey's advance south of Jarabulus.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> The warning as well as an announcement made by the U.S. of a tentative ceasefire between the Turkish forces and the Kurds in the area of Jarabulus were promptly and angrily dismissed by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> However, combat between the Turkish forces and the SDF died down, and instead Turkish forces moved West to confront ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> In the meantime the SDF, including Western volunteers, continued to reinforce Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> At sunset on 12 September 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires#Second_ceasefire_attempt_(12_September_–_19_September)" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">U.S.-Russian brokered cease-fire</a> came into effect.<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> Five days later, the U.S. and other coalition members′ jets <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">bombed Syrian Army positions</a> near Deir ez-Zor—purportedly by accident — but with Russia contending that it was intentional — killing at least 62 Syrian troops that were fighting ISIL militants.<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> On 19 September the Syrian Army declared that it would no longer observe the truce.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> Also on 19 September, an <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Aleppo_Aid_Convoy_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2016 Aleppo Aid Convoy Attack">aid convoy in Aleppo was attacked</a> with the U.S. coalition blaming the Russian and Syrian governments for the attack and these same governments denying these accusation and instead blaming terrorists for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> On 22 September, the Syrian army declared a <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo offensive (September 2016)">new offensive in Aleppo</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> and on 14 December the final rebel stronghold in Aleppo was recaptured by the Syrian Ba'athist government, followed by a ceasefire agreement.<a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution".<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> While the region's administration is not invited to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">Geneva III peace talks on Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a> or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular calls for the region's inclusion and does to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar-447">[446]</a> In October 2016, there were reports of a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria, which at its core called to turn the existing institutions of the region into legitimate institutions of Syria; also reported was its rejection for the time being by the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-448">[447]</a> The Damascus ruling elite is split over the question whether the new model in the region can work in parallel and converge with the Syrian government, for the benefit of both, or if the agenda should be to centralize again all power at the end of the civil war, necessitating preparation for ultimate confrontation with the region's institutions.<a href="#cite_note-chatham-449">[448]</a> On 26 October 2016, US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> said that an offensive to retake Raqqa from ISIL would begin within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raqqa_campaign_(November_2016–January_2017)">Raqqa campaign (November 2016–January 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Raqqa campaign (November 2016–January 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/220px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/330px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/440px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> suffered extensive damage during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></figcaption></figure> On 26 October the US Defense Secretary said that an offensive to retake Raqqa from ISIL would begin within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_23-451">[450]</a> The SDF, using up to 30,000 Arab, Christian and Kurdish troops, and with support from the Western Coalition, undertook an operation codenamed <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Wrath of Euphrates</a>. By December 2016 it had captured many villages and land west of Raqqa previously controlled by ISIL<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a> and by January 2017, much of the land west of Raqqa had been seized and the second phase of the operation was complete. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleppo_recaptured;_Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed_ceasefire_(December_2016–April_2017)">Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016–April 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016–April 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_(Aleppo)_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg/220px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg/330px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg/440px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">sappers</a> in Aleppo, 23 December 2016</figcaption></figure> In December 2016, Syrian Ba'athist government forces <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">completely recaptured</a> all of rebel-held parts of Aleppo, ending the 4-year battle in the city.<a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a> On 29 December Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> announced a new ceasefire deal had been reached between the Syrian Ba'athist Government and opposition groups (excluding UN-designated terrorist groups such as ISIL and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham), with Russia and Turkey acting as guarantors and Iran as a signatory, which came into effect at 00:00 Syrian time (02:00 UTC) on 30 December. Talks were scheduled to be held between the groups in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, capital of Kazakhstan, on 15 January.<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> On the same day the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> reported that four million people in Damascus and surrounding areas were without reliable access to water after major supply infrastructure had been targeted, and called upon all parties to guarantee basic services.<a href="#cite_note-auto-455">[454]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png/220px-Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png/330px-Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png/440px-Lions_of_the_East_Army_rocket_artillery.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a> truck of the <a href="/wiki/Lions_of_the_East_Army" title="Lions of the East Army">Lions of the East Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2017_southern_Syrian_Desert_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 southern Syrian Desert campaign">2017 southern Syrian Desert campaign</a></figcaption></figure> On 2 January 2017, rebel groups said that they would disengage from planned talks after alleged ceasefire violations by Ba'athist Government forces in the Wadi <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada</a> valley near Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> At the end of January, Ba'athist government forces managed to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Barada" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Wadi Barada">capture Wadi Barada</a> and the water supply of Damascus was restored.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-AZcaptureWadi-458">[457]</a> On 14 February, the ceasefire between Assad forces and rebels collapsed throughout the country, leading to fresh clashes in various locations and a <a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraa offensive (February 2017)">fresh rebel offensive in Daraa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">new peace conference in Geneva</a> was held on 23 February,<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> the same day as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab#Turkish_forces_capture_al-Bab,_Syrian_Army_pushes_east_of_Kuweires_Airbase" title="Battle of al-Bab">Turkish forces captured Al-Bab from ISIL</a> north-east of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> Syrian Ba'athist government forces started an <a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aleppo offensive (February 2017)">offensive east of Aleppo</a> to conquer <a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a> from ISIL and prevent further Turkish advances. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_(Damascus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png/220px-Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png/330px-Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png/440px-Syrian_rebels_in_combat_in_Qaboun_%28Damascus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Syrian rebels in combat against Ba'athist government forces in <a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a>, Damascus, April 2017</figcaption></figure> On 17 March, Syrian military fired <a href="/wiki/S-200_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200 (missile)">S-200 missiles</a> at Israeli jets over <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. The Israeli military claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(Israeli_missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (Israeli missile)">Arrow</a> anti-ballistic system intercepted one missile, while the Syrian military claimed that they had downed an Israeli jet. The Russian Foreign Ministry summoned the Israeli ambassador for talks.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">U.N. Commission of Inquiry on Syria</a> reported that on 20 March up to 150 civilians were killed near a school in Raqqa by U.S.-led coalition air strikes.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> Ba'athist Government forces entered <a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a>, the last stronghold held by ISIL in East Aleppo, and secured it by 23 March. This opened up an opportunity to push south into the Raqqa governorate; however on the same day, an SDF contingent landed on a peninsula west of Raqqa via boats and helicopters in an effort to cut off the Syrian Arab Army from entering the ISIL's de facto capital, Raqqa. On 28 March, an agreement was reportedly brokered by Qatar and Iran for the evacuation for four besieged towns in Syria. The deal involved evacuating the residents of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fu%27ah" title="Al-Fu'ah">al-Fu'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafriya" title="Kafriya">Kafriya</a>, two towns in the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> besieged by rebel forces, in exchange for the evacuation of residents and rebels in <a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a>, two towns under siege by Ba'athist government forces in the <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian-American_conflict;_de-escalation_zones_(April–June_2017)">Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 Shayrat missile strike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (March–April 2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg/220px-YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg/330px-YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg/440px-YPG_and_US_army_Hassaka_1-5-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>U.S. armored vehicle in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, northeastern Syria, May 2017</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun</a>, warships of the U.S. Navy launched 59 <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a> at the Syrian Ba'athist government's <a href="/wiki/Shayrat_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayrat Air Base">Shayrat Air Base</a> which was said to be the source of the chemical attack. The American attack, taking place on 7 April 2017, was the first officially announced deliberate attack on Syrian Ba'athist government forces.<a href="#cite_note-bbcwhyshayrat-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-UPI-466">[465]</a> Due to being launched without authorisation from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, the strike triggered an emergency UNSC meeting.<a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> Russian President Putin viewed the U.S. attack as "an act of aggression against a sovereign country violating the norms of international law".<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> The U.S. representative responded that "the moral stain of the Assad regime could no longer go unanswered."<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> American forces struck the Syrian military again on 18 May, when a Syrian army convoy advancing in the vicinity of the border town of <a href="/wiki/Al_Waleed_border_crossing" title="Al Waleed border crossing">al-Tanf</a>, which hosted a US-controlled airbase, came under attack by US fighter jets.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> Nevertheless, the Syrian Ba'athist government's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">desert offensive</a> continued and on 9 June Ba'athist government forces secured a part of <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">Syrian–Iraqi border</a> for the first time since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_05_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in May 2017</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, intense fighting between Ba'athist government forces and rebel groups that <a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">began north of Hama</a> on 21 March continued.<a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> By 29 March, Ba'athist government forces, which had halted the rebel offensive at the outskirts of Hama, began a counterstrike, and by 16 April had reversed all rebel gains; by the end of April they had captured the towns of <a href="/wiki/Halfaya" title="Halfaya">Halfaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taybat_al-Imam" title="Taybat al-Imam">Taybat al-Imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> On 12 April, the <a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">agreement to exchange the inhabitants</a> of the rebel-held towns of <a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a> with the inhabitants of the pro-Ba'athist government towns of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fu%27ah" title="Al-Fu'ah">Al-Fu'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafraya">Kafraya</a> began to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a> On 15 April, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees from <a href="/wiki/Al-Fu%27ah" title="Al-Fu'ah">Al-Fu'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafriya" title="Kafriya">Kafriya</a> was <a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">attacked by a suicide bomber</a> in Aleppo, killing more than 126 people.<a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> On 24 April, the Turkish Air Force <a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">conducted several airstrikes</a> on YPG and YPJ positions near <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a>. The attacks were condemned by the US.<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> On 4 May, Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed an agreement in Astana to create four "<a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">de-escalation</a> zones" in Syria: the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, the northern rebel-controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, the rebel-controlled eastern <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Jordan–Syria border">Jordan–Syria border</a>. The agreement was rejected by some rebel groups,<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> and the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party or PYD</a> also denounced the deal, saying that the ceasefire zones are "dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis". The ceasefire came into effect on 6 May.<a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIL_siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_broken;_CIA_program_halted;_Russian_forces_permanent_(July–December_2017)">ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg/220px-Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg/330px-Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg/440px-Thousands_of_tons_of_Iranian_aid_to_the_people_of_Deir-Al-Zor_02_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Iranian convoy delivering aid to <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> in September 2017</figcaption></figure> On 7 July 2017, the U.S., Russia, and Jordan agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires#Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July_2017–present)" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">ceasefire</a> in part of southwestern Syria, Russia giving assurances that Assad would abide by the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> On 19 July it was reported that the U.S. had decided to halt the <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">CIA program to equip and train anti-Ba'athist government rebel groups</a>, a move sought by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> On 5 September the Ba'athist government's <a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Syria campaign (2017)">Central Syria offensive</a> culminated in the breaking of the three-year ISIL <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17)">siege of Deir ez-Zor</a>, with active participation of Russian air force and navy.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> This was followed shortly thereafter by the lifting of the siege of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">city's airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> An analysis released in June 2017 described the Kurdish region's "relationship with the regime fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic".<a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a> In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL is defeated.<a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> On 17 October, after over <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">four months of fierce fighting</a> and the U.S.-led coalition's bombardment, the Kurdish-dominated SDF announced they had established full control of the city of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> At the end of October, the Ba'athist government of Syria said that it still considered Raqqa to be an occupied city that can ″only be considered liberated when the Syrian Arab Army enter[ed] it.″<a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> By mid-November the Ba'athist government forces and allied militia <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">established full control</a> over <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">captured</a> the town of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a> in eastern Syria, near the border with Iraq and Iraq's town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">al-Qaim</a>, which was concurrently <a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">captured from ISIL</a> by the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a> On 6 December Russia declared Syria to have been "completely liberated" from ISIL; on 11 December President Putin visited the Russian base in Syria, where he announced that he had ordered the partial withdrawal of the forces deployed to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> On 26 December, Russian defence minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a> said that Russia had set about "forming a permanent grouping" at its <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_facility_in_Tartus" title="Russian naval facility in Tartus">naval facility</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmeimim (air base)">Hmeymim airbase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shoigutassperm-497">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutersestablperm-498">[497]</a> Two days later, Russian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said that Russia believed that the U.S. forces must leave Syrian territory completely once remnants of the terrorists were completely eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_forces_enter_conflict;_continued_civil_conflicts;_US_withdrawal;_diplomatic_negotiations_(January–December_2018)">Turkish forces enter conflict; continued civil conflicts; US withdrawal; diplomatic negotiations (January–December 2018)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Turkish forces enter conflict; continued civil conflicts; US withdrawal; diplomatic negotiations (January–December 2018)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_advance_in_Hama_province_and_Ghouta;_Operation_Olive_Branch_(January–March_2018)">Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Operation Olive Branch (January–March 2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Operation Olive Branch (January–March 2018)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in February 2018</figcaption></figure> On 20 January, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military">Turkish military</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">cross-border operation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>-majority <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Canton" title="Afrin Canton">Afrin Canton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Rifaat">Tel Rifaat</a> Area of <a href="/wiki/Shahba_Canton" title="Shahba Canton">Shahba Canton</a> in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> in Syria (PYD),<a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a> its armed wing <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) positions.<a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> In January—February 2018, the Syrian Army and its allies <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">continued to advance</a> against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a> (HTS) and other rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>. On 10 February, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a> <a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">shot down</a> an Israeli F-16 fighter jet in response to an Israeli cross-border raid on Iranian targets near Damascus through Lebanese airspace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 21 February, the Ba'athist government began an <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February 2018)">operation to capture</a> rebel-held <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> east of Damascus; the operation started with an intensive air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a> On 18 March, on the 58th day of the Turkish military operation in Afrin, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA or FSA), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> and disparate rebel groups captured Afrin from the YPG and the <a href="/wiki/YPJ" class="mw-redirect" title="YPJ">YPJ</a>, displacing up to 200,000 people. Shortly after the capture, SNA militants <a href="/wiki/War_looting" class="mw-redirect" title="War looting">looted</a> parts of the city and destroyed numerous pro-Kurdish symbols as Turkish Army troops solidified control by raising Turkish flags and banners over the city.<a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a> The battle was seen as an overall strategic victory, because it would open a ground corridor into nearby Idlib province (a stronghold for al-Qaida-linked militants) as well as linking them with other rebel factions that wanted to join the coalition there.<a href="#cite_note-506">[505]</a> Turkey's relationship with the US was stretched to breaking point by the Afrin operation, which pitted the two NATO allies and their Syrian proxies against one another.<a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Douma_chemical_attack;_U.S.-led_missile_strikes;_Southern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2018)">Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; Southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; Southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Syria missile strikes (September 2018)</a></div> On 7 April 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">chemical attack</a> was reported in the city of <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, with 70 people killed<a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a> and 500 injured. On-site medics stated the cause of those deaths was exposure to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarin_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarin gas">sarin gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509">[508]</a> The Syrian Ba'athist government denied any use of chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-510">[509]</a> Following the incident in Douma, the UN Security Council failed to adopt three competing resolutions on an inquiry into the alleged chemical attack, with Russia and the U.S. clashing over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-511">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> Following the incident, Syrian Ba'athist government forces <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">entered and established control</a> over the city of Douma, ending the five-year <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Siege of Ghouta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> On 14 April the U.S., U.K. and France <a href="/wiki/2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 missile strikes against Syria">launched missile strikes</a> on multiple Ba'athist government targets in Syria as a response to the suspected chemical attack in Douma. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_between_Kurdish_regional_government_and_Syrian_government">Negotiations between Kurdish regional government and Syrian government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Negotiations between Kurdish regional government and Syrian government">edit</a>]</div> On 3 July, NES/SDF authorities removed some <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> flags from cities and towns under their control in Northern Syria. Pro-government media reported this to be as a result of a preliminary agreement being struck between the NES/SDF and Syrian Government, in which the latter allegedly promised to include the Kurdish language as a part of the Syrian national <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>, consider military service in the YPG as analogous to service in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> (for the purposes of veteran status and military pensions), as well as the creation of a permanent post for a Kurdish official in Syria's oil ministry. Several Kurdish officials denied before <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_24" title="Kurdistan 24">Kurdistan 24</a> that such negotiations had taken place, stating that the removal of flags and portraits was part of "an administrative decision to organize and regulate roadside advertising" and had nothing to do with politics.<a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a> On 28 July, the Kurdish-led council in northern Syria reported that it had decided to create a roadmap for a "democratic and decentralized Syria" with the Syrian Government, after reportedly meeting with Syrian government officials in Damascus at the invitation of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> On 29 July, former PYD co-chair <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim" title="Salih Muslim">Salih Muslim</a> reported that the atmosphere during the meeting with the Syrian government had been "positive and promising", adding that the government had accepted to discuss the notion of a decentralized Syria. He stated that the SDF was willing to join government offensives in Northwestern Syria and considered militant groups in Idlib to be no different than those <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">in Afrin.</a> He finished by stating that the NES did not wait for permission from international powers to start negotiations with the government, instead simply informed them that they had already started.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> Later that day, the NES returned over 44 bodies of Syrian Army servicemen killed by <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> in 2014 to the Syrian Government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-520">[519]</a> On 30 July, a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurd">Syrian Kurdish</a> MP and leader of the Damascus-based 'Syrian Kurds National Initiative', Omar Ose, urged the NES/SDF to enter into full negotiations (as opposed to 'talks') with the Syrian Government. He added that the two sides had managed to agree on 6 of the 10 key issues brought up during the previous two rounds of dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-:0-520">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a> By the end of July, the two sides had agreed to set up negotiations in "stages". The first stage would cover mutually beneficial and mostly technical matters, such as the restoration of government-sponsored energy, education and health projects, as well as the re-integration of government civil registrations with those within the NES. The second would involve the restoration of government control over the border crossings with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, as well as the stationing of government security forces along the state borders currently under the control of the NES. The last stage would involve solving the "major issues" (such as a potential future re-integration of the NES as a whole, within the context of a 'decentralized' system) between the two sides, using the mutual confidence that would be built from the successful completion of the previous stages. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> reportedly voted in favour of negotiations with the Syrian government to this effect. The <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> envoy <a href="/wiki/Brett_McGurk" title="Brett McGurk">Brett McGurk</a> was informed of the ongoing talks and reportedly did not object to the prospect of negotiations between the two sides, but suggested starting out negotiations with a focus on "restoring services".<a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_conflicts,_2018">Continuing conflicts, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Continuing conflicts, 2018">edit</a>]</div> On 19 April the Syrian army and allied Palestinian groups began <a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">an offensive against the Yarmouk camp for Palestinian refugees in Southern Damascus</a>, which had been partially occupied by ISIL. On 21 May, pro-Ba'athist government troops fully recaptured Yarmouk camp, thus allowing the Syrian Arab Army to fully control the capital after 6 years.<a href="#cite_note-Palestinian_Tragedy-524">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-cleric-525">[524]</a> On 1 May, the U.S. government announced the U.S.-led coalition's "operations to liberate the final ISIS strongholds in Syria", which would ensure that "populations liberated from ISIS are not exploited by the Assad regime or its Iranian supporters".<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a> In May, Israel launched an extensive strike against Iranian targets in Syria (known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a>) after a series of short military confrontations between Israeli and Iranian forces in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a> On 6 July, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria offensive</a>, which had begun in June, the Syrian Army backed by Russian forces reached the border with Jordan and captured the <a href="/wiki/Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib Border Crossing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a> By the end of July, the Southern Syria offensive ended, resulting in the complete Syrian Ba'athist government's control of <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate" title="Quneitra Governorate">Quneitra</a> provinces. On 8 September 2018, clashes in Quamishli took place between the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and Syrian Arab Republic forces yet again. 10+ SAA troops and 7 Asayish fighters were killed. Many more on both sides were injured.<a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a> On 17 September Israel <a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">hit multiple targets</a> in western Syria. While trying to strike the Israeli planes, Syrian forces shot down a Russian plane, causing the deaths of 15 Russians.<a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a> The strikes occurred a few hours after a Russo-Turkish agreement to create a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a> around <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> was achieved, which postponed an imminent offensive operation by Syrian Ba'athist government forces and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a> Russia blamed Israel for the incident; Russian defence ministry's spokesman <a href="/wiki/Igor_Konashenkov" title="Igor Konashenkov">Igor Konashenkov</a> named the Israeli military as the sole culprit of the accident.<a href="#cite_note-535">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-milru-20180923-536">[535]</a> In the aftermath of the strikes, on 24 September 2018, Russian defence minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoygu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoygu">Sergey Shoygu</a> confirmed that the Syrian army would receive <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300</a> air-defence missile systems to strengthen Syria's combat air defence capabilities. He added that the previous cancellation of the contract for S-300 delivery in 2013 had been due to Israel's request but following the downing of the Russian aircraft in Syria the situation had changed.<a href="#cite_note-tassshoigus300-537">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-shoigukommer-539">[538]</a> The S-300 has modern <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF</a> systems which would prevent the missiles from targeting Russian aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-tass-20180924-540">[539]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_US_withdrawal;_Turkish_buffer_zone_agreements;_Iraq_strikes_ISIL_targets_(September–December_2018)">Partial US withdrawal; Turkish buffer zone agreements; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Partial US withdrawal; Turkish buffer zone agreements; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> On 17 September 2018, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> reached an agreement to create a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a> At a summit in October 2018, envoys from Russia, Turkey, France and Germany issued a joint statement affirming the need to respect territorial integrity of Syria as a whole. This forms one basis for their role as "guarantor nations."<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> The second round of talks occurred around 25 November, but was not successful due to opposition from the Assad regime.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> At the Astana Process meeting in December 2019, a UN official stated that in order for the third round of talks to proceed, co-chairs from the Assad regime and the opposition need to agree on an agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> The committee has two co-chairs, Ahmad Kuzbari representing the Syrian government, and Hadi Albahra from the opposition. It is unclear if the third round of talks will proceed on a firm schedule, until the Syrian government provides its assent to participate.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> While the war is still ongoing, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> said that Syria would be able to rebuild the war-torn country on its own. As of July 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, the reconstruction was estimated to cost a minimum of US$400 billion. Assad said he would be able to loan this money from friendly countries, Syrian diaspora and the state treasury.<a href="#cite_note-543">[542]</a> Iran has expressed interest in helping rebuild Syria. One year later this seems to be materializing, Iran and the Syrian government signed a deal where Iran would help rebuild the Syrian energy grid, which has taken damage to 50% of the grid.<a href="#cite_note-544">[543]</a> International donors have been suggested as one financier of the reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-545">[544]</a> As of November 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, reports emerged that rebuilding efforts had already started. It was reported that the biggest issue facing the rebuilding process is the lack of building material and a need to make sure the resources that do exist are managed efficiently. The rebuilding effort have so far remained at a limited capacity and has often been focused on certain areas of a city, thus ignoring other areas inhabited by disadvantaged people.<a href="#cite_note-546">[545]</a> On 12 December, the Turkish government announced it would begin operations against Rojava (the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">Democratic Federation of Northern Syria</a>) "in a few days" in an apparent rebuke of US efforts at ensuring Turkish border security in the area.<a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> said that any unilateral military action taken in northern Syria where US forces are operating would be "unacceptable."<a href="#cite_note-548">[547]</a> However, President Trump abruptly announced on 19 December 2018 the withdrawal of all troops from Syria, after which Turkey postponed the planned attack.<a href="#cite_note-549">[548]</a> Late on 25 December, Israel launched an attack from or across Lebanese air space, "in response to an anti-aircraft missile launched from Syria" according to the IDF; Russia condemned the strikes as provocative and said that they "directly threatened two airliners". Reports from Syria said an arms depot in Qatifah, about 40 km north-east of Damascus, was hit, injuring three soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-550">[549]</a> On 28 December, Ba'athist government forces were said to be on the outskirts of the strategically important northern city of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, but the city was still held by Kurdish forces and US troops were still there.<a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a> On 30 December, the Syrian Ba'athist government officially allowed Iraq to strike ISIL on Syrian territory.<a href="#cite_note-552">[551]</a> Iraq struck ISIL targets in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> the next day.<a href="#cite_note-553">[552]</a> The Syrian government put forward a law commonly known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law 10 (page does not exist)">law 10</a>", which could strip refugees of property, such as damaged real estate. There are also fears among some refugees that if they return to claim this property they will face negative consequences, such as forced conscription or prison. The Syrian government has been criticized for using this law to reward those who have supported the government. However, the government said this statement was false and has expressed that it wants the return of refugees from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-554">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[554]</a> In December 2018, it was also reported that the Syrian government has started to seize property under an anti-terrorism law, which is affecting government opponents negatively, with many losing their property. Some people's pensions have also been cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-556">[555]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–September_2019)">ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–September 2019)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–September 2019)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in the Syrian civil war">American intervention in the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg/250px-Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg/375px-Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg/500px-Ongoing_conflicts_around_the_world_in_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a> in 2019</div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Wars, 1,000–9,999 deaths in current or past calendar year</div></figcaption></figure> Beginning on 1 January 2019 and lasting through 10 January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> (HTS) <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">attacked and seized</a> the positions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a> (NLF) across rebel-held Idlib and Aleppo. On 9 January 2019, a truce was reached between the two factions, with the NLF surrendering their last positions in Idlib to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and evacuating to areas under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> in Afrin. On 10 January, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham took control of the remaining positions previously held by the NLF.<a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a> On 5 January 2019, a Kurdish fighter was killed and two British special forces troops were seriously injured by an ISIL attack near the town of Deir al-Zour. The injured men were evacuated by US forces.<a href="#cite_note-558">[557]</a> On 6 January 2019, US National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a> said, on a trip to Israel and Turkey, that the withdrawal of US troops from Syria depends on certain conditions, including the assurance that the remnants of ISIL forces are defeated and Kurds in northern Syria were safe from Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-559">[558]</a> However, Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan rejected the call to protect Kurdish troops, whom he regarded as terrorist groups.<a href="#cite_note-560">[559]</a> Also on 6 January, the SDF said that they'd caught and arrested two American ISIL fighters, along with suspected fighters from Ireland and Pakistan, who had been planning a terrorist attack on fleeing Syrian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-561">[560]</a> On 10 January 2019, US Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, said at a joint news conference with his Egyptian counterpart <a href="/wiki/Sameh_Shoukry" title="Sameh Shoukry">Sameh Shoukry</a> in Cairo that the US would withdraw its troops from Syria while continuing the battle against ISIL, but warned that there would be no US reconstruction aid for areas controlled by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad until Iran and its proxies had left.<a href="#cite_note-562">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[562]</a> On 15 January, a suicide bombing by an ISIL militant next to a US patrol in Kurdish-held Manbij killed 18 people, including four US service personnel, and wounded 18, on the same day that US vice-president <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> claimed that ISIL had been defeated.<a href="#cite_note-564">[563]</a> On 23 March, after many weeks of sporadic fighting as civilians left <a href="/wiki/Baghuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghuz">Baghuz</a>, the SDF said the five-year "caliphate" was over and ISIL was now defeated in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-565">[564]</a> In April 2019, United Nations authorities estimated that the war in Syria has caused destruction reaching to about $400 billion.<a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a> On 20 April, ISIL reported that they had killed 35 government troops in the Homs and Deir al-Zour provinces; SOHR reported 27 killed, saying that this was the largest attack since ISIL had been declared defeated. Thousands of ISIL fighters and their families captured from Baghuz remained in camps nearby.<a href="#cite_note-567">[566]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_outbreaks_of_civil_war,_2019_Northwestern_offensive_(May–September_2019)">New outbreaks of civil war, 2019 Northwestern offensive (May–September 2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: New outbreaks of civil war, 2019 Northwestern offensive (May–September 2019)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_in_Syria_(September_2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg/220px-Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg/330px-Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg/440px-Situation_in_Syria_%28September_2019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in September 2019</figcaption></figure> On 6 May, the Syrian Government, in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">launched a ground offensive</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Jaysh al-Izza</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a>-held territories in Northwestern Syria, in response to what it stated were repeated attacks on government-held areas, carried out by those groups from within the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">demilitarized zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-568">[567]</a> Following the third northwestern Syria offensive, Syrian Government forces managed to take control over the town of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a> on 19 August, thus creating a rebel pocket on the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lataminah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataminah">Lataminah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murak,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Murak, Syria">Morek</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish observation post in Morek</a>. Syrian Army captured the entire pocket on 23 August, therefore encircling the observation post in Morek.<a href="#cite_note-569">[568]</a> By September 2019, according to a Syrian war monitor, over 120 Churches had been damaged or demolished by all sides in Syrian war since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-570">[569]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_agreements_in_mid-2019">New agreements in mid-2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: New agreements in mid-2019">edit</a>]</div> On 7 August, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> reached a deal, which would set up a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">demilitarized buffer zone in northern Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-571">[570]</a> On 30 August, the Syrian government and Russia announced the launch of a unilateral ceasefire starting from 31 August to stabilise the situation in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2019_cease_fire-572">[571]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_offensive_and_Second_Turkish_Buffer_Zone;_Kurdish_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October–December_2019)">Turkish offensive and Second Turkish Buffer Zone; Kurdish collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October–December 2019)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Turkish offensive and Second Turkish Buffer Zone; Kurdish collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October–December 2019)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria;_Russian_mediation_and_US_power_vacuum;_Kurdish–Syrian_collaboration;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October_2019)">Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria; Russian mediation and US power vacuum; Kurdish–Syrian collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October 2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria; Russian mediation and US power vacuum; Kurdish–Syrian collaboration; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October 2019)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava,_2019.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif/400px-Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif/600px-Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif/800px-Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava%2C_2019.gif 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Turkey launches a new offensive into Kurdish-controlled northern Syria in October 2019 after U.S. forces pull back. The SDF strikes a deal with the Syrian government to help defend the territory</figcaption></figure> On 5 October, Turkish President Erdogan warned about a full-scale Turkish invasion of northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-573">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[573]</a> On 7 October, the U.S. government declared that while U.S. forces would not support the Turkish operation, they would withdraw from the area and permit it to take place.<a href="#cite_note-575">[574]</a> The withdrawal was ordered by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, a move that was strongly criticized domestically at the time for its apparent abandonment of the Kurds and for creating a power vacuum in the region Syria and Russia were expected to quickly fill.<a href="#cite_note-576">[575]</a> On 9 October, Turkish President Erdogan announced that <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">the offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> had begun.<a href="#cite_note-577">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[577]</a> In response to the offensive, Russia arranged for negotiations between the Syrian government in Damascus and the Kurdish-led forces.<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-579">[578]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a>, the Syrian Kurdish commander-in-chief, announced that they are ready to partner with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (Syria), stating that "We know that we would have to make painful compromises with Moscow and Bashar al-Assad if we go down the road of working with them. But if we have to choose between compromises and the genocide of our people, we will surely choose life for our people."<a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-580">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_middle_east-10">[10]</a> On 13 October the Syrian government and the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava) made an agreement focused on deterring the Turkish-led offensive in north-eastern Syria, brokered by the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-581">[580]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[581]</a> The details of the agreement was unknown at the time, but there were reports that suggest that the SDF will be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> and that northeastern Syria will come under direct rule of the Syrian government in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-583">[582]</a> According to Syrian Kurdish officials, the deal allowed Syrian government forces to take over security in some border areas, but their own administration would maintain control of local institutions.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-584">[583]</a> Syrian troops began entering some key towns in northeastern Syria with Kurdish agreement.<a href="#cite_note-585">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[585]</a> Syrian troops took up positions in some areas to oppose Turkish troops that were threatening various Kurdish forces, including entering cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer.<a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-589">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[589]</a><a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a> With these deals, the prospects for Kurdish autonomy in the region seemed severely diminished and the Kurds were concerned that the independence of their declared <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_(NES)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES)">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> might be severely curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-dvcopt-592">[591]</a><a href="#cite_note-593">[592]</a><a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-580">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-594">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[595]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/330px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/440px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, internationally, Turkey's role in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> began to be scrutinized by analysts, commentators, and war observers in response to the offensive against the US-backed Kurds. Furthermore, there were apparent signs of a schism between Turkey and other NATO members, in which NATO was seen as effectively "powerless" to manage the situation and that the Turkish government was aware that NATO did not hold much leverage over on-the-ground developments in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-597">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[597]</a> Due to Turkey's strategic position between Europe and the Middle East, NATO members were in a situation where they had limited themselves to relatively muted criticism.<a href="#cite_note-599">[598]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">the New York Times</a>, the U.S. began reviewing the potential withdrawal of its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nuclear weapons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Incirlik airbase">Incirlik airbase</a> under NATO's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-600">[599]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[600]</a> US congressmen, particularly Republican senator Lindsey Graham<a href="#cite_note-602">[601]</a><a href="#cite_note-603">[602]</a> and Democratic representative <a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a><a href="#cite_note-604">[603]</a> began calling for possibly suspending Turkey's membership in NATO. On 15 October, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that Russian forces had begun patrolling the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces,<a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-579">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-584">[583]</a> indicating that Russia was now filling the security vacuum from the sudden US withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-584">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[604]</a> Video footage showed Russian soldiers and journalists touring a base that the US had abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-584">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-ol-ram-606">[605]</a> Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria was unacceptable and stated that Russia was seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.<a href="#cite_note-607">[606]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_(October_2019)">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone (October 2019)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone (October 2019)">edit</a>]</div> On 22 October, Russia and Turkey made an agreement via the Sochi Agreement of 2019 to set up a <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-608">[607]</a> Syrian President Assad expressed full support for the deal, as various terms of the agreement also applied to the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a> The demilitarization agreement reportedly included the following terms:<a href="#cite_note-Fraser-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-610">[609]</a><a href="#cite_note-611">[610]</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[611]</a> <ul><li>A buffer zone would be established in Northern Syria. The zone would be around 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep,<a href="#cite_note-613">[b]</a> stretching from <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> to the Iraq-Syria border, but excluding the town of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, the Kurds' de facto capital.<a href="#cite_note-614">[c]</a></li> <li>The buffer zone would be controlled jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Military Police">Russian Military Police</a>.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> forces, which constitute the majority of the SDF, must withdraw from the buffer zone entirely, along with their weapons, within 150 hours from the announcement of the deal. Their withdrawal would be overseen by Russian Military Police and the Syrian Border Guards, which would enter the zone at noon on 23 October.</li> <li>The YPG would also withdraw from the cities of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-615">[d]</a></li> <li>Following the YPG withdrawal, joint Russian-Turkish ground patrols would be held in the buffer zone area, but only within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border and not including Qamishli.<a href="#cite_note-616">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-617">[f]</a></li> <li>Turkey would retain sole control of the areas it had captured during its offensive between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Government">Syrian Government</a> would construct and man 15 border posts on the <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Syrian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Syrian border">Turkish-Syrian border</a>.</li> <li>The parties would launch a joint effort to resettle <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugee">Syrian refugees</a> in a "safe and voluntary manner".</li> <li>The parties would agree to "preserve the political unity and territorial integrity of Syria" as well as protect the "national security of Turkey".</li> <li>The parties would agree to reaffirm the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Agreement" title="Adana Agreement">Adana Agreement</a>. Russia will facilitate the implementation of the Adana Agreement.</li></ul> Following the diplomatic breakthrough, the SDF stated that it was willing to merge with the Syrian Army if a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-618">[612]</a> Meanwhile, on 26 October, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command" title="Joint Special Operations Command">Joint Special Operations Command</a>'s (JSOC) <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">1st SFOD-D (Delta Force)</a> conducted a raid into <a href="/wiki/Idlib_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib province">Idlib province</a> on the border with Turkey that resulted in the death of ISIL leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, striking a blow to the terror organization.<a href="#cite_note-619">[613]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_troops_enter_Raqqa;_Syrian_Constitutional_Committee;_NATO_summit;_Turkish_occupation;_continued_refugee_crisis_(October_2019–December_2019)">Russian troops enter Raqqa; Syrian Constitutional Committee; NATO summit; Turkish occupation; continued refugee crisis (October 2019–December 2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Russian troops enter Raqqa; Syrian Constitutional Committee; NATO summit; Turkish occupation; continued refugee crisis (October 2019–December 2019)">edit</a>]</div> On 28 October, in response to a speech by Assad, the Syrian Democratic Council said it was ready to have positive discussions with the Assad government. They said their focus would shift to stopping the Turkish invasion.<a href="#cite_note-620">[614]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-621">[615]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-622">[616]</a> Multiple Kurdish groups that were once rivals have begun to seek greater unity against Turkey. Additionally, Syrian Kurdish officials have had some positive discussions with the Assad government, and with local countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor_overview-623">[617]</a> On 30 October, the recently negotiated <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a> held its inaugural meeting.<a href="#cite_note-624">[618]</a> On 20 November, the committee began operating in order to discuss a new settlement and to draft a new constitution for Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> This committee comprises about 150 members. It includes representatives of the Syrian government, opposition groups, and countries serving as guarantors of the process such as e.g. Russia. However, this committee has faced strong opposition from the Syrian government. 50 of the committee members represent the government, and 50 members represent the opposition. The committee began its work in November 2019 in Geneva, under UN auspices. However, the Assad government delegation left on the second day of the process.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_(49060819653).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> meets with Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in the Oval Office of the White House, 13 November 2019</figcaption></figure> At the NATO summit in London in early December 2019, French president Emmanuel Macron of France highlighted major differences with Turkey over the definition of terrorism, and said there was little chance this aspect of the conflict could be resolved positively.<a href="#cite_note-625">[619]</a> Macron criticized Turkey strongly for fighting against groups who had been allied with France and the West in fighting terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-626">[620]</a> Numerous issues in resolving the conflict emerged at the NATO summit in London. Turkey proposed a safe zone where Syrian refugees could be relocated, but this idea did not receive support from all parties.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-626">[620]</a> Prior to the NATO Summit, there was a meeting at 10 Downing Street of the leaders of France, the UK, Germany and Turkey. One key point that emerged that the Western countries insisted that refugees could only be relocated voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-627">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[622]</a> Meanwhile, there were concerns in NATO about Turkey's growing closeness with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-629">[623]</a> On 5 December, Erdogan claimed that a four-way summit on Syria was scheduled to occur in Turkey in February 2020 and will include Turkey, Germany, the UK, and France.<a href="#cite_note-630">[624]</a> The same day, United States Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> said that the United States had completed its military pullback in northeastern Syria and that 600 troops would remain in the rest of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-631">[625]</a> On 12 December, Esper said that Turkey's northern buffer zone had now "stabilized" the situation in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-632">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-ol-ram-606">[605]</a><a href="#cite_note-633">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-634">[628]</a> At a meeting in Damascus, Russian and Syrian officials clearly stated their support for Syria regaining control over all of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-635">[629]</a><a href="#cite_note-636">[630]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[631]</a> The United Arab Emirates also expressed official support for Assad.<a href="#cite_note-638">[632]</a> Russia handled security through its own forces deployed in some key towns under the Sochi Agreement. On 9 December, Russian troops entered Raqqa and began distributing humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-639">[633]</a><a href="#cite_note-640">[634]</a><a href="#cite_note-641">[635]</a> As part of the buffer zone agreement, Russian military police were carrying out joint patrols and were bringing humanitarian aid to local communities.<a href="#cite_note-642">[636]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[637]</a> Meanwhile, the Assad government forged agreements with some opposition groups to return to various local border areas.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor_overview-623">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-644">[638]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-621">[615]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-622">[616]</a><a href="#cite_note-645">[639]</a><a href="#cite_note-646">[640]</a> Also on 9 December, it was reported that the Russian and Turkish armies had made a deal whereby electricity would be supplied to Tal Abyad by Russia's allies, the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) who now support Assad; while water would be supplied by the Alouk water station that is controlled by Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-647">[641]</a> This deal was mainly facilitated by Russian military officials.<a href="#cite_note-648">[642]</a><a href="#cite_note-m4road-649">[643]</a><a href="#cite_note-650">[644]</a> It was also reported on 11 December that the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4 road</a> to Aleppo would reopen soon, based on an agreement mediated by Russia with Turkey, Turkey's allies in Syria, and the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-m4road-649">[643]</a><a href="#cite_note-651">[645]</a><a href="#cite_note-652">[646]</a> There were some reports that Turkey has become more involved with local infrastructure in areas that it controls. Some local schools have been provided with some teachers and curriculum components.<a href="#cite_note-653">[647]</a> Around 10 December, a new round of meetings for the Astana summit process took place in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan. The meeting includes Russia, Syria, Turkey and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-654">[648]</a> At this meeting Russia, stated that the "safe zone" established by Turkey should not be expanded, as this would not accomplish anything positive for the region.<a href="#cite_note-655">[649]</a> The Astana process was created by Turkey, Iran and Russia in order to find a lasting solution to the conflict. They have examined a process to reform the constitution of Syria via the newly formed Syrian Constitutional Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-542">[541]</a> The parties reported that they reached some important understandings at this meeting, including affirming a commitment to work together to respect Syrian territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-656">[650]</a> The United States has boycotted this process.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_middle_east-10">[10]</a> Various efforts were proceeding to rebuild infrastructure in Syria in December 2019. On 12 December, Russia said it would spend $500 million to modernize Syria's port of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>. Russia also said it would build a railway to link Syria with the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-657">[651]</a><a href="#cite_note-658">[652]</a> Russia would also contribute to recovery efforts by the UN.<a href="#cite_note-659">[653]</a> Syria awarded oil exploration contracts to two Russian firms.<a href="#cite_note-660">[654]</a> On 16 December, Syria announced it was in serious dialogue with China to join China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> designed to foster investment in infrastructure in over one-hundred developing nations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-661">[655]</a><a href="#cite_note-662">[656]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continued_refugee_crisis,_Kurdish_fears_of_ethnic_cleansing,_and_UN_aid_dispute_(December_2019)">Continued refugee crisis, Kurdish fears of ethnic cleansing, and UN aid dispute (December 2019)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Continued refugee crisis, Kurdish fears of ethnic cleansing, and UN aid dispute (December 2019)">edit</a>]</div> In December 2019, Erdogan stated that Turkey was ready to resettle 1 million Syrian refugees in the northern Syria areas that Turkey had invaded, and that Turkey would pay the costs to do it if necessary, while also calling for more support from the EU and from world organizations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-663">[657]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye.net-664">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeastmonitor.com-665">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsau.com-666">[660]</a><a href="#cite_note-667">[661]</a> On 9 December, various local accounts indicated that Turkey was moving Syrian refugees into its zone of operations in Northern Syria for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-668">[662]</a> Erdogan said that Turkey was working to settle one million people in the cities of Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ain in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-669">[663]</a> This led to fears of population change or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-670">[664]</a> Turkey also began to appoint local mayors and governors in several northern Syrian towns.<a href="#cite_note-671">[665]</a> They also appointed about 4,000 police officers and other local officials, and were providing some basic local services for citizens.<a href="#cite_note-672">[666]</a> The number of migrants crossing from Turkey into Europe doubled in 2019 to 70,000, raising questions about whether the 2016 EU-Turkey migrant deal is still effective, Deutsche Welle reported, citing a confidential EU report.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-673">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehill.com-674">[668]</a> This caused the Kurds to raise some concerns about displacement of various existing populations and communities.<a href="#cite_note-foreign_policy_Dec_2019-675">[669]</a> Erdogan claimed that Turkey had spent billions on approximately five million refugees now being housed in Turkey; and also asserted that wealthier nations had done little to address the situation.<a href="#cite_note-dailysabah.com-676">[670]</a><a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia.com-677">[671]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-678">[672]</a> A major statement from NGO <a href="/wiki/ACT_Alliance" title="ACT Alliance">ACT Alliance</a> found that millions of Syrian refugees remained displaced in countries around Syria. This included around 1.5 million refugees in Lebanon. Also the report found that refugees in camps in north-eastern Syria had tripled in the past year.<a href="#cite_note-679">[673]</a> The UNHCR has also been tracking data on refugees, and maintains <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria">an official website</a> to do so.<a href="#cite_note-680">[674]</a> Numerous refugees remained in local refugee camps. Conditions there were reported to be severe, especially with winter approaching.<a href="#cite_note-washokani-681">[675]</a><a href="#cite_note-682">[676]</a> Refugees in Northeast Syria report they had received no help from international aid organizations.<a href="#cite_note-683">[677]</a> Meanwhile, a diplomatic dispute was occurring at the UN over re-authorization of cross-border aid for refugees. China and Russia oppose the draft resolution that seeks to re-authorize crossing points in Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan; China and Russia, as allies of Assad, seek to close the two crossing points in Iraq and Jordan, and to leave only the two crossing points in Turkey active.<a href="#cite_note-un_refugees-684">[678]</a> All of the ten individuals representing the non-permanent members of the Security Council stood in the corridor outside of the chamber speaking to the press to state that all four crossing points were crucial and must be renewed.<a href="#cite_note-un_refugees-684">[678]</a> UN official <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lowcock" title="Mark Lowcock">Mark Lowcock</a> had asked the UN to re-authorize cross-border aid to enable aid to continue to reach refugees in Syria. He said there was no other way to deliver the aid that was needed. He noted that four million refugees out of the over eleven million refugees who need assistance are being reached through four specific international crossing points. Lowcock serves as the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator" title="Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator">Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator</a> and the Head of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN_VOA_12/2019-685">[679]</a> Russia, aided by China's support, vetoed the resolution to retain all four border crossings. An alternate resolution also did not pass.<a href="#cite_note-686">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-687">[681]</a> The US strongly criticized the vetoes and opposition by Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-688">[682]</a><a href="#cite_note-689">[683]</a> In regards to the Kurds, the EU held an international conference in mid-December 2019 which condemned any suppression of the Kurds, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration in Rojava to be preserved and to be reflected in any new Syrian Constitution. The Kurds are concerned that the independence of their declared Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria in Rojava might be severely curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-690">[684]</a> Various Kurdish factions that were historical rivals began to meet in order to work together more. Their stated reason was to stand together against Russia and Turkey more strongly if needed.<a href="#cite_note-691">[685]</a><a href="#cite_note-what_now-692">[686]</a> The Russian government has informed the Kurdish factions that they should reconcile and come up with a unified set of demands to clarify to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-693">[687]</a> Various Kurdish factions blamed each other and their council for lack of progress.<a href="#cite_note-694">[688]</a> The national Syrian government sent representatives to northeast Syria to meet with local groups there in order to address their concerns and to emphasize unity and combined effort to address problems.<a href="#cite_note-695">[689]</a> A meeting occurred in Qamishli city, in northeast Syria, that included Syrian national officials, and delegates from Kurdish, Arab, and Syrian figures and forces.<a href="#cite_note-696">[690]</a> Kurdish delegates emphasized their desire to help to protect Syria as a whole. They expressed willingness to have positive discussions with the Assad government.<a href="#cite_note-697">[691]</a><a href="#cite_note-698">[692]</a> SDF General Commander Mazlum Abdi met with local leaders of the Wise Committee, which is composed of leaders of local communities and local family groupings. This meeting emphasized the importance on national unity, and the need to stand against Turkish invaders.<a href="#cite_note-699">[693]</a> Abdi called on the US and Russia to help stop Turkey from displacing entire communities and ethnic groups from the areas that it controls.<a href="#cite_note-700">[694]</a> Some reports indicated that meetings between officials of the Assad government and leaders of local political factions went well, and all parties agreed on common goals to improve Syrian society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-701">[695]</a> The SDF showed some reluctance to integrate into the Syrian Arab Army as requested by the Assad government, though.<a href="#cite_note-702">[696]</a> Around 10 December, it appeared that Turkey was withdrawing all of its forces away from the al-Shirkark silos, which hold important supplies of wheat, this seemed to be a result of Russian mediation.<a href="#cite_note-703">[697]</a> However, some reports said they later returned to re-occupy that area.<a href="#cite_note-704">[698]</a> Russia said it would pledge to remove Turkish forces from a key highway in northern Syria, and replace them with Russian forces to maintain stability.<a href="#cite_note-705">[699]</a> Russian and Turkish forces are continuing their joint patrols.<a href="#cite_note-what_now-692">[686]</a> Questions remained about how much control Turkey had over its proxies, such as the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-706">[700]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(December_2019–April_2020)">Fourth northwestern Syria offensive and Operation Spring Shield (December 2019–April 2020)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Fourth northwestern Syria offensive and Operation Spring Shield (December 2019–April 2020)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic in Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive_begins_(December_2019–February_2020)">Fourth northwestern Syria offensive begins (December 2019–February 2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Fourth northwestern Syria offensive begins (December 2019–February 2020)">edit</a>]</div> Russia and Syria escalated their attacks against rebel forces in and around the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province by the end of 2019 despite the unilateral ceasefire from August and announced sanctions by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-707">[701]</a><a href="#cite_note-708">[702]</a> Air raids by the government forces targeted the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District</a> which resulted in more than 20 killed.<a href="#cite_note-709">[703]</a><a href="#cite_note-710">[704]</a> In the same week, a bill passed the US senate including new sanctions on Syria, Iran and Russia for their alleged war crimes during the Syrian civil war.<a href="#cite_note-711">[705]</a><a href="#cite_note-712">[706]</a> On 19 December 2019, Syrian Army forces and allies <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">launched a ground offensive in the northwestern Syria countryside</a>. The main objective was to capture the <a href="/wiki/M5_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M5 Motorway (Syria)">M5 road</a> which connects <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2ndphase-713">[707]</a> In late December 2019, Erdogan stated that Syrian bombing of Idlib had caused new waves of refugees to enter Turkey. Erdogan stated that Turkey could not handle this new influx, and that this influx would be "felt by all European countries".<a href="#cite_note-714">[708]</a><a href="#cite_note-715">[709]</a><a href="#cite_note-716">[710]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv/220px--Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="138" data-mwtitle="Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma'arrat_al-Nu'man.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv/Syrian_Military_Statement_on_the_capture_of_Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>' official statement on the capture of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a> in February 2020</figcaption></figure> After a brief ceasefire, the Syrian Army started to advance towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a> in January 2020. Following rapid advances, government forces reached the city from the eastern, northern and southern outskirts, nearly encircling it. The Syrian Army captured Ma'arrat al-Nu'man on 28 January 2020. It was the first time the Syrian government had control over the city since <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Nu%27man_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2012)">the battle of 2012</a>.<a href="#cite_note-717">[711]</a><a href="#cite_note-718">[712]</a> Turkish President Erdogan on 19 February 2020, declared his intentions of changing the border between Syria and Turkey into a secure place for people from both countries, as Turkey prepared to commence an operation to prevent the Syrian army's attack on opposition-held Idlib province.<a href="#cite_note-719">[713]</a> In February 2020, the Syrian Army started pushing north towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a>. Meanwhile the offensive displaced over half a million people in northwestern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-720">[714]</a> On 5 February 2020, government forces fully encircled Saraqib, including <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">four Turkish observation posts</a>. After a two day siege, the Syrian Army entered the city and seized it on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-721">[715]</a> The Army advanced further to the north along the M5 towards <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo city</a>. The road was fully under government control on 14 February 2020. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> started to send military convoys into Idlib to reinforce their observation points.<a href="#cite_note-722">[716]</a> The Syrian Army's next objective was to secure the western outskirts of Aleppo. Following a major breakthrough on the southern axis, government forces managed to cut off several rebel supply lines. In fear of getting encircled by the Syrian Army, the rebels decided to retreat westwards, leaving the government in control over western Aleppo, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Haritan" title="Haritan">Haritan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadan" title="Anadan">Anadan</a> on 16 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-723">[717]</a> On 20 February 2020, the rebels launched a counteroffensive towards Saraqib with <a href="/wiki/T-155_F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na" title="T-155 Fırtına">Turkish artillery support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-724">[718]</a> At the same time, the Syrian Army shifted their ground advances to the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Zawiya" title="Jabal Zawiya">Jabal al-Zawiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghab plain">al-Ghab plain</a> regions. According to SOHR, government forces managed to capture 33 towns and villages in 60 hours by 26 February 2020 .<a href="#cite_note-725">[719]</a> The following day, the rebels backed by Turkey had fully recaptured Saraqib from government forces, thus cutting the Damascus-Aleppo M5 highway and lifting the siege of the four encircled Turkish observation points.<a href="#cite_note-726">[720]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balyun_airstrikes_and_Operation_Spring_Shield_(February–April_2020)">Balyun airstrikes and Operation Spring Shield (February–April 2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Balyun airstrikes and Operation Spring Shield (February–April 2020)">edit</a>]</div> The offensive in northwestern Syria witnessed a major escalation on 27 February 2020 as a result of <a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">pro-government airstrikes</a> which targeted a Turkish mechanized infantry battalion near a post in the town of <a href="/wiki/Balyun" title="Balyun">Balyun</a>. The strikes resulted in the death of at least 34 Turkish soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Gurcan_deciphering-727">[721]</a><a href="#cite_note-728">[722]</a><a href="#cite_note-729">[723]</a> In response to the Balyun airstrikes, Turkish National Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> announced the launch of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a>. The purpose of the operation was in retaliation for the government attack on Turkish soldiers and to halt the Syrian Army advances towards Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-730">[724]</a> The United States and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> expressed support for Turkey's operation.<a href="#cite_note-stoltennatoremarks-731">[725]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> and their allies managed to recapture the strategic <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Zawiya" title="Jabal Zawiya">Zawiya Mountain</a> together with 18 villages, while the Syrian Army captured Saraqib for the second time in a month.<a href="#cite_note-732">[726]</a><a href="#cite_note-733">[727]</a> On 5 March 2020, the presidents of Turkey and Russia, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a>, met in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to talk about the situation in northwestern Syria. They agreed on a ceasefire in the region that was to come into force from 00:00 hrs on 6 March.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-734">[728]</a> Meanwhile, Erdogan said that Turkey expected to resettle about 1 million refugees in the "buffer zone" that it controls.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-663">[657]</a> Erdogan claimed that Turkey had spent billions on approximately five million refugees now being housed in Turkey; and called for more funding from wealthier nations and from the EU.<a href="#cite_note-dailysabah.com-676">[670]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye.net-664">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeastmonitor.com-665">[659]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_conflict_ends,_clashes_with_Turkish_forces,_economic_crisis_(May_2020–2022)">Civil conflict ends, clashes with Turkish forces, economic crisis (May 2020–2022)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Civil conflict ends, clashes with Turkish forces, economic crisis (May 2020–2022)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Caesar_Act_sanctions,_economic_crisis,_crime_wave_(May–July_2020)">U.S. Caesar Act sanctions, economic crisis, crime wave (May–July 2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: U.S. Caesar Act sanctions, economic crisis, crime wave (May–July 2020)">edit</a>]</div> Analysts noted that the upcoming implementation of new heavy sanctions under the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Syria_Civilian_Protection_Act" title="Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act">U.S. Caesar Act</a> could devastate the Syrian economy, ruin any chances of recovery, and destroy regional stability.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_6-12-2020-735">[729]</a> A leading analyst, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Barnes-Dacey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Barnes-Dacey (page does not exist)">Julien Barnes-Dacey</a>, director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at the <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="European Council on Foreign Relations">European Council on Foreign Relations</a>, said: <blockquote> "Assad is absolutely the prime driver of Syria's ongoing collapse. [But] the US position now appears to be fundamentally driven by great power politics and the goal of ensuring that Russia and Iran can't claim a win. My fear is that Caesar will achieve the exact opposite of its stated goals, fuelling the worst impulses of the Syrian regime and wider conflict. The US self-declared maximum pressure campaign aims to bring the regime to its knees and force its backers to concede defeat but the regime knows how to brutally hold onto power and it's clear that its key backers aren't for moving. "The Syrian people have been brutalised for a decade now and the country is devastated by conflict but we appear to be staring into the precipice of a dangerous new stage of the conflict ... which risks a devastating new unravelling".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_6-12-2020-735">[729]</a></blockquote> The sanctions severely affected the Syrian economy, especially its construction, finance and energy sectors, and complicated the reconstruction efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-736">[730]</a> On 10 June, hundreds of protesters returned to the streets of <a href="/wiki/Sweida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweida">Sweida</a> for the fourth consecutive day, rallying against the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">country's economy</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a> had plummeted to 3,000:1 Syrian pounds to US dollars within the previous week.<a href="#cite_note-737">[731]</a> On 11 June, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a> was dismissed by President Bashar al-Assad, amid anti-government protests over deteriorating economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-738">[732]</a> The new lows for the Syrian currency, and the dramatic increase in sanctions began to raise new threats to the survival of the Assad government.<a href="#cite_note-739">[733]</a><a href="#cite_note-740">[734]</a><a href="#cite_note-741">[735]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_in_Syria_(July_2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg/220px-Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg/330px-Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg/440px-Situation_in_Syria_%28July_2020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Syria in July 2020</figcaption></figure> Analysts noted that a resolution to the current <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">banking crisis in Lebanon</a> might be crucial to restoring stability in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-742">[736]</a> Some analysts began to raise concerns that Assad might be on the verge of losing power; but that any such collapse in the regime might cause conditions to worsen, as the result might be mass chaos rather than an improvement in political or economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-743">[737]</a><a href="#cite_note-744">[738]</a><a href="#cite_note-745">[739]</a> During summer 2020, several Syrian officers were either detained or killed in mysterious circumstances upon and after the implementation of the Caesar Act.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] For instance, Syrian authorities detained Major general Maan Hussein and seized his assets on 14 June.<a href="#cite_note-746">[740]</a> Moreover, some other officers were assassinated in front of their houses, including: Colonel Ali Jumblat in <a href="/wiki/Yaafour" title="Yaafour">Yaafour</a>, Brigadier general Jihad Zaal in <a href="/wiki/Deir_Ezzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Ezzor">Deir Ezzor</a>, Brigadier general Thaer Khair Bek in Al Zahera, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-747">[741]</a> Nizar Zidane in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada" title="Wadi Barada">Wadi Barada</a>, Brigadier general Maan Idris in <a href="/wiki/Dummar" title="Dummar">Dummar</a>, Brigadier general Somar Deeb in Al Tijara neighborhood in Damascus, and Brigadier general Haitham Othman, who was claimed to have died of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-748">[742]</a> In July 2020, the Syrian authorities led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a> imposed a $100 entry fee for Syrians; due to this, a 17-year-old Syrian girl, Zainab Mohammed Al-Ibrahim, died at the border with Lebanon unable to pay the fee.<a href="#cite_note-749">[743]</a> Meanwhile, throughout 2020, several recreational drug deliveries (a total of about 27 tons or 162 million <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">Captagon</a> pills, four tons of <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> and other loads of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>), exported via the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, were intercepted; the production of which was organized by relatives of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a>. The subsequent sale can be used to obtain foreign currency that was difficult to obtain due to the international sanctions for the Syrian state or its government.<a href="#cite_note-750">[744]</a><a href="#cite_note-751">[745]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrenched_Russian_influence_and_continued_Kurdish–Turkish_tensions_(July_2020–June_2022)">Entrenched Russian influence and continued Kurdish–Turkish tensions (July 2020–June 2022)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Entrenched Russian influence and continued Kurdish–Turkish tensions (July 2020–June 2022)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg/220px-M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg/330px-M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg/440px-M2_Bradley_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicles_in_Northeast_Syria_November_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="5627" /></a><figcaption>U.S. soldiers deployed in northeast Syria, 12 November 2020</figcaption></figure> After June 2020, Russia continued to expand its influence and military role in the areas of Syria where the main military conflict was occurring.<a href="#cite_note-752">[746]</a> As of 2022, the main military threat and conflict faced by Rojava's official defense force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), are firstly, an ongoing conflict with ISIS; and secondly, ongoing concerns of possible invasion of the northeast regions of Syria by Turkish forces, in order to strike Kurdish groups in general, and Rojava in particular.<a href="#cite_note-753">[747]</a><a href="#cite_note-754">[748]</a><a href="#cite_note-755">[749]</a> An official report by the Rojava government noted Turkey-backed militias as the main threat to the region of Rojava and its government.<a href="#cite_note-756">[750]</a> In May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a> reported that Turkish and Syrian opposition officials said that Turkey's Armed Forces and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> were planning a new operation against the SDF, composed mostly of the YPG/YPJ.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-30">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The new operation is set to resume efforts to create 30-kilometer (18.6-mile) wide "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, President Erdoğan said in a statement.<a href="#cite_note-Agencies-31">[31]</a> The operation aims at the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and other areas further east. Meanwhile, Ankara is in talks with Moscow over the operation. Erdoğan reiterated his determination for the operation on 8 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-757">[751]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accords_between_Syrian_government_and_rebels,_conflicts_with_Turkish_forces_and_proxies,_2022_–_present">Accords between Syrian government and rebels, conflicts with Turkish forces and proxies, 2022 – present</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Accords between Syrian government and rebels, conflicts with Turkish forces and proxies, 2022 – present">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion_by_Kurdish_groups_and_Syrian_government_on_joint_efforts_against_Turkey,_and_ISIS,_June_2022–present">Discussion by Kurdish groups and Syrian government on joint efforts against Turkey, and ISIS, June 2022–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Discussion by Kurdish groups and Syrian government on joint efforts against Turkey, and ISIS, June 2022–present">edit</a>]</div> On 5 June 2022, the leader of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Mazloum Abdi, said that forces of the Kurdish government in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES) were willing to work with Syrian government forces to defend against Turkey, saying "Damascus should use its air defense systems against Turkish planes." Abdi said that Kurdish groups would be able to cooperate with the Syrian government, and still retain their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-thenationalnews.com-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurdish,_Syrian_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-19">[19]</a> The joint discussions were a result of the negotiation processes that had begun in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-758">[752]</a> In July 2022, the SDF and the official Syrian military forged active plans to coordinate actively together to create defense plans to guard against invasion by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-english.aawsat.com-20">[20]</a> The SDF said that they felt that the main threat to Kurdish groups was an invasion by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-coffeeordie.com-21">[21]</a> In August 2022, Kurdish forces focused mainly on fighting ISIS forces in the areas around Kurdish portions of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-759">[753]</a> In September 2022, a new UN report stated that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> was in danger of flaring up again. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, chair of the UN's Syria commission, said that "Syria cannot afford a return to larger-scale fighting, but that is where it may be heading." The UN report described increased arrests and crackdowns on opposition leaders. The UN also said it had been totally unable to deliver any supplies during the first half of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_9-2022-760">[754]</a> In summer 2022, there were reports that Syrian diplomats had met with Turkish diplomats, at an international conference.<a href="#cite_note-761">[755]</a> In late 2022, Turkish President Erdogan expressed openness to meeting with Assad.<a href="#cite_note-762">[756]</a><a href="#cite_note-763">[757]</a><a href="#cite_note-764">[758]</a> Some analysts attributed this new attitude to Erdogan's desire to improve his popularity with voters, ahead of upcoming elections; and also, to improve Turkey's relations with Russia, which has forces deployed in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-765">[759]</a> Various rights advocates expressed concerns that improved relations between Syrian President Assad and Turkish President Erdogan might eventually be detrimental to Syrian refugees in Turkey. Also, there were reports of an increase of attacks on Syrian immigrants living in Turkey. In October 2022, some NGOs stated that that thousands of Syrian refugees in Turkey were being forcibly returned to Syria by Turkish forces, and specifically being forced to relocate to the northern zone of Syria controlled by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-766">[760]</a> The Commander of the SDF, Mazloum Abdi, expressed concerns that normalization of relations between Assad and Erdogan might be detrimental to Kurdish communities.<a href="#cite_note-767">[761]</a> In October 2022, the United Nations called for a "nationwide ceasefire" in Syria. The U.N. special envoy for Syria, Geir Pedersen, met with Syria's foreign minister in Damascus; afterwards, Pedersen said that Syria's economic situation is "extremely difficult as close to 15 million people are in need for humanitarian assistance."<a href="#cite_note-768">[762]</a> One of the main local military conflicts was an internal conflict, amongst factions of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA).<a href="#cite_note-769">[763]</a><a href="#cite_note-770">[764]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Kurdish leaders</a> indicated that any military cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> was separate from political negotiations, and that military cooperation would not necessarily solve all political questions on a permanent basis.<a href="#cite_note-771">[765]</a> In December 2022, <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a> said: <blockquote> "In the absence of a political solution, the objective of our military coordination with the Syrian army is to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of Syria</a>. We believe that Syrians must unite in the face of external interference and fight to preserve Syria's territorial integrity."<a href="#cite_note-772">[766]</a></blockquote> As of 2023, active fighting in the conflict between the Syrian government and rebel groups had mostly subsided, but there were occasional flareups in Northwestern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Jazeera_Staff_2023-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.un.org-23">[23]</a> In early 2023, reports indicated that the forces of ISIS in Syria had mostly been defeated, with only a few cells remaining in various remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-iraq.un.org-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-centcom.mil-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-euronews.com-26">[26]</a> As of 2023, Turkey was continuing its attacks on various militias within Syria, consisting mostly of the YPG.<a href="#cite_note-newlinesinstitute.org-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-30">[30]</a> One stated goal was to create "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, according to a statement by Turkish President Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-Agencies-31">[31]</a> The operations were generally aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and other areas further east. President Erdoğan openly stated his support for the operations, in talks with Moscow in mid-2022.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-32">[32]</a> In early 2023, Turkish-backed militias carried out military attacks against Kurdish militias, using tanks and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-773">[767]</a> In March 2023, the Syrian government declared that it would not seek any reconciliation with Turkey, unless Turkey withdrew all of its proxy forces from Syria. This statement occurred in response to diplomatic efforts by Russia, which sought to encourage Syria and Turkey to seek reconciliation, and restoration of diplomatic ties.<a href="#cite_note-774">[768]</a> In August, the <a href="/wiki/10th_of_August_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="10th of August movement">10th of August movement</a> was launched, a new pan-Syrian protest movement. In late August, a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suweida" class="mw-redirect" title="Suweida">Suweida</a> sparked <a href="/wiki/2023_Syrian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Syrian protests">protests across southern Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lebanon_2023_v151-775">[769]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate_in_civil_conflict,_renewed_relations_with_Assad_government">Stalemate in civil conflict, renewed relations with Assad government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Stalemate in civil conflict, renewed relations with Assad government">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, various sources reported that the conflict had settled into low-level conflict, which had mainly achieved a stalemate. One source stated: <blockquote> The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad’s hold on power seems secure. Meanwhile, the Syrian people are suffering an economic crisis, and a massive earthquake at the start of 2023 cast much of the population in the north into further despair.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_2023-6">[6]</a></blockquote> One major NGO stated: <blockquote>Twelve years into Syria’s devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trending toward normalizing relations with the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition groups, proxies, local militias and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian population has been brutalized, with nearly a half a million killed, 12 million fleeing their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the Assad regime firmly in power.<a href="#cite_note-usip.org-34">[33]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Turkish_forces">Conflict with Turkish forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Conflict with Turkish forces">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, the main military conflict was not between the Syrian government and rebels, but rather between Turkish forces and factions within Syria. In late 2023, Turkish forces continued to attack Kurdish forces, in the region of Rojava,<a href="#cite_note-776">[770]</a> Starting on 5 October 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> launched a series of air and ground strikes targeting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Northeastern Syria</a>. The airstrikes were launched in response to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">2023 Ankara bombing</a>, which the Turkish government alleges was carried out by attackers originating from Northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-777">[771]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Control of cities during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timeline of the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_within_Syrian_society">Events within Syrian society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Events within Syrian society">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_aspects">Historical aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Historical aspects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">Democratic Federation of Northern Syria</a>) – Kurdish participation in the war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_chemical_weapons_program" title="Syria chemical weapons program">Syria chemical weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_and_statistical_records">Lists and statistical records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Lists and statistical records">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war">List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">List of terrorist incidents in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_defectors" title="List of Syrian defectors">List of Syrian defectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_offensives">Specific offensives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Specific offensives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)</a> ("Battle of Victory")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups">Peace efforts and civil society groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Peace efforts and civil society groups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Syrian civil war ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Helmets_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="White Helmets (Syrian civil war)">White Helmets (Syrian civil war)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_other_local_conflicts">History of other local conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: History of other local conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_American%E2%80%93Middle_East_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 American–Middle East conflict">2023 American–Middle East conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a> from 1976 until 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Syria" title="List of wars involving Syria">List of wars involving Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> As at 3 January 2019, the information in the narrative section here have not been fully synced with the linked-to sub-articles. </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> Starting from the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Syria–Turkey border</a> and going south into Syria </li> <li id="cite_note-614"><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a> See the "External links" section in the article <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, for a link to an article containing an explanatory map of the buffer zone. </li> <li id="cite_note-615"><a href="#cite_ref-615">^</a> Both of these cities are further to the south and not covered by the depth of the buffer zone, but are nonetheless explicitly mentioned in the agreement. </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> No joint patrols will be held in the remaining part of the buffer zone. </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> Later, the Turkish President announced that the patrols would only be held to a depth of 7 km, as opposed to 10. 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Retrieved 22 April 2015. <q>The regime's recent setbacks in Idlib and the south are due in part to Assad's regional enemies – including Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, and Jordan – agreeing on the need to unite rebel factions to oust Assad, according to analysts and regional diplomats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Can+Syria%27s+Assad+withstand+latest+battlefield+setbacks%3F+%28%2Bvideo%29&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Blanford&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2F0421%2FCan-Syria-s-Assad-withstand-latest-battlefield-setbacks-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207001145/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/11/01/245423_in-setback-islamic-state-nusra.html">"US-backed forces in Syria suffer big setback"</a>. 1 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/11/01/245423_in-setback-islamic-state-nusra.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US-backed+forces+in+Syria+suffer+big+setback&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F2014%2F11%2F01%2F245423_in-setback-islamic-state-nusra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSly2014" class="citation news cs1">Sly, Liz (2 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-backed-syria-rebels-routed-by-fighters-linked-to-al-qaeda/2014/11/02/7a8b1351-8fb7-4f7e-a477-66ec0a0aaf34_story.html">"U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda"</a>. The Washington Post. 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The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 June 2015. <q>The fielding of a TOW system would not necessarily provide al-Nusra with a capability it didn't already have. Similar weapons systems such as the Chinese HJ-8, French Milan and the Russian Spigot have all been seen in operation in Syria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+faction+in+Syria+claims+to+have+U.S.-supplied+anti-tank+weapon&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Gibbons-Neff&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcheckpoint%2Fwp%2F2014%2F12%2F15%2Fal-qaeda-faction-in-syria-claims-to-have-u-s-supplied-anti-tank-weapon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-south-idUSKBN0N511N20150414?irpc=932">"Southern Syria rebels set collision course with al Qaeda"</a>. 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[...] Having spoken extensively with leading commanders from across the Syrian spectrum in recent weeks, it is clear this [Army of Conquest] cooperation has at least partly been motivated by a desire to ensure victories in Idlib do not become strategic gains for al Qaeda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=An+Internal+Struggle%3A+Al+Qaeda%27s+Syrian+Affiliate+Is+Grappling+With+Its+Identity&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fcharles-lister%2Fan-internal-struggle-al-q_b_7479730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Akla2015" class="citation web cs1">al-Akla, Ahmad (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/after-syrian-armys-defeat-people-trickle-back">"After Syrian Army's Defeat, People Trickle Back to Idlib Towns"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 June 2015. <q>Meanwhile, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, attacked west from Palmyra, reached the town of Hassia on the main road north from Damascus to Homs and the coast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+forces+defeated+on+roads+north+and+south&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11663774%2FAssads-forces-defeated-on-roads-north-and-south.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/islamic-state-launches-two-attacks-syria">"Islamic State Launches Two Attacks in Syria"</a>. 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The Independent, 5 September 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20170910-syrian-army-retakes-strategic-military-airport-islamic-state-group">Syrian troops broke the Islamic State group's siege of Deir Ezzor military airport Saturday, dealing a fresh blow to the jihadists who also face a new offensive from US-backed fighters elsewhere in the province</a>, France 24, 10 September 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Heller2017" class="citation news cs1">Sam Heller (30 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2017/06/the-signal-in-syrias-noise/">"The Signal in Syria's Noise"</a>. warontherocks.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Signal+in+Syria%27s+Noise&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft.au=Sam+Heller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fthe-signal-in-syrias-noise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/syria-granting-kurds-greater-autonomy-170926121821968.html">"Syria to consider granting Kurds greater autonomy"</a>. 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The Guardian. 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+dealt+twin+blows+with+loss+of+Deir+ez-Zor+and+key+Iraq+border+post&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fnov%2F02%2Fdeir-ez-zor-cleared-of-last-islamic-state-fighters-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-islamic-state/syrian-army-allies-take-last-is-stronghold-in-syria-commander-idUSKBN1D81NM">Syrian army, allies, take last IS stronghold in Syria: commander</a>, Reuters, 8 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-putin/putin-declares-complete-victory-on-both-banks-of-euphrates-in-syria-idUSKBN1E027H">Putin declares "complete victory" on both banks of Euphrates in Syria</a> Reuters, 6 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42307365">Putin announces Russian troop withdrawal from Syria during visit</a> BBC. </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56351">Владимир Путин посетил авиабазу Хмеймим в Сирии</a> kremlin.ru, 11 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/11/vladimir-putin-announces-russian-withdrawal-syria-visit-airbase/">Vladimir Putin announces Russian withdrawal from Syria during visit to airbase</a> The Telegraph, 11 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-shoigutassperm-497"><a href="#cite_ref-shoigutassperm_497-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4843441">Россия начала формировать постоянную группировку в Тартусе и Хмеймиме</a> TASS, 26 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersestablperm-498"><a href="#cite_ref-reutersestablperm_498-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-bases/russia-establishing-permanent-presence-at-its-syria-bases-ria-cites-minister-idUSKBN1EK0HD">"Russia establishing permanent presence at its Syria bases: RIA"</a>. 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Suchkov 3 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-637"><a href="#cite_ref-637">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3928776">Press release on Russian officials’ meeting with President of Syria Bashar al-Assad</a>, 02-12-2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-638"><a href="#cite_ref-638">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/uae-officially-backs-syria-assad-win-1475341">UAE OFFICIALLY BACKS SYRIA'S ASSAD TO WIN WAR</a>, BY TOM O'CONNOR ON 12/3/19. </li> <li id="cite_note-639"><a href="#cite_ref-639">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Russian-forces-enter-former-Islamic-State-stronghold-in-Syria-610347">Russian forces enter former Islamic State stronghold in Syria</a>:Russian troops in Raqqa were handing out humanitarian aid and its military doctors were offering residents medical attention. By REUTERS 9 DECEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-640"><a href="#cite_ref-640">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2019/12/10/syria-russia-raqqa-us-withdraw/">Russian troops enter Syria's Raqqa, filling void of withdrawing US forces</a>, by Jared Szuba 10 DECEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-641"><a href="#cite_ref-641">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Russians-in-Raqqa-two-years-after-US-helped-take-city-from-ISIS-610377">Russians near Raqqa two years after US helped take city from ISIS</a> By SETH J. FRANTZMAN 9 DECEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-642"><a href="#cite_ref-642">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/world/1097485">Russian military police conduct patrol missions in three Syrian governorates. The Russian military policy carried out patrol missions in Syria's Aleppo, Raqqa and al-Hasakah governorates</a>. 9 December 2019. tass.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-643"><a href="#cite_ref-643">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-644"><a href="#cite_ref-644">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 Dec 2019, ahvalnews.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-645"><a href="#cite_ref-645">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/operation-peace-spring/live-day-6-turkeys-syria-operation">Live: Day 6 of Turkey's Syria operation</a>, Ahval, 14 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-646"><a href="#cite_ref-646">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/the-takeaway-december-11-2019.html">The Takeaway: 11 December 2019</a>, Andrew Parasiliti 11 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-647"><a href="#cite_ref-647">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191209-russia-and-turkey-armies-strike-deal-to-swap-water-for-electricity/">Russia and Turkey armies strike deal to swap water for electricity</a>, 9 December 2019, middleeastmonitor.com </li> <li id="cite_note-648"><a href="#cite_ref-648">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/860c5e68-1e9e-4bb5-a014-6a3505d90ad4">Russians appear to broker deal with Turkey in electricity for water swap in Syria</a>, Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg |9 December-2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-m4road-649">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m4road_649-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m4road_649-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/12/11/major-road-connecting-aleppo-to-eastern-syria-to-reopen">Major road connecting Aleppo to eastern Syria to reopen after Russian-Turkish agreement</a>, 11 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-650"><a href="#cite_ref-650">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/12/turkish-russian-agreement-to-deliver-electricity-to-tel-abyad-and-ras-al-ain-through-tishreen-dam/?so=popular">Turkish-Russian agreement to deliver electricity to Tel Abyad and Ras al-Ain through Tishreen Dam</a>, Enab Baladi, 20 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-651"><a href="#cite_ref-651">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/12/russia-and-turkey-oversee-withdrawal-of-military-forces-from-m4-road/">Russia and Turkey oversee withdrawal of military forces from "M4 road"</a>, Enab Baladi, 8 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-652"><a href="#cite_ref-652">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/12/turkish-russian-agreements-redraws-the-map-of-eastern-euphrates/">Turkish-Russian agreements redraws the map of eastern Euphrates</a>, Enab Baladi, 4 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-653"><a href="#cite_ref-653">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Turkeys-changing-story-on-Syria-From-self-defense-to-long-term-control-610250">Turkey's changing story on Syria: From self-defense to long-term control. Turkey's narrative is slowly changing on its expanding role in northern Syria</a>. By SETH J. FRANTZMAN 8 DECEMBER 2019, jpost.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-654"><a href="#cite_ref-654">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/astana-round-begins-with-a-meeting-between-the-meeting-sponsors-h13118.html">Astana round begins with a meeting between the meeting sponsors</a> The 14th round of the Astana meetings began in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan on Tuesday morning with a series of meetings of the meeting sponsors (Russia, Turkey and Iran). 10 Dec 2019, Tue - 14:07 2019-12-10T14:07:00 NEWS DESK </li> <li id="cite_note-655"><a href="#cite_ref-655">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/world/10122019">Astana talks: Expanding Syria ‘safe zone’ will ‘do nothing good’, says Russian envoy</a>, 18 hours ago, Karwan Faidhi Dri, rudaw.net. </li> <li id="cite_note-656"><a href="#cite_ref-656">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/en/14th-round-led-to-significant-results-mfa-about-the-astana-process-on-syria_a3593712">14th round led to significant results, MFA about the Astana process on Syria</a>, 11 December 2019, inform.kz, kazinform news agency. </li> <li id="cite_note-657"><a href="#cite_ref-657">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-to-modernize-syria-port-build-railway-across-syria-to-persian-gulf/">Russia to modernize Syria port, build railway across Syria to Persian Gulf</a>. Major commercial projects could potentially make it easier for Tehran to increase its influence in Israel's northeastern neighbor. </li> <li id="cite_note-658"><a href="#cite_ref-658">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-security-russia-grains/update-1-russia-to-invest-500-mln-in-syrian-port-build-grain-hub-interfax-idUSL8N28R32J">Reuters</a> UPDATE 1-Russia to invest $500 mln in Syrian port, build grain hub, Reuters. </li> <li id="cite_note-659"><a href="#cite_ref-659">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/12/18/5-russian-syrian-projects-announced-this-week-a68655">"5 Russian-Syrian Projects Announced This Week"</a>. The Moscow Times. 18 December 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/12/17/syria-reaches-join-chinas-belt-road-initiative/">the original</a> on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Reaches+Out+To+Join+China%27s+Belt+%26+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.aulast=Briefing&rft.aufirst=Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadbriefing.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F17%2Fsyria-reaches-join-chinas-belt-road-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-663">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_663-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_663-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/erdogan-urges-resettling-1-million-refugees-northern-syria-191217100317971.html">Erdogan urges resettling of 1 million refugees in northern Syria</a>. Turkish president says formula needed to allow refugees to return on a voluntary basis but in 'short period of time'. </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeasteye.net-664">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye.net_664-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye.net_664-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-says-eu-should-increase-funding-syrian-refugees-beyond-66bn-pledged">Turkey says EU should increase funding of Syrian refugees beyond $6.6bn pledged</a>.EU funds support 3.5 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, as Syria's civil war has killed hundreds of thousands and pushed millions from their homes. </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeastmonitor.com-665">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeastmonitor.com_665-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeastmonitor.com_665-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191215-turkish-official-says-eu-should-boost-funding-of-syrian-refugees/">Turkish official says EU should boost funding of Syrian refugees</a> 15 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-wsau.com-666"><a href="#cite_ref-wsau.com_666-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsau.com/news/articles/2019/dec/17/erdogan-urges-resettling-of-one-million-refugees-in-northern-syria-peace-zone/967200/?refer-section=world">Erdogan says world cares more about Syria's oil than its children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211192144/https://wsau.com/news/articles/2019/dec/17/erdogan-urges-resettling-of-one-million-refugees-in-northern-syria-peace-zone/967200/?refer-section=world">Archived</a> 11 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tuesday, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-667"><a href="#cite_ref-667">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-idUSKBN1YD27R">"Erdogan says Turkey aims to settle 1 million refugees in Syria offensive area"</a>. Reuters. 9 December 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Erdogan+says+Turkey+aims+to+settle+1+million+refugees+in+Syria+offensive+area&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-idUSKBN1YD27R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-668"><a href="#cite_ref-668">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/09/turkey-resettling-refugees-northeastern-syria/">Turkey Begins Resettling Refugees in Northeastern Syria: Continued reports of atrocities by Turkish-backed forces raise concerns about ethnic cleansing</a>. BY LARA SELIGMAN | 9 DECEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-669"><a href="#cite_ref-669">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Erdogan announces start working to house one million people in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724181315/https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-670"><a href="#cite_ref-670">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/americas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey">"America's Ally in Syria Warns of Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey"</a>. The New Yorker. 20 October 2019. 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According to a confidential EU report, 70,000 migrants have crossed from Turkey to the EU this year. The numbers raised questions about whether an EU-Turkey refugee deal was unravelling. </li> <li id="cite_note-thehill.com-674"><a href="#cite_ref-thehill.com_674-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/474863-turkeys-erdogan-calls-for-resettlement-of-1m-refugees-in-northern">Turkish President Erdoğan calls for resettlement of 1M refugees in northern Syria</a> BY MARTY JOHNSON - 12/17/19. </li> <li id="cite_note-foreign_policy_Dec_2019-675"><a href="#cite_ref-foreign_policy_Dec_2019_675-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/18/turkey-pitches-plan-settle-1-million-refugees-northern-syria-erdogan-kurds/">Turkey Pitches Plan to Settle 1 Million Refugees in Northern Syria</a>. Questions arise as to whether Erdogan's $26 billion megaproject is intended to clear his border of Kurds. BY COLUM LYNCH, LARA SELIGMAN | 18 DECEMBER 2019, Foreign Policy Magazine. </li> <li id="cite_note-dailysabah.com-676">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailysabah.com_676-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailysabah.com_676-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/12/17/erdogan-return-of-syrian-refugees-as-crucial-as-fight-against-terrorism">Erdoğan: Return of Syrian refugees as crucial as fight against terrorism</a>, DAILY SABAH 17.12.2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-channelnewsasia.com-677"><a href="#cite_ref-channelnewsasia.com_677-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/lack-refugee-aid-forced-turkey-syria-operation-erdogan-12191402">Lack of refugee aid forced Turkey into Syria operation: Erdogan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020301/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/lack-refugee-aid-forced-turkey-syria-operation-erdogan-12191402">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-al-monitor.com-678"><a href="#cite_ref-al-monitor.com_678-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/erdogan-renew-call-safe-zone-syria.html">Erdogan renews call for ‘safe zone’ support as Syrians return</a>, Ayla Jean Yackley 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-679"><a href="#cite_ref-679">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/act-alliance-call-action-jordan-syria-and-lebanon-18-december-2019">"ACT Alliance Call for Action: Jordan, Syria and Lebanon (18 December 2019) - Syrian Arab Republic"</a>. ReliefWeb. 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=ACT+Alliance+Call+for+Action%3A+Jordan%2C+Syria+and+Lebanon+%2818+December+2019%29+-+Syrian+Arab+Republic&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsyrian-arab-republic%2Fact-alliance-call-action-jordan-syria-and-lebanon-18-december-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-680"><a href="#cite_ref-680">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria">"Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data2.unhcr.org&rft.atitle=Situation+Syria+Regional+Refugee+Response&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata2.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fsituations%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washokani-681"><a href="#cite_ref-washokani_681-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/winter-threatens-the-idps-in-the-washokani-camp-39991">Winter threatens the IDPs in the Washokani Camp</a>.For the displaced people in northern and eastern Syria, winter is a torture: many set up for those seeking shelter have already collapsed due to rain and wind. Almost all international aid organisations are watching the misery. ANF HESEKÊ Tuesday, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-682"><a href="#cite_ref-682">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/syria-oil-smuggling-hyena-sdf-deir-ezzor-tankers.html">Residents in northeast Syria brace for winter as oil smugglers thrive</a>, by Dan Wilkofsky 18 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-683"><a href="#cite_ref-683">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/ignorance-of-aid-organisations-exacerbates-the-situation-of-idps-39283">Ignorance of aid organisations exacerbates the situation of IDPs</a> Hundreds of thousands have fled home due to the attacks of the AKP regime and its gangs on Northern Syria. The living conditions of the refugees are being exacerbated by the ignorance of international aid organisations. ANF HESEKE Wednesday, 13 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-un_refugees-684">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_refugees_684-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_refugees_684-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/19/clash-at-un-security-council-over-cross-border-aid-for-syria">"Clash at UN Security Council over cross-border aid for Syria"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Clash+at+UN+Security+Council+over+cross-border+aid+for+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F19%2Fclash-at-un-security-council-over-cross-border-aid-for-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_VOA_12/2019-685"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_VOA_12/2019_685-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/un-ability-get-lifesaving-aid-4-million-syrians-risk">UN: Ability to Get Lifesaving Aid to 4 Million Syrians at Risk</a> By Margaret Besheer, 18 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-686"><a href="#cite_ref-686">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-un/russia-backed-by-china-casts-14th-u-n-veto-on-syria-to-block-cross-border-aid-idUSKBN1YO23V">Russia, backed by China, casts 14th U.N. veto on Syria to block cross-border aid</a>. 20 December 2019. Reuters. </li> <li id="cite_note-687"><a href="#cite_ref-687">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/e3d23c9f8ecdb2a146b55f3464d15660">UN defeats rival resolutions to keep Syria cross-border aid</a> By EDITH M. LEDERER, 20 December 2019, ap.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-688"><a href="#cite_ref-688">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2019/12/22/us-slams-china-russia-veto-on-humanitarian-aid-to-syria">US slams China, Russia veto on humanitarian aid to Syria</a>, DAILY SABAH WITH AFP, ISTANBUL 22 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-689"><a href="#cite_ref-689">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/12/21/russia-china-block-extension-of-syria-cross-border-aid">Russia, China block extension of cross-borderhumanitarian aid for millions of Syrians</a>, alaraby.co.uk </li> <li id="cite_note-690"><a href="#cite_ref-690">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/eu-affairs/84361/eu-condemns-turkey-again-while-sticking-to-its-position-on-the-kurdish-administration-in-north-east-syria/">EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria</a>, Tuesday, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-691"><a href="#cite_ref-691">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/sdf-woo-syria-kurd-rivals-turkey-assault.html">SDF woos Syrian Kurdish rivals in wake of Turkish assault</a>, Amberin Zaman 4 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-what_now-692">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_692-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_692-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/09122019">2 months of Operation Peace Spring: what now?</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/10122019">Russia wants Syrian Kurds to unify, clarify their demands of Moscow: Kurdish opposition</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/kurds-syria-pyd-national-council-russia-syrian-regime.html">Syria's Kurdish parties do not see eye to eye</a>, Shivan Ibrahim 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/faisal-azouz-our-goal-is-to-know-regions-project-we-do-not-wish-to-see-any-disagreement-h13091.html">Faisal Azouz: Our goal is to know region's project, we do not wish to see any disagreement</a>. The coordinator of the National Dialogue Follow-up Committee of the Arab Socialist Baath Party, Faisal, indicated that they were looking for ways to find a formula for compatibility between the Autonomous Administration project and Article 107 of the Syrian constitution related to local administrations. 8 Dec 2019, Sun - 13:54 2019-12-08T13:54:00 QAMISHLO_ SHINDA AKRAM – AKRAM BARAKAT. </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2027786/northeast-syria-between-autonomous-local-administrations">Northeast Syria Between Autonomous, Local Administrations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210165246/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2027786/northeast-syria-between-autonomous-local-administrations">Archived</a> 10 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Monday, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-697"><a href="#cite_ref-697">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/e0a4a994-9c19-4560-af63-eeddc1c0aac2">Syrian delegation explores dialogue between Kurds and Damascus, following US withdrawal</a> by Wladimir van Wilgenburg, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-698"><a href="#cite_ref-698">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/ehme-we-are-ready-for-dialogue-with-damascus-39977">Ehmê: We are ready for dialogue with Damascus</a> – ANF RAQQA Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019, 09:33. "We are ready for dialogue with the Damascus government for a lasting solution to the Syrian crisis," said Luqman Ehmê, spokesman for the North East Syria Autonomous Administration in a press release. </li> <li id="cite_note-699"><a href="#cite_ref-699">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/sdf-general-commander-abdi-met-wise-leaders-40002">SDF General Commander Abdi met Wise leaders</a>. SDF General Commander Mazlum Abdi met with the Committee of Wise people in North and East Syria. At the meeting, developments in the region were discussed. NF NEWS DESK Wednesday, 11 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-700"><a href="#cite_ref-700">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/b622efd0-c175-4602-aa3c-a118cd8ee09e">Syrian Kurdish leader calls on US, Russia to prevent ethnic cleansing by Turkey</a>, Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg | 11 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-701"><a href="#cite_ref-701">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adarpress.net/english/index.php/news/3013-al-mulhim-the-syrian-delegation-s-meeting-with-the-self-management-parties-was-positive">Al-Mulhim: The Syrian delegation's meeting with the self-management parties was positive</a>, Published on Monday, 9 December 2019, adarpress.com </li> <li id="cite_note-702"><a href="#cite_ref-702">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191211-sdf-meets-arab-tribes-to-discourage-them-from-joining-syria-regime-army/">SDF meets Arab tribes to discourage them from joining Syria regime army</a>, 11 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-703"><a href="#cite_ref-703">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/what-is-happening-in-al-shirkark-silos-in-ain-issa-district-h13119.html">What is happening in al-Shirkark silos in Ain Issa district?</a> The Turkish occupation army withdrew from al-Shirkrak silo, according it seems agreement with Russia, while yesterday, the Russian forces headed with the Syrian regime to remove mines in the silos' vicinity, we have no precise information about the forces which will be stationed in the silos. 10 Dec 2019, Tue - 14:38 2019-12-10T14:38:00 AIN ISSA – SHARVIN MUSTAFA. hawarnews.com </li> <li id="cite_note-704"><a href="#cite_ref-704">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/turkish-forces-re-occupy-the-wheat-silo-it-retreated-from-39989">Turkish forces re-occupy the wheat silo they retreated from.</a> AIN ISSA Tuesday, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-705"><a href="#cite_ref-705">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/051220193">Russia has pledged to remove Turkish forces from strategic highway</a>, 05-12-2019 by Karwan Faidhi Dri. </li> <li id="cite_note-706"><a href="#cite_ref-706">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/23/life-on-the-front-lines-in-northern-syria/">Life on the Front Lines in Northern Syria</a>; With echoes of shelling from Turkish-allied forces nearby, families sheltering in abandoned villages wonder when they can go home. BY JADE SACKER, 23 NOVEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-707"><a href="#cite_ref-707">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirwan_Kajjo2019" class="citation web cs1">Sirwan Kajjo (8 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/russian-syrian-regime-forces-step-attacks-rebel-stronghold-idlib">"Russian, Syrian Regime Forces Step Up Attacks on Rebel Stronghold Idlib"</a>. Voice of America. 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The Syrian pound sank to a new record low on Monday as investors scrambled for dollars ahead of new U.S. sanctions later this month, which many fear will tighten the noose around President Bashar al Assad's government, dealers and bankers said. 8 June 2020, Reuters. </li> <li id="cite_note-740"><a href="#cite_ref-740">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/syrian-currency-collapse-throws-country-into-uncertainty-630719">Syrian currency collapse throws country into uncertainty</a> The Syrian regime thought it was finally out of the woods in its almost decade-long civil war. By SETH J. 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Throughout the war in Syria, Lebanon had been used by Syrians as a reliable place to withdraw dollars. "Syrians, who bought a lot of their dollars in Lebanon, suddenly couldn't access dollars, the value of the Syrian pound started to collapse. </li> <li id="cite_note-743"><a href="#cite_ref-743">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/06/11/assad-syria-collapse-313276">Is Assad About to Fall?</a> While the world wasn't watching, Syria has edged toward collapse, and the dictator is in his weakest position ever. 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Der Spiegel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Italien%3A+Hat+der+Islamische+Staat+14+Tonnen+Capatgon-Tabletten+geschmuggelt%3F+-+DER+SPIEGEL+-+Politik&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.aulast=SPIEGEL&rft.aufirst=Christoph+Reuter%2C+DER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fitalien-hat-der-islamische-staat-14-tonnen-captagon-tabletten-geschmuggelt-a-5501a79f-096b-4998-9d29-0b95594fe359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-751"><a href="#cite_ref-751">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPIEGEL2020" class="citation news cs1">SPIEGEL, Christoph Reuter, DER (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-assads-gegen-makhloufs-der-familienkrieg-von-damaskus-a-00000000-0002-0001-0000-000170923519">"Der Familienkrieg von Damaskus - DER SPIEGEL - Politik"</a>. Der Spiegel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Der+Familienkrieg+von+Damaskus+-+DER+SPIEGEL+-+Politik&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.aulast=SPIEGEL&rft.aufirst=Christoph+Reuter%2C+DER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fsyrien-assads-gegen-makhloufs-der-familienkrieg-von-damaskus-a-00000000-0002-0001-0000-000170923519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-752"><a href="#cite_ref-752">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/9/Russias-expanding-military-footprint-in-the-Middle-East">Warm waters at last: Russia's expanding military footprint in the Middle East</a>. Russia is increasing its presence in the wider Middle East and North Africa region through the deployment of its armed forces, the sale of arms and the establishment of new military bases. In recent weeks, it began negotiating the establishment of new concessions from the Syrian regime on its indefinite military presence in that country and has also become more directly involved in the civil war tearing Libya apart. 9 June 2020. alaraby.co.uk. </li> <li id="cite_note-753"><a href="#cite_ref-753">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/rojava-kurds-syria/">Is This the End of Rojava?The Kurdish region of northeast Syria was autonomous for seven years, but had to ask the Syrian government for protection after an invasion by Turkey.</a> By Mireille Court and Chris Den Hond, FEBRUARY 18, 2020, The Nation website. </li> <li id="cite_note-754"><a href="#cite_ref-754">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/we-stand-in-solidarity-with-rojava-an-example-to-the-world">We stand in solidarity with Rojava, an example to the world</a>.Leaders from social movements, communities and First Nations from around the world, including LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, Eve Ensler and Stuart Basden on the Turkish invasion in north-east Syria. Fri 1 Nov 2019 guardian.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-755"><a href="#cite_ref-755">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/3161976/statement-regarding-syrian-democratic-forces-security-operation-in-al-hol-camp/">Statement regarding Syrian Democratic Forces security operation in al-Hol camp</a>, 18 Sept. 2022 U.S. Army Central Command Communication Integration official statement. </li> <li id="cite_note-756"><a href="#cite_ref-756">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rojavainformationcenter.com/2022/07/the-syrian-national-army-the-turkish-proxy-militias-of-northern-syria/">The Syrian National Army: The Turkish Proxy Militias of Northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721092444/https://rojavainformationcenter.com/2022/07/the-syrian-national-army-the-turkish-proxy-militias-of-northern-syria/">Archived</a> 21 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 21 July 2022, Rojava official website. </li> <li id="cite_note-757"><a href="#cite_ref-757">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/president-erdogan-reiterates-determination-for-syria-operation-175967">"President Erdoğan reiterates determination for Syria operation - Türkiye News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=President+Erdo%C4%9Fan+reiterates+determination+for+Syria+operation+-+T%C3%BCrkiye+News&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpresident-erdogan-reiterates-determination-for-syria-operation-175967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-758"><a href="#cite_ref-758">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-syria-news-kurds-deal-bashar-al-assad-sdf-latest-updates-a9154561.html">Syria's Kurds strike deal with Assad after being abandoned by US</a>, Kurdish fighters agree to hand over border towns to Damascus in deal brokered by Russia], Richard Hall, Sunday 13 October 2019, the UK Independent. </li> <li id="cite_note-759"><a href="#cite_ref-759">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-08-28/u-s-backed-syrian-kurdish-forces-move-to-halt-brutal-torture-at-is-camp">U.S.-Backed Syrian Kurdish Forces Move to Halt 'Brutal Torture' at IS Camp</a>, by Reuters, 28 Aug. 2022, </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_9-2022-760"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_9-2022_760-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2162421/middle-east">Syria may ‘return to larger-scale fighting,’ UN warns in new report</a>, Sept 14, 2022, Arab News. </li> <li id="cite_note-761"><a href="#cite_ref-761">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/analysis/turkey-cusp-restoring-ties-syrias-assad">Is Turkey on the cusp of restoring ties with Syria's Assad?</a>, Adnan Nasser, Christopher Solomon, 22 August 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-762"><a href="#cite_ref-762">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/10/07/turkeys-president-erdogan-hints-at-meeting-syrias-bashar-al-assad/">Turkey's President Erdogan hints at meeting Syria's Bashar Al Assad</a>, 7 October 2022, The National. </li> <li id="cite_note-763"><a href="#cite_ref-763">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-signals-possible-rapprochement-with-syria-/6763615.html">Turkey Signals Possible Rapprochement With Syria</a>, by Ezel Sahinkaya, 26 September 2022, VOA News. </li> <li id="cite_note-764"><a href="#cite_ref-764">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dawnmena.org/normalization-with-assad-could-lead-to-a-new-exodus-of-syrian-refugees/">Normalization With Assad Could Lead to a New Exodus of Syrian Refugees</a>, 23 September 2022, Democracy In Exile, by Rena Netjes. </li> <li id="cite_note-765"><a href="#cite_ref-765">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2185101">Turkish election the keyword for Erdogan's normalization with Assad</a>, by Ghassahn Ibrahim, 21 October 2022, Arab News. </li> <li id="cite_note-766"><a href="#cite_ref-766">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/rights-group-turkey-forces-hundreds-to-return-to-syria/600218465/">Rights group: Turkey forces hundreds to return to Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024153823/https://www.startribune.com/rights-group-turkey-forces-hundreds-to-return-to-syria/600218465/">Archived</a> 24 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Associated Press, OCTOBER 24, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-767"><a href="#cite_ref-767">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3950031/sdf-commander-mazloum-abdi-asharq-al-awsat-our-forces-cannot-be-dismantled">SDF Commander Mazloum Abdi to Asharq Al-Awsat: Our Forces Cannot Be Dismantled</a>, Tuesday, 25 October 2022, aawsat.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-768"><a href="#cite_ref-768">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/envoy-push-nationwide-cease-fire-syria-91619149">Envoy says UN to push for nationwide cease-fire in Syria.</a> The U.N. envoy for Syria says the United Nations will push for a nationwide cease-fire in the war-wrecked country — even after bursts of fighting in the last rebel-held region have punctured a two-year truce there ByALBERT AJI Associated Press, October 17, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-769"><a href="#cite_ref-769">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/guneyyildiz/2022/10/22/the-power-shift-in-north-west-syria-three-consequences-of-hayat-tahrir-al-shams-hts-seizure-of-afrin">The Power Shift In North West Syria: Three Consequences Of Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham's (HTS) Seizure Of Afrin</a>, by Guney Yildiz ,Oct 22, 2022 forbes.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-770"><a href="#cite_ref-770">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/syrian-jihadist-group-hts-armed-groups-agree-uneasy-truce">Syrian jihadist group HTS, armed groups agree to uneasy truce.</a> Hayat Tahrir al-Sham has seized several cities and towns in areas under the control of the Turkish-backed factions after days of clashes between rival factions, by Ahmed Read Jamus, 23 October 2022, al-monitor.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-771"><a href="#cite_ref-771">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesinstitute.org/nonstate-actors/the-limits-of-northeast-syrias-talks-with-the-assad-regime/">Talks with the Assad Regime</a>, byCalvin Wilder, August 22, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-772"><a href="#cite_ref-772">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/88619">Mazloum Abdi: Turkish Attacks Impact Fight Against ISIS</a>, 12 December 2022, website of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. </li> <li id="cite_note-773"><a href="#cite_ref-773">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/turkish-occupation-launches-more-than-43-attacks-on-mediay-areas-h35649.html">Turkish occupation launches more than 43 attacks on Mediay areas, 21 March 2023, hawarnews website. </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-774"><a href="#cite_ref-774">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/03/turkey-syria-summit-postponed-last-minute-russia-nudges-rivals-reconcile">Turkey-Syria summit postponed at last minute as Russia nudges rivals to reconcile</a>, The two countries' deputy foreign ministers plus those of Russia and Iran had been due to meet to discuss further rapprochement efforts, by Andrew Wilks, 16 March 2023, Al-Monitor website. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebanon_2023_v151-775"><a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon_2023_v151_775-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Christou2023" class="citation web cs1">William Christou (18 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/news/protests-against-living-conditions-spread-across-syria">"Protests against living conditions spread across Syria"</a>. The New Arab. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protests+against+living+conditions+spread+across+Syria&rft.pub=The+New+Arab&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft.au=William+Christou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fprotests-against-living-conditions-spread-across-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-776"><a href="#cite_ref-776">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2023/10/09/turkey-is-trying-to-bomb-rojava-out-of-existence/">Turkey is trying to bomb Rojava out of existence</a>, By Sarah Glynn, 9 October 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters1-777"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters1_777-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-ankara-bomb-attackers-came-syria-2023-10-04/">"Turkey says bombers came from Syria, eyes cross-border targets"</a>. Reuters. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+says+bombers+came+from+Syria%2C+eyes+cross-border+targets&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkey-says-ankara-bomb-attackers-came-syria-2023-10-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703995">"Syria profile - Timeline"</a>. BBC News. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14703995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li>House of Commons Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9381/">The Syrian civil war: Timeline and statistics</a>, 6 September 2022</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Institute_of_Peace2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/syria-timeline-uprising-against-assad">"Syria Timeline: Since the Uprising Against Assad"</a>. United States Institute of Peace. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Syria+Timeline%3A+Since+the+Uprising+Against+Assad&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fsyria-timeline-uprising-against-assad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria">UNHCR Syria situation data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46785140">Map of Syria showing land held by various belligerents as of January 2019</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Spring" title="Template talk:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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