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<li id="toc-Early_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vietnamese dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_and_practice" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese version of Chan Buddhism</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_thi%E1%BB%81n_vi%E1%BB%87n_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Trúc Lâm Temple">Trúc Lâm Temple</a>, Thiền temple outside the <a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">resort town</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_L%E1%BA%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Lạt">Đà Lạt</a>, Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257638694">.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism{color:black}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-content{background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Part of</span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><i>a series</i></span></a> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Zen Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese <i>Chan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese <i>Zen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean <i>Seon</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnamese <i>Thiền</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>The "essence"</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> <p><b>The way</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> <p><b>The "goal"</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> <p><b>Background</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> Chan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Indian Mahayana texts</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Chinese texts</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Chan" title="Chan Buddhism">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Chán in China</b><br /> <p><i><b>Classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Post-classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Zen in Japan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Seon in Korea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thiền in Vietnam</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> <p><b>Western Zen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thiền Buddhism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Thiền tông</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">禪宗</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[tʰîən<span class="wrap"> </span>təwŋm]</a></span>) is the name for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen Buddhism</a>. Thiền is the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese</a> pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> word 禪 (<i>chán</i>), an abbreviation of 禪那 (<i>chánnà</i>; thiền na), which is a transliteration of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism"><i>dhyāna</i></a> ("<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> was introduced during the early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>, 111 BCE to 939 CE, which also accommodated local animism and <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to traditional accounts, in 580, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> monk named <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%ABtaruci" title="Vinītaruci">Vinītaruci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi</i>) who is considered the founder of Thiền, traveled to Vietnam after completing his studies with <a href="/wiki/Sengcan" title="Sengcan">Sengcan</a>, the third Patriarch of Chan. However, Chan was already present in the country before his arrival. "Thiền Buddhism was already established in Vietnam before Vinītaruci's arrival, for Phap Hien studied under and was ... After Vinītaruci's death, Phap Hien built the Temple of Chung-thien at Mount Tu, about twenty miles northwest of <a href="/wiki/Luy_L%C3%A2u" title="Luy Lâu">Luy Lâu</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sect that Vinītaruci and his lone Vietnamese disciple founded would become known as the oldest branch of Thiền. After a period of obscurity, the Vinītaruci School (Diệt Hỉ Thiền phái; 滅喜禪派) became one of the most influential Buddhist groups in Vietnam by the 10th century, particularly so under the patriarch <a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Vạn Hạnh">Vạn Hạnh</a> (died 1018). Other Thiền schools were founded during this time, such as the Pháp Vân Temple lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early Vietnamese Thiền schools included that of the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a>, called Vô Ngôn Thông in Vietnamese, which was associated with the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a>. Information about these schools can be gleaned from a Chinese language <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> work entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n_uy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BA%ADp_anh" title="Thiền uyển tập anh">Thiền uyển tập anh</a></i> ("Compendium of Outstanding figures of the Chan Garden" c. 1337).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A careful study of the primary sources by Cuong Tu Nguyen however concludes that the legend of Vinītaruci and the accounts of Vô Ngôn Thông are probably fabrications, a version of Vietnamese Buddhist history that "was self-consciously constructed with the composition of the <i>Thiền uyển</i> in medieval Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuong Tu Nguyen notes that the kind of Buddhism which was practiced in Vietnam during the Chinese occupation period and before the writing of the <i>Thiền uyển</i> was "a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">thaumaturgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, and ritualism" which was "very worldly engaged."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_dynasties">Vietnamese dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vietnamese dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg/440px-Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_ng%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BA%BF_kho%C3%A1_h%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%ADp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>First page of a Buddhist essay by Trần Thái Tông, ca. 1260. <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ Nho">Chữ Nho</a> script.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist culture, literature, arts and architecture thrived during the period of peace and stability of the four Vietnamese dynasties of the <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê</a> (980-1400).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early Lê and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a> periods, Buddhism became an influential force in court politics and the dynastic elites saw Buddhist clergy as useful assistants in their political agenda which they provided in return for patronage. They were eventually integrated into the structure of the imperial state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Lý and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a> dynasties, a "new" court Buddhism arose among the elites which was aligned with Chinese Chan and influenced by Chan literature.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Trần rulers were quite involved in the development of Thiền Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> (1218–77) was known as the "Great Monk King" and wrote various important Buddhist works including <i>Instructions on Emptiness (Khóa Hư Lục)</i>, <i>A Guide to Zen Buddhism</i> and a <i>Commentary on The Diamond Sutra,</i> as well as poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first truly Vietnamese Thiền school was founded by the religious emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> (1258–1308), who became a monk. This was the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a> or "Bamboo Grove" school, which evinced a deep influence from <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems to have been an elite religion for aristocrats and was also promoted by Chinese monks who traveled to Vietnam to teach.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Trúc Lâm's prestige waned over the following centuries after the Ming conquest (1413-1428) which led to a period of Confucian dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, a group of Chinese monks led by Nguyên Thiều established a vigorous new school, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A2m_T%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lâm Tế (page does not exist)">Lâm Tế</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a>, which mixed Chan and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more domesticated offshoot of Lâm Tế, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%E1%BB%85u_Qu%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liễu Quán (page does not exist)">Liễu Quán</a>, was founded in the 18th century by a monk by the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%E1%BB%85u_Qu%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liễu Quán (page does not exist)">Liễu Quán</a>. Lâm Tế remains the largest monastic order in the country today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a> was first introduced to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> through Thiền master Thông Giác Thủy Nguyệt (通覺水月, 1637-1704), who traveled to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and practiced under Chan master Yiju Zhijiao (一句智教, 30th generation of Caodong school) in <a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang province">Zhejiang province</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. After three years of practice there, he achieved enlightenment and received <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">inka</a> from Master Zhijiao. He then returned to Vietnam and began to preach <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p><p>Thông Giác Thủy Nguyệt's successor was Thiền master Chân Dung Tông Diễn (真融宗演, 1640–1711), who became famous for his piety and critical role in resolving the Buddhist problem during the <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Lê Trung Hưng dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to Chan Buddhism in the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, this lineage also focuses on both Zen and Pure Land practice, of which Zen practice is the major thread.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first supreme patriarch of the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha, Venerable Thích Đức Nhuận (1897-1993), was a disciple of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main temple is the Hòe Nhai pagoda (also called Hồng Phúc tự), located in <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_district" title="Ba Đình district">Ba Đình district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vietnamese Buddhism suffered from political oppression during the colonial era of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, both by pro-Confucian mandarins and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Vietnamese Thiền was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a> of figures like <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>, who saw Buddhism in terms of social and personal transformation, rather than in supernatural terms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, a Buddhist reform movement led by intellectual clergy of "<a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">engaged Buddhism</a>" focused on <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> social and political activities such as <a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">peacemaking</a>, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural development</a>, combatting <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">ethnic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">opposition to warfare</a>, and support of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gleig_2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleig_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modernization movement also protested against popular devotion, arguing that Buddhism should be "purified from superstition".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, in response to a hostile government, Vietnamese Mahayana and Theravada Buddhists formed the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Buddhist_Sangha_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam">Unified Buddhist Sangha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a> led South Vietnamese Buddhists in acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a> in protest of the South Vietnamese government's repression of Buddhists during the "<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a>" of '63. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg/220px-Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg/330px-Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg/440px-Deer_Park_Monastery3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park_Monastery" title="Deer Park Monastery">Deer Park Monastery</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>) meditation hall, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_12_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, Vietnamese Thiền master</figcaption></figure> <p>Thiền master <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a> (1924–2022) is credited for renovating Trúc Lâm in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. He was one of the most prominent and influential Thiền masters of the 20th and early 21st century. He was a disciple of Master <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Thiện Hoa (page does not exist)">Thích Thiện Hoa</a>. The most famous practitioner of modern Thiền Buddhism in the West was <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> (1926–2022) who authored dozens of books and founded the <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Monastery" title="Plum Village Monastery">Plum Village Monastery</a> in France together with his colleague, Thiền Master <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_Kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân Không">Chân Không</a>. Another influential teacher in the West was <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a>, who taught philosophy at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> and founded a meditation center in L.A. </p><p>In recent years, the modernization of Thiền has taken a new global dimension, as Vietnamese Zen is becoming influenced by the teachings of influential overseas Vietnamese Buddhist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> who have adopted Thiền to Western needs. As a result, Vietnamese Buddhists have also now begun to practice these modernized forms of Thiền.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This modernist form of Thiền has become quite popular at home and abroad, in spite of the fact that there is still no complete <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> in contemporary Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on the current situation in Vietnam, Philip Taylor writes: </p><blockquote><p>The flow of Buddhist practitioners, texts and ideas throughout Vietnam and across national boundaries sets the context for another recent development in Buddhism in Vietnam, the increasing prominence given in northern Vietnam to Zen (Thiền) as the quintessential Vietnamese Buddhist tradition....Southern Vietnam's intense transnational connections have enabled the repatriation and the circulation to elsewhere in Vietnam of the markedly meditative form of Buddhism developed by Vietnamese emigre monks based in the United States and France...Ironically, this recently imported purified form of Buddhism has come to be taken as a national tradition, a view which receives endorsement from the state, motivated, as are many lay Buddhists, to attach itself to an authentic national tradition that is not sullied by the taint of superstition....Today, the Communist Party seeks to boost its legitimacy by endorsing Zen a version of Buddhism promoted by a transnational movement, as an authentic national tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_and_practice">Teaching and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Teaching and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg/199px-Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg" decoding="async" width="199" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg/298px-Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg/397px-Buddhist_Monk_Service_Hue_Vietnam.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Thiền monks performing a service in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thiền draws its texts and practices mainly from the Chinese Chan tradition as well as other schools of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Most Buddhist monks and laymen in Vietnam traditionally obey the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a>, recite <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, learn <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">practice meditation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">chant the Buddha's name</a> (V. <i>niệm Phật</i>, Ch. <i>Nien-fo</i>, J. <i>Nembutsu</i>) without any conflict between the practices. We may say, in short, that Buddhism in Vietnam is synthetic and unified rather than divided and sectarian. At present the popular method of practice is meditation during recitation and recitation during meditation - meditation and recitation being one and the same for Vietnamese Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This practice is known as the "union of Zen and Pure-Land recitation".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chanting of sutras, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus sutra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti" title="Vimalakirti">Vimalakirti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Surangama Samadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana sutra</a> is also a very widespread practice, as in all schools of Zen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam#Theravada" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thiên</a> has also been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> practices. The intra-religious dialogue between Vietnamese Theravada and Mahayana following the formation of the Unified Buddhist Church also led to a more inclusive attitude in the Vietnamese Buddhist community.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the widely influential figure of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, who, as John Chapman notes, though being part of the Lam Te school, also included Theravada as part of his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thích Nhất Hạnh also wrote commentaries on the Theravada <i><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta" title="Satipatthana Sutta">Satipatthana sutta</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati sutta.</a></i> According to Chapman<i>,</i> Hạnh sought to "promote the idea of a humanistic, unified Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a> as a new modernist and humanistic form of Vietnamese Zen. </p><p>McHale also notes that Vietnamese Buddhist practice has always been inclusive and accepting of popular beliefs and practices, including <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thái Tông">Lý Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, William M. (editor), <i>Encyclopedia of Monasticism,</i> p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Weller Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam 1983, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. W. Taylor, John K. Whitmore; Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts, Cornell University Press, 2018, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. W. Taylor, John K. Whitmore; Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts, Cornell University Press, 2018, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. W. Taylor, John K. Whitmore; Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts, Cornell University Press, 2018, pp. 102, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuong Tu Nguyen, <i>Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of the Thiền uyển tập anh</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, 1997, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/12DietrichFINAL.pdf">"Dietrich, Angela, The Roots of Interbeing: Buddhist Revival in Vietnam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietrich%2C+Angela%2C+The+Roots+of+Interbeing%3A+Buddhist+Revival+in+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undv.org%2Fvesak2012%2Fiabudoc%2F12DietrichFINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thích Quảng Liên, "A Short Introduction of Buddhism in Vietnam", 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuong Tu Nguyen, <i>Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of the Thiền uyển tập anh</i>, University of Hawaii Press, 1997, p. 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuong Tu Nguyen, <i>Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of the Thiền uyển tập anh</i>, University of Hawaii Press, 1997, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John, <i>A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, Oneworld Publications, 2013, p.238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiền_Sư_Việt_Nam_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThích_Thanh_Từ1991" class="citation book cs1">Thích Thanh Từ (1991). <i>Thiền Sư Việt Nam</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thi%E1%BB%81n+S%C6%B0+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Th%C3%ADch+Thanh+T%E1%BB%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThích_Tiến_Đạt2015" class="citation book cs1">Thích Tiến Đạt (2015). <i>Tào Động Tông Nam Truyền Tổ Sư Ngữ Lục</i>. Nhà xuất bản Hồng Đức. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%A0o+%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng+T%C3%B4ng+Nam+Truy%E1%BB%81n+T%E1%BB%95+S%C6%B0+Ng%E1%BB%AF+L%E1%BB%A5c&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+H%E1%BB%93ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Th%C3%ADch+Ti%E1%BA%BFn+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phatgiaoquangnam.com/tieu-su-duc-phap-chu-ghpgvn-co-dai-lao-hoa-thuong-thich-duc-nhuan/">"Tiểu sử Đức Pháp Chủ GHPGVN cố Đại Lão Hòa Thượng Thích Đức Nhuận"</a>. phatgiaoquangnam.com. 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ti%E1%BB%83u+s%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+Ph%C3%A1p+Ch%E1%BB%A7+GHPGVN+c%E1%BB%91+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+L%C3%A3o+H%C3%B2a+Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+Th%C3%ADch+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+Nhu%E1%BA%ADn&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphatgiaoquangnam.com%2Ftieu-su-duc-phap-chu-ghpgvn-co-dai-lao-hoa-thuong-thich-duc-nhuan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borup, Jørn; Qvortrup Fibiger, Marianne; <i>Eastspirit: Transnational Spirituality and Religious Circulation in East and West</i>, BRILL, 2017, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleig_2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleig_2021_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleig2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleig, Ann (28 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-755">"Engaged Buddhism"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.755">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707132646/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-755">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engaged+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.755&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanna Havnevik, Ute Hüsken, Mark Teeuwen, Vladimir Tikhonov, Koen Wellens (ed.), <i>Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World,</i> Taylor & Francis, 2017, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanna Havnevik, Ute Hüsken, Mark Teeuwen, Vladimir Tikhonov, Koen Wellens (ed.), <i>Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World,</i> Taylor & Francis, 2017, pp. 183, 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanna Havnevik, Ute Hüsken, Mark Teeuwen, Vladimir Tikhonov, Koen Wellens (ed.), <i>Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World,</i> Taylor & Francis, 2017, p.188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thich Thien-an, <i>Buddhism & Zen in Vietnam: In Relation to the Development of Buddhism in Asia,</i> Tuttle Publishing, 1992, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andronic, Mihaela<i>, To be is to inter-be, Philosophical Teachings of Thích Nhất Nhất Hạnh,</i> 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, John, The 2005 Pilgrimage and Return to Vietnam of Exiled Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh, in: Taylor, Philip <i>Modernity and Re-enchantment: Religion in Post-revolutionary Vietnam.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McHale, Shawn F., <i>Print and Power: Confucianism, Communism and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam</i>, 2004</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucy2022" class="citation book cs1">Soucy, Alexander (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/zen-conquests-buddhist-transformations-in-contemporary-vietnam/"><i>Zen Conquests: Buddhist Transformations in Contemporary Vietnam</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824889982" title="Special:BookSources/9780824889982"><bdi>9780824889982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Conquests%3A+Buddhist+Transformations+in+Contemporary+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780824889982&rft.aulast=Soucy&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fzen-conquests-buddhist-transformations-in-contemporary-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThi%E1%BB%81n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BB%81n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truclamvietzen.net/ZenHistory.htm">Vietnamese Zen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sweepingzen.com/category/biographies/vietnamese-zen-teachers/">Sweeping Zen: Vietnamese Zen Teachers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plumvillage.org/">Plum Village</a> - Thich Nhat Hanh's main monastery and practice center, located about 85 km east of Bordeaux, France</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential Sutras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan#Three_Mysterious_Gates" title="Linji Yixuan">Three Mysterious Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku#Four_ways_of_knowing" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Four Ways of Knowing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_is_the_master_that_sees_and_hears%3F" title="Who is the master that sees and hears?">Who is the master that sees and hears?</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Stopping thought">Stopping thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazenkai" title="Zazenkai">Zazenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ango" title="Ango">Ango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Chan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi_Sengcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi Sengcan">Jianzhi Sengcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huairang" title="Nanyue Huairang">Nanyue Huairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo Xiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Huizhong" title="Nanyang Huizhong">Nanyang Huizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Shouchu" title="Dongshan Shouchu">Dongshan Shouchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yuanwu Keqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Xingsi" title="Qingyuan Xingsi">Qingyuan Xingsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyan_Tansheng" title="Yunyan Tansheng">Yunyan Tansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunju_Daoying" title="Yunju Daoying">Yunju Daoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Daopi" title="Tongan Daopi">Tongan Daopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Guanzhi" title="Tongan Guanzhi">Tongan Guanzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yuanguan" title="Liangshan Yuanguan">Liangshan Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Jingxuan" title="Dayang Jingxuan">Dayang Jingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touzi_Yiqing" title="Touzi Yiqing">Touzi Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furong_Daokai" title="Furong Daokai">Furong Daokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danxia_Zichun" title="Danxia Zichun">Danxia Zichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wansong_Xingxiu" title="Wansong Xingxiu">Wansong Xingxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxie_Qingliao" title="Zhenxie Qingliao">Zhenxie Qingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Zongjue" title="Tiantong Zongjue">Tiantong Zongjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuedou_Zhijian" title="Xuedou Zhijian">Xuedou Zhijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Rujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong Rujing">Tiantong Rujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueting_Fuyu" title="Xueting Fuyu">Xueting Fuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Lingji</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanying" title="Yuanying">Yuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benhuan" title="Benhuan">Benhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yen" title="Cheng Yen">Cheng Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yinshun" title="Shi Yinshun">Shi Yinshun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Caodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchu" title="Dongchu">Dongchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Guiyang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanyin" title="Chuanyin">Chuanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Rinzai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imakita_Kosen" title="Imakita Kosen">Imakita Kosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Sōtō</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White Plum Asanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlfried_Graf_D%C3%BCrckheim" title="Karlfried Graf Dürckheim">Karlfried Graf Dürckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muh%C5%8D_Noelke" title="Muhō Noelke">Muhō Noelke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnamese Thiền</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Pháp Hiền">Pháp Hiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Vạn Hạnh">Vạn Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Loa" title="Pháp Loa">Pháp Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Chán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemperory Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Light_International_Association" title="Buddha's Light International Association">Buddha's Light International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Taiwan)" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)">Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzu Chi Foundation">Tzu Chi Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dnin" title="Nōnin">Nōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Niō Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryomo_Kyokai" title="Ryomo Kyokai">Ningen Zen Kyodan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">Nine mountain schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh_Monastery" title="Vạn Hạnh Monastery">Vạn Hạnh Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Monastery_of_Da_Lat" title="Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat">Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shunryū Suzuki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Zentatsu Richard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Weitsman" title="Mel Weitsman">Mel Weitsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Uchiyama" title="Kōshō Uchiyama">Kōshō Uchiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shōhaku Okumura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yasutani lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">John Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Glassman" title="Bernie Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daido_Loori" title="John Daido Loori">John Daido Loori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Shugen_Arnold" title="Geoffrey Shugen Arnold">Geoffrey Shugen Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Joko Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzeon_Zen_Center" title="Kanzeon Zen Center">Kanzeon Zen Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philip Kapleau lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dy%C5%AB_Matsuoka" title="Sōyū Matsuoka">Sōyū Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa" title="Kōbun Chino Otogawa">Kōbun Chino Otogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuko_Carlson" title="Gyokuko Carlson">Gyokuko Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gud%C5%8D_Wafu_Nishijima" title="Gudō Wafu Nishijima">Gudō Wafu Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soen Nakagawa lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throssel_Hole_Buddhist_Abbey" title="Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey">Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Zen_Buddhist_Priory" title="Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory">Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzan_Miyamae_Roshi" title="Shinzan Miyamae Roshi">Shinzan Miyamae Roshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaishin_Inshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaishin Inshu (page does not exist)">Kaishin Inshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarchy and titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsui" title="Unsui">Unsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_initiation_ritual" title="Buddhist initiation ritual">Buddhist initiation ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jikijitsu" title="Jikijitsu">Jikijitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisha" title="Jisha">Jisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osh%C5%8D" title="Oshō">Oshō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">Sensei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Sōtō Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Rinzai Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zen literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denkoroku" title="Denkoroku">Denkoroku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Barrier" title="The Gateless Barrier">The Gateless Barrier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shōbōgenzō">Shōbōgenzō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_Mind,_Beginner%27s_Mind" title="Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind">Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Zen" title="The Way of Zen">The Way of Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau#Writings" title="Philip Kapleau">Three Pillars of Zen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">William Bodiford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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