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id="toc-Motorsport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_innovation_–_hydraulic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_innovation_–_hydraulic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical innovation – hydraulic systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_innovation_–_hydraulic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Citroën_brand_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Citroën_brand_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effect on Citroën brand development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Citroën_brand_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacing_the_DS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacing_the_DS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Replacing the DS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacing_the_DS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ID_19_submodel_to_extend_brand_downwards_(1957–69)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ID_19_submodel_to_extend_brand_downwards_(1957–69)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>ID 19 submodel to extend brand downwards (1957–69)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ID_19_submodel_to_extend_brand_downwards_(1957–69)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D_Spécial_and_D_Super_(1970–75)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D_Spécial_and_D_Super_(1970–75)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>D Spécial and D Super (1970–75)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D_Spécial_and_D_Super_(1970–75)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_2_–_Nose_redesign_in_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_2_–_Nose_redesign_in_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Series 2 – Nose redesign in 1962</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_2_–_Nose_redesign_in_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_3_–_Nose_redesign_in_1967_with_directional_headlights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_3_–_Nose_redesign_in_1967_with_directional_headlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Series 3 – Nose redesign in 1967 with directional headlights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_3_–_Nose_redesign_in_1967_with_directional_headlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_"green"_hydraulic_fluid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_"green"_hydraulic_fluid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>New "green" hydraulic fluid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_"green"_hydraulic_fluid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_sales_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_sales_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International sales and production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_sales_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DS_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DS_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>DS in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DS_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Design variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pallas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pallas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Pallas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pallas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Station_wagon,_Familiale,_and_ambulance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Station_wagon,_Familiale,_and_ambulance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Station wagon, Familiale, and ambulance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Station_wagon,_Familiale,_and_ambulance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convertible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convertible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Convertible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convertible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapron_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapron_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Chapron variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapron_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bossaert_coupé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bossaert_coupé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Bossaert coupé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bossaert_coupé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>The Reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michelin_PLR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michelin_PLR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Michelin PLR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michelin_PLR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_taxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_taxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span><i>Back to the Future Part II</i> taxi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_taxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suspension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Suspension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_and_reserve_of_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_and_reserve_of_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Source and reserve of pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_and_reserve_of_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gearbox_and_clutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gearbox_and_clutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Gearbox and clutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gearbox_and_clutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydraulique_or_Citromatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulique_or_Citromatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span><i>Hydraulique</i> or <i>Citromatic</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulique_or_Citromatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manual—four-speed_and_five-speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual—four-speed_and_five-speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Manual—four-speed and five-speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual—four-speed_and_five-speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fully-automatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fully-automatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Fully-automatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fully-automatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Production figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citroën DS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="سيتروين دي إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيتروين دي إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD_DS" title="Ситроен DS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ситроен DS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="سیتروئن دی‌اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیتروئن دی‌اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_DS" title="סיטרואן DS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיטרואן DS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBDS" title="シトロエン・DS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シトロエン・DS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86_DS" title="سٹرن DS – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹرن DS" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD_DS" title="Ситроен DS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ситроен DS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Citroën DS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E9%93%81%E9%BE%99DS" title="雪铁龙DS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雪铁龙DS" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original 1955–1975 car model. For the concept car, see <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_Inside" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën DS Inside">Citroën DS Inside</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> marque launched in 2009, see <a href="/wiki/DS_Automobiles" title="DS Automobiles">DS Automobiles</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Motor vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C0C0C0; padding:0.25em 1em; text-align:center;">Citroën DS</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bornholm_Rundt_2012_(2012-07-08),_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg/280px-Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg/420px-Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg/560px-Bornholm_Rundt_2012_%282012-07-08%29%2C_by_Klugschnacker_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Citroën DS 19 / DS 21 / DS 23</li> <li>Citroën D Special</li> <li>Citroën D Super</li> <li>Citroën ID 19 / ID 21</li> <li>Citroën DW (UK, 1962–1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1955–1975</li> <li>1,455,746 produced<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assembly</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>France: <a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="15th arrondissement of Paris">Paris (Vaugirard)</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Victoria" title="Heidelberg, Victoria">Heidelberg, Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Mangualde" title="Mangualde">Mangualde</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Slough,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Slough, England">Slough, England</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Koper,_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koper, Slovenia">Koper, Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Designer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="André Lefèbvre">André Lefèbvre</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Body and chassis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a></li> <li>5-door <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">wagon</a> (Safari)</li> <li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Front_mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Front mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">MF layout</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">Citroën SM</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Powertrain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1911 cc <a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">I4</a> (DS/ID 19)</li><li>1985 cc I4 (DS 20)</li><li>2175 cc I4 (DS 21)</li><li>2347 cc I4 (DS 23)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Transmission</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">3-speed <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic</a><br />4-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a><br />5-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a><br />4-speed <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,124 mm (123.0 in)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">4,826 mm (190.0 in) (saloon)<br />4,991 mm (196.5 in) (estate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,791 mm (70.5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1,464 mm (57.6 in) (saloon)<br />1,537 mm (60.5 in) (estate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Curb_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb weight">Curb weight</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,270 kg (2,800 lb)(saloon) <br />1,384 kg (3,051 lb) (estate)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">Citroën CX</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Citroën DS</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[si.tʁɔ.ɛn<span class="wrap"> </span>de.ɛs]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">front mid-engined, front-wheel drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">executive car</a> manufactured and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> from 1955 to 1975, in fastback/sedan, wagon/estate, and convertible body configurations, across three series of one generation. </p><p>Marketed with a less expensive variant, the <b>Citroën ID</b>, the DS was known for its aerodynamic, futuristic body design; unorthodox, quirky, and innovative technology, and set new standards in <a href="/wiki/Ride_quality" title="Ride quality">ride quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">handling</a>, and braking,<sup id="cite_ref-retrothing.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrothing.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to both being the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> car equipped with <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Disc_brakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc brakes">disc brakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hemmings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemmings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1967 series 3 also introduced <i>directional headlights</i> to a mass-produced car.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian sculptor and industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a> and the French aeronautical engineer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="André Lefèbvre">André Lefèbvre</a> styled and engineered the car, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mag%C3%A8s" title="Paul Magès">Paul Magès</a> developed the hydropneumatic <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Opron" title="Robert Opron">Robert Opron</a> designed the 1967 Series 3 facelift. Citroën built 1,455,746 examples in six countries, of which 1,330,755 were manufactured at Citroën's main Paris Quai de Javel (now <a href="/wiki/Quai_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Quai André-Citroën">Quai André-Citroën</a>) production plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1974_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In combination with Citroën's proven front-wheel drive, the DS was used competitively in <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rally racing</a> during almost its entire 20‑year production run, and achieved multiple major victories, as early as 1959, and as late as 1974. It placed third in the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> poll recognizing the world's most influential auto designs and was named the most beautiful car of all time by <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_%26_Sports_Car" title="Classic & Sports Car">Classic & Sports Car</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-motorcities.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorcities.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name DS and ID are puns in the French language. "DS" is pronounced exactly like <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">déesse</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">goddess</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, whereas "ID" is pronounced as <i>idée</i> ('idea'). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_history">Model history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Model history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_DS,_EuroCitro_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg/220px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg/330px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg/440px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS%2C_EuroCitro_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Turn indicators were mounted in the upper corners of the rear window, tail and brake lights integrated in chromed rear bumper.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 18 years of secret development as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a>, the DS 19 was introduced on 6 October 1955, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a>. In the first 15 minutes of the show, 743 orders were taken, and orders for the first day totalled 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-egothemag.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egothemag.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 10 days of the show, the DS took in 80,000 deposits; a record that stood for over 60 years,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was eclipsed by the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> which received 180,000 first day deposits in March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original list price for a 1959 ID19 was US$2,833 ($29,611 in 2023 dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary journalists said the DS pushed the envelope in the ride vs. handling compromise possible in a motor vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-autospeed_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autospeed-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motortrend.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motortrend.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R&T_1956_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&T_1956-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a France still deep in reconstruction after the devastation of World War II, and also building its identity in the post-colonial world, the DS was a symbol of French ingenuity.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Museum_2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Museum_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DS was distributed to many territories throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI,_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal,_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-46e_Personen_automobieltentoonstelling_in_RAI%2C_overzicht_van_de_grote_Europahal%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7914_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>At the 1963 <a href="/wiki/AutoRAI" title="AutoRAI">Amsterdam International Autoshow</a>, Citroën presented a DS body as a sculpture, upright like a rocket, on a rotating platform.</figcaption></figure> <p>It also posited the nation's relevance in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>, during the global race for technology of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Museum_2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Museum_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had "fallen from the sky".<sup id="cite_ref-id-ds.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-ds.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An American advertisement summarised this selling point: "It takes a special person to drive a special car".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they were owned by the technologically aggressive tyre manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a>, Citroën had designed their cars around the technologically superior <a href="/wiki/Radial_tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial tyre">radial tyre</a> since 1948, and the DS was no exception.<sup id="cite_ref-carhistory4u_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carhistory4u-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The car used <a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">double wishbone suspension</a> with L-shaped arms at the front and <a href="/wiki/Trailing-arm_suspension" title="Trailing-arm suspension">trailing-arms</a> at the rear, with totally novel <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic spring and damper units</a>. The car's advanced hydraulics included <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">automatic self-levelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">driver adjustable ride-height</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed in-house by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mag%C3%A8s" title="Paul Magès">Paul Magès</a>. This suspension allowed the DS to travel quickly on the poor road surfaces then common in France.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the vehicle had <a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">power steering</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic transmission</a> (the transmission required no clutch pedal but gears still had to be shifted by hand,<sup id="cite_ref-willson1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willson1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the shift lever controlling a powered hydraulic shift mechanism in place of a mechanical linkage). It had a <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> roof which lowered the centre of gravity, and so reduced <a href="/wiki/Weight_transfer" title="Weight transfer">weight transfer</a>. Inboard front disc brakes (as well as independent suspension) reduced unsprung weight. Different front and rear track widths reduced the unequal tyre loading, which is well known to promote <a href="/wiki/Understeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Understeer">understeer</a>, typical of front-engined and <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Artcurial_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artcurial-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Disc_brakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc brakes">disc brakes</a> had been tried on a car as early as 1902 by British <a href="/wiki/Lanchester_Motor_Company" title="Lanchester Motor Company">Lanchester</a>, volume production had not been applied until 1949, by USA small car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Crosley" title="Crosley">Crosley</a>, but without success. The Citroën DS was the first successful fielding of disc brakes on a mass-produced car.<sup id="cite_ref-hemmings_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemmings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, at launch the DS featured innovative <a href="/wiki/Centerlock_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerlock wheels">centerlock wheels</a> which used a captive allen bolt as the central fastener whilst a hexagonal protrusion transferred the drive to a matching recess in the wheel. This made it possible to change the wheel very quickly in the event of a puncture and proved an advantage in <a href="/wiki/Motor_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor racing">motor racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Nuancier_DS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Nuancier_DS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with all French cars, the DS design was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Tax_horsepower" title="Tax horsepower">tax horsepower</a> system, which effectively encouraged smaller engines. Unlike the <i>Traction Avant</i> predecessor, there was no top-of-range model with a powerful <a href="/wiki/Straight-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-6">six-cylinder</a> engine. Citroën had planned an air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Flat-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-6">flat-6</a> engine for the car, but did not have the funds to put the prototype engine into production. </p><p>The DS placed third in the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> competition, and fifth on the 2005 list of "100 Coolest Cars" by <i><a href="/wiki/Automobile_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile Magazine">Automobile Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-automobilemag.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-automobilemag.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also named the most beautiful car of all time by <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_%26_Sports_Car" title="Classic & Sports Car">Classic & Sports Car</a></i> magazine after a poll of 20 world-renowned car designers, including <a href="/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Callum" title="Ian Callum">Ian Callum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Axe" title="Roy Axe">Roy Axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bracq" title="Paul Bracq">Paul Bracq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Fioravanti_(engineer)" title="Leonardo Fioravanti (engineer)">Leonardo Fioravanti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-motorcities.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorcities.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motorsport">Motorsport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motorsport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg/220px-Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg/330px-Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg/440px-Timo_Korpivaara_-_1956_Rally_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>DS19 at the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Rally_Finland" title="Rally Finland">1000 Lakes Rally</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The DS was successful in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsports</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a>, where sustained speeds on poor surfaces are paramount, and won the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally" title="Monte Carlo Rally">Monte Carlo Rally</a> in 1959. In the <a href="/wiki/Rally_Finland" title="Rally Finland">1000 Lakes Rally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauli_Toivonen" title="Pauli Toivonen">Pauli Toivonen</a> drove a DS19 to victory in 1962. </p><p>In 1966, the DS won the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally" title="Monte Carlo Rally">Monte Carlo Rally</a> again, with some controversy as the competitive BMC <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>-Cooper team was disqualified due to rule infractions. Ironically, <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> was involved with DS competition again two years later, when a <a href="/wiki/Drunk_drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk drivers">drunk driver</a> in a Mini in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> crashed into the DS that was leading the 1968 <a href="/wiki/London%E2%80%93Sydney_Marathon" title="London–Sydney Marathon">London–Sydney Marathon</a>, 158 km (98 mi) from the finish line.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neyret" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Neyret">Robert Neyret</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Rallye_du_Maroc" title="Rallye du Maroc">Rallye du Maroc</a> in 1969 and 1970 in a DS 21.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DS was still competitive in the grueling <a href="/wiki/1974_London-Sahara-Munich_World_Cup_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally">1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally</a>, where it won over 70 other cars, only 5 of which even completed the entire event.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_innovation_–_hydraulic_systems"><span id="Technical_innovation_.E2.80.93_hydraulic_systems"></span>Technical innovation – hydraulic systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical innovation – hydraulic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_(2011-05-12)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/220px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/330px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/440px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>At rest, Citroën DS will slowly sink to the ground as the engine-driven hydraulic system is depressurized.</figcaption></figure> <p>In conventional cars, hydraulics are only used in brakes and <a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">power steering</a>. In the DS they were also used for the suspension, clutch, and transmission. The cheaper 1957 ID19 did have manual steering and a simplified power braking system. An engine-driven pump pressurizes the closed system to 17.2 MPa (2,490 psi)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a time when few passenger vehicles had <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a> on all wheels, the application of the hydraulic system to the car's suspension system to provide a <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling system</a> was an innovative move. This suspension allowed the car to achieve sharp handling combined with very high <a href="/wiki/Ride_quality" title="Ride quality">ride quality</a>, frequently compared to a "<a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">magic carpet</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caradvice_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caradvice-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> used was pioneered the year before, on the rear of another car from Citroën, the top of range <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a> 15CV-H. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_Citroën_brand_development"><span id="Effect_on_Citro.C3.ABn_brand_development"></span>Effect on Citroën brand development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effect on Citroën brand development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg/220px-358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg/330px-358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg/440px-358_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Parade_2005-10-09_13-35-48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Two DS and <a href="/wiki/Traction_Avant" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1955 DS cemented the Citroën brand name as an automotive innovator, building on the success of the <a href="/wiki/Traction_Avant" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a>, which had been the world's first mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">unitary body</a> front-wheel-drive car in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the DS caused such a huge sensation that Citroën was apprehensive that future models would not be of the same bold standard. No clean sheet new models were introduced from 1955 to 1970. </p><p>The DS was a large, expensive<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">executive car</a> and a downward brand extension was attempted, but without result. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Citroën developed many new vehicles for the very large, profitable market segments between the 2CV and the DS, occupied by vehicles like the <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_403" title="Peugeot 403">Peugeot 403</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">Renault 16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Cortina" title="Ford Cortina">Ford Cortina</a>, but none made it into production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either they had uneconomic build costs, or were ordinary "me too" cars, not up to the company's high standard of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. As Citroën was owned by <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a> from 1934 to 1974 as a sort of research laboratory, such broad experimentation was possible. Michelin was getting a powerful advertisement for the capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">radial tyre</a> Michelin had invented, when such experimentation was successful. </p><p>New models based on the small, utilitarian <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">economy car</a> were introduced, such as the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Ami</a>. It was also designed by <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a> and aimed to combine <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">Three-box styling</a> with the chassis of the 2CV. The Ami was very successful in France, but less so on export markets. Many found the styling controversial, and the car noisy and underpowered.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Dyane</a> was a modernised 2CV with a hatchback that competed with the 2CV inspired <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a>. All these 2 cylinder models were very small, so there remained a wide market gap to the DS range all through the 1960s. </p><p>In 1970, Citroën finally introduced a car to target the mid-range – the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">Citroën GS</a>, which won the "European car of the Year" for 1971 and sold 2.5 million units. It combined a small 41 kW (55 hp) flat-4 air-cooled engine with <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic suspension</a>. The intended 79 kW (106 hp) <a href="/wiki/Comotor" title="Comotor">Wankel rotary-engined</a> version with more power did not reach full production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replacing_the_DS">Replacing the DS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Replacing the DS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DS maintained sales and remained competitive throughout its production run. Its peak production year was 1970. Certain design elements like the somewhat narrow cabin, column-mounted <a href="/wiki/Gearstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearstick">gearstick</a>, and separate <a href="/wiki/Fender_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender (automobile)">fenders</a> began to seem a little old-fashioned in the 1970s. </p><p>Citroën invested enormous resources to design and launch an entirely new vehicle in 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM</a>, which was in effect a thoroughly modernized DS, with similar length, but greater width.<sup id="cite_ref-Fall_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manual gearbox was a modified DS unit. The front disc brakes were the same design. Axles, wheel bearings, steering knuckles, and hydraulic components were either DS parts or modified DS parts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SM had a different purpose than replacing the 15-year-old DS design, however – it was meant to launch Citroën into a completely new <a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">luxury grand touring</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Market segment">market segment</a>. Only fitted with a costly, exotic <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a> engine, the SM was faster and much more expensive than the DS. The SM was not designed to be a practical 4-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">saloon</a> suitable as a large <a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">family car</a>, the key market for vehicles of this type in Europe. Typically, manufacturers would introduce low-volume <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupés</a> based on parts shared with an existing saloon, not as unique models, a contemporary example being the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R107_and_C107" title="Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107">Mercedes-Benz SLC (C107)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMW follows a similar strategy of a mid-size sedan (5 series), large coupe (6 series), and large sedan (7 series) sharing common underpinnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Fall_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SM's high price and limited utility of the <a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a> seating configuration meant the SM as actually produced could not seize the mantle from the DS. While the design funds invested would allow the DS to be replaced by two cars, a 'modern DS' and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">CX</a>, it was left to the CX alone to provide Citroën's large family or executive car in the model range.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1974_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fall_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last DS came off the production line on 24 April 1975 – with Citroën building up approximately eight months of inventory of the 'break'/'Safari' (estate/station wagon) version of the DS, to continue sales until the autumn of 1975 when the estate/station wagon version of the CX would be introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1974_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DS maintained its size and shape, with easily removable, unstressed body panels, but design changes occurred. During the 20-year production, improvements were made on an ongoing basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ID_19_submodel_to_extend_brand_downwards_(1957–69)"><span id="ID_19_submodel_to_extend_brand_downwards_.281957.E2.80.9369.29"></span>ID 19 submodel to extend brand downwards (1957–69)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ID 19 submodel to extend brand downwards (1957–69)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1955 DS19 was 65% more expensive than the car it replaced, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This affected potential sales in a country still recovering economically from World War II, so a cheaper submodel, the Citroën ID, was introduced in 1957. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG/220px-1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG/330px-1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG/440px-1967_Citroen_ID19B_pic3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>1967 Citroën ID19B</figcaption></figure> <p>The ID shared the DS's body but was less powerful and luxurious. Although it shared the engine capacity of the DS engine (at this stage 1,911 cc), the ID provided a maximum power output of only 51 kW (69 hp) compared to the 56 kW (75 hp) claimed for the DS19.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1962_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1962-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power outputs were further differentiated in 1961 when the DS19 acquired a Weber-32 twin bodied carburettor, and the increasing availability of higher octane fuel enabled the manufacturer to increase the compression ratio from 7.5:1 to 8.5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1962_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1962-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new DS19 now came with a promised 62 kW (83 hp).<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1962_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1962-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ID19 was also more traditional mechanically: it had no power steering and had conventional transmission and clutch instead of the DS's hydraulically controlled set-up. Initially, the basic ID19 was sold on the French market with a price saving of more than 25% against the DS, although the differential was reduced at the end of 1961 when the manufacturer withdrew the entry-level ID19 "Normale".<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1962_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1962-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon</a> variant, the <i>ID Break</i>, was introduced in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D_Spécial_and_D_Super_(1970–75)"><span id="D_Sp.C3.A9cial_and_D_Super_.281970.E2.80.9375.29"></span>D Spécial and D Super (1970–75)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: D Spécial and D Super (1970–75)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ID was replaced by the D Spécial and D Super in 1970, but these retained the lower specification position in the range. The D Super was available with the DS21 2175 cc engine and a 5-speed gearbox, and named the <i>D Super 5.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_2_–_Nose_redesign_in_1962"><span id="Series_2_.E2.80.93_Nose_redesign_in_1962"></span>Series 2 – Nose redesign in 1962</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Series 2 – Nose redesign in 1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/200px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/300px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/400px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1956 Citroën DS in the Museum der Autostadt Wolfsburg, showing Series 1 (1955–62) original nose</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS21_Cabriolet_ca_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën DS Convertible – Series 2 (1963–1967) – redesigned nose</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg/200px-1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg/300px-1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg/400px-1974_Citroen_DS23_Pallas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1974 Citroën DS23 Pallas – Series 3 (1968–1976) with four headlights under glass</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Draaiende_koplamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Draaiende_koplamp.jpg/200px-Draaiende_koplamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Draaiende_koplamp.jpg/300px-Draaiende_koplamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Draaiende_koplamp.jpg/400px-Draaiende_koplamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Directional headlight detail of a DS21</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In September 1962, the DS was restyled with a more <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamically</a> efficient nose, better ventilation, and other improvements. It retained the open two headlamp appearance, but was available with an optional set of driving lights mounted on the front fenders. All models in the range changed nose design at the same time, including the ID and station wagon models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_3_–_Nose_redesign_in_1967_with_directional_headlights"><span id="Series_3_.E2.80.93_Nose_redesign_in_1967_with_directional_headlights"></span>Series 3 – Nose redesign in 1967 with directional headlights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Series 3 – Nose redesign in 1967 with directional headlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1967, for the 1968 model year, the DS and ID was again restyled, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Opron" title="Robert Opron">Robert Opron</a>, who also styled the 1970 SM and 1974 CX. This version had a more streamlined <a href="/wiki/Headlamp#History_of_automotive_headlamps" title="Headlamp">headlamp</a> design. This design had four headlights under a smooth glass canopy and the inner set <a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Directional_headlamps" title="Headlamp">swivelled</a> with the steering wheel. This allowed the driver to see "around" turns, especially valuable on twisting roads driven at high speed at night. The directional headlamps were linked to the wheels by cable.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind each glass cover lens, the inboard high-beam headlamp swivels by up to 80° as the driver steers, throwing the beam along the driver's intended path rather than uselessly across the curved road. The outboard low-beam headlamps are self-leveling in response to pitching caused by acceleration and braking.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because this feature was not allowed in the US (see <a href="/wiki/World_Forum_for_Harmonization_of_Vehicle_Regulations" title="World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations">World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations</a>), a version with four exposed headlights that did not swivel was manufactured for the US market.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a directional headlight was previously seen on the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Tucker_48" title="Tucker 48">Tucker 48</a> 'Torpedo', Citroën was the first to mass-market adaptive headlights.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_"green"_hydraulic_fluid"><span id="New_.22green.22_hydraulic_fluid"></span>New "green" hydraulic fluid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New "green" hydraulic fluid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original hydropneumatic system used a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> (<i>liquide hydraulique végétal</i>, LHV), but later switched to a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">synthetic</a> (<i>liquide hydraulique synthétique</i>, LHS).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both had the disadvantage of being <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TopWorldAuto_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopWorldAuto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disuse allows water to enter the hydraulic components, causing deterioration and requiring expensive maintenance. The difficulty with hygroscopic hydraulic fluid was exacerbated in the DS/ID due to the extreme rise and fall in the fluid level in the reservoir, which went from nearly full to nearly empty when the suspension extended to maximum height and the six accumulators in the system filled with fluid. With every "inhalation" of fresh moisture- (and dust-) laden air, the fluid absorbed more water.<sup id="cite_ref-TopWorldAuto_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopWorldAuto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 1967 model year, Citroën introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>-based fluid <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension#LHM" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">LHM</a> (<i>liquide hydraulique minéral</i>). This fluid was much less harsh on the system.<sup id="cite_ref-TopWorldAuto_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopWorldAuto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vyse_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vyse-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LHM required completely different materials for the seals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vyse_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vyse-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using either fluid in the incorrect system would completely destroy the hydraulic seals very quickly. To help avoid this problem, Citroën added a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">bright green dye</a> to the LHM fluid and also painted all hydraulic elements bright green.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earlier LHS parts were painted black.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All models, including the station wagon and ID, were upgraded at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The hydraulic fluid changed to the technically superior LHM in all markets except the US and Canada, where the change did not take place until January 1969 due to local regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_sales_and_production">International sales and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International sales and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS_and_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1972 DS in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> with special cooling vents</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_(4622508505).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS_%284622508505%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Swedish-spec Citroën DS with headlight wipers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The DS was primarily manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Quai_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Quai André-Citroën">Quai André-Citroën</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Javel,_Paris" title="Javel, Paris">Javel neighborhood</a> of Paris, with other manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, South Africa, the former Yugoslavia (mostly Break Ambulances), and Australia. </p><p>Australia constructed their own D variant in the 1960s at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Victoria" title="Heidelberg, Victoria">Heidelberg, Victoria</a>, identified as the ID 19 "Parisienne."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian market cars were fitted with options as standard equipment such as the "DSpecial DeLuxe" that were not available on domestic European models. </p><p>Until 1965 UK cars were assembled at the manufacturer's <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a> premises, to the west of London, using a combination of French-made <a href="/wiki/Complete_knock_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete knock down">knock down</a> kits and locally sourced components, some of them machined on site.<sup id="cite_ref-Motor197108_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motor197108-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French electrical system superseded the British one on the Slough cars in 1962, giving rise to a switch to "continental style" negative earthing. An intermediate model between the DS and the ID, called the <i>DW</i>, was introduced on the UK market in 1963 with a manual transmission and simpler foot-operated clutch while retaining the DS power unit, power steering and power braking; outside of the UK this model was known as the <i>DS19M</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bobbitt_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobbitt-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the 1985 cc engine replaced the original 1911 cc unit in September 1965 the manual-equipped DSes built in Slough were renamed <i>DS19A</i>. The Slough factory closed on 18 February 1966 and thereafter cars for the British market were imported fully assembled from the company's French plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Motor197108_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motor197108-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bobbitt_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobbitt-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British-built cars are distinguished by their leather seats, wooden (early ID19 models) or one-piece plastic (early DS19 models) dashboards, chromed number plate mount set into the front bumper, and (on pre-1962 cars) <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Industries" title="Lucas Industries">Lucas</a>-made electrics. These were all <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand drive">right hand drive</a> cars. </p><p>The DS was built and sold in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from 1959 to 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DS was sold in Japan, but the models were built in France and <a href="/wiki/Left_hand_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Left hand drive">left hand drive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DS_in_North_America">DS in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: DS in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_(39730425461).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg/200px-Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg/300px-Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg/400px-Cadillac_Coupe_Deville_%26_Citroen_DS_%2839730425461%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3893" data-file-height="2169" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> much larger than DS externally</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg/200px-Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg/300px-Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg/400px-Citroen_near_Mt._Baker_ca._1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2725" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">DS Citroën near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a>, Washington, USA, ca. 1970</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg/200px-1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg/300px-1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg/400px-1969_Citroen_ID_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">US-spec 1969 Citroën DS with exposed <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">headlights</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The DS was sold in North America from 1956 to 1972. Despite its popularity in Europe and regard for its design from the American motoring press,<sup id="cite_ref-R&T_1956_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&T_1956-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it did not sell well in the United States, and little better in Canada. While promoted as a luxury car, it did not have the basic features that American buyers expected to find on such a vehicle, such as an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">power windows</a>, or a powerful engine.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DS was designed specifically to address the French market, with punitive <a href="/wiki/Tax_horsepower" title="Tax horsepower">tax horsepower</a> taxation of large engines and very poor roads, and not for a market where those constraints were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further harming the DS' prospects on the other side of the Atlantic was an inadequate supply of parts for the vehicle. <a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a> described the sporadic supply of <a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">spare parts</a> as a problem for 1970s era customers, based on his early experiences working at a Citroën dealer in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the DS was expensive, with a 115 hp (86 kW) vehicle costing $4,170 in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-conceptcarz_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conceptcarz-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when $4,500 would buy a 360 hp (268 kW) <a href="/wiki/Buick_Electra" title="Buick Electra">Buick Electra</a> 225 Custom.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Electra was available with an automatic transmission, power windows, and came with a much larger engine (a 7,040 cc V8), and it was hardly the only competitor to the DS to have these features as options or as standard. </p><p>As a result of the insufficient supply of replacement parts, an inability to compete with bigger and more luxurious cars sold for the same price, and simply having not been designed for the North American market, sales for the DS were mediocre on the North American market, ultimately reaching a total of 38,000. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standard_108" title="Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108">US regulations</a> at the time also banned one of the car's more advanced features: its composite <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">headlamps</a> with aerodynamic covered lenses. Based on legislation that dated from 1940, all automobiles sold in the U.S. were required to have round, sealed-beam headlamps that produced 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Candlepower" title="Candlepower">candlepower</a> or (73575 <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a>) maximum.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DS's quartz iodine swiveling headlamps designed for the 1968 model were not allowed by the regulations. Even the aerodynamic headlight covers, featured on other cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a> were illegal and had to be removed. It was not until <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> lobbied to have composite headlamps allowed that the sealed-beam headlamp requirements were finally rescinded in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the European lamps were legal in Canada, including the <a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Directional_headlamps" title="Headlamp">directional headlamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hydraulic fluid change in 1967 also fell afoul of American regulations. <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">NHTSA</a> follows the <i><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>,</i> also used by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, where new <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovations</a> are prohibited until their developers can prove them safe to the regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ082216_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ082216-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castor-based LHV and synthetic LHS fluids used in European-market DSes were not certified for use in North America, so cars sold there used conventional <a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">brake fluid</a> instead. Brake fluid (as well as LHV and LHS) is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a>, readily absorbing and mixing with moisture, the idea being that within a closed hydraulic circuit these properties will ensure pockets of non-soluble water will not form and cause corrosion of the system from within. The design of the DS's hydraulic system used much more fluid and allowed much more moist air into the system than a simple hydraulic braking circuit, so the fluid's hygroscopic properties were not preventing corrosion as intended. Brake fluid also did not provide the viscosity and lubricity suited for used in the suspension, clutch and gear change mechanism. Mineral-based LHM fluid was designed to remedy these issues but Citroen was obligated to demonstrate the new fluid was safe for automotive use before it could be installed in American-market cars. It took NHTSA until January 1969 to approve it, so in the US market about half the production of cars in the 1969 model year use the older red LHS fluid and half use newer green LHM fluid, neither of which is compatible with the other.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_variations">Design variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Design variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg/200px-Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg/300px-Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg/400px-Festival_automobile_international_2018_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_-_1965_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">DS21 Pallas – distinct <a href="/w/index.php?title=C_Pillar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C Pillar (page does not exist)">C Pillar</a> design</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5365" data-file-height="3574" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën DS Station Wagon – also known as the Safari, Break, Familiale, or Wagon</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg/200px-Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg/300px-Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg/400px-Paris_-_Retromobile_2013_-_Citro%C3%ABn_DS_19_-_1964_-_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën DS Cabriolet d'Usine (Factory Convertible)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg/200px-133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg/300px-133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg/400px-133_Citroen_Sport_Classique_-_Sassenage_-_Chateau_de_Beaurevoir_2007-07-08_16-12-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chapron non-works convertible</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg/200px-Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg/300px-Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg/400px-Reactor_by_Gene_Winfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Reactor_(show_rod)" title="The Reactor (show rod)"><i>The Reactor</i></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG/200px-Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG/300px-Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG/400px-Eartha_Kitt_Catwoman_Batman_1967.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eartha_Kitt" title="Eartha Kitt">Eartha Kitt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Catwoman" title="Catwoman">Catwoman</a> behind the wheel of <a href="/wiki/The_Reactor_(show_rod)" title="The Reactor (show rod)"><i>The Reactor</i></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg/200px-Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg/300px-Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg/400px-Back_to_the_Future_Taxi_based_on_1972_Citro%C3%ABn_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4574" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a> Taxi based on 1972 Citroën DS</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pallas">Pallas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pallas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965 a luxury upgrade, the DS Pallas (after <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Pallas Athena</a>), was introduced. This included comfort features such as better noise insulation, a more luxurious (and optional leather) upholstery, and external trim embellishments. From 1966, the Pallas model received a driver's seat with height adjustment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Station_wagon,_Familiale,_and_ambulance"><span id="Station_wagon.2C_Familiale.2C_and_ambulance"></span>Station wagon, Familiale, and ambulance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Station wagon, Familiale, and ambulance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon</a> version was introduced in 1958. It was known by different names in individual markets (Break in France, Safari, and Estate in the UK, Wagon in the US, and Citroën Australia used the terms Safari and Station-Wagon). It had a steel roof to support the standard roof rack. 'Familiales' had a rear seat mounted further back in the cabin, with three folding seats between the front and rear squabs. The standard Break had two side-facing seats in the main load area at the back. </p><p>The Ambulance configuration was similar to that of the Break, but with a 60/30 split in the rear folding seat to accommodate a stretcher. A 'Commerciale' version was also available for a time. </p><p>The Safari saw use as a camera car, notably by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tech-ops_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech-ops-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydropneumatic suspension produces an unusually steady platform for filming while driving.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convertible">Convertible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Convertible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A factory <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertible</a> was offered from summer 1960 until summer 1971. The Décapotable Cabriolet d'Usine (factory convertible) were built by French <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">carrossier</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Chapron" title="Henri Chapron">Henri Chapron</a>, for the Citroën dealer network. It was an expensive car and only 1,365 were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-conceptcarz2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conceptcarz2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These DS convertibles used a special frame which was reinforced on the side members and rear suspension swingarm bearing box, similar to, but not identical to the Break (Station Wagon) frame. </p><p>The design of the factory convertible was by Flaminio Bertoni, who had originally started sketching convertibles in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-TL14_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production version was developed together with Chapron. The manufacture was passed to Henri Chapron, who had already been converting small numbers of DS's to convertibles in his Paris plant since 1958. Chapron persevered with his own custom versions alongside the works cars, for those who wanted something particular or to allow conversion of an existing sedan. After official production ended in August 1971, Chapron kept building small numbers of the works design for individual customers until 1977. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapron_variations">Chapron variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chapron variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, Chapron also produced a few coupés, non-works convertibles and special sedans (including the "Prestige",<sup id="cite_ref-motorbase_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorbase-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> same wheelbase but with a central divider, and the "Lorraine" <a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">notchback</a>). Chapron also built the imposing DS Présidentielle in 1967-1968 to a design created by Citroën's design department. This car was 6.53 m (21.4 ft) long, specifically to be longer than the cars used by US Presidents <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Retro0855_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retro0855-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordered directly by President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, he did not like the car due to its divider and continued to mainly use either DS landaulets or the two earlier special-bodied <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën 15/6 H</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Franay" title="Franay">Franay</a> and Chapron.<sup id="cite_ref-Cnetpres_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cnetpres-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bossaert_coupé"><span id="Bossaert_coup.C3.A9"></span>Bossaert coupé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bossaert coupé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1959 and 1964, Hector Bossaert produced a coupé on a DS chassis shortened by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>470 mm (<span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches).<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the front end remained unchanged, the rear end featured <a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">notchback styling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reactor">The Reactor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, American auto customizer <a href="/wiki/Gene_Winfield" title="Gene Winfield">Gene Winfield</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reactor_(show_rod)" title="The Reactor (show rod)">The Reactor</a></i>, a Citroën DS chassis, with a turbocharged 180 hp (130 kW) <a href="/wiki/Flat-six_engine" title="Flat-six engine">flat-six engine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair" title="Chevrolet Corvair">Corvair</a> driving the front wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the DS <a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">already had the engine behind the front wheels</a>, the longer engine meant only one row of seats. This was draped in a streamlined, low slung, aluminum body. </p><p><i>The Reactor</i> was seen in American television programs of the era, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i> (episode 54, "Bread and Circuses"), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_television_episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Batman television episodes"><i>Batman</i></a> episodes 110 ("Funny Feline Felonies") and 111 (driven by <a href="/wiki/Catwoman" title="Catwoman">Catwoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Eartha_Kitt" title="Eartha Kitt">Eartha Kitt</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bewitched_episodes" title="List of Bewitched episodes"><i>Bewitched</i></a>, which devoted its episode 3.19 ("Super Car") to The Reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michelin_PLR">Michelin PLR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Michelin PLR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Michelin_PLR" title="Michelin PLR">Michelin PLR</a> is a mobile tyre evaluation machine, based on the DS Break, built in 1972, later used for promotion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_taxi"><i>Back to the Future Part II</i> taxi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Back to the Future Part II taxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a></i>, the producers created a flying car to depict a typical taxi in the future world of 2015. This taxi was based on the DS.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension">Suspension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Suspension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> system, each wheel is connected, not to a metal spring, but to a hydraulic suspension unit consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator" title="Hydraulic accumulator">hydraulic accumulator</a> sphere of about 12 cm in diameter containing pressurised <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, a cylinder containing <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a> screwed to the suspension sphere, a piston inside the cylinder connected by levers to the suspension itself, and a <a href="/wiki/Dashpot" title="Dashpot">damper valve</a> between the piston and the sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-mycitroen.dk_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mycitroen.dk-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A membrane in the sphere prevented the nitrogen from escaping. The motion of the wheels translated to a motion of the piston, which acted on the oil in the nitrogen cushion and provided the spring effect. The damper valve took place of the shock absorber in conventional suspensions. The hydraulic cylinder was fed with hydraulic fluid from the main pressure reservoir via a <i>height corrector</i>, a valve controlled by the mid-position of the anti-roll bar connected to the axle. If the suspension was too low, the height corrector introduced high-pressure fluid; if it was too high, it released fluid back to the fluid reservoir. In this manner, a constant ride height was maintained. A control in the cabin allowed the driver to select one of five <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">heights</a>: normal riding height, two slightly higher-riding heights for poor terrain, and two extreme positions for changing wheels. (The correct term, <i>oleopneumatic</i> (oil-air), has never gained widespread use. <i>Hydropneumatic</i> (water-air) continues to be preferred overwhelmingly.) </p><p>The DS neither had nor needed a jack to raise the car off the ground. Instead, the hydraulic system enabled wheel changes with the aid of a simple adjustable stand. To change wheel in the event of a flat tyre, one would adjust the suspension to its topmost setting, insert the stand into a special peg near the flat tyre, then readjust the suspension to its lowermost setting. The flat tyre would then retract upwards and hover above the ground, ready to be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-hemmings2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemmings2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system, used on the SM also, was superseded on the CX by a screw jack that, after the suspension was raised to the high position, lifted the tyre clear of the ground. The DS system, while impressive to use, sometimes dropped the car quite suddenly, especially if the stand was not placed precisely or the ground was soft or unlevel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_and_reserve_of_pressure">Source and reserve of pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Source and reserve of pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central part of the hydraulic system was the high-pressure pump, which maintained a pressure of between 13 and 15 MPa; 1,900 and 2,200 psi (130 and 150 bar) in two <i>accumulators</i>. These accumulators were very similar in construction to the suspension spheres. One was dedicated to the front <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">brakes</a>, and the other ran the other hydraulic systems. (On the simpler ID models, the front brakes operated from the main accumulator.) Thus in case of a hydraulic failure, the first indication would be that the steering became heavy, followed by the gearbox not working; only later would the brakes fail. </p><p>Two different hydraulic pumps were used. The DS used a seven-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Axial_piston_pump" title="Axial piston pump">axial piston pump</a> driven off two belts and delivering 17.5 MPa; 2,540 psi (175 bar) of pressure. The ID19, with its simpler hydraulic system, had a single-cylinder pump driven by an eccentric on the <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gearbox_and_clutch">Gearbox and clutch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gearbox and clutch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Citroen_DS_002.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Citroen_DS_002.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Citroen_DS_002.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mid-1960s interior</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_(4637743298).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg/200px-1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg/300px-1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg/400px-1972_Citroen_ID21F_-_rvr-1_%284637743298%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1972 D Wagon in high suspension setting</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DS_interieur_kleine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DS_interieur_kleine.jpg/200px-DS_interieur_kleine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DS_interieur_kleine.jpg/300px-DS_interieur_kleine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DS_interieur_kleine.jpg/400px-DS_interieur_kleine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1969 Pallas interior with Hydraulic gear selector – mounted top right of steering column with unusual single spoke steering wheel (a safety feature as the curved and off-center spoke will deflect the driver away from the steering column in a crash.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Note the "mushroom" brake pedal. (The pedal on the left is the parking brake)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydraulique_or_Citromatic"><i>Hydraulique</i> or <i>Citromatic</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hydraulique or Citromatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DS was initially offered only with the <i>Hydraulique</i> four-speed <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission#Citroën" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic</a> (B.V.H.—<i>Boîte de Vitesses Hydraulique</i>) gearbox.<sup id="cite_ref-mycitroen.dk_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mycitroen.dk-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was a four-speed gearbox and clutch, operated by a hydraulic controller. To change gears, the driver flicked a lever behind the steering wheel to the next position and eased-up on the accelerator pedal. The hydraulic controller disengaged the <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a>, disengaged the previous gear, then engaged the nominated gear, and re-engaged the clutch. The speed of engagement of the clutch was controlled automatically, responding to hydraulic sensing of engine rpm and the position of the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">butterfly valve</a> in the carburetor (i.e., the position of the accelerator), and the brake circuit. When the brake was pressed, the <a href="/wiki/Engine_idle" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine idle">engine idle</a> speed dropped to an rpm below the clutch engagement speed, thus preventing friction while stopped in gear at traffic lights. When the brake was released, the idle speed increased to the clutch dragging speed. The car would then creep forward much like automatic transmission cars. This drop-in idle throttle position also caused the car to have more engine drag when the brakes were applied even before the car slowed to the idle speed in gear, preventing the engine from pulling against the brakes. In the event of loss of hydraulic pressure (following a loss of system fluid), the clutch would disengage, to prevent driving, while brake pressure reserves would allow safe braking to a standstill. </p><p>Unlike an automatic transmission, there is no Park position on the transmission where the wheels are locked. In addition, the hydraulic clutch would disengage with the engine stopped, so the car could not be left in gear when parked. The only way to prevent the car from rolling (for example, if parked on a slope) is to use the <a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">parking brake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manual—four-speed_and_five-speed"><span id="Manual.E2.80.94four-speed_and_five-speed"></span>Manual—four-speed and five-speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Manual—four-speed and five-speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The later and simpler ID19 had the same gearbox and clutch, manually operated. This configuration was offered as a cheaper option for the DS in 1963. The mechanical aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox">gearbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> were completely conventional and the same elements were used in the ID 19. In September 1970, Citroën introduced a five-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a> gearbox, in addition to the original four-speed unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1996_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1996-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All manual transmissions used a steering column-mounted shifter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fully-automatic">Fully-automatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fully-automatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1971 Citroën introduced a 3-speed <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">fully-automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Borg-Warner_35_transmission" title="Borg-Warner 35 transmission">Borg-Warner 35 transmission</a> gearbox, on the <i>DS 21</i> and later <i>DS 23</i> models.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fully automatic transmission DS was never sold in the US market where this type of transmission had gained market share so quickly that it became the majority of the market by this time. Many automatic DSs, fuel-injected DS 23 sedans with air conditioning, were sold in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines">Engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg/220px-Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg/330px-Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg/440px-Citro%C3%ABn_Schnitt-DS_Motor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway model shows engine set far back from front wheels ("<a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">MF layout</a>"), and partially reveals configuration of the oleopneumatic suspension</figcaption></figure> <p>The DS was originally designed around an <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-6">flat-six</a> based on the design of the <a href="/wiki/Flat-twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-twin">2-cylinder</a> engine of the 2CV, similar to the motor in the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a>. Technical and monetary problems forced this idea to be scrapped. </p><p>Thus, for such a modern car, the engine of the original DS 19 was old-fashioned. It was derived from the engine of the 11CV <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a> (models 11B and 11C).<sup id="cite_ref-citroenet.org.uk_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citroenet.org.uk-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead valve">OHV</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-4">four-cylinder</a> engine with three main bearings and wet liners, and a bore of 78 mm (3.1 in) and a stroke of 100 mm (3.9 in), giving a volumetric displacement of 1911 cc. The cylinder head had been reworked; the 11C had a reverse-flow cast iron cylinder head and generated 60 hp (45 kW) at 3800 rpm; by contrast, the DS 19 had an aluminium cross-flow head with hemispherical combustion chambers and generated 75 hp (56 kW) at 4500 rpm. </p><p>Like the Traction Avant, the DS had the gearbox mounted in front of the engine, with the differential in between. Thus some consider the DS to be a <a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">mid engine front-wheel drive</a> car.<sup id="cite_ref-citroenet.org.uk_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citroenet.org.uk-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DS and ID engines evolved throughout their 20-year production run. The car was underpowered and faced constant mechanical changes to boost the performance of the four-cylinder engine. The initial <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">1911 cc</a> three main <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearing</a> engine (carried forward from the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a>) of the DS 19 was replaced in 1965 with the 1985 cc five-bearing wet-cylinder motor, becoming the DS 19a (called DS 20 from September 1969). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg/220px-Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg/330px-Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg/440px-Citroen-DS-capot-ouvert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Spare tyre, mounted under the hood</figcaption></figure> <p>The DS 21 was also introduced for model year 1965. This was a 2175 cc, five main bearing engine; power was 106 hp DIN<sup id="cite_ref-willson1995_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willson1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engine received a substantial increase in power with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> electronic <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> for 1970, making the DS one of the first mass-market cars to use electronic fuel injection. Power of the carbureted version also increased slightly at the same time, owing to the employment of larger inlet valves. </p><p>Lastly, 1973 saw the introduction of the 2347 cc 115 hp (86 kW; 115 hp) engine of the DS 23 in both carbureted and fuel-injected forms. The DS 23 with electronic fuel injection was the most powerful production model, producing 141 hp (105 kW)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAE (130 hp DIN). </p><p>IDs and their variants went through a similar evolution, generally lagging the DS by about one year. ID saloon models never received the DS 23 engine or fuel injection, although the Break/Familiale versions received the carburetted version of the DS 23 engine when it was introduced, supplemented the DS20 Break/Familiale. </p><p>The top of the range ID model, The DSuper5 (DP) gained the DS21 engine (the only model that this engine was retained in) for the 1973 model year and it was mated to a five-speed gearbox. This should not be confused with the 1985 cc DSuper fitted with an optional "low ratio" five-speed gearbox, or with the previous DS21M (DJ) five-speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> survived an assassination attempt at <a href="/wiki/Clamart" title="Clamart">Le Petit-Clamart</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 22 August 1962, planned by <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Bastien-Thiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry">Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry</a>. The plan was to ambush the motorcade with machine guns, disable the vehicles, and then close in for the kill. De Gaulle praised the unusual abilities of his unarmoured Citroën DS with saving his life – the car, riddled with bullets and with two tyres punctured, was still able to escape at full speed. Afterward, De Gaulle vowed never to ride in any other make of car.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was recreated in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Jackal_(film)" title="The Day of the Jackal (film)">The Day of the Jackal</a></i> (1973).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1961 Citroën DS 19 Décapotable Usine by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Chapron" title="Henri Chapron">Henri Chapron</a> garnered publicity for the new model, from its prominent film placement, when <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> himself "telephoned the French automotive company, Citroën, to order a new car for use in the film <i><a href="/wiki/That_Touch_of_Mink" title="That Touch of Mink">That Touch of Mink</a></i> (1962)."<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAMF_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAMF-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the American 90s television series, <a href="/wiki/Buffy_The_Vampire_Slayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy The Vampire Slayer">Buffy The Vampire Slayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Giles" title="Rupert Giles">Rupert Giles</a> (Buffy's Mentor) owns and drives a 1963 model of the DS. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:812px;max-width:812px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg/170px-General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg/255px-General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg/340px-General_charles_de_gaulle_visite_isles_sur_suippe_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Général Charles de Gaulle visits <a href="/wiki/Isles-sur-Suippe" title="Isles-sur-Suippe">Isles-sur-Suippe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>) in 1963</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg/167px-222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg/251px-222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg/334px-222_DS_Jubile_2005_-_Fantomas_DS_2005-10-08_17-36-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flying DS from <i><a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1964_film)" title="Fantômas (1964 film)">Fantômas</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG/170px-1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG/255px-1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG/340px-1969_Citroen_DS_21_Pallas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1969 Citroën DS 21 Pallas originally owned by actor <a href="/wiki/Ken_Berry" title="Ken Berry">Ken Berry</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/F_Troop" title="F Troop">F Troop</a></i>—note non-factory <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_roof" title="Vinyl roof">vinyl roof</a> and C-Pillars—dealer added</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG/115px-Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG/173px-Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG/230px-Citroen_DS_SSL14362.JPG 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>La DS</i> 1993 Sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Orozco" title="Gabriel Orozco">Gabriel Orozco</a>, exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg/170px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg/255px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg/340px-Citro%C3%ABn_DS_21_Pallas_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën DS 21 used in the 2009 American television program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mentalist" title="The Mentalist">The Mentalist</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg/200px-Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg/300px-Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg/400px-Mullin_Citroen_032418_DS_flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flying DS shown during Citroën cars exhibition at <a href="/wiki/Mullin_Automotive_Museum" title="Mullin Automotive Museum">Mullin Automotive Museum</a> 2018</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg/200px-129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg/300px-129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg/400px-129_DS_Jubile_2005_2005-10-07_16-30-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Chapron" title="Henri Chapron">Henri Chapron</a>'s <i>Lorraine</i> model at 2005 Paris meeting</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Citroën DS values have been rising<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a 1973 DS 23 Injection Electronique "Decapotable" (Chapron Convertible) sold for €176,250 (US$209,738) at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9tromobile" title="Rétromobile">Rétromobile</a> in February 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar car sold by Bonhams in February 2009 brought €343,497 (US$440,436).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 September 2009 a 1966 DS21 Decapotable Usine was sold by Bonhams for a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer price">hammer price</a> of GB£131,300. Bonhams sold another DS21 Decapotable (1973) on 23 January 2010 for €189,000.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citroën was the featured exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Mullin_Automotive_Museum" title="Mullin Automotive Museum">Mullin Automotive Museum</a> for the year 2017/8, and the DS made its first appearance on the lawn at the <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Concours_d%27Elegance" title="Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance">Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DS's place in French society was demonstrated in Paris on 9 October 2005 with a celebration of the 50th anniversary of its launch. 1,600 DS cars drove in procession past the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_PSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe PSA">Groupe PSA</a> created a new brand – <a href="/wiki/DS_Automobiles" title="DS Automobiles">DS Automobiles</a>, intended as high quality, high specification variations on existing models, with differing mechanics and bodywork.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brand was introduced in three models, the <a href="/wiki/DS_3" title="DS 3">DS 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/DS_4" title="DS 4">DS 4</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/DS_5" title="DS 5">DS 5</a>. The DS 3, launched in March 2010, is based on Citroën's new C3, but is more customisable and unique, bearing some resemblance to the original DS, with its "Shark Fin" side pillar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_figures">Production figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Production figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_production_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Citroen_DS_production_chart.png/300px-Citroen_DS_production_chart.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Citroen_DS_production_chart.png/450px-Citroen_DS_production_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Citroen_DS_production_chart.png/600px-Citroen_DS_production_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Citroën DS production chart</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ul><li>1955: 69</li> <li>1956: 9,868</li> <li>1957: 28,593</li> <li>1958: 52,416</li> <li>1959: 66,931</li> <li>1960: 83,205</li> <li>1961: 77,597</li> <li>1962: 83,035</li> <li>1963: 93,476</li> <li>1964: 85,379</li> <li>1965: 89,314</li> <li>1966: 99,561</li> <li>1967: 101,904</li> <li>1968: 81,860</li> <li>1969: 82,218</li> <li>1970: 103,633</li> <li>1971: 84,328</li> <li>1972: 92,483</li> <li>1973: 96,990</li> <li>1974: 40,039</li> <li>1975: 847<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_%26_Track" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a></i> magazine, USA. November 1956.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_%26_Track" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a></i> magazine, USA. June 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatra_77" title="Tatra 77">Tatra 77</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,330,755 built in France, 124,991 built in Australia, Portugal, UK, South Africa and Yugoslavia collectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After this feature was first introduced on the 1948 Tucker 'Torpedo', of which 50 were built.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuancierds.fr/DT%20Australia%20general.htm">Citroën D-models in Australia, by le docteur Danche</a> Retrieved 27 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSass2008" class="citation book cs1">Sass, Rob (October 2008). <i>Sports Car Market Magazine</i>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Car+Market+Magazine&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autospeed-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autospeed_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autospeed.com/cms/article.html?&title=The-Amazing-Citroen-DS&A=111235">"AutoSpeed – The Amazing Citroen DS"</a>. autospeed.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AutoSpeed+%E2%80%93+The+Amazing+Citroen+DS&rft.pub=autospeed.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autospeed.com%2Fcms%2Farticle.html%3F%26title%3DThe-Amazing-Citroen-DS%26A%3D111235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motortrend.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motortrend.com_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/classic/roadtests/c12_0511_1960_citroen_ds/suspension_engine.html">"Drive: 1960 Citroen DS"</a>. <i>motortrend.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motortrend.com&rft.atitle=Drive%3A+1960+Citroen+DS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Fclassic%2Froadtests%2Fc12_0511_1960_citroen_ds%2Fsuspension_engine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R&T_1956-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R&T_1956_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R&T_1956_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citroenet.org.uk/foreign/usa/56-10.html">"Road Test: Citroën The DS-19 drives boldly off the beaten path – and never feels the bumps"</a>. <i>Road & Track</i>. November 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Road+%26+Track&rft.atitle=Road+Test%3A+Citro%C3%ABn+The+DS-19+drives+boldly+off+the+beaten+path+%E2%80%93+and+never+feels+the+bumps&rft.date=1956-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citroenet.org.uk%2Fforeign%2Fusa%2F56-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Design_Museum_2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Museum_2010_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Museum_2010_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fifty Cars That Changed the World by Design Museum, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840915365" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840915365">978-1840915365</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Jammes" class="citation web cs1">Pierre Jammes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003110509/http://www.dsinasia.com/">"Citroen DS in Asia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citroen+DS+in+Asia&rft.pub=Dsinasia.com&rft.au=Pierre+Jammes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsinasia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-id-ds.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-id-ds.com_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816121741/http://www.id-ds.com/PlanetD%26G/barthes.but.html">"The New Citroen by Roland Barthes 1957"</a>. <i>id-ds.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.id-ds.com/PlanetD%26G/barthes.but.html">the original</a> on 16 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=id-ds.com&rft.atitle=The+New+Citroen+by+Roland+Barthes+1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.id-ds.com%2FPlanetD%2526G%2Fbarthes.but.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2012" class="citation news cs1">English, Bob (2 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/reviews/classics/toronto-car-enthusiast-owns-frances-topless-goddess/article4793528/">"Toronto car enthusiast owns France's topless 'goddess'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Toronto+car+enthusiast+owns+France%27s+topless+%27goddess%27&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-drive%2Freviews%2Fclassics%2Ftoronto-car-enthusiast-owns-frances-topless-goddess%2Farticle4793528%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carhistory4u-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carhistory4u_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200454/http://www.carhistory4u.com/the-last-100-years/parts-of-the-car/part-2-section-6">"Car History 4U – History of the car tire in Motor Cars / Automobiles"</a>. carhistory4u.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carhistory4u.com/the-last-100-years/parts-of-the-car/part-2-section-6">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Car+History+4U+%E2%80%93+History+of+the+car+tire+in+Motor+Cars+%2F+Automobiles&rft.pub=carhistory4u.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carhistory4u.com%2Fthe-last-100-years%2Fparts-of-the-car%2Fpart-2-section-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2006-05-04/a-tale-of-two-tiresbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice">"A Tale of Two Tires – Businessweek"</a>. <i>bloomberg.com</i>. 5 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Tires+%E2%80%93+Businessweek&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbw%2Fstories%2F2006-05-04%2Fa-tale-of-two-tiresbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...gliding on air with only the flick of the speedometer needle to remind you you're in motion! No bumping, jerking, dragging, lurching." From an ad for the Citroën stand at the Motor Show, London, 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Bobbitt, Malcolm (2005). <i>Citroën DS</i>. Dorchester: Veloce. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904788300" title="Special:BookSources/9781904788300"><bdi>9781904788300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+DS&rft.place=Dorchester&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Veloce&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904788300&rft.aulast=Bobbitt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willson1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-willson1995_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willson1995_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1995" class="citation book cs1">Willson, Quentin (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateclassicc00quen"><i>The Ultimate Classic Car Book</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>[...] in 1956, [...] the Peugeot 403, cost 780,000fr., [...] and Citroen's "Deesse", hydro-pneumatics and all, 1,109,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Facel+Vega+1954+%E2%80%93+1964&rft.date=1973-03&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facel-vega.com%2Fmageng1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/c8-c10/cocinelle.html">"Citroën Cocinelle C1 – C8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+Cocinelle+C1+%E2%80%93+C8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citroenet.org.uk%2Fprototypes%2Fc8-c10%2Fcocinelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/c60/c-60.html">"Citroën C 60"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+C+60&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citroenet.org.uk%2Fprototypes%2Fc60%2Fc-60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/projet-f/projet-f.html">"Citroën Projet F (Projet AP)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+Projet+F+%28Projet+AP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citroenet.org.uk%2Fprototypes%2Fprojet-f%2Fprojet-f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/triggerscarstuff/sets/72157640750682204/">"Citroen Ami 6 Road Test 1962"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=Citroen+Ami+6+Road+Test+1962&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Ftriggerscarstuff%2Fsets%2F72157640750682204%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fall-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boitierrouge.com/2015/05/16/citroen-sm-la-chute-de-sa-majeste/">"Citroen SM: the fall of "Her Majesty"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in French). 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Motorbase. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/514/finance.ehtml">the original</a> on 17 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Citroen+%27goddess%27+feted+in+Paris&rft.date=2005-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4324668.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2009/02/02/citroen-s-appreterait-a-relancer-la-production-de-ds_1149869_3234.html">"Citroën s'apprêterait à relancer la production de DS"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. Lemonde.fr. 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Citro%C3%ABn+s%27appr%C3%AAterait+%C3%A0+relancer+la+production+de+DS&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2009%2F02%2F02%2Fcitroen-s-appreterait-a-relancer-la-production-de-ds_1149869_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1996" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John (1996). <i>Original Citroën DS</i>. Bay View Books. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870979-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-870979-71-0"><bdi>1-870979-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Citro%C3%ABn+DS&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Bay+View+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-870979-71-0&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2021" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Lance (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UMrEAAAQBAJ"><i>Citroën DS: French Design Classic</i></a>. Car Craft series, no. 4. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Transport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526789853" title="Special:BookSources/9781526789853"><bdi>9781526789853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+DS%3A+French+Design+Classic&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.series=Car+Craft+series%2C+no.+4&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Transport&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781526789853&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UMrEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+DS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_DS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Citroen_model-DS&sortBy=4.html">Citroen DS</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Cars_Database" title="Internet Movie Cars Database">Internet Movie Cars Database</a></li> <li>Maybach SW35 photos for comparison: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/27862259@N02/6928646754/">1935 Maybach SW 35 design by Jaray, build by Spohn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/27862259@N02/6928646472/in/photostream/">1935 Maybach SW 35 design by Jaray, build by Spohn</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0"> <td rowspan="2" width="12%"><b>Type</b> </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1980s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy car</a> </td> <td colspan="40" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#D8BFD8"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Bijou" title="Citroën Bijou">Bijou</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Off-roader" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-roader">Off-roader</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën Méhari">Méhari</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini car">Supermini</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#7FFFD4"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M35" title="Citroën M35">M35</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_LNA" title="Citroën LNA">LN / LNA</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX" title="Citroën AX">AX</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Dyane</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Oltcit_Club" title="Oltcit Club">Axel</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Ami</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Visa" title="Citroën Visa">Visa</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Small family car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GS</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GSA</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">11 CV</a> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ID / DSpécial / DSuper</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_BX" title="Citroën BX">BX</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">15 CV</a> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DS</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">CX</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">XM</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#F0E68C"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">LAV</a> </td> <td colspan="27"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Acadiane" title="Citroën Acadiane">Acadiane</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="34"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C15" title="Citroën C15">C15</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a> </td> <td colspan="32" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_H_Van" title="Citroën H Van">Type H</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#509bf4"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C25" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C25">C25</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_U23" title="Citroën U23">U23</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#8FBC8F"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C35" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C35">C35</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#EFEFEF">Legend </td> <td colspan="40" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#D8BFD8; color:#D8BFD8;">    </span> Manufactured in England</span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#7FFFD4; color:#7FFFD4;">    </span> Only available with a <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a></span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#F0E68C; color:#F0E68C;">    </span> Engine developed by <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a></span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#509bf4; color:#509bf4;">    </span> Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sevel" title="Sevel">Sevel Sud</a> in Italy</span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#8FBC8F; color:#8FBC8F;">    </span> Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sevel" title="Sevel">Sevel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">FCA</a>/<a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA</a>) in Italy and France</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citroën" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Template:Citroën"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Template talk:Citroën"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citroën"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citroën" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>A marque of <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br />models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_(electric_vehicle)" title="Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)">Ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3" title="Citroën C3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Elys%C3%A9e" title="Citroën C-Elysée">C-Elysée</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUVs,<br />crossovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Basalt" title="Citroën Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Aircross" title="Citroën C3 Aircross">C3 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4" title="Citroën C4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">C4 Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4#C4_X_and_ë-C4_X_(C43;_2022)" title="Citroën C4">C4 X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5_Aircross" title="Citroën C5 Aircross">C5 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5_X" title="Citroën C5 X">C5 X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Berlingo" title="Citroën Berlingo">Berlingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_e-Berlingo" title="Citroën e-Berlingo">ë-Berlingo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Jumpy" title="Citroën Jumpy">Jumpy/SpaceTourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Ducato" title="Fiat Ducato">Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/70px-Citroen_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/105px-Citroen_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/140px-Citroen_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="829" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic<br />models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_7U" title="Citroën 7U">7U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Ami 6, 8, Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX" title="Citroën AX">AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltcit_Club" title="Oltcit Club">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Bijou" title="Citroën Bijou">Bijou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_BX" title="Citroën BX">BX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Crosser" title="Citroën C-Crosser">C-Crosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Triomphe" title="Citroën C-Triomphe">C-Triomphe</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1" title="Citroën C1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C2" title="Citroën C2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Picasso" title="Citroën C3 Picasso">C3 Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#C3_Pluriel" title="Citroën C3">C3 Pluriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3-XR#Citroën_C3L" title="Citroën C3-XR">C3L</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3-XR" title="Citroën C3-XR">C3-XR</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_%26_C6" title="Citroën C4 & C6">C4, C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Picasso" title="Citroën C4 Picasso">C4 Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Aircross" title="Citroën C4 Aircross">C4 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5" title="Citroën C5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6#Citroën_C6_(China)_(2016–2023)" title="Citroën C6">C6</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">C-Zero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DS, ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_3" title="DS 3">DS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_4" title="DS 4">DS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_5" title="DS 5">DS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Dyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_E-M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën E-Méhari">E-Méhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Elys%C3%A9e" title="Citroën Elysée">Elysée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_FAF" title="Citroën FAF">FAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Fukang" title="Citroën Fukang">Fukang</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GS, GSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_LNA" title="Citroën LNA">LN, LNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M35" title="Citroën M35">M35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën Méhari">Méhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Fiorino" title="Fiat Fiorino">Nemo Multispace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Rosalie" title="Citroën Rosalie">Rosalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Saxo" title="Citroën Saxo">Saxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">Synergie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_A" title="Citroën Type A">Type A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B2" title="Citroën Type B2">Type B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B10" title="Citroën Type B10">Type B10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B12" title="Citroën Type B12">Type B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_C_5HP" title="Citroën Type C 5HP">Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Visa" title="Citroën Visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia" title="Citroën Xantia">Xantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">XM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara" title="Citroën Xsara">Xsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_Picasso" title="Citroën Xsara Picasso">Xsara Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_ZX" title="Citroën ZX">ZX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Acadiane" title="Citroën Acadiane">Acadiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Belph%C3%A9gor" title="Citroën Belphégor">Belphégor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C15" title="Citroën C15">C15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Ducato" title="Fiat Ducato">C25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_242" title="Fiat 242">C35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_H_Van" title="Citroën H Van">H Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Fiorino" title="Fiat Fiorino">Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_TUB" title="Citroën TUB">TUB, TUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_U23" title="Citroën U23">U23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts,<br />prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_19_19_Concept" title="Citroën 19 19 Concept">19_19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën 2CV Pop">2CV Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Activa" title="Citroën Activa">Activa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_(electric_vehicle)" title="Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)">Ami One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Airdream" title="Citroën C-Airdream">C-Airdream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Airplay" title="Citroën C-Airplay">C-Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Buggy" title="Citroën C-Buggy">C-Buggy</a></li> <li>C-Cactus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-M%C3%A9tisse" title="Citroën C-Métisse">C-Métisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_5#Citroën_C-SportLounge" title="DS 5">C-SportLounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Pluriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C3 Pluriel">C3 Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#Citroën_C3_Lumiere" title="Citroën C3">C3 Lumiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">C6 Lignage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Iltis" title="Volkswagen Iltis">C44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">Cactus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>CXperience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_4" title="DS 4">DS High Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_Inside" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën DS Inside">DS Inside</a></li> <li>DS Numero 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_G_Van" title="Citroën G Van">G Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS_Camargue" title="Citroën GS Camargue">GS Camargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT_by_Citro%C3%ABn" title="GT by Citroën">GT by Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Hypnos" title="Citroën Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Karin" title="Citroën Karin">Karin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Lacoste" title="Citroën Lacoste">Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Metropolis" title="Citroën Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Oli" title="Citroën Oli">Oli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Os%C3%A9e" title="Citroën Osée">Osée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Pluriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C3 Pluriel">Pluriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Prototype_C" title="Citroën Prototype C">Prototype C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Prototype_Y" title="Citroën Prototype Y">Prototype Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Revolte" title="Citroën Revolte">REVOLTe</a></li> <li>Skate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Survolt" title="Citroën Survolt">Survolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Technospace" title="Citroën Technospace">Technospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Tubik" title="Citroën Tubik">Tubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Tulip" title="Citroën Tulip">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Zabrus" title="Citroën Zabrus">Zabrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Racing_cars" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Racing cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Elys%C3%A9e#Citroën_C-Elysée_WTCC" title="Citroën Elysée">C-Elysée WTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_WRC" title="Citroën C4 WRC">C4 WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_R5" title="Citroën DS3 R5">DS3 R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_WRC" title="Citroën DS3 WRC">DS3 WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_WRC" title="Citroën Xsara WRC">Xsara WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_R5/Rally2" title="Citroën C3 R5/Rally2">C3 R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_R5/Rally2" title="Citroën C3 R5/Rally2">C3 Rally2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_WRC" title="Citroën C3 WRC">C3 WRC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Racing" title="Citroën Racing">Citroën Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team" title="Citroën World Rally Team">Citroën World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team" title="Kronos Citroën World Rally Team">Kronos Citroën World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Junior_Team" title="Citroën Junior Team">Citroën Junior Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Total_World_Rally_Team" title="Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team">Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Touring_Car_Team" title="Citroën World Touring Car Team">Citroën World Touring Car Team</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br />operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Argentina" title="Citroën Argentina">Citroën Argentina</a> (1959–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Chile" title="Citroën Chile">Citroën Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Peugeot-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën">Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Citro%C3%ABn_vehicles" title="List of Citroën vehicles">List of vehicles</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Category:Citroën">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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