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<li id="toc-Foundation_by_Saichō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_by_Saichō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation by Saichō</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_by_Saichō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disagreements_with_other_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreements_with_other_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Disagreements with other schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreements_with_other_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_after_Saichō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_after_Saichō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development after Saichō</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_after_Saichō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Tendai_practice_and_esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Tendai_practice_and_esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development of Tendai practice and esotericism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Tendai_practice_and_esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Japan_(12th–16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Japan_(12th–16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Medieval Japan (12th–16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Japan_(12th–16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Worldview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Lotus_Sutra_and_Classic_Tiantai_Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lotus_Sutra_and_Classic_Tiantai_Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Lotus Sutra and Classic Tiantai Thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lotus_Sutra_and_Classic_Tiantai_Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Doctrinal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhahood_with_this_very_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhahood_with_this_very_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Buddhahood with this very body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhahood_with_this_very_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hongaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hongaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hongaku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hongaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tendai_Practice_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendai_Practice_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tendai Practice Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendai_Practice_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_Land_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_Land_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pure Land practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_Land_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendai_Esotericism_(Taimitsu)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendai_Esotericism_(Taimitsu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tendai Esotericism (<i>Taimitsu</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendai_Esotericism_(Taimitsu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhisattva_precepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhisattva_precepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bodhisattva precepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhisattva_precepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Zen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendai_and_Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendai_and_Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tendai and Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendai_and_Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shugendō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shugendō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Shugendō</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shugendō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Art and aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Tendai_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Tendai_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable Tendai scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Tendai_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tendai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenday" title="Tenday – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tenday" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тендай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тендай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai_Skolen" title="Tendai Skolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tendai Skolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai-sh%C5%AB" title="Tendai-shū – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tendai-shū" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="تندای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تندای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%ED%83%9C%EC%A2%85_(%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8)" title="천태종 (일본) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천태종 (일본)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Tendai" title="Buddismo Tendai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Tendai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="തെൻദായ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെൻദായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai-sh%C5%AB" title="Tendai-shū – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tendai-shū" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тэндай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тэндай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaj" title="Tendaj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tendaj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="டெண்டாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டெண்டாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tendai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Секта Тендай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Секта Тендай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q855964#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School of Mahayana Buddhism in Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese branch of this school, see <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tendai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tendai (disambiguation)">Tendai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_(Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms)_28_Apr,_2013_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/260px-%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/390px-%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/520px-%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%B6%E6%9A%A6%E5%AF%BA_%28Enryaku-ji_with_Cherry_Blossoms%29_28_Apr%2C_2013_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a></i>, the head temple of Tendai at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#A0522D">Mahāyāna Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Mind of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Transcendent Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra"><i>Lotus Sūtra</i></a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra"><i>Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</i></a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Fa Gu Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tendai</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天台宗</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tendai-shū</i></span>)</span>, also known as the <b>Tendai Lotus School</b> (天台法華宗 <i>Tendai hokke shū,</i> sometimes just "<i>hokke shū</i>"), is a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhist</a> tradition with significant <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric</a> elements that was officially established in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 806 by the Japanese monk <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumously known</a> as Dengyō Daishi).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tendai school, which has been based on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a> since its inception, rose to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185). It gradually eclipsed the powerful <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra"><i>Hossō</i> school</a> and competed with the rival <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon school</a> to become the most influential sect at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial court</a>. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185–1333), Tendai had become one of the dominant forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a>, with numerous temples and vast landholdings. During the Kamakura period, various <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a> left Tendai (seeing it as corrupt) to establish their own "new" or "<a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a>" Buddhist schools such as <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren-sh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren-shū">Nichiren-shū</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of the head temple of <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> in 1571, as well as the geographic shift of the capital away from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, further weakened Tendai's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, its name is identical to <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>, its parent <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> school. Both traditions emphasize the importance of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> and revere the teachings of Tiantai patriarchs, especially <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>. In English, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese romanization">Japanese romanization</a> <i>Tendai</i> is used to refer specifically to the Japanese school. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazama_Jik%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazama Jikō (page does not exist)">Hazama Jikō</a>, the main characteristic of Tendai "is its advocacy of a comprehensive Buddhism, the ideal of a Buddhist school based on what is called the "One Great Perfect Teaching," the idea that all the teachings of the Buddha are ultimately without contradiction and can be unified in one comprehensive and perfect system."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other unique elements include an exclusive use of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">bodhisattva precepts</a> for ordination (without the <a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">pratimoksha</a>), a practice tradition based on the "Four Integrated Schools" (<a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyo</a> and Precepts), and an emphasis on the study of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhist</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_W._Chappell" title="David W. Chappell">David W. Chappell</a> sees Tendai as "the most comprehensive and diversified" Buddhist tradition which provides a religious framework that is "suited to adapt to other cultures, to evolve new practices, and to universalize <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Buddhist monk Saicho, founder of the Tendai sect, meditating upon a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg/220px-%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg/330px-%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg/440px-%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84%E5%83%8F_%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E5%AF%BA%E8%94%B5_%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="3013" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a>, founder of the Tendai sect in Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG/220px-Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG/330px-Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG/440px-Mt_Hiei_with_Cherry_Blossom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a> in Spring from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umahashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umahashi (page does not exist)">Umahashi</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Takano_River" title="Takano River">Takano river</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_by_Saichō"><span id="Foundation_by_Saich.C5.8D"></span>Foundation by Saichō</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation by Saichō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (Jp. <i>Ganjin</i>) had brought Tiantai teachings to Japan as early as 754,<sup id="cite_ref-groner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its teachings did not take root until generations later when the monk <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> 最澄 (767–822) joined the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Imperial_China" title="Japanese missions to Imperial China">Japanese missions to Imperial China</a> in 804 and founded <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a> on Mount Hiei. The future founder of <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>, also traveled on the same mission; however, the two were on separate ships and there is no evidence of their meeting during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the city of <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> (then called <i>Míngzhōu</i> 明州), Saichō was introduced by the governor to Dàosuì (道邃), who was the seventh Tiantai patriarch, and later he journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Mountain" title="Tiantai Mountain">Tiantai Mountain</a> for further study.<sup id="cite_ref-groner2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groner2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving teachings and initiations on <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>, Precepts and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric</a> Buddhism, Saichō devoted much of his time to making accurate copies of Tiantai texts and studying under Dàosuì. By the sixth month of 805, Saichō had returned to Japan along with the official mission to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saichō was also influenced by his study of <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> (Jp. Kegon) philosophy under Gyōhyō 行表 (720–797) and this was his initial training before going to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the Imperial Court's interest in Tiantai as well as esoteric Buddhism, Saichō quickly rose in prominence upon his return. He was asked by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Emperor Kanmu</a> (735–806) to perform various esoteric rituals, and Saichō also sought recognition from the Emperor for a new, independent Tendai school in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the emperor sought to reduce the power of the <a href="/wiki/Hoss%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossō">Hossō school</a>, he granted this request, but with the stipulation that the new "Tendai" school would have two programs: one for esoteric Buddhism and one for exoteric Buddhist practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Tendai school was therefore based on a combination of the doctrinal and meditative system of Zhiyi with esoteric Buddhist practice and texts. Tendai learning at Mount Hiei traditionally followed two curriculums:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Shikan-gō</i> 止觀業: Exoteric practice, mainly based on Zhiyi's <i><a href="/wiki/Mohe_Zhiguan" title="Mohe Zhiguan">Mohezhiguan</a></i></li> <li><i>Shana-gō</i> 遮那業: Esoteric Buddhism, focused on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahāvairocana-sūtra</a></i> and other tantric works</li></ul> <p>However, Emperor Kanmu died shortly thereafter, and Saichō was not allocated any ordinands until 809 with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a>. Saichō's choice of establishing his community at Mount Hiei also proved fortuitous because it was located at the northeast of the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and thus was auspicious in terms of <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Chinese geomancy</a> as the city's protector.<sup id="cite_ref-groner3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groner3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disagreements_with_other_schools">Disagreements with other schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disagreements with other schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The remainder of Saichō's life was spent in heated debates with notable Hossō figures, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tokuitsu" title="Tokuitsu">Tokuitsu</a>, and maintaining an increasingly strained relationship with Kūkai (from whom he received esoteric initiations) to broaden his understanding of esoteric Buddhism. The debates with the Hossō school was primarily centered on the doctrine of the One Vehicle (<i><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">ekayana</a></i>) found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> which the Hossō school saw as not being an ultimate teaching. This was known as the <i>San-Itsu Gon-Jitsu Ronsō</i> (the debate over whether the One-vehicle or Three-vehicles, were the provisional or the real teaching) and it had a great influence on Japanese Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saichō also studied esoteric Buddhism under Kūkai, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> school. Saichō borrowed esoteric texts from Kūkai for copying and they also exchanged letters for some time. However, they eventually had a falling out (in around 816) over their understanding of Buddhist esotericism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was because Saichō attempted to integrate esoteric Buddhism (<i>mikkyo</i>) into his broader Tendai schema, seeing esoteric Buddhism as equal to the Tendai Lotus Sutra teaching. Saichō would write that Tendai and Mikkyo "interfuse with one another" and that "there should be no such thing as preferring one to the other."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Kūkai saw mikkyo as different from and fully superior to <i>kengyo</i> (exoteric Buddhism) and was also concerned that Saichō had not finished his esoteric studies personally under him.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saichō's efforts were also devoted to developing a Mahāyāna ordination platform that required the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts#Brahmajala_Sutra" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts of the <i>Brahmajala Sutra</i></a> only, and not the <a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">pratimokṣa</a> code of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i>, which was traditionally used in East Asian Buddhist monasticism. Saichō saw the precepts of the small vehicle (<i><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">hinayana</a></i>) as no longer being necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas were attacked by the more traditional Nara schools as well as the Sōgō (the Office of Monastic Affairs) and they were not initially approved by the imperial court. Saichō wrote the <i>Kenkairon</i> to respond to their criticisms. By the time that Saichō died in 822, his yearly petition was finally granted and the traditional "Four Part Vinaya" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">四分律</span>) was replaced by the Tendai Bodhisattva Precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_after_Saichō"><span id="Development_after_Saich.C5.8D"></span>Development after Saichō</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development after Saichō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ennin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue of Ennin, an important disciple of Saicho with blue sky in the background, facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Statue_of_Ennin.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ennin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Statue_of_Ennin.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ennin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Statue_of_Ennin.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ennin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a>, an important disciple of <a href="/wiki/Saicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Saicho">Saicho</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chisho_Daishi_(Konzoji_Zentsuji).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chisho_Daishi_%28Konzoji_Zentsuji%29.jpg/220px-Chisho_Daishi_%28Konzoji_Zentsuji%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chisho_Daishi_%28Konzoji_Zentsuji%29.jpg/330px-Chisho_Daishi_%28Konzoji_Zentsuji%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Chisho_Daishi_%28Konzoji_Zentsuji%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Chishō Daishi Enchin (814–891)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priest_Souou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Priest_Souou.jpg/220px-Priest_Souou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Priest_Souou.jpg/330px-Priest_Souou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Priest_Souou.jpg/440px-Priest_Souou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Konryū Daishi Sōō (831–918), the creator of the practice of circumambulating Mt. Hiei, called <i><a href="/wiki/Kaih%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D" title="Kaihōgyō">kaihōgyō</a></i> (回峰行) ("circling the mountain")</figcaption></figure> <p>Seven days after Saichō died, the Imperial Court granted permission for the new Tendai Bodhisattva Precept ordination process which allowed Tendai to use an ordination platform separate from the powerful schools in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>. Gishin, Saichō's disciple and the first "<i>zasu</i>" <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">座主</span></span>, "Head of the Tendai Order")</span>, presided over the first allotted ordinands in 827. The appointments of the <i>zasu</i> typically only lasted a few years, and therefore among the same generation of disciples, a number could be appointed zasu in one's lifetime. After Gishin, the next zasu of the Tendai school were: Enchō (円澄), <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> 慈覺大師圓仁 (794–864), An'e (安慧), <a href="/wiki/Enchin" title="Enchin">Enchin</a> 智證大師圓珍 (814–891), Yuishu (惟首), Yūken (猷憲) and Kōsai (康済).<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 864, Tendai monks were now appointed to the powerful <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dkan" title="Sōkan"><i>sōgō</i></a> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">僧綱</span></span>, "Office of Monastic Affairs")</span> with the naming of An'e (安慧) as the provisional vinaya master. Other examples include Enchin's appointment to the Office of Monastic Affairs in 883. While Saichō had opposed the Office during his lifetime, within a few generations disciples were now gifted with positions in the Office by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial Family</a>. By this time, Japanese Buddhism was dominated by the Tendai school to a much greater degree than Chinese Buddhism was by its forebear, the Tiantai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Tendai_practice_and_esotericism">Development of Tendai practice and esotericism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of Tendai practice and esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophically, the Tendai school did not deviate substantially from the beliefs that had been created by the Tiantai school in China. However, Saichō had also transmitted numerous teachings from China was not exclusively Tiantai, but also included <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> (禪), Pure Land, the esoteric <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a> (密教), and <a href="/wiki/Gyeyul" title="Gyeyul">Vinaya School</a> (戒律) elements. The tendency to include a range of teachings became more marked in the doctrines of Saichō's successors, such as <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchin" title="Enchin">Enchin</a> and Annen 安然 (841–?).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Saichō, the Tendai order underwent efforts to deepen its understanding of teachings collected by the founder, particularly esoteric Buddhism. Saichō had only received initiation in the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm</a> Mandala, and since the rival Shingon school under Kūkai had received deeper training, early Tendai monks felt it necessary to return to China for further initiation and instruction. Saichō's disciple <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> went to China in 838 and returned ten years later with a more thorough understanding of esoteric, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>, and Tiantai teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ennin brought important esoteric texts and initiation lineages, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Susiddhik%C4%81ra-s%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiddhikāra-sūtra">Susiddhikāra-sūtra</a>,</i> the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahāvairocana-sūtra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajraśekhara-sūtra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></i> </p><p>However, in later years, this range of teachings began to form sub-schools within Tendai Buddhism. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgen" title="Ryōgen">Ryōgen</a>, there were two distinct groups on Mt. Hiei, the <a href="/wiki/Jimon_and_Sanmon" title="Jimon and Sanmon">Jimon and Sanmon</a>: the Sammon-ha "Mountain Group" (山門派) followed <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> and the Jimon-ha "Temple Group" (寺門派) followed <a href="/wiki/Enchin" title="Enchin">Enchin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sōō 建立大師相應 (831–918), a student of Ennin, is another influential Tendai figure. He is known for developing the ascetic practice circumambulating Mt. Hiei, living and practicing in the remote wilderness. This practice, which became associated with <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Fudō Myōō</a> (Acala) and Sōō's hermitage at Mudō- ji, became quite influential in Tendai. A more elaborate and systematized practice based on Sōō's simple mountain asceticism developed over time, and came to be called <i><a href="/wiki/Kaih%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D" title="Kaihōgyō">kaihōgyō</a></i> (回峰行). This remains an important part of Tendai Buddhism today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akaku Daishi <a href="/wiki/Annen_(monk)" title="Annen (monk)">Annen</a> 阿覺大師安然 (841–902?) is one of the most important post-Saichō Tendai thinkers. He wrote around a hundred works on Tendai doctrine and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Annen's theory of the "four ones" (<i>shiichi kyōhan</i> 四一教判), all Buddhas are ultimately a single Buddha, all temporal moments are one moment, all Pure Lands are also just one Pure Land, and all teachings are interfused into one teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lucia Dolce, Annen "systematized earlier and contemporary doctrines elaborated in both streams of Japanese esoteric Buddhism, Tōmitsu (i.e., Shingon) and Taimitsu (Tendai)," "critically reinterpreted Kūkai's thought, offering new understandings of crucial esoteric concepts and rituals," and he also "elaborated theories that were to become emblematic of Japanese Buddhism, such as the realization of buddhahood by grasses and trees (<i>sōmoku jōbutsu</i>)" as well as <i>hongaku shisō</i> thought.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These various post-Saichō Tendai figures also developed the Tendai doctrine of "the identity of the purport of Perfect and Esoteric teachings" (<i>enmitsu itchi</i> 円密一致) which according to Ōkubo Ryōshun "refers to the harmony and agreement between the Perfect teachings of the Lotus Sutra and Esoteric Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgen" title="Ryōgen">Ryōgen</a> 良源 (912–985) was the 18th abbot of the head temple Enryakuji at Mount Hiei. He was an influential politician closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara clan</a> as well as a scholar. Due to his influence, the Tendai school became the dominant Buddhist tradition in Japanese intellectual life and at the imperial court. Due to Ryōgen's influence, Fujiwara family members also came to occupy important positions at Tendai temples. Ryōgen also established an army on Mt. Hiei to protect the Tendai school's interests.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryōgen is also known for this promotion of Pure Land <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nenbutsu</a> recitation in his <i>Gokuraku jōdo kuhon ōjōgi</i> 極樂淨土九品往生義.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a> 惠心僧都源信 (942–1017), a student of Ryōgen, wrote the famous <i>Ōjōyōshū</i> 往生要集 ("Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land"), a treatise on Pure Land practice which influenced later Pure Land Japanese figures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Japan_(12th–16th_century)"><span id="Medieval_Japan_.2812th.E2.80.9316th_century.29"></span>Medieval Japan (12th–16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Japan (12th–16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Tendai sect flourished under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a> and the noble classes, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, it experienced an increasing breakdown in monastic discipline, plus political entanglements with rival factions of the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto</a> clans. Due to its patronage and growing popularity among the upper classes, the Tendai sect became not only respected, but also politically and even militarily powerful, with major temples having vast landholdings and fielding their own monastic armies of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">sōhei</a> (warrior-monks).<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not unusual for major temples at the time, as rival schools also fielded armies, such as the head temple of the Yogācāra school, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>. With the outbreak of the Genpei War, Tendai temples even fought one another, such as Mount Hiei clashing with <a href="/wiki/Mii-dera" title="Mii-dera">Mii-dera</a> depending on their political affiliations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In response to the perceived worldliness of the powerful Tendai school, a number of low-ranking Tendai monks became dissatisfied and sought to establish independent schools of their own. The major figures of "New <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a> Buddhism" like <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>—all famous thinkers in non-Tendai schools of Japanese Buddhism—were all initially trained as Tendai monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendai practices and monastic organization were adopted to some degree or another by each of these new schools, but one common feature of each school was a more narrowly-focused set of practices (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Daimoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimoku">daimoku</a> for the Nichiren school, <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a> for Zen, <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a> for Pure Land schools, etc.) in contrast to the more integrated approach of the Tendai. In spite of the rise of these new competing schools which saw Tendai as being "corrupt", medieval Tendai remained a "a rich, varied, and thriving tradition" during the medieval period according to Jacqueline Stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a number of breakaway schools rose during the Kamakura period, the Tendai school used its patronage to try to oppose the growth of these rival factions—particularly <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, which began to grow in power among the merchant middle class, and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, which eventually came to claim the loyalty of many of the lower classes. <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a>, the temple complex on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, became a sprawling center of power, attended not only by ascetic monks, but also by brigades of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">sōhei</a> (warrior monks) who fought in the temple's interest. As a result, in 1571 Enryaku-ji was razed by <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> as part of his campaign to unify Japan. Nobunaga regarded the Mount Hiei monks as a potential threat or rival, as they could employ religious claims to attempt to rally the populace to their side. The temple complex was later rebuilt, and continues to serve as the head Tendai temple today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kamakura period Tendai also produced a number of important figures of its own, including <a href="/wiki/Jien" title="Jien">Jien</a> 慈圓 (1155–1225), known as a historian and a poet, who wrote the <i>Gukanshō</i> (a religious history of Japan) and numerous devotional poems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important figures include Shōshin 證眞 (fl. c. 1153–1214) and Shinsei 眞盛 (1443–1495).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hōjibō Shōshin 寶地房證眞 (active 1153–1214) was a major Buddhist intellectual in medieval Japanese Buddhism and the head of the Tendai curriculum at Mount Hiei. Shōshin wrote numerous works and commentaries, and is most known for his commentaries on the writings of Zhiyi, the <i>Personal Notes on the Three Major Works of Tendai</i> (Tendai sandaibu shiki 天台三大部私記). This is "the most detailed study on Tendai doctrine until the twentieth century," according to Matthew Don McMullen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shōshin also wrote on esoteric Buddhism, which he interpreted in line with classical Tiantai doctrine, instead of seeing it as a separate form of Buddhism. Shōshin rejected the view that esoteric or <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">mantrayana</a> (<i>shingon</i>) Buddhism was superior to the Tendai Mahāyāna teaching of the one vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldview">Worldview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Worldview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhiyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Zhiyi.jpg/220px-Zhiyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Zhiyi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhìyǐ</a> (沙門智顗; <i>Chih-i</i>), the foundational philosopher in Tendai thought</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Jiko Hazama, the Tendai Buddhist worldview advocates a comprehensive form of Buddhism which sees all Buddhist teachings as being unified under an inclusive reading of the <a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">ekayāna</a> teaching of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holistic and inclusive form of Buddhism is based on the doctrinal synthesis of Tiantai Zhiyi, which was ultimately based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tendai Buddhism has several philosophical insights which allow for the reconciliation of Buddhist doctrine with aspects of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese aesthetics</a>. These include Zhiyi's theory of perfect interfusion or unity of all phenomena (expressed in teachings like <i>ichinen sanzen</i> "three thousand realms in one thought") and the Tendai theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">hongaku</a></i> (original enlightenment) which holds that enlightenment is intrinsic in all things. Also central to Tendai thought is the notion that the phenomenal world, the world of our experiences, fundamentally is an expression of the Buddhist law (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>). This notion poses the problem of how we come to have many differentiated experiences. Tendai Buddhism claims that each and every sense phenomenon <i>just as it is</i> is the expression of Dharma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the major Tendai institutions like <a href="/wiki/Taisho_University" title="Taisho University">Taisho University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, the main subjects of study are the Lotus Sutra, the works of the Tiantai Patriarch Zhiyi, the works of the founder Saichō and some later Tendai figures like Ennin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lotus_Sutra_and_Classic_Tiantai_Thought">The Lotus Sutra and Classic Tiantai Thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Lotus Sutra and Classic Tiantai Thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiantai#Philosophy" title="Tiantai">Tiantai § Philosophy</a></div> <p>The thought of the Japanese Tendai school is founded on the classic Chinese Tiantai doctrines found in the works of patriarch <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhìyǐ</a>. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The One Vehicle of the Lotus Sutra,</li> <li>The Three Truths,</li> <li>The Three Samadhis,</li> <li>The Five Periods and Eight Teachings,</li> <li>The Four Siddhanta,</li> <li>"Three Thousand Realms in a Single Thought Moment" (<i>ichinen sanzen</i> 一念三千).</li></ul> <p>Tendai Buddhism reveres the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> as the highest teaching in Buddhism. In Saichō's writings, he frequently used the terminology <i>hokke engyō</i> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Perfect Teaching of the Lotus Sutra"</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">法華円教</span></span>)</span> to imply it was the culmination of the previous sermons given by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the central importance of the Lotus Sutra, Tendai Buddhism sees all Buddhist teachings and practices as being united under the One Vehicle (ekayana) taught in the Lotus Sutra. Saichō frequently used the term <i>ichijō bukkyō</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一乗仏教</span></span>, "One Vehicle Buddhism")</span> and referred to the second chapter of the Lotus Sutra as his main scriptural basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saichō taught that there were "three kinds of Lotus Sutra". According to <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Stone" title="Jacqueline Stone">Jacqueline Stone</a>, these can be explained as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Fundamental Lotus: "the one vehicle which represents the Buddha's single compassionate intent, underlying all his teachings, to lead all beings to buddhahood."</li> <li>The Hidden and Secret Lotus: "those teachings in which, due to the immaturity of the Buddha's audience, this intention is not outwardly revealed."</li> <li>The Lotus that was Preached Explicitly: The actual text of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>.</li></ul> <p>Stone writes that Saicho saw all Buddhist teachings as being the true "Lotus Sutra" and he therefore attempted to integrate all Buddhist teachings he had studied within a single framework based on the Lotus Sutra's One Vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazama Jikō writes that the central feature of Tendai thought is its advocacy of the "One Great Perfect Teaching" (一大円教), "the idea that all the teachings of the Buddha are ultimately without contradiction and can be unified in one comprehensive and perfect system."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was used by Saichō as a basis for his integration of the various schools of Buddhism into a single comprehensive synthesis. Hazama writes that "Saichō included both esoteric and exoteric teachings, and avoided an obsession with any one category of the Buddhist tradition such as Zen or the precepts. He sought instead to unite all of these elements on the basis of a single fundamental principle, the comprehensive and unifying <a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">ekayana</a> spirit of the Lotus Sutra."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saichō believed that by consolidating all Buddhist ideas and practices and including all the varieties of Buddhism, his new school would allow all to "enter the great sea of Thusness which has a single flavor" (真如一味の大海) by following the path of goodness and that this would protect the nation. According to Hazama Jikō "these themes run throughout Saichō's work" including his <i>Hokke shuku</i> 法華秀句 and <i>Shugo kokkai sho</i> 守護国界章.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tendai thought also vigorously defends the idea that all beings have the potential for full <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">buddhahood</a> and thus that the Lotus Sutra was a teaching for all sentient beings.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This teaching in particular was a major point of contention with the Japanese Hossō (<a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a>) school in Japan who espoused the <a href="/wiki/Yogachara#Five_Categories_of_Beings" title="Yogachara">Five Natures Doctrine</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五姓各別</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>goshō kakubetsu</i></i></span>)</span> which argues that not all being can become Buddhas, since some do not have the seeds for Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heated debates between Saichō and the Hossō scholar <a href="/wiki/Tokuitsu" title="Tokuitsu">Tokuitsu</a> frequently addressed this controversy as well as other related issues, such as how to categorize the various Buddhist teachings, and the value of certain Tendai teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinal_classification">Doctrinal classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Doctrinal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tendai thought also frames its understanding of Buddhist practice on the Lotus Sutra's teaching of <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upāya</a> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hōben</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">方便</span></span>, expedient means)</span>. Furthermore, Tendai uses a similar hierarchy as the one used in Chinese Tiantai to classify the various other <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> in the Buddhist canon in relation to the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>, and it also follows <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>'s original conception of <a href="/wiki/Tiantai#Eight_Teachings" title="Tiantai">Five Periods Eight Teachings</a> or <i>gojihakkyō</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五時八教</span></span>)</span>. This is based on the doctrine of expedient means, but was also a common practice among East Asian schools trying to sort the vast corpus of writing inherited from India. </p><p>Annen provided a new doctrinal classification system (based on Zhiyi's system) for Japanese Tendai. All Buddhist teachings are seen as being included into the following categories. The first major group are those teachings that rely on the three vehicles:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Tripiṭaka teachings (<i>zō</i> 藏), i.e. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">sravakayana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li>The Common teaching to both Mahayana and non-Mahayana (<i>tsū</i> 通)</li> <li>The uniquely Mahayana teachings (<i>betsu</i> 別)</li></ul> <p>The highest teachings are those who derive from the one vehicle:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Perfect Tendai teaching, derived from the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>, and the <i>Avataṃsaka-sūtra</i> (<i>en</i> 圓)</li> <li>The Esoteric teachings (<i>mitsu</i> 密)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhahood_with_this_very_body">Buddhahood with this very body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhahood with this very body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important doctrine in Japanese Tendai is that it is possible to attain "Buddhahood with this very body" (<i>sokushin jōbutsu</i>). This is closely related to the idea of original enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was introduced by Saichō, who held that this described certain advanced practitioners who had realized <a href="/wiki/Tiantai#The_Six_Degrees_of_Identity" title="Tiantai">the fifth degree of identity</a>, though this attainment was a rare thing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saichō understood the Lotus Sutra to be the "great direct path" to Buddhahood which could be attained in this very body.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saichō saw the story of the Dragon king's daughter in the Lotus Sutra's Devadatta chapter as evidence for this direct path (<i>jikidō</i>) to Buddhahood which did not require three incalculable eons (as was taught in some forms of Mahayana Buddhism), but could be achieved in three lives or even one lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Tendai scholars like Rinshō, and Annen were much more optimistic about the possibility of Buddhahood in this very body and claimed certain esoteric practices could lead to Buddhahood rapidly in only one lifetime, while de-emphasizing the concern with achieving Buddhahood in future lives. They also further extended the application of this idea to individuals at the lower bodhisattva levels of the degrees of identity schema and also argued that one could jump over bodhisattva stages. According to Groner, this allowed "for the possibility that worldlings who still have some of the coarser defilements might experience sokushinjobutsu."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other Tendai figures like Hōjibō Shōshin (1136–1220 or 1131–1215), an important Tendai commentator on Zhiyi's works, were more traditional and critical of ideas concerning the rapid realization of Buddhahood for everyone (without denying the possibility of Buddhahood in this body). For Shōshin, <i>sokushin jōbutsu</i> applied to those who had "superior religious faculties" because they "have previously practiced the various provisional teachings" in many previous lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hongaku">Hongaku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hongaku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></div> <p>The Tendai school was the locus of the development of the Japanese doctrine of <i>hongaku</i> 本覚 (innate or original enlightenment), which holds that all beings are enlightened inherently and which developed in Tendai from the <a href="/wiki/Cloistered_rule" title="Cloistered rule">cloistered rule</a> era (1086–1185) through the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1688–1735).<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jacqueline Stone, the term "original enlightenment" itself (Chn. <i>pen-chileh</i>) is first found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana</a> "</i>where it refers to true suchness considered under the aspect of conventional deluded consciousness and thus denotes the potential for enlightenment in unenlightened beings."<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea developed in the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayen</a> tradition and influenced Chan Buddhism, as well as the thought of Saichō and Kūkai.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Stone writes that the medieval Tendai doctrine regards "enlightenment or the ideal state as inherent from the outset and as accessible in the present, rather than as the fruit of a long process of cultivation."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars also refer to the doctrinal system associated with this idea as "original enlightenment thought". Stone defines this as the "array of doctrines and concepts associated with the proposition that all beings are enlightened inherently."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stone, as these teachings developed, they grew to include the idea that:</p><blockquote><p>Not only human beings, but ants and crickets, mountains and rivers, grasses and trees are all innately Buddhas. The Buddhas who appear in sutras, radiating light and endowed with excellent marks, are merely provisional signs. The "real" Buddha is the ordinary worldling. Indeed, the whole phenomenal world is the primordially enlightened <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Tamura Yoshirō argued that hongaku was a non-dual teaching which saw all existents as interpenetrating and mutually identified. This negates any ontological difference between Buddhas and common people as well as between pure lands and mundane worlds. Tamura argued that this move re-affirms the relative phenomenal world as an expression of the ultimate nondual reality and is found in phrases like "the worldly passions are precisely enlightenment" and "birth and death are precisely nirvana".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lineages also transmitted their teachings through transmission rituals which made use of mirrors to illustrate nonduality and the interpenetration of all phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hongaku teachings were passed down through various exoteric teaching lineages (which often involved secrecy), the largest of which were the Eshin-ryu and the Danna-ryu. At the core of these doctrinal systems was the Tendai practice of the "threefold contemplation in a single thought" (isshin sangan 一心三観) which is taught in Zhiyi's <i>Mohezhiguan</i>. According to Stone, this practice is based on seeing "that all phenomena are empty of substance, provisionally existing, and the middle, or both empty and provisionally existing simultaneously."<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While certain scholars have seen hongaku thought as denying the need for Buddhist practice, Stone notes that Tendai hongaku based texts like the <i>Shinnyokan</i> 真如観 (Contemplation of true suchness) and the <i>Shuzenji-ketsu</i> 修禅守伏 (Decisions of Hsiuch’an-ssu) deny this idea. Instead, these texts teach various kinds of Buddhist practices, including nenbutsu, contemplation of emptiness (kukan 空観), meditations using Buddhist icons and mirrors, practicing the threefold contemplation in the midst of daily activities and recitation of the daimoku during when one is approaching death.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hongaku thought was also influential on the development of <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period#Flourishing_of_Buddhism" title="Kamakura period">New Kamakura Buddhism</a> and the founders of these schools, though they had their own unique understandings.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all Tendai thinkers embraced hongaku thought. For example, the more conservative commentator Hōjibō Shōshin criticized hongaku ideas as a denial of causality.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg/220px-%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg/330px-%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg/440px-%E7%B7%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E3%80%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A%E9%99%A2%EF%BD%A3Img396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">goma</a> ritual is an important esoteric practice in Tendai.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tendai_Practice_Theory">Tendai Practice Theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tendai Practice Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature unique to Japanese Tendai Buddhism from its inception was the concept of <i>shishūyūgō</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四宗融合</span></span>, "Integrating the Four Schools")</span>. Senior Tendai teachers, or <a href="/wiki/Ajari" title="Ajari">ajari</a>, train in all four practice traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the umbrella of the <i>Lotus Sutra</i>, Tendai integrates four main aspects of Mahayana Buddhist practice: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> practices, especially the recitation of the Buddha's name (<i><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a></i>), such as the name of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aamatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Śamatha">Śamatha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vipa%C5%9Byan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipaśyanā">vipaśyanā</a></i> meditation (Jp. <i>shikan</i> 止観, "calming-insight" meditation). The main source for this in Tendai is Zhiyi's <i><a href="/wiki/Mohe_Zhiguan" title="Mohe Zhiguan">Móhē zhǐguān</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Esoteric practices</a> which make use of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a>, also known as <i>taimitsu</i> 台密.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Precepts</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a>.</li></ul> <p>According to Saichō and other later Tendai scholars, the Perfect teaching of the Lotus Sutra and the tantric doctrines and practices of Esoteric Buddhism had the same ultimate intent. This view of the equality and compatibility between the Tiantai Lotus teachings and Esoteric Buddhism was important for Saichō.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> founder <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>, Saichō did not see esoteric teachings as more powerful or superior to exoteric Tendai teaching and practice. Instead, Saichō held that all Buddhist teachings are included in the single intent of the Lotus Sutra's teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is reflected in the saying "Shingon (esoteric Buddhism) and (Tien-tai) shikan are essentially one; therefore both traditions are propagated on one mountain" (from Shōshin's <i>Tendai Shingon nishii doi sho</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain later Tendai figures like Ennin also argued that esoteric practices led to Buddhahood faster than exoteric (non-esoteric) practices and some (such as Annen) argued that they were the <i>only</i> way to full Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures also often saw the Lotus Sutra (which refers itself as "the secret essential of the buddhas" and "the secret treasure of the Tathagatha") as an esoteric text and this view has some precedent in the Chinese Tiantai tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other more conservative figures like Hōjibō Shōshin rejected the idea that esoteric Buddhism is higher or superior to Tendai Mahayana practice, since both of these traditions are ultimately founded on the middle way and both teach the contemplation of the emptiness of dharmas. Shōshin held that mantras and other esoteric practices were merely another skillful means for contemplating the middle way and are thus different expressions of the same principle. He also argued that these teachings both derive from the same Buddha, since Mahāvairocana and the Buddha of the Lotus Sūtra are ultimately the same.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, Shōshin goes further, arguing that certain esoteric practices, such as those that make use of images like mandalas or lunar discs, were designed for those with dull faculties, while the Tendai practice of "discerning one's own mind" (Jp. <i>kanjin</i>, 觀心) is for those who are more advanced and do not require images.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_Land_practice">Pure Land practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pure Land practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genshin-gazo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Genshin-gazo.jpg/220px-Genshin-gazo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Genshin-gazo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Genshin's <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cj%C5%8Dy%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Ōjōyōshū">Ōjōyōshū</a></i> (往生要集, "Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land") had a considerable influence on later Pure Land teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Honen" class="mw-redirect" title="Honen">Honen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Practices related to and veneration of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> and his pure land of <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhavati</a> in the Tendai tradition began with Saichō's disciple, Ennin. After journeying to China for further study and training, he brought back a practice called the "five-tone <i>nembutsu</i>" or <i>goe nenbutsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五会念仏</span></span>)</span>, which was a form of intonation practiced in China for reciting the Buddha's name. This contrasted with earlier practices in Japan starting in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>, where meditation on images of the Pure Land, typically in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a>, were practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jsri_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsri-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, both meditation on the Pure Land (<i>kansō nenbutsu</i> 観想念仏) and recitation of the Buddha's name (<i>shōmyō nenbutsu</i> 称名念仏) became an integral part of Pure Land practices in the Tendai tradition. In addition to the five-tone <i>nembutsu</i> brought back from China, Ennin also integrated a special monastic training program called the <i>jōgyō zanmai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">常行三昧</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Constantly Walking <i>samadhi</i>"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> originally promulgated by Zhiyi. In this practice, monks spend 90 days in retreat, circumambulating a statue of Amitābha constantly reciting his name.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to increasing monastic practices related to the Pure Land, monks also taught Pure Land practices to the lay community in the form of reciting the Buddha's name. The most famous of these <i>nenbutsu hijiri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">念仏聖</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Itinerant Pure Land teachers"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> was a monk named <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a> (空也, 903–972). </p><p>Pure Land Buddhist thought was further developed by a Tendai monk named <a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a> (源信, 942–1017) who was a disciple of Ryōgen, the 18th chief abbot or <i>zasu</i> (座主) of Mount Hiei. Genshin wrote an influential treatise called <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cj%C5%8Dy%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Ōjōyōshū">Ōjōyōshū</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">往生要集</span></span>, "The Essentials of Rebirth in the Pure Land")</span>, which vividly contrasted the Sukhavati Pure Land of Amitābha with the descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">hell realms</a> in Buddhism. Further, Genshin promoted the popular notion of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Latter Age of the Dharma</a>, which posited that society had degenerated to a point when they could no longer rely on traditional Buddhist practices, and would instead need to rely solely on Amitābha's grace to escape <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>. Genshin drew upon past Chinese Pure Land teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jsri_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsri-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, Pure Land practices in Tendai were further popularized by former Tendai monk <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a>, who established the first independent Pure Land school, the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>, and whose disciples carried the teachings to remote provinces in one form or another. This includes another ex-Tendai monk named <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>, who eventually established the related <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tendai_Esotericism_(Taimitsu)"><span id="Tendai_Esotericism_.28Taimitsu.29"></span>Tendai Esotericism (<i>Taimitsu</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tendai Esotericism (Taimitsu)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg/220px-Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg/330px-Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg/440px-Japanese_-_Tendai_Buddhist_Figure_Kongodoji_-_Walters_61268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A 14th century Tendai figure of Kongodoji Myoo, one of several "wisdom kings", <a href="/wiki/Fierce_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fierce deities">fierce manifestations</a>, in this case of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the adaptations by the Tendai school was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric Buddhist practice</a> into Tendai Buddhism. This was originally known as "the <i>shingon</i> (or <i>mikkyō</i>) of the Tendai lineages" and was later named <i>Taimitsu</i> "Tendai Esotericism" (台密), distinguishing it from the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>) school, which is known as "Tōmitsu" (東密, literally, "the esotericism of the Tōji lineages").<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taimitsu claims that through the chanting of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, and performing certain meditations using mandalas (known as "the three mysteries"), one is able to see that the sense experiences are the teachings of Buddha, have faith that they are inherently an enlightened being, and can attain Buddhahood within this very body. Eventually, these esoteric rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the teachings of the <i>Lotus Sutra,</i> which was also seen as an esoteric sutra (but only "in principle", not "in practice", since it did not include the practice of the three mysteries).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of Taimitsu are found in Chinese Esoteric Buddhism similar to the lineage of Kūkai, and Saichō's disciples were encouraged to study under him.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Tendai esoteric ritual bears much in common with <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>, though the underlying doctrines differ. Regarding textual basis, while Shingon mainly uses the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahavairocana Tantra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a></i> (seeing these as the highest and most superior texts), Tendai uses a larger corpus of texts to understand and practice esoteric Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-天台宗_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-天台宗-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other differences mainly relate to lineages and outlook. There are several lineages of Taimitsu, the main ones being the Sanmon 山門 (Mountain branch of Ennin's lineage, which has a further 13 sub-branches) and Jimon 寺門 (Temple branch of Enchin's lineage, which is more unified).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Taimitsu scholars, like Ennin, classify esoteric scriptures into two classes: those containing the principles of esoteric Buddhism (i.e. the non-duality of ultimate truth and worldly truth) were called <i>rimitsu</i> and those that teach the principles <i>and</i> practices (i.e. the three mysteries) were called <i>riji gumitsu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first category was said to include the <i>Nirvana, Lotus, Vimalakīrti</i>, and <i>Huayan</i> sūtras, all of which were seen as esoteric in principle. The second category includes the tantric scriptures like the <i>Mahavairocana</i>, <i>Vajrasekhara,</i> the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susiddhikara_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susiddhikara Sutra (page does not exist)">Susiddhikāra Sūtra</a></i> (<i>Soshitsujikara</i>), the <i>Pudichang jing</i> 菩提場経 (<i>Bodaijō kyō</i>, T. 950), and the <i>Yuqi jing</i> 瑜祇経 (<i>Yugi kyō</i>, T. 867).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars like Annen further elevated the esoteric scriptures, seeing them as the highest teachings of the Buddha. According to Lucia Dolce, later Taimitsu thinkers like Annen, "displaced other practices existent in Tendai as soteriologically incomplete practices. Rather than following continental understandings of ritual forms as skillful means to achieve enlightenment (<i>usō hōben</i> 有相方便), they gave them ontological weight by deeming them to be the embodiment of the ultimate truth."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhisattva_precepts">Bodhisattva precepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bodhisattva precepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryokan_Ara,_Tendai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A priest from the Japanese Tendai school of Buddhism looking right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg/220px-Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg/330px-Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg/440px-Ryokan_Ara%2C_Tendai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>A Tendai priest. Japanese Tendai priests take the bodhisattva precepts and do not use the traditional <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> pratimoksha vows.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tendai school's ethical teachings focus exclusively on the Bodhisattva Precepts (C. <i>pusajie</i>, J. <i>bostasukai</i> 菩薩戒) drawn from the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmaj%C4%81la_S%C5%ABtra" title="Brahmajāla Sūtra">Brahmajala Sutra.</a></i> Tendai ordinations do not make use of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimoksha</a> set of monastic rules. Saichō argued in favor of this idea in his <i>Kenkairon</i> (顕戒論, "On promoting the Mahāyāna precepts"). This was a revolutionary change in East Asian Buddhism that was without precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bodhisattva precepts do not make a distinction between monastics and laypersons, and they do not discuss the minutiae of monastic life like the Pratimoksha does.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodhisattva precepts in Tendai are all said to rely on three types of "pure precepts" (<i>sanjujokai</i> 三聚浄戒):<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Precepts against doing evil deeds, such as murder, theft, pride, anger, and so forth (<i>sho ritsugi kai</i> 摂律儀戒)</li> <li>Precepts encouraging good activity, for benefiting oneself (<i>sho zenbo kai</i> 摂菩法戒)</li> <li>Precepts encouraging activity which will benefit others (<i>sho shujo kai</i> 摂衆生戒)</li></ul><p> According to Hazama Jikō:<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The first category includes the prohibitions against the ten major and forty-eight minor transgressions as explained in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaj%C4%81la_S%C5%ABtra" title="Brahmajāla Sūtra"><i>Bonmokyo</i> 梵辋経</a> (T24, 997–1010). It also includes general restrictions against any kind of evil activity, whether physical, verbal, or mental. Any and all kinds of moral cultivation are included. The second category entails every kind of good activity, including but not limited to acts associated with the Buddhist categories of keeping precepts, the practice of concentration (samadhi), and the cultivation of wisdom. Also included are such worldly pursuits as dedication to scholarly excellence, or any effort aimed at self improvement. The third category refers not only to the effort to help and save all sentient beings through the perfection of the six Mahayana virtues (paramita, charity, morality, patience, diligence, meditation, and wisdom), but also includes such mundane activity as raising one's children with loving care, living for the sake of others, and dedicating oneself to the good of society.</p></blockquote><p>The Tendai school made extensive use of the Lotus Sutra in its interpretation of the bodhisattva precepts, even though the sutra does not itself contains a specific list of precepts. Also, various passages from the sutra were used to defend the Tendai position not to follow the pratimoksha, since they state, for example, "we will not follow <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">śrāvaka</a> ways."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodhisattva precepts were seen as being based on the <i>Lotus Sutr</i>a's teaching that all beings have the potential for Buddhahood and that they have a fundamental goodness, or Buddha-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the fundamental ethical teaching for Tendai thought. Saichō believed that the world had entered the age of Dharma decline (<i><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">mappō</a></i>) and that because of this, the Hinayana precepts were no longer able to be practiced and no longer needed. He also believed that the Japanese people were naturally inclined to the Mahayana Buddhism. Because of this, Saichō argued that only Mahayana precepts were needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zen">Zen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saichō also received <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>) teachings in China from the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead (Jp. Gozu) school</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">Northern schools</a> integrated them into his Tendai system.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a student of the Oxhead master Shunian (Shukunen), who resided at Chanlinsi (Zenrinji) Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saichō brought over the first copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i> to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the views of Saichō regarding the Mahayana precepts were drawn from the Tiantai masters <a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huisi" title="Nanyue Huisi">Huisi</a> and Daosui and the teachings Chan masters like <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dao-xuan" title="Dao-xuan">Dao-xuan</a> (Dōsen, especially his commentary on the Brahmā's Net Sūtra) and <a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Daoxin</a> (Dōshin<i>,</i> particularly his "Manual of Rules of Bodhisattva Precepts").<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Chinese Chan masters emphasized formless practice (無相行) or attribute-less practice also known as <i>anrakugyō</i> (Ch. anlexing 安樂行, serene and pleasing activities), both in Chan meditation and in precept training. This refers to a way of contemplation that applies in all activities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various Chinese ideas about the integration of practice and precepts were integrated into Saichō's view of the "Perfect and Sudden Precepts" (<i>Endonkai</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tendai_and_Shinto">Tendai and Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tendai and Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg/220px-Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg/330px-Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg/440px-Hiyoshi-taisha_juge-jinja-honden01s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Hie Taisha, a Sannō Shintō shrine on Mount Hiei</figcaption></figure><p> Tendai doctrine allowed Japanese Buddhists to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">reconcile</a> Buddhist teachings with the native religious beliefs and practices of Japan (now labeled "<a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>"). In the case of Shinto, the difficulty is the reconciliation of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> of Japanese gods (<i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i>), as well as with the myriad spirits associated with places, shrines or objects, with Buddhist teachings. These gods and spirits were initially seen as local protectors of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Shint%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannō Shintō">Sannō Shintō</a> 山王神道 was a specifically Tendai branch of syncretic Buddhist-Shinto religious practice, which revered kamis called the Mountain Kings (Sannō) or Sanno Sansei 山王三聖 (The Three Sacred [Deities] of Sanno) and was based on <a href="/wiki/Hiyoshi_Taisha" title="Hiyoshi Taisha">Hie Taisha</a> 日吉大社 a shrine on Mount Hiei.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Togakushi_Shrine" title="Togakushi Shrine">Togakushi Shrine</a> (戸隠神社, <i>Togakushi Jinja</i>) was also associated with the Tendai school before it was separated from Buddhist institutions by the Japanese state during <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">the separation of Shinto from Buddhism</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>These religious ideas eventually led to the development of a Japanese current of thought called <i><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a></i> (本地垂迹), which argued that <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> are simply local manifestations (the <i>suijaku</i> or "traces") of the Buddhas (<i>honji,</i> "true nature"). This manifestation of the Buddhas was explained through the classic Mahayana doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shugendō"><span id="Shugend.C5.8D"></span>Shugendō</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shugendō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Tendai Buddhist temples and mountains are also sites for the practice of the syncretic <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> tradition. Shugendō is a mountain ascetic practice which also adopted Tendai and Shingon elements. This tradition focuses on ascetic practices on mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-jimon_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimon-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of Shugendō is most prominent among certain Tendai branches, like the Jimon-ha 寺門派 (the Onjōji branch). It is based on Shōgoin Temple, which houses the Honzan group (Honzanha), the Shugendō tradition most closely associated with Tendai.<sup id="cite_ref-jimon_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimon-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_aesthetics">Art and aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art and aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunzei-hotogisu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shunzei-hotogisu.png/220px-Shunzei-hotogisu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shunzei-hotogisu.png/330px-Shunzei-hotogisu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shunzei-hotogisu.png/440px-Shunzei-hotogisu.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Shunzei reciting a poem</figcaption></figure> <p>The classic Buddhist understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> posits that craving for pleasure, worldly desire and attachment must be cut off to put an end to suffering (<i><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i>). In <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">early Buddhism</a>, the emphasis, especially for monastics, was on avoiding activities that might arouse worldly desires, including many artistic endeavors like music and performance arts. This tendency toward rejecting certain popular art forms created a potential conflict with mainstream <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultures</a>. </p><p>However, later <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> views developed a different emphasis which embraced all the arts. In Japan, certain Buddhist rituals (which were also performed in Tendai) grew to include music and dance, and these became very popular with the people.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctrinally, these performative arts were seen as <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means (<i>hōben</i>, Skt. <i>upaya</i>)</a> of teaching Buddhism. Monks specializing in such arts were called <i>yūsō</i> ("artistic monks").<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing of religious poetry was also a major pursuit among certain Tendai as well as Shingon figures, like the Shingon priest Shukaku and the Tendai monk <a href="/wiki/Jien" title="Jien">Jien</a> (1155–1225). These poets met together to discuss poetry in poetry circles (<i>kadan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deal and Ruppert, "Shingon, Tendai and Nara cloisters had a great impact on the development of literary treatises and poetry houses."<sup id="cite_ref-:16_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another influential poet monk from the Tendai tradition was <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei" title="Fujiwara no Shunzei">Fujiwara no Shunzei</a> (1114–1204).<sup id="cite_ref-:17_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Teika" title="Fujiwara no Teika">Fujiwara no Teika</a> was also influenced by the classic Tendai thought of Zhiyi. These two figures were central to the development of the aesthetic concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yūgen">yūgen</a></i> (幽玄, profound grace and subtlety).<sup id="cite_ref-:17_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to William R. LaFleur, the development of <i>yūgen</i> aesthetic theory was also influenced by the Tendai practice of <i>shikan</i> meditation. According to LaFleur, for Shunzei's poetics, the beauty of <i>yūgen</i> manifests a deep tranquility which reflects and is akin to <i>shikan</i> practice. This link is asserted by Shunzei in his <i>Kurai futeisho.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:18_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These poets also understood the depth of <i>yūgen</i> through the holistic Tendai metaphysics of interfusion<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:18_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Tendai_scholars">Notable Tendai scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable Tendai scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryogen1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ryogen1.JPG/330px-Ryogen1.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ryogen1.JPG/495px-Ryogen1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ryogen1.JPG/660px-Ryogen1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgen" title="Ryōgen">Ryōgen</a> is known generally by the names of Gansan Daishi (left) or Tsuno Daishi ("Horned Great Master", right). Tsuno Daishi is said to be a portrait of him subjugating <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">yūrei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the history of Tendai school, a number of notable monks have contributed to Tendai thought and administration of <a href="/wiki/Mt._Hiei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Hiei">Mt. Hiei</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> – Founder.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gishin_(monk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gishin (monk) (page does not exist)">Gishin</a> – Second <i>zasu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">座主</span></span>, "Head priest")</span> of the Tendai School, who travelled with Saicho to China and ordained alongside him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> – Saicho's successor, the first to try to merge esoteric practices with exoteric Tendai School theories (this merger is now known as "Taimitsu"), as well as promote <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchin" title="Enchin">Enchin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gishin" title="Gishin">Gishin</a> successor, junior to Ennin. The first to successfully assimilate esoteric buddhism to Tendai, and a notable administrator as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annen_(monk)" title="Annen (monk)">Annen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Henj%C5%8D" title="Henjō">Henjō</a> (Ennin's disciple)'s successor, junior to Enchin. An influential thinker who's known having finalized the assimilation of esoteric and exoteric buddhism within Tendai.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgen" title="Ryōgen">Ryōgen</a> – Annen's successor, and skilled politician who helped ally the Tendai School with the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara clan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_S%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" title="Toba Sōjō">Toba Sōjō</a> (1053–1140) – the 48th zasu and a satirical artist. Sometimes he is credited as the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga" title="Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga">Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga</a></i>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, but this attribution is highly disputed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku" title="Sengaku">Sengaku</a> (1203 – c. 1273) – a Tendai scholar and literary critic, who authored an influential commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i>, the oldest extant Japanese poetry.</li> <li>Gien (1394–1441) – the 153rd zasu, who later returned to secular life and reigned Japan as <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshinori" title="Ashikaga Yoshinori">Ashikaga Yoshinori</a>, the sixth <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a> (1536–1643) – a Tendai <i>dai-sōjō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大僧正</span></span>, "archbishop")</span>, who served as an entrusted advisor of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a>, the headquarters of Tendai Buddhism on Mount Hiei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaih%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D" title="Kaihōgyō">Kaihōgyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, which developed the Tendai emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> into a distinctive Japanese Buddhist school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> Buddhism, the Chinese sect that Tendai developed from</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-Stone_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStone1995" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Jacqueline (1 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2559">"Medieval Tendai hongaku thought and the new Kamakura Buddhism: A reconsideration"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48">10.18874/jjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Medieval+Tendai+hongaku+thought+and+the+new+Kamakura+Buddhism%3A+A+reconsideration&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATendai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sansom, George (1961). <i>A History of Japan 1334-1615</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 284. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0525-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0525-9">0-8047-0525-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hazama Jikō. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2349">The Characteristics of Japanese Tendai.</a></i> Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1987 14/2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chappell, David W. (1987). 'Is Tendai Buddhism Relevant to the Modern World?' in <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i> 1987 14/2-3. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304064314/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/254.pdf">Nanzan Univ.</a>; accessed: Saturday August 16, 2008. p.247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groner_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroner2000" class="citation book cs1">Groner, Paul (2000). <i>Saicho: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School</i>. 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Columbia University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11286-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11286-6"><bdi>0-231-11286-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weaving+of+Mantra%3A+Kukai+and+the+Construction+of+Esoteric+Buddhist+Discourse&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-231-11286-6&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Ryuichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATendai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin, Pei‐Yin (2011) <i>Precepts and lineage in Chan tradition: cross‐cultural perspectives in ninth century East Asia,</i> pp. 147–148, 154-157. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241">http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groner, Paul. <i>The Lotus Sutra and the Perfect-Sudden Precepts.</i> Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 41/1: 103–131 © 2014 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groner, Paul (2000). <i>Saicho: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School</i>, pp. 255-256. University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir K. (2005) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Legends_in_Chan.pdf">Legends in Ch’an: the Northern/Southern Schools Split, Hui-neng and the Platform Sutra</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin, Pei‐Yin (2011) <i>Precepts and lineage in Chan tradition: cross‐cultural perspectives in ninth century East Asia,</i> p. 158. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241">http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin, Pei‐Yin (2011) <i>Precepts and lineage in Chan tradition: cross‐cultural perspectives in ninth century East Asia,</i> p. 166. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241">http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugahara Shinkai 菅原信海 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2587">The Distinctive Features of Sanno Ichijitsu Shinto.</a></i> Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1996 23/1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jimon-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jimon_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimon_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221152905/http://www.tendai-jimon.jp/trainee/index.html">"修験道とは・・・「自然と人間」"</a>. Tendaijimon Sect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tendai-jimon.jp/trainee/index.html">the original</a> on 2020-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A8%93%E9%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%BB%E3%80%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%81%A8%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=Tendaijimon+Sect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tendai-jimon.jp%2Ftrainee%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATendai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Castiglioni, Andrea; Rambelli, Fabio; Roth, Carina (2020). <i>Defining Shugendo: Critical Studies on Japanese Mountain Religion</i>, p. 8. Bloomsbury Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaynor Sekimori, Gaynor. <i>Shugendō And Its Relationship With The Japanese Esoteric Sects: A Study Of The Ritual Calendar Of An Edo Period Shugendō Shrine-Temple Comple</i>x, In: Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (2011). "Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groner, Paul (2002). <i>Ryōgen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century</i>, p. 208. University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deal, William E.; Ruppert, Brian (2015). <i>A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism</i>, pp. 100-104. John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7">978-1-4051-6701-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deal, William E.; Ruppert, Brian (2015). <i>A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism</i>, pp. 104-106. John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7">978-1-4051-6701-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">LaFleur, R. William. <i>Symbol and Yūgen: Shunzei's Use of Tendai Buddhism</i> In "Flowing Traces: Buddhism in the Literary and Visual Arts of Japan," pp. 16-45, edited by James H. Sanford, William R. LaFleur, Masatoshi Nagatomi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Odin, Steve (2001). <i>Artistic Detachment in Japan and the West: Psychic Distance in Comparative Aesthetics</i>, pp. 107-108. University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chappell, David W. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234708/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/254.pdf">"Is Tendai Buddhism Relevant to the Modern World?"</a>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i> 1987 14/2–3, pp 247–266.</li> <li>Covell, Stephen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928173947/http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=religion_pubs">"Living Temple Buddhism in Contemporary Japan: The Tendai Sect Today"</a>, Comparative Religion Publications. Paper 1. (Dissertation, Western Michigan University)</li> <li>Groner, Paul. <i>Saicho: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School</i>. University of Hawaii Press 2000.</li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 1: The Aristocratic Age, Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4">0-914910-26-4</a></li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan, Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 2: The Mass Movement (Kamakura and Muromachi Periods), Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0">0-914910-28-0</a></li> <li>McMullin, Neil (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8620/2527">The Sanmon-Jimon Schism in the Tendai School of Buddhism: A Preliminary Analysis</a>, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 7 (1), 83–105</li> <li>Stone Jacqueline 1999. <i>Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism</i>, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2026-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2026-6">0-8248-2026-6</a>.</li> <li>Swanson, Paul L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/asie_0766-1177_1986_num_2_1_877">"T'ien-t'ai Studies in Japan"</a>, <i>Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie</i> 2 (2), 219–232</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brook_Ziporyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brook Ziporyn (page does not exist)">Ziporyn, Brook</a> (2004). "Tiantai School" in <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, Robert E. Buswell, Ed., McMillan USA, New York, NY, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865910-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865910-4">0-02-865910-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendai&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caltendai.org/">California Tendai Buddhists</a> California, North America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chohoji.or.jp/tendai_text.htm">台宗法蔵 - Chohoji</a> Wakayama, Japan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb/">Digital Dictionary of Buddhism</a> (log in with userID "guest")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tendai.or.jp/english/index.php">Enryakuji Hieizan</a> Main Temple of Tendai-shu, Kyoto, Japan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatrivertendai.org">Great River Tendai Sangha</a> - Washington, DC, North America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721181204/http://www.jsri.jp/English/Honen/LIFE/Tendai/lineage/lineage.html">History of Tendai lineages</a> up through the end of the Heian Period, Jodo Shu Research Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tendai-usa.org/">Kongosan Eigenji</a> California, North America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tendai.org/">Tendai Buddhist Institute</a> - New York, North America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tendaiuk.com/">Tendai UK</a> Hampshire, United Kingdom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.t-y-b-a.com/">Tendai Young Buddhist Association</a> Japan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tenryuzanji.org/">Tenryuzanji</a> Trento, Italy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405123603/http://www.tendai-us.org/">Williams archive - Tendai Buddhism</a> (holding page)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#a8aca0; color:#fff;">Main Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuninushi" title="Ōkuninushi">Ōnamuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyamakui_no_Kami" title="Oyamakui no Kami">Oyamakui no Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyamakui_no_Kami#Sanno_Gongen" title="Oyamakui no Kami">Sanno Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#a8aca0; color:#fff;">Other Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABzenji" title="Jūzenji">Jūzenji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshigami" title="Toshigami">Toshigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarajin" title="Matarajin">Matarajin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg/150px-Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg/225px-Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg/300px-Hiyoshi-taisha_nishihongu-honden01n4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#8f9484; color:#fff;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#a8aca0; color:#fff;">Head Shrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiyoshi_Taisha" title="Hiyoshi Taisha">Hiyoshi Taisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsunoo_Taisha" title="Matsunoo Taisha">Matsunoo Taisha</a> (rival in Oyamakui worship)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#a8aca0; color:#fff;">Other Shrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hie_Shrine" title="Hie Shrine">Hie Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun%C5%8Dzan_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB" title="Kunōzan Tōshō-gū">Kunōzan Tōshō-gū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwakiyama_Shrine" title="Iwakiyama Shrine">Iwakiyama Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_Shrine" title="Araki Shrine">Araki Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hie_Shrine_(Toyama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hie Shrine (Toyama) (page does not exist)">Hie Shrine (Toyama)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9E%9D%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE_(%E5%AF%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:日枝神社 (富山市)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Sannō Shrine">Sannō Shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#a8aca0; color:#fff;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Ichijitsu_Shint%C5%8D" title="Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō">Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin" title="Kōshin">Kōshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Matsuri" title="Sannō Matsuri">Sannō Matsuri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga" title="Template:Yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga" title="Template talk:Yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> 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