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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikolai Kardashev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 31 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81" title="نيكولاي كارداشيف – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاي كارداشيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81" title="نيكولاى كارداشيف – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاى كارداشيف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karda%C5%9Fev" title="Nikolay Kardaşev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolay Kardaşev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кардашёв Николай Семёнович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кардашёв Николай Семёнович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Николай Кардашев – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николай Кардашев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kardaixov" title="Nikolai Kardaixov – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nikolai Kardaixov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Semjonovi%C4%8D_Karda%C5%A1ov" title="Nikolaj Semjonovič Kardašov – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikolaj Semjonovič Kardašov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Semjonowitsch_Kardaschow" title="Nikolai Semjonowitsch Kardaschow – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikolai Semjonowitsch Kardaschow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%86" title="Νικολάι Καρντάσεφ – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολάι Καρντάσεφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kardashev" title="Nikolai Kardashev – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nikolai Kardashev" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikol%C3%A1i_Kardashov" title="Nikolái Kardashov – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nikolái Kardashov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kardaxov" title="Nikolai Kardaxov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolai Kardaxov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81" title="نیکلای کارداشف – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلای کارداشف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Karda%C5%A1ov" title="Nikolai Kardašov – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikolai Kardašov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Kardachev" title="Nikolaï Kardachev – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nikolaï Kardachev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyikolaj_Szemjonovics_Kardasov" title="Nyikolaj Szemjonovics Kardasov – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyikolaj Szemjonovics Kardasov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Karda%C5%A1%C3%ABv" title="Nikolaj Kardašëv – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nikolaj Kardašëv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95" title="ニコライ・カルダシェフ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコライ・カルダシェフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Kardachev" title="Nikolaï Kardachev – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikolaï Kardachev" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Kardasjov" title="Nikolaj Kardasjov – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikolaj Kardasjov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niko%C5%82aj_Kardaszow" title="Nikołaj Kardaszow – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikołaj Kardaszow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kardashev" title="Nikolai Kardashev – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nikolai Kardashev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Karda%C8%99ev" title="Nicolai Kardașev – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolai Kardașev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кардашёв, Николай Семёнович – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кардашёв, Николай Семёнович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Semjonovi%C4%8D_Karda%C5%A1ov" title="Nikolaj Semjonovič Kardašov – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikolaj Semjonovič Kardašov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Kardasjev" title="Nikolaj Kardasjev – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikolaj Kardasjev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்கொலாய் கர்தசோவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கொலாய் கர்தசோவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karda%C5%9Fev" title="Nikolay Kardaşev – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikolay Kardaşev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кардашов Микола Семенович – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кардашов Микола Семенович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Semenovich_Kardashev" title="Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%82%96%E5%A4%AB" title="尼古拉·卡尔达肖夫 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉·卡尔达肖夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span class="fn">Nikolai Kardashev</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lahir</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span class="nickname">Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-04-25</span>)</span>25 April 1932<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">3 Agustus 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-08-03)</span> (umur 87)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kebangsaan</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pekerjaan</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Astrofisikawan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dikenal atas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Kardashev" title="Skala Kardashev">Skala Kardashev</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-bottom:2px gray;text-align:center;"><b>Penghargaan</b></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><small>(2014)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1185606" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1185606"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Demidov Prize</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185606?uselang=id" title="Terjemahkan"><img alt="Terjemahkan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li><li><small>(2011)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2268261" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2268261"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Order of Honour</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268261?uselang=id" title="Terjemahkan"><img alt="Terjemahkan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg/30px-RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg/45px-RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg/60px-RUS_Order_of_Honour_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li><li><small>(1988)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q758861" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q758861"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">USSR State Prize</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758861?uselang=id" title="Terjemahkan"><img alt="Terjemahkan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li><li><small>(1980)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q758861" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q758861"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">USSR State Prize</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758861?uselang=id" title="Terjemahkan"><img alt="Terjemahkan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318814?uselang=id#P166" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв</span>; 25 April 1932 – 3 Agustus 2019) adalah seorang astrofisikawan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (sebelumnya <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>), dan wakil kepala <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Space_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Space Research Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Russian Space Research Institute</a></i>. </p><p>Kardashev lulus dari <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Negeri_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Negeri Moskwa">Universitas Negeri Moskwa</a> pada tahun 1955 </p><p>Pada tahun 1963, Kardashev meneliti quasar <a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a>, sebagai upayanya untuk mencari kehidupan cerdas. Dalam penelitian tersebut ia mengagas bahwa <a href="/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban">peradaban</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi">galaksi</a> tertentu mungkin jutaan atau miliaran tahun lebih maju dari kita. Kardashev lalu menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Skala_Kardashev" title="Skala Kardashev">skema klasifikasi Kardashev</a> untuk mengelompokan peradaban-peradaban semacam itu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Kardashev&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Kardashev&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rossaprimavera.ru/news/79e0fc22">"Умер выдающийся советский астрофизик Николай Кардашев"</a> [Ahli astrofisika Soviet Nikolai Kardashev meninggal]. <i>Красная Весна</i> (dalam bahasa Rusia). 4 Agustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Agustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frossaprimavera.ru%2Fnews%2F79e0fc22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ANikolai+Kardashev" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Kardashev&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Kardashev&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Kardashev, Nikolai (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985IAUS..112..497K"><i>"On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations" in "The search for extraterrestrial life: Recent developments; Proceedings of the Symposium, Boston, MA,June 18–21, 1984"</i></a>. hlm. 497–504.</cite><span 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