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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SAE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SAE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>SAE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SAE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DOT_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOT_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>DOT 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOT_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOT_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOT_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>DOT 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOT_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOT_5.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOT_5.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>DOT 5.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOT_5.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viscosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viscosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Viscosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viscosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiling_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiling_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Boiling point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiling_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Corrosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compressibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Service and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castor_oil-based_(pre-DOT,_DOT_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castor_oil-based_(pre-DOT,_DOT_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Castor oil-based (pre-DOT, DOT 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castor_oil-based_(pre-DOT,_DOT_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glycol-based_(DOT_3,_4,_5.1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glycol-based_(DOT_3,_4,_5.1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Glycol-based (DOT 3, 4, 5.1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glycol-based_(DOT_3,_4,_5.1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicone-based_(DOT_5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicone-based_(DOT_5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Silicone-based (DOT 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicone-based_(DOT_5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brake fluid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzdov%C3%A1_kapalina" title="Brzdová kapalina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brzdová kapalina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsfl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Bremsflüssigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bremsflüssigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidurivedelik" title="Pidurivedelik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pidurivedelik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Υγρά φρένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγρά φρένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido_de_frenos" title="Líquido de frenos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Líquido de frenos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="روغن ترمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن ترمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquide_de_frein" title="Liquide de frein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liquide de frein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Արգելակային հեղուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արգելակային հեղուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_freni" title="Fluido freni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluido freni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9kfolyad%C3%A9k" title="Fékfolyadék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fékfolyadék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remvloeistof" title="Remvloeistof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Remvloeistof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ブレーキフルード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブレーキフルード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsev%C3%A6ske" title="Bremsevæske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bremsevæske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yn_hamulcowy" title="Płyn hamulcowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyn hamulcowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_de_freio" title="Fluido de freio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluido de freio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzdov%C3%A1_kvapalina" title="Brzdová kvapalina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brzdová kvapalina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarruneste" title="Jarruneste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jarruneste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsv%C3%A4tska" title="Bromsvätska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bromsvätska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="น้ำมันเบรก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันเบรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fren_hidroli%C4%9Fi" title="Fren hidroliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fren hidroliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гальмова рідина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гальмова рідина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%8B%95%E6%B6%B2" title="制動液 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="制動液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q631359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hydraulic fluid used for braking applications</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid,_Super_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG/220px-Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG/330px-Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG/440px-Delco_hydrolic_brake_fluid%2C_Super_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Old brake fluid container</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg/220px-Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg/330px-Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg/440px-Brake_fluid_reservoir_in_%C5%A0koda_Fabia_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Brake fluid reservoir in a <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Fabia" title="Škoda Fabia">Škoda Fabia</a> I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg/220px-B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg/330px-B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg/440px-B13_Brake_fluid_level_low.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(automotive)" title="Tell-tale (automotive)">tell-tale</a> symbol indicating low brake fluid level</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Brake fluid</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulic brake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">hydraulic clutch</a> applications in <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_truck" title="Light truck">light trucks</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>. It is used to transfer force into pressure, and to <a href="/wiki/Pascals_law#Explanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascals law">amplify</a> braking force. It works because <a href="/wiki/Liquid#Mechanical_properties" title="Liquid">liquids</a> are not appreciably <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compressible</a>. </p><p>Most brake fluids used today are <a href="/wiki/Glycol_ethers" title="Glycol ethers">glycol-ether</a> based, but <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> liquide hydraulique minéral</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension#LHS_versus_LHM" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">LHM</a>)) and <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a>-based (DOT 5) fluids are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of modern braking systems date back to an event more than a century ago - in 1917, Scotsman Malcolm Lockheed patented a hydraulic actuated braking system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, vegetable oil was used as a working fluid. But it did not meet the most basic requirements, and in the process of evolution, special brake fluids were created, which consist of a base and a package of additives (thickeners, anti-corrosion additives, colorants). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Brake fluids are manufactured to meet standards set by international, national, or local organizations or government agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Standards_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standards Organisation">International Standards Organisation</a> has published its standard ISO 4925, defining classes 3, 4, and 5, as well as class 5.1, class 6<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_4925_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_4925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and class 7 <sup id="cite_ref-ISO_4925:2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_4925:2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO_4925:2020_OBP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_4925:2020_OBP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting progressively higher performance for brake fluids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAE">SAE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SAE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> SAE has published standards J1703, J1704, and J1705, reflecting progressively higher performance for brake fluids. These have counterparts in the international standard, ISO 4925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) under <a href="/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standard_116" title="Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 116">FMVSS Standard No. 116</a><sup id="cite_ref-FMVSS_116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMVSS_116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines grades DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5 and DOT 5.1, where DOT refers to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a>. These are widely used in other countries. Their classifications broadly reflect the SAE's specifications, DOT 3 is equivalent to SAE J1703 and ISO class 3, DOT 4 to SAE J1704 and ISO class 4, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-standards_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All DOT compliant fluids must be colorless or amber, except for DOT 5 silicone, which must be purple. FMVSS Standard No. 116's scope is limited to fluid 'for use'. Brake fluid 'in use', or not labeled DOT compliant, is found in any color.<sup id="cite_ref-FMVSS_116_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMVSS_116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DOT_4">DOT 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: DOT 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a vehicle that uses DOT 3 may also use DOT 4 or 5.1 (a temperature upgrade) if the elastomers in the system accept the borate compounds that raise the boiling point,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a vehicle that requires DOT 4 might boil the brake fluid if a DOT 3 (a temperature downgrade) is used. Additionally, these <a href="/wiki/Polyglycol_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglycol ether">polyglycol-ether</a>-based fluids cannot be mixed with DOT 5.0, which is silicone based. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DOT_5">DOT 5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DOT 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOT 5 is a silicone-based fluid and is separate from the series of DOT 2, 3, 4, 5.1. It is immiscible with water, and with other brake fluids, and must not be mixed with them. Systems can change fluid only after a complete system changeover, such as a total restoration. </p><p>It contains at least 70% by weight of a diorgano polysiloxane.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike polyethylene glycol based fluids, DOT 5 is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advantage over other forms of brake fluid is that silicone has a more stable viscosity index over a wider temperature range. Another property is that it does not damage paint.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOT 5 brake fluid is not compatible with <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-lock braking systems</a>. DOT 5 fluid can aerate when the anti-lock brake system is activated. DOT 5 brake fluid absorbs a small amount of air requiring care when bleeding the system of air.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DOT_5.1">DOT 5.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: DOT 5.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lack of acceptance of silicone-based fluids led to the development of DOT 5.1, a fluid giving the performance advantages of silicone, whilst retaining some familiarity and compatibility with the glycol ether fluids. DOT 5.1 is the non-silicone version of DOT 5, defined by FMVSS 116 as being less than 70% silicone. Above that threshold makes it DOT 5. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brake fluids must have certain characteristics and meet certain quality standards for the braking system to work properly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viscosity">Viscosity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Viscosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For reliable, consistent brake system operation, brake fluid must maintain a constant viscosity under a wide range of temperatures, including extreme cold. This is especially important in systems with an <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-lock braking system</a> (ABS), <a href="/wiki/Traction_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction control">traction control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stability_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Stability control">stability control</a> (ESP), as these systems often use micro-valves and require very rapid activation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOT 5.1 fluids are specified with low viscosity over a wide range of temperatures, although not all cars fitted with ABS or ESP specify DOT 5.1 brake fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a faster reaction of the ABS and ESP systems, DOT 4 and DOT 5.1 brake fluids exist with low viscosity meeting the maximum 750 mm<sup>2</sup>/s viscosity at −40 °C (−40 °F) requirement of ISO 4925 class 6.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_4925_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_4925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often named DOT 4+ or Super DOT 4 and DOT 5.1 ESP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiling_point">Boiling point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Boiling point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brake fluid is subjected to very high temperatures, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_cylinder" title="Wheel cylinder">wheel cylinders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">drum brakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disk_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk brake">disk brake</a> calipers. It must have a high boiling point to avoid vaporizing in the lines. This vaporization creates a problem because vapor is highly compressible relative to liquid, and therefore negates the hydraulic transfer of braking force - so the brakes will fail to stop the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-epic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quality standards refer to a brake fluid's "dry" and "wet" boiling points. The wet boiling point, which is usually much lower (although above most normal service temperatures), refers to the fluid's boiling point after absorbing a certain amount of moisture. This is several (single digit) percent, varying from formulation to formulation. Glycol-ether (DOT 3, 4, and 5.1) brake fluids are <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> (water absorbing), which means they absorb moisture from the atmosphere under normal humidity levels. Non-hygroscopic fluids (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a>/DOT 5 and mineral oil based formulations), are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>, and can maintain an acceptable boiling point over the fluid's service life. </p><p>Silicone based fluid is more compressible than glycol based fluid, leading to brakes with a <i>spongy</i> feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-epic_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can potentially suffer phase separation/water pooling and freezing/boiling in the system over time - the main reason single phase hygroscopic fluids are used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Characteristics of common braking fluids<sup id="cite_ref-DOT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epic_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Dry <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> </th> <th>Wet boiling point<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Viscosity at −40 °C (−40 °F) </th> <th>Viscosity at 100 °C (212 °F) </th> <th>Primary constituent </th></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 2</td> <td>190 °C (374 °F)</td> <td>140 °C (284 °F)</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>castor oil/alcohol </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 3</td> <td>205 °C (401 °F)</td> <td>140 °C (284 °F)</td> <td>≤ 1500 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycol_ethers" title="Glycol ethers">glycol ether</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 4</td> <td>230 °C (446 °F)</td> <td>155 °C (311 °F)</td> <td>≤ 1800 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>glycol ether/<a href="/wiki/Borate_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Borate ester">borate ester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 4+</td> <td>230 °C (446 °F)</td> <td>155 °C (311 °F)</td> <td>≤ 750 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>glycol ether/<a href="/wiki/Borate_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Borate ester">borate ester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Citroën_hydropneumatic_suspension">LHM+</a></td> <td>249 °C (480 °F)</td> <td>249 °C (480 °F)</td> <td>≤ 1200 mm<sup>2</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>≥ 6.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>mineral oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 5</td> <td>260 °C (500 °F)</td> <td>180 °C (356 °F)</td> <td>≤ 900 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>silicone </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 5.1</td> <td>260 °C (500 °F)</td> <td>180 °C (356 °F)</td> <td>≤ 900 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>glycol ether/borate ester </td></tr> <tr> <td>DOT 5.1 ESP</td> <td>260 °C (500 °F)</td> <td>180 °C (356 °F)</td> <td>≤ 750 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>glycol ether/borate ester </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 4925 Class 3</td> <td>205 °C (401 °F)</td> <td>140 °C (284 °F)</td> <td>≤ 1500 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 4925 Class 4</td> <td>230 °C (446 °F)</td> <td>155 °C (311 °F)</td> <td>≤ 1500 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 4925 Class 5-1</td> <td>260 °C (500 °F)</td> <td>180 °C (356 °F)</td> <td>≤ 900 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 4925 Class 6</td> <td>250 °C (482 °F)</td> <td>165 °C (329 °F)</td> <td>≤ 750 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 4925 Class 7</td> <td>260 °C (500 °F)</td> <td>180 °C (356 °F)</td> <td>≤ 750 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td>≥ 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>/s</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wet" defined as 3.7% water by volume</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corrosion">Corrosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Corrosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brake fluids must not corrode the metals used inside components such as calipers, wheel cylinders, master cylinders and ABS control valves. They must also protect against corrosion as moisture enters the system. Additives (corrosion inhibitors) are added to the base fluid to accomplish this. Silicone is less corrosive to paintwork than glycol-ether based DOT fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-epic_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advantage of the Citroën LHM mineral oil based brake fluid is the absence of corrosion. Seals may wear out at high mileages but otherwise these systems have exceptional longevity. It cannot be used as a substitute without changing seals due to incompatibility with the rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (November 2021)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressibility">Compressibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compressibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brake fluids must maintain a low level of compressibility, even with varying temperatures to accommodate different environmental conditions. This is important to ensure consistent brake pedal feel. As compressibility increases, more brake pedal travel is necessary for the same amount of brake caliper piston force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the driver depresses the brake pedal, pressure is transmitted to the brake master cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brake cylinder piston pressurizes a system of hydraulic tubes, each of which leads to a different wheel. The brake fluid in the tubes, in turn, pressurizes the brake slave cylinders, which are on each wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave cylinder pistons press down the brake pads. They encompass and compress the brake disk, and the rotation of the wheels slows down. </p><p>In addition to transmitting pressure, brake fluid also keeps the brake system working optimally. It helps to regulate temperature, ensuring that components are resistant to the heat generated during braking. Proper maintenance of the brake fluid level is critical, as low levels or contaminated fluid can lead to reduced braking performance and, in extreme cases, brake failure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brake fluid is mainly used on brake systems, but is also widely used for hydraulically controlled clutches.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the application, the fluid is subjected to different pressures: in the case of motorcycles, it has pressure peaks that range from 8 to 15 bar, while in Formula 1 cars it exceeds 75 bar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_and_maintenance">Service and maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Service and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glycol-ether (DOT 3, 4, and 5.1) brake fluids are hygroscopic (water absorbing), which means they absorb moisture from the atmosphere under normal humidity levels. Non-hygroscopic fluids (e.g. silicone/DOT 5 and mineral oil based formulations), are hydrophobic, and can maintain an acceptable boiling point over the fluid's service life. Ideally, silicone fluid should be used only to fill non-ABS systems that have not been previously filled with glycol based fluid. Any system that has used glycol-based fluid (DOT 3/4/5.1) will contain moisture; glycol fluid disperses the moisture throughout the system and contains corrosion inhibitors. Silicone fluid does not allow moisture to enter the system, but does not disperse any that is already there, either. A system filled from dry with silicone fluid does not require the fluid to be changed at intervals, only when the system has been disturbed for a component repair or renewal. The United States armed forces have standardised on silicone brake fluid since the 1990s. Silicone fluid is used extensively in cold climates, particularly in Russia and Finland. </p><p>Brake fluids with different DOT ratings can not always be mixed. DOT 5 should not be mixed with any of the others as mixing of glycol with silicone fluid may cause corrosion because of trapped moisture. DOT 2 should not be mixed with any of the others. DOT 3, DOT 4, and DOT 5.1 are all based on glycol esters and can be mixed, although it is preferable to completely replace existing fluids with fresh to obtain the specified performance. </p><p>Brake fluid is toxic<sup id="cite_ref-toxicity_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicity-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can damage painted surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Paint_damage_by_Brake_Fluid_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paint_damage_by_Brake_Fluid-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brake_fluid" title="Special:EditPage/Brake fluid">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castor_oil-based_(pre-DOT,_DOT_2)"><span id="Castor_oil-based_.28pre-DOT.2C_DOT_2.29"></span>Castor oil-based (pre-DOT, DOT 2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Castor oil-based (pre-DOT, DOT 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Butanol" title="Butanol">butanol</a> (red / crimson fluid) or <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (yellow fluid) (methanol)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glycol-based_(DOT_3,_4,_5.1)"><span id="Glycol-based_.28DOT_3.2C_4.2C_5.1.29"></span>Glycol-based (DOT 3, 4, 5.1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Glycol-based (DOT 3, 4, 5.1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkyl_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkyl ester (page does not exist)">Alkyl ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">Aliphatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol" title="Diethylene glycol">Diethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol_monoethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether">Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol_monomethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether">Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethyl_dipropylene_glycol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethyl dipropylene glycol (page does not exist)">Dimethyl dipropylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethylene_glycol_monobutyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether (page does not exist)">Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethylene_glycol_monomethyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (page does not exist)">Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethylene oxide">Polyethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triethylene_glycol_monobutyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether (page does not exist)">Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triethylene_glycol_monoethyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether (page does not exist)">Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triethylene_glycol_monomethyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (page does not exist)">Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silicone-based_(DOT_5)"><span id="Silicone-based_.28DOT_5.29"></span>Silicone-based (DOT 5)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Silicone-based (DOT 5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_sebacate" title="Dioctyl sebacate">Di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_polysiloxane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyl polysiloxane">Dimethyl polysiloxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate" title="Tributyl phosphate">Tributyl phosphate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid_pressure_sensor" title="Brake fluid pressure sensor">Brake fluid pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_law" title="Pascal's law">Pascal's law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brake_fluid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsportmag.com&rft.atitle=Braking+101%3A+The+System%2C+Physics+and+Science+of+the+Motion+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsportmag.com%2Fthe-tech%2Fbraking-101-the-system-physics-and-science-of-the-motion-management%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_4925-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_4925_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_4925_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/38513.html">"ISO 4925:2005 - Road vehicles -- Specification of non-petroleum-base brake fluids for hydraulic systems"</a>. <i>www.iso.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iso.org&rft.atitle=ISO+4925%3A2005+-+Road+vehicles+--+Specification+of+non-petroleum-base+brake+fluids+for+hydraulic+systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F38513.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_4925:2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_4925:2020_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/79370.html">"ISO 4925:2020 - Road vehicles -- Specification of non-petroleum-base brake fluids for hydraulic systems"</a>. <i>www.iso.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iso.org&rft.atitle=ISO+4925%3A2020+-+Road+vehicles+--+Specification+of+non-petroleum-base+brake+fluids+for+hydraulic+systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F79370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_4925:2020_OBP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_4925:2020_OBP_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:4925:ed-3:v1:en">"Online Browsing Platform ISO 4925:2020 - Road vehicles -- Specification of non-petroleum-base brake fluids for hydraulic systems"</a>. <i>www.iso.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iso.org&rft.atitle=Online+Browsing+Platform+ISO+4925%3A2020+-+Road+vehicles+--+Specification+of+non-petroleum-base+brake+fluids+for+hydraulic+systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso%3A4925%3Aed-3%3Av1%3Aen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMVSS_116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FMVSS_116_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMVSS_116_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title49-vol6/xml/CFR-2018-title49-vol6-sec571-116.xml">"Code of Federal Regulations, § 571.116 Standard No. 116; Motor vehicle brake fluids"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%2C+%C2%A7+571.116+Standard+No.+116%3B+Motor+vehicle+brake+fluids.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCFR-2018-title49-vol6%2Fxml%2FCFR-2018-title49-vol6-sec571-116.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standards-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standards_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.anton-paar.com/en/automotive-brake-fluids/">"Viscosity of Automotive Brake Fluids"</a>. Anton Paar Wiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viscosity+of+Automotive+Brake+Fluids&rft.pub=Anton+Paar+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.anton-paar.com%2Fen%2Fautomotive-brake-fluids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/fmcsrruletext.asp?section=571.116">Standard No. 116; Motor vehicle brake fluids Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 - Transportation, Chapter V - Part 571 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (49CFR571), Subpart B, Sec. 571.116 Standard No. 116; Motor vehicle brake fluids</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208235145/http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/fmcsrruletext.asp?section=571.116">Archived</a> 2008-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-parts/types-of-brake-fluid.htm">"What are the different types of brake fluid?"</a>. <i>How Stuff Works</i>. 2008-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=What+are+the+different+types+of+brake+fluid%3F&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2Fauto-parts%2Fbrakes%2Fbrake-parts%2Ftypes-of-brake-fluid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valvolineglobal.com/en-ksa/vehicle-maintenance-brake-fluid/">"Vehicle Maintenance: Brake Fluid DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5.1, and DOT 5 - Valvoline™ Global KSA - EN"</a>. <i>www.valvolineglobal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valvolineglobal.com&rft.atitle=Vehicle+Maintenance%3A+Brake+Fluid+DOT+3%2C+DOT+4%2C+DOT+5.1%2C+and+DOT+5+-+Valvoline%E2%84%A2+Global+KSA+-+EN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valvolineglobal.com%2Fen-ksa%2Fvehicle-maintenance-brake-fluid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeasestudyguides.com/dot-5-brake-fluid.html">"DOT 5 Brake Fluid: Not for ABS"</a>. <i>www.freeasestudyguides.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freeasestudyguides.com&rft.atitle=DOT+5+Brake+Fluid%3A+Not+for+ABS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeasestudyguides.com%2Fdot-5-brake-fluid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partinfo.co.uk/articles/63">"Brake Fluid Exchange and Technology"</a>. <i>Partinfo.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partinfo.co.uk&rft.atitle=Brake+Fluid+Exchange+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.partinfo.co.uk%2Farticles%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trwaftermarket.com/en/passenger-cars-and-lcv/actuation-systems/brake-fluid/">"Brake Fluid"</a>. <i>Trwaftermarket.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trwaftermarket.com&rft.atitle=Brake+Fluid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trwaftermarket.com%2Fen%2Fpassenger-cars-and-lcv%2Factuation-systems%2Fbrake-fluid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epic_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epic_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epic_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epic_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicbleedsolutions.com/blog/dot-brake-fluid-vs-mineral-oil/">"DOT Brake Fluid vs. Mineral Oil"</a>. <i>Epicbleedsolutions.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epicbleedsolutions.com&rft.atitle=DOT+Brake+Fluid+vs.+Mineral+Oil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicbleedsolutions.com%2Fblog%2Fdot-brake-fluid-vs-mineral-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOT_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title49-vol6/CFR-2011-title49-vol6-sec571-116">"49 CFR 571.116 - Standard No. 116; Motor vehicle brake fluids"</a>. <i>Gpo.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gpo.gov&rft.atitle=49+CFR+571.116+-+Standard+No.+116%3B+Motor+vehicle+brake+fluids.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fgranule%2FCFR-2011-title49-vol6%2FCFR-2011-title49-vol6-sec571-116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viscopedia.com/viscosity-tables/substances/automotive-brake-fluid/">"Viscosity of Automotive brake fluid – viscosity table and viscosity chart :: Anton Paar Wiki"</a>. <i>Anton Paar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wuling.id&rft.atitle=How+Car+Hydraulic+Brakes+Work+and+Its+Components&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwuling.id%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fautotips%2Fhow-car-hydraulic-brakes-work-and-its-components&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.garage.co.uk/blog/car-maintenance/what-you-need-to-know-about-brake-fluid">"What You Need to Know about Brake Fluid"</a>. <i>www.garage.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online.petro-canada.ca&rft.atitle=MSDS+for+DOT+3+brake+fluid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online.petro-canada.ca%2Fdatasheets%2Fen_CA%2Fw449.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrake+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paint_damage_by_Brake_Fluid-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paint_damage_by_Brake_Fluid_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/maintenance/generaltips.htm">"General Tips"</a>. Total Motorcycle<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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