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#9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page contains useful information about the Wikibooks project.</b><br/>While this is not a listing of rules or policies, it contains information about an important Wikibooks process, custom etc. This page should be helpful to our users; please <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:CHAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:CHAT">let us know</a> if it is not.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This world is full of thousands of languages, each unique in its own way. Wikibooks also hosts many different language learning books, albeit on a smaller scale, of course. </p><p>Becoming fluent in a language is a challenging endeavor, even if you do already display an aptitude for languages. This Wikibook aims to serve as a guide to determine the difficulty level of learning the language you have set your eyes on is. </p><p>Many people wonder how long it will take them to become proficient in a particular language. However, this question, of course, is impossible to answer definitively, because a lot depends on various factors such as an individual's language learning ability, motivation, learning environment, intensity of instruction, and prior experience in learning foreign languages. Last, but not least, it depends on the level of proficiency the person wishes to attain. </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" class="extiw" title="w:Foreign Service Institute">w:Foreign Service Institute</a> (FSI) of the US Department of State has compiled approximate learning expectations for a number of languages based on the length of time required to achieve Speaking 3: General Professional Proficiency in Speaking (S3) and Reading 3: General Professional Proficiency in Reading (R3). The list is limited to languages taught at the Foreign Service Institute, minus languages which don't have yet their own Wikibook. Note that this only states the views of The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the US Department of State, and many language learners and experts would disagree with the ranking. It must also be kept in mind that students at FSI are almost 40 years old, are native speakers of English and have a good aptitude for formal language study, plus knowledge of several other foreign languages. They study in small classes of no more than six. Their schedule calls for 25 hours of class per week with three or four hours per day of directed self-study. Languages deemed easy are typically those that bear similarities to English. If your native language differs, you may find instead that languages similar to your own are easier. </p><p>Before you even look at the table, here's a little advice: If you find that the language you want to learn is particularly difficult, don't let that stop you from learning it. They may well be difficult, but that doesn't mean they're impossible to learn (and once you do learn it, it will be much more rewarding)! The alleged difficulty may merely signify that a longer timeframe is necessary to master the language. Also remember that the Foreign Service Institute may have gotten things wrong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Language_difficulties" data-mw-thread-id="h-Language_difficulties"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language_difficulties"></span>Language difficulties<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language_difficulties"></span></h2></div> <p>Now for the part you've all been waiting for. "How difficult will learning language <i>x</i> be?". Well, now you can find out what the FSI thinks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Category I: "Easy languages" – Languages closely related to English</b><br/>24–30 weeks (600–750 class hours) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan">Catalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish" title="Danish">Danish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch" title="Dutch">Dutch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/French" title="French">French</a> (30 weeks) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galician" title="Galician">Galician</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian" title="Italian">Italian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian" title="Norwegian">Norwegian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese" title="Portuguese">Portuguese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian" title="Romanian">Romanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish" title="Spanish">Spanish</a> (30 weeks) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish" title="Swedish">Swedish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Category II: Languages with some linguistic and/or cultural differences from English – "Intermediate languages"</b><br/>Approximately 36 weeks (900 class hours) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German" title="German">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian" title="Indonesian">Indonesian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay" title="Malay">Malay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili">Swahili</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese language (does not exist)">Javanese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jumieka" title="Jumieka">Jumieka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Category III: Languages with significant linguistic and/or cultural differences from English – "Hard languages"</b><br/>Approximately 44 weeks (1100 class hours) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian" title="Albanian">Albanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian" title="Armenian">Armenian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian" title="Belarusian">Belarusian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali">Bengali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikol" title="Bikol">Bikol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian" title="Bosnian">Bosnian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian" title="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese (does not exist)">Burmese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano">Cebuano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian" title="Croatian">Croatian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech" title="Czech">Czech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzongkha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzongkha (does not exist)">Dzongkha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Estonian" title="Estonian">Estonian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Finnish" title="Finnish">Finnish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Georgian" title="Georgian">Georgian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek">Greek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati">Gujarati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Hungarian" title="Hungarian">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic" title="Icelandic">Icelandic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocano" title="Ilocano">Ilocano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish" title="Irish">Irish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakh (does not exist)">Kazakh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish" title="Kurdish">Kurdish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz (does not exist)">Kyrgyz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khmer (does not exist)">Khmer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao (does not exist)">Lao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian" title="Latvian">Latvian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian" title="Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian" title="Macedonian">Macedonian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">Marathi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Mongolian" title="Mongolian">Mongolian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali">Nepali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persian (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dari (does not exist)">Dari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik" title="Tajik">Tajik</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish" title="Polish">Polish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi">Punjabi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian" title="Russian">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian" title="Serbian">Serbian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak" title="Slovak">Slovak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian">Slovenian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali" title="Somali">Somali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog" title="Tagalog">Tagalog</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil">Tamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya" title="Tanchangya">Tanchangya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu">Telugu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetum" title="Tetum">Tetum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Thai" title="Thai">Thai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish" title="Turkish">Turkish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmen" title="Turkmen">Turkmen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian" title="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek" title="Uzbek">Uzbek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese" title="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xhosa (does not exist)">Xhosa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zulu" title="Zulu">Zulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Category IV: "Super Hard languages" – Languages which are quite difficult for native English speakers</b><br/>88 weeks (2200 class hours, about half that time preferably spent studying in-country) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<a href="/wiki/Japanese" title="Japanese">Japanese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean" title="Korean">Korean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin">Mandarin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a> (Hokkien Min Nan) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu">Wu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>*Languages preceded by asterisks are typically somewhat more difficult for native English speakers to learn than other languages in the same category. </p><p><br/> Many people in the <a href="/wiki/Conlang" title="Conlang">conlang</a> community attempt to design international auxiliary languages specifically designed to be much easier to learn than natural languages. </p> <table class="plainlinks noprint messagebox notice" style="width:250px; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px; margin-left:10px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"><td style="padding:0.1em; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:45px; border:none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></span></span></td> <td style="color:black; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0.5em; padding-left:0em; border:none;"> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="w:">Wikipedia</a> has related information at <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language"><i><b> international auxiliary language</b></i></a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4267181">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4271529">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/foreign-language-training/">"Foreign Language Training"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Foreign+Language+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fforeign-language-training%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikibooks.org%3AWikibooks%3ALanguage+Learning+Difficulty+for+English+Speakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <table class="plainlinks noprint messagebox notice" style="width:250px; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px; margin-left:10px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"><td style="padding:0.1em; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:45px; border:none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></span></span></td> <td style="color:black; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0.5em; padding-left:0em; border:none;"> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="w:">Wikipedia</a> has related information at <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education"><i><b>Language education</b></i></a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4271531">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikibooks_editor_navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4271531"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4271518">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Computing" title="Department:Computing">Computing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Engineering" title="Department:Engineering">Engineering</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Humanities" title="Department:Humanities">Humanities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Languages" title="Department:Languages">Languages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Mathematics" title="Department:Mathematics">Mathematics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Science" title="Department:Science">Science</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Social_sciences" title="Department:Social sciences">Social sciences</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Standard_curricula" title="Department:Standard curricula">Standard curricula</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Shelf:Help" title="Shelf:Help">Wikibooks and MediaWiki help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:PDF_versions" title="Wikibooks:PDF versions">PDF versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requested_books" title="Wikibooks:Requested books">Requested books</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ" title="Help:FAQ">FAQs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Overview" title="Help:FAQ/Overview">Wikibooks overview</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Readers" title="Help:FAQ/Readers">Readers</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Contributing" title="Help:FAQ/Contributing">Contributing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Editing" title="Help:FAQ/Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Administration" title="Help:FAQ/Administration">Administration</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Problems" title="Help:FAQ/Problems">Problems</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Navigating" title="Help:Navigating">Navigating</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pages" title="Help:Pages">Pages (Creating, Namespaces, Discussing, Archiving, Moving, Merging, Deleting)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes" title="Help:Tracking changes">Tracking changes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Account_management" title="Help:Account management">Account management</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Contributing" title="Help:Contributing">Contributing (Why and why not contribute? Starting a book)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tables" title="Help:Tables">Tables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Variables" title="Help:Variables">Variables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Formulas" title="Help:Formulas">Formulas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Quizzes" title="Help:Quizzes">Quizzes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Local_manuals_of_style" title="Help:Local manuals of style">Local manuals of style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:Style_guide" title="Wikijunior:Style guide">Wikijunior</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Collections" title="Help:Collections">Collections</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Importing" title="Help:Importing">Importing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editnotices" title="Help:Editnotices">Editnotices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Database_download" title="Help:Database download">Database download</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Development_stages" title="Help:Development stages">Development stages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Dialog" title="Help:Dialog">Dialog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Assistant" title="Wikibooks:Assistant">Assistant</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Export" title="Help:Export">Export</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Print_versions" title="Help:Print versions">Print versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> Help books (<a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks" title="Using Wikibooks">Using Wikibooks</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext" title="Editing Wikitext">Editing Wikitext</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:Templates" title="Help:Templates">Template help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates" title="Wikibooks:Templates">Template index</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Book_information" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Book information">Book information</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/General" title="Wikibooks:Templates/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Sources" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Sources">Sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Links" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Links">Links</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation">Navigation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Files" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Media" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Media">Media</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing_issues_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing issues notices">Licensing issues notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs">Stubs</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_messages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User messages">User messages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User notices">User notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_pages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User pages">User pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion">Discussion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Featured_books" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Featured books">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Templates" title="Category:Templates">Template categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Making_Templates_A101" title="Editing Wikitext/Making Templates A101">Making Templates A101</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Templates_Ready_to_Use" title="Editing Wikitext/Templates Ready to Use">Templates Ready to Use</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room" title="Wikibooks:Reading room">Reading room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Proposals" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals">Proposals</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Projects" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects">Projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books/Nominations" title="Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Technical_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance">Technical</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance">Administrative</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Undeletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Undeletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import" title="Wikibooks:Requests for import">Import</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions" title="Wikibooks:Requests for permissions">Permissions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Bulletin_Board" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board">Bulletin Board</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Useful_Wikibooks_pages" title="Category:Useful Wikibooks pages">Useful pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Accuracy_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:Accuracy dispute">Accuracy dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Authorship" title="Wikibooks:Authorship">Authorship</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Autoblock" title="Wikibooks:Autoblock">Autoblock</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_donations" title="Wikibooks:Book donations">Book donations</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Categories" title="Wikibooks:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dealing_with_vandalism" title="Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism">Dealing with vandalism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dewikify" title="Wikibooks:Dewikify">Dewikify</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:How_to_obtain_public_domain_books" title="Wikibooks:How to obtain public domain books">How to obtain public domain books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language Learning Difficulty</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Licensing_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Licensing guidelines">Licensing guidelines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikibooks:NPOV dispute">NPOV dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_Levels" title="Wikibooks:Reading Levels">Reading Levels</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Render_as_PNG" title="Wikibooks:Render as PNG">Render as PNG</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Subject_pages" title="Wikibooks:Subject pages">Subject pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Textbook_standards" title="Wikibooks:Textbook standards">Textbook standards</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:User_rights" title="Wikibooks:User rights">User rights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_course_instructors" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for course instructors">Wikibooks for course instructors</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_Wikimedians" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians">Wikibooks for Wikimedians</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikimedia" title="Wikibooks:Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks" title="Category:Wikibooks">Other<br/>project pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome" title="Wikibooks:Welcome">Welcome</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox" title="Wikibooks:Sandbox">Sandbox</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Contact_us" title="Wikibooks:Contact us">Contact us</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_disclaimers" title="Category:Wikibooks disclaimers">Disclaimers category</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:CCO_Resources" title="Wikibooks:CCO Resources">CCO Resources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Shortcuts</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Community_Portal" title="Wikibooks:Community Portal">Community Portal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiProject" title="Wikibooks:WikiProject">WikiProject</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Essays" title="Wikibooks:Essays">Wikibooks essays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_essays" title="Category:Wikibooks essays">Essays category</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_sources" title="Wikibooks:Book sources">Book sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_as_an_aid_to_teaching" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks as an aid to teaching">Wikibooks for teaching</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Guidelines_for_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:Guidelines for class projects">Guidelines for class projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:List_of_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:List of class projects">List of class projects</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a 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