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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Elukäik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elukäik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Elukäik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elukäik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descartesi_filosoofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descartesi_filosoofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descartesi filosoofia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descartesi_filosoofia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Descartesi filosoofia"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descartesi_filosoofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cogito_ergo_sum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cogito_ergo_sum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Cogito ergo sum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cogito_ergo_sum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hing_ja_keha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hing_ja_keha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hing ja keha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hing_ja_keha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jumala_eksistents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumala_eksistents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jumala eksistents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumala_eksistents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seos_Eestiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seos_Eestiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seos Eestiga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seos_Eestiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teosed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teosed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teosed</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teosed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Teosed"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teosed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teosed_eesti_keeles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teosed_eesti_keeles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Teosed eesti keeles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teosed_eesti_keeles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raamatud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raamatud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Raamatud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raamatud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artiklid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artiklid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Artiklid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artiklid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Kirjandus"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raamatud_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raamatud_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Raamatud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raamatud_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artiklid_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artiklid_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Artiklid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artiklid_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allikad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allikad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Allikad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allikad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">René Descartes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 174 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%94_%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ረኔ ዴካርት – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረኔ ዴካርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A6_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنئ دکارت – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنئ دکارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ། – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7" title="روني ديكارط – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روني ديكارط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84" title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Kartezio" title="Renato Kartezio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renato Kartezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="笛卡兒 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="笛卡兒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="르네 데카르트 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르네 데카르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ռենե Դեկարտ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռենե Դեկարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesio" title="Cartesio – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartesio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="רנה דקארט – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנה דקארט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ladiini" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Descartes" title="Rene Descartes – ladiino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rene Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladiino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Cartesius" title="Renatus Cartesius – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renatus Cartesius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C4%93_Dekarts" title="Renē Dekarts – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Renē Dekarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – livviko" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livviko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rynes_dekart" title="rynes dekart – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rynes dekart" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesi" title="Cartesi – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cartesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത് – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – nahua" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="nahua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="रेने डेसकार्टस – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेने डेसकार्टस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="रेने देस्कार्तेस् – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेने देस्कार्तेस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ルネ・デカルト – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルネ・デカルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دیکارت – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنه دیکارت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renei_Deikaat" title="Renei Deikaat – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Renei Deikaat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="រីណេ ដេកាត – khmeeri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រីណេ ដេកាត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – pikardi" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lye-ney.ti-al" title="lye-ney.ti-al – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lye-ney.ti-al" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – sanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – seraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="seraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABne_Dekart" title="Rëne Dekart – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rëne Dekart" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesiu" title="Cartesiu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartesiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට් – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD" title="ڊيڪارٽ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيڪارٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E_%D8%AF%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ڕێنێ دێکارت – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێنێ دێکارت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rini_Dikar%E1%B9%AD" title="Rini Dikarṭ – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rini Dikarṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="డెకార్ట్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెకార్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="เรอเน เดการ์ต – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรอเน เดการ์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – tõva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tõva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartezio" title="Cartezio – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" 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class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347534">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output 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0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">René Descartes</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/220px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/330px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/440px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sünniaeg</th><td> 31. märts 1596<br /><span class="birthplace">Descartes (<a href="/wiki/Prantsusmaa_kuningriik" title="Prantsusmaa kuningriik">Prantsusmaa kuningriik</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Surmaaeg</th><td> 11. veebruar 1650 (53-aastaselt)<br /><span class="deathplace">Stockholm</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Amet</th><td class="role"> <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">filosoof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matemaatik" title="Matemaatik">matemaatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsik" title="Füüsik">füüsik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirjanik" title="Kirjanik">kirjanik</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Autogramm</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Firma_Descartes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/150px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/225px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/300px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9191" class="extiw" title="d:Q9191">muuda Wikidatas</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>René Descartes</b> [rön'ee dek'art] (<a href="/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel">ladinapäraselt</a> <b>Renatus Cartesius</b>; <a href="/wiki/31._m%C3%A4rts" title="31. märts">31. märts</a> <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a> La Haye en Touraine, Prantsusmaa – <a href="/wiki/11._veebruar" title="11. veebruar">11. veebruar</a> <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Rootsi) oli <a href="/wiki/Prantslased" title="Prantslased">prantsuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika">matemaatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">filosoof</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Loodusteadlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Loodusteadlane">loodusteadlane</a>. </p><p>Teda on nimetaud uusaja filosoofia isaks. Kuna Descartesi ladinapärane nimi oli Cartesius, kutsutakse tänapäeval tema filosoofilist õpetust ning tema filosoofilistest ideedest välja arenenud filosoofiasuundi kartesianismiks.<sup id="cite_ref-UUVCe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUVCe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elukäik"><span id="Eluk.C3.A4ik"></span>Elukäik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Elukäik"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Elukäik" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes sündis Kesk-Prantsusmaal La Haye en Touraine'is, mis nimetati 1802. aastal tema auks ümber <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descartes_(Indre-et-Loire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descartes (Indre-et-Loire) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Descartesiks</a>. Koht kannab sama nime ka tänapäeval. Kui ta oli üheaastane, suri tema ema Jeanne Brochard sünnitusel. Isa Joachim oli <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennesis</a> paikneva Bretagne'i kohtu liige.<sup id="cite_ref-otOev_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otOev-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> René elas koos vanaema ja vanaonuga. 1607. aastal (nii hilja nõrga tervise tõttu) asus ta õppima <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Fl%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Flèche (pole veel kirjutatud)">La Flèche</a>'i <a href="/wiki/Jesuiidid" title="Jesuiidid">jesuiitide koolis</a> (<i>Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4KoK8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4KoK8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kus ta tutvus matemaatika ja füüsikaga, sh <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> töödega.<sup id="cite_ref-2CAbq_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2CAbq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pärast lõpetamist 1614. aastal õppis ta kaks aastat <a href="/wiki/Poitiers%27_%C3%BClikool" title="Poitiers' ülikool">Poitiers' ülikoolis</a>, kus sai bakalaureuse- ja litsentsiaadikraadi õiguses. Tema isa soovis, et pojast saaks jurist.<sup id="cite_ref-PVzkc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVzkc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiljem suundus Descartes Pariisi. </p><p>1618. aastal astus ta Hollandi riigiarmeesse, et saada sõjaväeohvitseriks. Järgmisest aastast oli ta Baieri vürsti <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_(Baieri_kuurv%C3%BCrst)" title="Maximilian I (Baieri kuurvürst)">Maximilian I</a> teenistuses ja viibis 1620. aastal Praha lähedal toimunud lahingu juures (osa kolmekümneaastasest sõjast). </p><p>Descartes elas <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>. aastast <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Hollandis</a>. Ta kirjutas töid filosoofiast, optikast, <a href="/wiki/Geomeetria" title="Geomeetria">geomeetriast</a> ja hinge loomusest. Matemaatikas on tema tööd aluseks <a href="/wiki/Koordinaatteljestik" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordinaatteljestik">koordinaatteljestiku</a> kasutamisele geomeetrias, mis liidab kokku <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> ja geomeetria. Descartes lahkus <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Hollandist</a> <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>. aastal, suundudes kuninganna <a href="/wiki/Kristiina" title="Kristiina">Kristiina</a> kutsel <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholmi</a>, kus ta suri <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>. aastal kopsupõletikku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descartesi_filosoofia">Descartesi filosoofia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Descartesi filosoofia"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Descartesi filosoofia" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Principia_philosophiae.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>"Principia philosophiae", 1685</figcaption></figure> <p>Descartesi filosoofia eesmärgiks oli leida tõsikindel teadmine, kus poleka mingit ruumi eksitusteks. Eesmärgiks oli kahtluse ületamine. Ta püüdis välja selgitada, kas on olemas tõsikindel tunnetus, ning kui see peaks olemas olema, siis mille kohta see käib.<sup id="cite_ref-eirFi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eirFi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descartesi ei rahuldanud traditsioonilised akadeemilised teadmised ega raamatutarkused, kuna need ei andnud vastust küsimusele, kas saab midagi tõsikindlalt teada.<sup id="cite_ref-2XEUZ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2XEUZ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descartes on oma kasvatuse kohta öelnud: </p><p> ".. <i>ja kuna mulle kinnitati, et nende abil võib omandada selge ja kindla tunnetuse kõige selle kohta, mis on elule kasulik, siis oli mu ülimaks sooviks neid tundma õppida. Aga niipea kui ma olin lõpetanud kogu selle õpikursuse, mille lõpul tavaliselt võetakse vastu õpetlaste seisusesse, muutsin täielikult oma arvamust. Ma olin segaduses nii paljudest kahtlusist ja eksimusist, et mulle näis, et mu õppimispüüust ei olnud muud tulu kui et ma avastasin ikka rohkem ja rohkem oma teadmatust</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-nhdx7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhdx7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehkki Descartes arvas, et kooliharidus ei anna tõsikindlat teadmist, pidas ta sellest ikkagi lugu, kuna leidis, et koolis loetavates kirjatükkides saab teadmisi autorite kõige parematest mõtetest, sest vaid need on raamatutesse kirja pandud. Ta pidas erinevatest autoriteetidest lugu, ent oli ühtaegu veendunud, et autorite olemasolev teadmine ei vasta kuidagi tema <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5sikindlus" title="Tõsikindlus">tõsikindluse</a> nõudele, ning uskus, et suudab ise paremat. <sup id="cite_ref-2XEUZ_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2XEUZ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cogito_ergo_sum"><i>Cogito ergo sum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Cogito ergo sum"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Cogito ergo sum" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Descartes väitis, et kui inimene mõtleb, kas ta olemas on, siis ainuüksi mõtlemine tõendab, et on. </p><p>Descartesi <i>cogito</i>-argumendi aluseks on, et ükskõik kui palju kahtlusi inimesel ka ei tekiks, siis tema olemasolu on vähemalt tõene, sest muidu ei oleks tal võimalik kahelda. Selle vastu räägib mõneti fakt, et magades inimesed ei mõtle ega kahtle endas, kuid Descartes väitis oma teoses "Arutlus meetodist":<sup id="cite_ref-oKACu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oKACu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Kui ma aga lõpuks kaalusin, et kõik need mõtted, mis meil on ärkvel olles, võivad meil tulla ka magades, kuigi nad pole tõelised, siis otsustasin ma oletada, et kõik mu vaimu kunagi sattunud asjad ei olnud tõelisemad mu unenägude illusioonidest. Kuid kohe seepeale panin ma tähele, et sel ajal, kui ma tahtsin mõelda, et kõik on väär, oli paratamatult tarvilik, et mina, kes ma seda mõtlesin, ka midagi oleksin. Ja kui ma märkasin, et see tõde − ma mõtlen, järelikult olen − oli nii kindel ja püsiv, et teda ei suutnud kõigutada isegi skeptikute kõige liialeminevamad oletused, siis ma otsustasin, et ma võisin teda pidada kahtlemata minu otsivaks filosoofia esimeseks printsiibiks."<sup id="cite_ref-jmiPR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmiPR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descartesi meelest ei saa usaldada autoriteete, sest ka autoriteet peab millelegi tuginema, ning Descartesi arvates on kõigele vaja konkreetset tugipunkti, mis ei tekitaks kahtlusi. Descartes kirjutas, et kui heita kõrvale kõik, milles saab kahelda, siis ei oleks ei Jumalat, taevast ega keha. Samas ei saa öelda, et ei ole olemas hinge, meid, kes me sellisel moel mõtleme, sest kui on olemas mõtlemine, oleme ka meie.<sup id="cite_ref-aO0Nf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aO0Nf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juba Augustinus käsitles mõneti <i>cogito</i>-argumenti, ent tema jaoks oli see pigem möödaminev nähtus, Descartesi jaoks aga kogu ta filosoofia alus. Descartesi filosoofia järgi on ainus, milles kahelda ei saa, iseenese olemasolu.<sup id="cite_ref-oKACu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oKACu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hing_ja_keha">Hing ja keha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Hing ja keha"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Hing ja keha" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes avaldas käsitlenud kahe substantsi õpetust, mis seisneb hinge ja keha eraldatuses.<sup id="cite_ref-zBt9E_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zBt9E-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descartes on öelnud, et tema, s.o hing, mille tõttu ta on see, mis ta on, on täiesti erinev kehast, ja teda on isegi kergem tunnetada kui keha, sest kui ei oleks keha, siis hing oleks ikkagi see, mida ta on.<sup id="cite_ref-z2cap_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z2cap-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinge olemasolu on Descartes kindlaks teinud just <i>cogito</i>-argumendi alusel, ent kuna keha ja hing asetsevad eraldi, ei ole sugugi lihtne kindlaks teha keha olemasolu. Descartes arvas, et inimese hing kontrollib keha läbi ainukese üksikorgani, käbikeha.<sup id="cite_ref-S5als_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S5als-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hing ei saa otseselt mõjutada keha käitumist, vaid enne on vaja käbikeha vibratsioonidega esile kutsuda emotsioonid, mis suunavad edasist käitumist<sup id="cite_ref-Ag4f0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag4f0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Samuti on Descartes välja toonud, et mõningatel üksikutel juhtudel on keha ka vaimu võimeline mõjutama, näiteks juhul, kui kirg juhib inimese tegevust.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine"><span title="See väide vajab viidet.">viide?</span></a></i>]</sup> Descartes käsitles kirge füsioloogilisest seisukohast, arvates, et kired peegeldavad inimkeha, mitte aga hinge seisundit. Descartes eristas kuut põhikirge: imestus, armastus, vihkamine, soov, rõõm ja kurbus.<sup id="cite_ref-UUVCe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUVCe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Põhjused, miks Descartes valis hinge ja keha ühenduskohaks just käbikeha: </p><p>1) Hing on ühtne ning ka käbikeha on ajus vaid üks, mistõttu saab sinna koonduda mitme organi (nt kahe silma) info. </p><p>2) Käbikeha paikneb ajuvatsakeste lähedal. Descartes uskus, et ajuvatsakeste seljaajuvedelik juhib närvide abil keha tegevust ning käbikeha mängib selles protsessis olulist rolli. Meeleelunditest saadud info liigub närvide kaudu käbikehasse, milles info vastu võetakse, saavad tekkida emotsioonid ning seejärel keha reaktsioon stiimulile.<sup id="cite_ref-Ag4f0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag4f0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descartesi arvates ei olnud loomad intelligentsed ega mõistuslikud olevused, kuid nad said oma meeltega vastu võtta tajukogemusi. Mõtlemine muudab inimkäitumise märksa paindlikumaks kui seda on loomade käitumine. Descartesi filosoofia kohaselt olid loomad nagu masinad, kelle käitumuslikuks vastuseks oli refleks. Inimesed seevastu on võimelised uues situatsioonis oma käitumist kohandama tänu mõtlemise olemasolule.<sup id="cite_ref-S5als_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S5als-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumala_eksistents">Jumala eksistents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Jumala eksistents"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Jumala eksistents" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jumalal on Descartesi filosoofias väga tähtis koht. Descartesi ei huvita Jumala olemasolu teoloogilistel põhjustel, vaid pigem on Jumalal süstemaatiline roll tema filosoofias, mis tähendab, et lähenemisviis Jumalale on mõistuspärane, ning kuna ratsionaalne inimene usub vaid argumente, tuleb ka Jumala olemasolu tõestada. Descartes on esitanud oma versioonid kosmoloogilisest ja ontoloogilisest jumalatõestusest. Ontoloogiline tõestus Descartesi sõnastuses kätkeks seda, et inimesel on mõttes mingi selge ja täpne tingimusteta täiusliku olendi idee. See idee on sama kallutamatu kui matemaatilised tõed või geomeetrilised kujundid. Näide Jumala olemusest ja võrdlusest geomeetriliste kujunditega Descartesi teosest "Viies meditatsioon":<sup id="cite_ref-E88fe_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E88fe-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>".. Jumala olemasolu ei saa olla eraldatud tema olemusest nagu võrdkülgse kolmnurga olemusest kolme nurga suurus, mis võrdub kahe täisnurgaga, või mäe idee oru ideedest. Niisiis ei ole vähem tülgastav vaadelda Jumalat (see tähendab sõltumatult täiuslikku olendit) ilma eksistentsita (kel puuduks mingi täiuslikkus), kui vaadelda mäge ilma oruta." <sup id="cite_ref-c7MWS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c7MWS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seos_Eestiga">Seos Eestiga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Seos Eestiga"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Seos Eestiga" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tartus on <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Descartes%27i_Kool" title="Tartu Descartes'i Kool">Tartu Descartes'i Kool</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teosed">Teosed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Teosed"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Teosed" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Juhised mõistuse suunamiseks" (1628)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arutlus_meetodist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arutlus meetodist (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arutlus meetodist</a>" (1637)</li> <li>"Geomeetria" (1637)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Meditatsioonid_esimesest_filosoofiast" title="Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast">Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast</a>" (1641)</li> <li>"Filosoofia printsiibid" (1644)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hinge_passioonid" title="Hinge passioonid">Hinge tundmused</a>" (1649)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teosed_eesti_keeles">Teosed eesti keeles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Teosed eesti keeles"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Teosed eesti keeles" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raamatud">Raamatud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Arutlus meetodist". Prantsuse keelest tõlkinud ja eessõna: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kulpa" title="Rudolf Kulpa">Rudolf Kulpa</a>; saatesõna: <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Ramul" title="Konstantin Ramul">Konstantin Ramul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Noor-Eesti_Kirjastus" title="Noor-Eesti Kirjastus">Noor-Eesti Kirjastus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>, 90 lk; 2., redigeeritud trükk väljaandes: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakov_Ljatker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakov Ljatker (pole veel kirjutatud)">Jakov Ljatker</a>, "Descartes" (vene keelest tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Andres_Raudsepp_(t%C3%B5lkija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Raudsepp (tõlkija)">Andres Raudsepp</a>) / René Descartes, "Arutlus meetodist". <a href="/wiki/Olion" title="Olion">Olion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>, 176 lk; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/5460002419" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5460002419</a></li> <li>"Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast". Ladina keelest tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Meelis_Friedenthal" title="Meelis Friedenthal">Meelis Friedenthal</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Marju_Lepaj%C3%B5e" title="Marju Lepajõe">Marju Lepajõe</a>; eessõna "Sissejuhatus meditatsioonidesse" lk 7–26: Meelis Friedenthal. Sari <a href="/wiki/Avatud_Eesti_Raamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatud Eesti Raamat">Avatud Eesti Raamat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmamaa" title="Ilmamaa">Ilmamaa</a>, Tartu <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>, 125 lk; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789985774489" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789985774489</a></li> <li>"Hinge tundmused". Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Andres_Raudsepp" title="Andres Raudsepp">Andres Raudsepp</a>, sari <a href="/wiki/Avatud_Eesti_Raamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatud Eesti Raamat">Avatud Eesti Raamat</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>, 176 lk, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789985775042" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789985775042</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artiklid">Artiklid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Artiklid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Artiklid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast" (katkendid). Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Marju_Lepaj%C3%B5e" title="Marju Lepajõe">Marju Lepajõe</a> – Akadeemia 1996, nr 8, lk 1642−1665; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=101947">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li>"Eessõna Filosoofia printsiipidele: Autori kiri sellele, kes tõlkis raamatu; mis võiks siinkohal kõlvata eessõnaks". Tõlkinud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Kivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Kivi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rainer Kivi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akadeemia_(ajakiri)" title="Akadeemia (ajakiri)">Akadeemia</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, nr 2, lk 293–305; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=104070">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdrauliline_mudel_(Descartes)" title="Hüdrauliline mudel (Descartes)">Hüdrauliline mudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descartesi_auhind" title="Descartesi auhind">Descartesi auhind</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UUVCe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UUVCe_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UUVCe_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroom (2010), lk 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otOev-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-otOev_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1992). "Descartes' life and the development of his philosophy". In Cottingham, John. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9780521366960" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4KoK8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4KoK8_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Desmond (2006). Descartes: A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0521823013" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-82301-3</a>., p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2CAbq-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2CAbq_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Roy (1999) [1997]. "The New Science". The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (paperback edition, 135798642 ed.). Great Britain: Harper Collins. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0006374549" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0006374549</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PVzkc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PVzkc_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 373–377. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0131585916" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-158591-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eirFi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eirFi_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2XEUZ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2XEUZ_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2XEUZ_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhdx7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nhdx7_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oKACu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oKACu_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oKACu_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmiPR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jmiPR_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRené_Descartes1995" class="citation book cs1">René Descartes (1995). <i>Arutlus meetodist</i>. Tallinn. Lk 147-148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arutlus+meetodist&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=147-148&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aO0Nf-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aO0Nf_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroom (2010), lk 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zBt9E-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zBt9E_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1">"Descartes and the Pineal Gland". <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28online%29&rft.atitle=Descartes+and+the+Pineal+Gland.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">kontrolli kuupäeva väärtust: <code class="cs1-code">|Kasutatud=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#bad_date" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">parameeter <code class="cs1-code">|kasutatud=</code> nõuab parameetrit <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#accessdate_missing_url" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">puuduv või tühi <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#cite_web_url" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z2cap-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-z2cap_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Descartes1995" class="citation book cs1">René Descartes (1995). <i>Arutlus meetodist</i>. Tallinn. Lk 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arutlus+meetodist&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=148&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S5als-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-S5als_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-S5als_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Hardy_Leahey1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Hardy Leahey (1996). <i>A history of psychology</i>. USA: Viacom company. Lk 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+psychology&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Viacom+company&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Thomas+Hardy+Leahey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ag4f0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ag4f0_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ag4f0_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Descartes">"René Descartes"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 30.04</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRene-Descartes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Descartes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">kontrolli kuupäeva väärtust: <code class="cs1-code">|Kasutatud=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#bad_date" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E88fe-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-E88fe_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c7MWS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-c7MWS_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarinen (2007), lk 120</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg/220px-Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg/330px-Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg/440px-Statue_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Descartesi kuju tema sünnilinnas</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raamatud_2">Raamatud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Descartes ja tema ideede jõudmine Baltimaile 17. sajandil ja 18. sajandi algul: René Descartesi 400. sünniaastapäevale pühendatud näitus Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogus, aprill – juuni 1996 = <i>Descartes und der Eingang Seiner Ideen in die Schwedischen Ostseeprovinzen Estland und Livland im 17. und Frühen 18. Jahrhundert: Ausstellung aus Anlass des 400. Jubiläums von René Descartes in der Universitätsbibliothek Tartu von April bis Juni 1996</i>". Koostaja <a href="/wiki/Arvo_Tering" title="Arvo Tering">Arvo Tering</a>; toimetajad <a href="/wiki/Rein_Saukas" title="Rein Saukas">Rein Saukas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claus_Sommerhage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claus Sommerhage (pole veel kirjutatud)">Claus Sommerhage</a>; tõlge saksa keelde: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiira_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiira Schmidt (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kiira Schmidt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_Raamatukogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogu">Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogu</a> <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>, 140 lk; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9985561767" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9985561767</a></li> <li>Jakov Ljatker, "Descartes" (vene keelest tõlkinud Andres Raudsepp) Tallinn: Olion, 1995, 176 lk; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/5460002419" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5460002419</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artiklid_2">Artiklid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Artiklid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Artiklid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Koort" title="Alfred Koort">Alfred Koort</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjandusarhiiv.net/?p=300">"Rene Descartes'i filosoofiast"</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akadeemia_(ajakiri)" title="Akadeemia (ajakiri)">Akadeemia</a> <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>, nr 1 (mai), lk 43–49 ja raamatus: Alfred Koort, "Inimese meetod", <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>, lk 9–17</li> <li>Arvo Tering, "René Descartes'i ideede jõudmisest Eesti- ja Liivimaale XVII sajandil ja XVIII sajandi algul" – <a href="/wiki/Keel_ja_Kirjandus" title="Keel ja Kirjandus">Keel ja Kirjandus</a> 1996, nr 3, lk 179–188</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, "Descartes'i müüt". Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Anto_Unt" title="Anto Unt">Anto Unt</a> – Akadeemia 1996, nr 8, lk 1666–1680; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=101947">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helgi_Kilp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helgi Kilp (pole veel kirjutatud)">Helgi Kilp</a>, "Üks ja juhtiv õpetlaste riigist..." (väljaande Jakov Ljatker, "Descartes" / René Descartes, "Arutlus meetodist" arvustus) – Akadeemia <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>, nr 2, lk 396–400; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=101583">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Henrik_von_Wright" title="Georg Henrik von Wright">Georg Henrik von Wright</a>, "Filosoofia, loogika ja normid". Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Tiiu_Hallap" title="Tiiu Hallap">Tiiu Hallap</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vagabund_(kirjastus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagabund (kirjastus)">Vagabund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, lk 663–705 ("Vaimust ja mateeriast"); <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9985835530" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9985835530</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Kivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Kivi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rainer Kivi</a>, "Descartes'i filosoofia mõistest" – Akadeemia <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, nr 2, lk 306–319; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=104070">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oets_Kolk_Bouwsma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oets Kolk Bouwsma (pole veel kirjutatud)">Oets Kolk Bouwsma</a>, "Descartes'i kuri deemon". Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%B6lder" title="Bruno Mölder">Bruno Mölder</a> – Akadeemia 2004, nr 12, lk 2668–2680; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=104081">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Baillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrien Baillet (pole veel kirjutatud)">Adrien Baillet</a>, "Descartes'i <i>Olympica</i>". Tõlkinud ja kommenteerinud Rainer Kivi – Akadeemia <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, nr 11, lk 2443–2455; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=104094">loetav ka Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivis</a></li> <li>Rainer Kivi, "Essee Descartes'i <i>Olympica</i>'st" – samas, lk 2456–2485</li> <li>"21 maailmakuulsat mõtlejat", koostanud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerda_Kroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerda Kroom (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gerda Kroom</a>, Tallinn <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>, lk 124–135; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789949451562" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789949451562</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allikad">Allikad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Allikad"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Allikad" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gerda Kroom (2010). "21 maailmakuulsat mõtlejat". <a href="/wiki/Odamees_(kirjastus,_1992)" title="Odamees (kirjastus, 1992)">Odamees</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789949451562" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9949-451-56-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esa_Saarinen" title="Esa Saarinen">Esa Saarinen</a> (2007). "Filosoofia ajalugu tipult tipule Sokratesest Marxini". <a href="/wiki/Avita" title="Avita">Avita</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789985209981" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9985-209-98-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&action=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text"><a href="https://et.wikisource.org/wiki/Esileht" class="extiw" title="s:Esileht">Vikitekstides</a> on artikliga seotud alliktekste: <b><a href="https://et.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" class="extiw" title="s:Autor:René Descartes">Autor:René Descartes</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6724296"><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Tsitaadid Vikitsitaatides: <b><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" class="extiw" title="q:René Descartes">René Descartes</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6724296"><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Pildid, videod ja helifailid Commonsis: <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes?uselang=et">René Descartes</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdl.ee/~biggie/descartes/">René Descartes'i teemaline veebikataloog</a> (<i>eesti keeles</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kivistik_(filosoof)" title="Jaan Kivistik (filosoof)">Jaan Kivistik</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiiv2.postimees.ee:8080/leht/96/04/06/kultuur.htm#teine">"Kõige tähtsam filosoof neljasaja-aastane"</a> Postimees, 6. aprill 1996, lk 9</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Broughton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Broughton (pole veel kirjutatud)">Janet Broughton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peter_Carriero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peter Carriero (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Peter Carriero</a> (toim). <i>A Companion to Descartes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ee/books?id=yKue-wZAvmYC&dq=janet+broughton&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=rV6o52-uoF&sig=uf9PqMip17KuxsHdxVuqeSJ6jCw&hl=et&ei=-Ay-SeSQBtmOsAasrrXoDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPR7,M1">Google'i raamat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armorialartssciences.blogspot.com.ee/2014/08/rene-descartes.html">Vapp</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Descartes&oldid=6588367">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Descartes&oldid=6588367</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="Kategooria:René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Prantsuse_filosoofid" title="Kategooria:Prantsuse filosoofid">Prantsuse filosoofid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Prantsuse_matemaatikud" 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