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</head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-77 mega-menu-max-mega-menu-1"> <div id="art-main"> <header class="art-header"> <div class="art-shapes"> <div class="art-object325548477"></div> </div> <div class="art-headline"> <a href="https://einstein-website.de/en/">ALBERT EINSTEIN</a> </div> <div class="art-slogan">IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB</div> <a href="#" class="art-logo art-logo-1627948546"> <img src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/themes/einsteinwebsite_ohneNav/images/logo-1627948546.png" alt="" /> </a> </header> <div id="mega-menu-wrap-max_mega_menu_1" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-1' id='mega-toggle-block-1'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span> </span> </button></div></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-right"></div></div><ul id="mega-menu-max_mega_menu_1" class="mega-menu max-mega-menu mega-menu-horizontal mega-no-js" data-event="hover_intent" data-effect="fade_up" data-effect-speed="200" data-effect-mobile="disabled" data-effect-speed-mobile="0" data-mobile-force-width="false" data-second-click="go" data-document-click="collapse" data-vertical-behaviour="standard" data-breakpoint="880" data-unbind="true" data-mobile-state="collapse_all" data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-home mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2274' id='mega-menu-item-2274'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/" tabindex="0">Home</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2260' id='mega-menu-item-2260'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Biography<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2277' id='mega-menu-item-2277'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/timeline/">● Timeline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2275' id='mega-menu-item-2275'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2276' id='mega-menu-item-2276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/family-tree/">● Family tree</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2264' id='mega-menu-item-2264'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Germany ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2284' id='mega-menu-item-2284'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/ulm/">● Ulm</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2269' id='mega-menu-item-2269'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Berlin ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2662' id='mega-menu-item-2662'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/spandau-castle/">● "Spandau Castle"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2287' id='mega-menu-item-2287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold/">● Archenhold</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2286' id='mega-menu-item-2286'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/sound-document/">● Sound Document</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2283' id='mega-menu-item-2283'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/caputh/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Caputh ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2290' id='mega-menu-item-2290'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/guestbook/">● Guestbook</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2289' id='mega-menu-item-2289'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/tummler/">● "Tümmler"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2288' id='mega-menu-item-2288'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/credo/">● Credo</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2879' id='mega-menu-item-2879'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/balticsea/">● Baltic Sea</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2265' id='mega-menu-item-2265'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Switzerland ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current-menu-parent mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2268' id='mega-menu-item-2268'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Bern ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2731' id='mega-menu-item-2731'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/patent-office/">● Patent Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2282' id='mega-menu-item-2282'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/akademie-olympia/">● “Akademie Olympia”</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-item mega-page_item mega-page-item-77 mega-current_page_item mega-menu-item-2281' id='mega-menu-item-2281'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/maschinchen/" aria-current="page">● “Maschinchen”</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2279' id='mega-menu-item-2279'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winterthur/">● Winterthur</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2278' id='mega-menu-item-2278'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schaffhausen/">● Schaffhausen</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2266' id='mega-menu-item-2266'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Czech Republic ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2280' id='mega-menu-item-2280'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/prague/">● Prague</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2267' id='mega-menu-item-2267'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ USA ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2285' id='mega-menu-item-2285'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/princeton/">● Princeton</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2261' id='mega-menu-item-2261'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Information<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2291' id='mega-menu-item-2291'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/academies-and-societies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Academies and societies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2341' id='mega-menu-item-2341'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-bern/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Bern</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2340' id='mega-menu-item-2340'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/physical-society-zurich/">● Physical Society Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2339' id='mega-menu-item-2339'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-zurich/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2338' id='mega-menu-item-2338'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-scientific-society-gottingen/">● Royal Scientific Society, Göttingen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2337' id='mega-menu-item-2337'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-danish-academy-of-sciences-and-letters/">● Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2336' id='mega-menu-item-2336'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-sciences-in-amsterdam/">● Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2335' id='mega-menu-item-2335'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/national-academy-of-the-lincei-rom/">● National Academy of the Lincei, Rom</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2334' id='mega-menu-item-2334'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-madrid/">● Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Madrid</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2333' id='mega-menu-item-2333'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/bavarian-academy-of-sciences/">● Bavarian Academy of Sciences</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2332' id='mega-menu-item-2332'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lmperial-german-academy-of-natural-scientists-in-halle-leopoldina/">● lmperial German Academy of Natural Scientists in Halle, Leopoldina</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2343' id='mega-menu-item-2343'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/scientific-publications/">● Scientific publications</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2296' id='mega-menu-item-2296'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/honours-prizes-awards/">● Honours, prizes, awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2270' id='mega-menu-item-2270'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Nobel Prize 1921 ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2300' id='mega-menu-item-2300'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/what-happened-to-the-nobel-prize-money/">● What happened to the Nobel Prize money?</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2342' id='mega-menu-item-2342'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/favorite-foods/">● Favorite foods</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2298' id='mega-menu-item-2298'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/various-things/">● Various things</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2295' id='mega-menu-item-2295'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/faq/">● FAQ</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2331' id='mega-menu-item-2331'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/short-biographies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Short biographies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2271' id='mega-menu-item-2271'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Einstein family ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2319' id='mega-menu-item-2319'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-eduard/">● Einstein, Eduard</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2320' id='mega-menu-item-2320'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-elsa/">● Einstein, Elsa</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2322' id='mega-menu-item-2322'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hans-albert/">● Einstein, Hans Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2321' id='mega-menu-item-2321'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hermann-2/">● Einstein, Hermann</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2323' id='mega-menu-item-2323'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-pauline-2/">● Einstein, Pauline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2324' id='mega-menu-item-2324'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-lieserl-2/">● Einstein-Maric, Lieserl</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2326' id='mega-menu-item-2326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-mileva/">● Einstein-Maric, Mileva</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2325' id='mega-menu-item-2325'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winteler-einstein-maria/">● Winteler-Einstein, Maria</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2272' id='mega-menu-item-2272'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Scientists ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2318' id='mega-menu-item-2318'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold-friedrich/">● Archenhold, Friedrich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2317' id='mega-menu-item-2317'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/haber-fritz/">● Haber, Fritz</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2316' id='mega-menu-item-2316'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kepler-johannes/">● Kepler, Johannes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2315' id='mega-menu-item-2315'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lenard-philipp/">● Lenard, Philipp</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2314' id='mega-menu-item-2314'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/nernst-walther/">● Nernst, Walther</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2313' id='mega-menu-item-2313'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/stark-johannes/">● Stark, Johannes</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2273' id='mega-menu-item-2273'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Other ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2312' id='mega-menu-item-2312'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/dukas-helen/">● Dukas, Helen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2311' id='mega-menu-item-2311'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/fichte-johann-gottlieb-2/">● Fichte, Johann Gottlieb</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2310' id='mega-menu-item-2310'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/roosevelt-franklin-delano/">● Roosevelt, Franklin Delano</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2309' id='mega-menu-item-2309'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schweitzer-albert/">● Schweitzer, Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2308' id='mega-menu-item-2308'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/wachsmann-konrad/">● Wachsmann, Konrad</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2307' id='mega-menu-item-2307'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/weizmann-chaim/">● Weizmann, Chaim</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2292' id='mega-menu-item-2292'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-archives-in-jerusalem/">● Albert Einstein Archives in Jerusalem</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2293' id='mega-menu-item-2293'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-papers-project-in-pasadena/">● Einstein Papers Project in Pasadena</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2456' id='mega-menu-item-2456'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/initiativkreis_en/">● Initiativkreis Albert-Einstein-Haus Caputh</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2294' id='mega-menu-item-2294'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einsteiniana/">● Einsteiniana</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2299' id='mega-menu-item-2299'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/external-links/">● External Links</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2297' id='mega-menu-item-2297'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/literature/">● Books</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2262' id='mega-menu-item-2262'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Einstein for Kids<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2327' id='mega-menu-item-2327'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2330' id='mega-menu-item-2330'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/matura-certificate/">● Matura certificate</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2328' id='mega-menu-item-2328'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/correspondence-with-kids/">● Correspondence with kids</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2329' id='mega-menu-item-2329'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kids-paint-albert-einstein/">● Kids paint Albert Einstein</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2263' id='mega-menu-item-2263'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">About Einstein-Website<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li 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wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:9%"> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignleft size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/ic_hd_biografie.png" alt="" class="wp-image-759" width="56" height="56" /></figure></div> <p></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:79%"> <p>Biography</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:12%"><a href="https://einstein-website.de/maschinchen/" title="DEUTSCH"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/multisite-language-switcher/flags/de.png" alt="de_DE"/> DEUTSCH</a></div> </div> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“I herewith friendly invite you that we together make the final tests with the Maschinchen & write the essay.”</p> </blockquote> <p class="has-text-align-right">Albert Einstein in a letter to Conrad Habicht, March 4, 1910</p> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The “MASCHINCHEN”</h2> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Already in his youth Einstein developed interest in technical tasks and their solutions. This was probably owed to his father (Hermann Einstein, 1847-1902) and his uncle Jakob (Jakob Einstein, 1850-1912) who were long time owners of an electrotechnical company.</p> <p>This interest shows in the different technical projects Einstein was busy with over the years. In some cases there were even patents awarded, however, always together with a partner.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/e_maschinchen.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-405" width="290" srcset="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/e_maschinchen.jpg 274w, https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/e_maschinchen-212x300.jpg 212w" sizes="(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sectional drawing – Einstein‘s “Maschinchen” Source: Physical Journal 11 (1910), page 533</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>One of these technical tasks was the device Einstein in his letters often lovingly described as “Maschinchen”. What is meant here is an “electrostatic potential multiplier” with which it should be possible to measure even smallest voltage differences of half a millivolt through the combination of an “air capacitor consisting of mobile plate systems which were pushed into each other with a multiplier”. The amplification of the very small initial voltage was realized “via electrostatic induction and electrometric measurement of the final voltage.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Einstein’s basic considerations concerning the development of the Maschinchen can be traced back to two of his works from the year 1905. On the one hand he hoped that his Maschinchen would prove his predictions concerning the theory of Brownian motion. On the other hand he wanted to check the equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc²) with the help of research in the field of radioactivity.</p> </div> </div> <p>In April 1908 Einstein published his invention in volume 7 of the Physical Journal on the pages 216-217 in an article with the title <em>“A new electrostatic method for the measurement of smallest amounts of electricity“</em> <em>(„Eine neue elektrostatische Methode zur Messung kleinster Elektrizitätsmengen“)</em>, which also contained first basic depictions of the Maschinchen. In the article Einstein writes among other things: <em>“… As the improved sensitivity of the electrostatic measuring methods is of importance for the research in the field of radioactivity I hope that a physicist will be interested in the matter as I would like to discuss my further considerations concerning the object with him. This plan developed as I was thinking about the fact how the spontaneous charges of conductors which are demanded by the molecular theory of heat and which are analogous to the Brownian motion can be verified and measured. I hope to have helped solving also this problem with the described plan.“</em> <em>(„… Da die Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit der elektrostatischen Meßmethoden von Bedeutung ist für die Erforschung der Radioaktivität, hoffe ich, daß sich ein Physiker für die Sache interessieren wird. Meine weiteren Überlegungen über den Gegenstand würde ich demselben gerne mitteilen. Auf den vorliegenden Plan wurde ich geführt durch Nachdenken darüber, wie die von der Molekulartheorie der Wärme geforderten, der Brownschen Bewegung analogen spontanen Ladungen von Leitern konstatiert und gemessen werden könnten. Auch dieses Problem hoffe ich mit dem geschilderten Plane seiner Lösung um einen Schritt näher gebracht zu haben.“)</em></p> <p>Already in 1907 Einstein discussed his ideas with the brothers Conrad (1876-1958) and Paul Habicht (1884-1948) who only after a few weeks built a first, however still deficient prototype together with their mechanic. In August 1907 he wrote to Bern in a letter to the brothers: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“Dear Habichte! I am utterly amazed about the immense speed with which you built the Maschinchen. I will visit you on Sunday. …”</span> In the following years they spent much time with the construction and assembly of the Maschinchen. Successes and failures constantly changed. This is was Paul Habicht wrote to Einstein in October 1908: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… Your Maschinchen is finished, however, when switching to self-excitation I am not able to bring about any spark. So there must be something wrong. … Maybe the sealing wax is not insulating or covered with a conducting layer. Well, we will see. …”</span> In a letter dated April 1909 Einstein reported to Conrad Habicht positive results of his examinations: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… Until Saturday I will have an electroscope which allows an estimation of 1 volt. The Maschinchen transmits 2* 10<sup>5</sup> times. …”</span> Five months later, in September 1909, he asked Conrad in a letter: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… How is the Maschinchen? Where do the mistakes begin?”</span> and in December 1909 he writes in a letter to Conrad: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… Paul does good work assembling the Maschinchen. …”</span> In March 1910 he writes to Conrad: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… You have now improved the Maschinchen to a high degree; I hope you will be successful with it. …”</span></p> <p>In connection with the development of the Maschinchen Einstein among other things also had contact to the physicists Joseph Kowalski (1866-1927) and Albert Gockel (1860-1927), both of the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. He also had contact to Edouard Guillaume (1881-1959) who at that time was working at the Bern patent office as technical expert second class.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/pot_multi_habicht_1_small1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-407" width="300" srcset="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/pot_multi_habicht_1_small1.jpg 270w, https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/pot_multi_habicht_1_small1-190x300.jpg 190w" sizes="(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">1 Electrostatic potential multiplier</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>In March 1910 Einstein and the Habicht brothers tested the Maschinchen and together wrote a technical description. For this reason Einstein wrote to Conrad on March 4: <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… I herewith friendly invite you that we together make the final tests with the Maschinchen & write the essay. This must be done now so that no other person does it. …”</span> The essay which was “written” in this way was published in the Physical Journal 11 (1910) on the page 532-535 with the title “Electrostatic potential multiplier according to A. Einstein.” (“Elektrostatischer Potentialmultiplikator nach A. Einstein”). Only Conrad and Paul Habicht were named as authors.</p> <p>In December 1911 a prototype of the Maschinchen was successfully demonstrated by Paul Habicht to the Berlin Physical Society (later German Physical Society). Einstein was optimistic and believed in the success of the Maschinchen. Some days later he wrote to his friend, the physician Heinrich Zangger (1874-1957): <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“… Habicht recently held a lecture to the Berlin Physical Society with an explanation of the Maschinchen and had lots of success with it. Now he has overcome the resistance against this matter; I think that the Maschinchen will soon have replaced the sensitive quadrants & filament electrometer. …”</span> However, this should not happen.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>In the end the electrostatic potential multiplier, Einstein’s Maschinchen, did not have success. Until the 1930ies only few samples were assembled and sold in the workshop of Paul Habicht in Schaffhausen. The handling of the Maschinchen proved itself as impracticable. Physicists used other, more efficient and more powerful instruments for their purposes. One sample which was bought by the German physicist Friedrich Paschen (1865-1947) around 1920 can be seen today in the Physical Institute of the University of Tübingen.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="270" height="184" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/pot_multi_habicht_2_small.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-408"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">2 Name plate of the electrostatic potential multiplier</figcaption></figure></div></div> </div> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Illustrations Credits:</span></strong><br>Dr. Torsten Hehl, Tübingen: 1, 2</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Bibliography:</span></strong></p> <figure class="wp-block-table alignleft is-style-regular keinbalken" id="table5"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td>Albert Einstein</td><td><em><strong>Eine neue elektrostatische Methode zur Messung kleinster Elektrizitätsmengen</strong><br></em>Physikalischen Zeitschrift 7 (1908) Seite 216-217</td><td>1908</td></tr><tr><td>Conrad Habicht, Paul Habicht</td><td><em><strong>Elektrostatischer Potentialmultiplikator nach A. Einstein<br></strong></em>Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910), Seite 532-535</td><td>1910</td></tr><tr><td>Ann M. Hentschel, Gerd Graßhoff</td><td><strong><em>Albert Einstein “Jene glücklichen Berner Jahre”</em></strong></td><td>Bern 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Hrsg. John Stachel, a.o.</td><td><strong><em>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 2</em></strong></td><td>Princeton 1989</td></tr><tr><td>Hrsg. Martin J. Klein, a.o.</td><td><strong><em>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 5</em></strong></td><td>Princeton 1993</td></tr><tr><td>József Illy</td><td><em><strong>The Practical Einstein: </strong><strong>Experiments, Patents, Inventions</strong></em></td><td>Baltimore 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Friedemann Rex</td><td><em><strong>Einsteins Maschinchen</strong></em></td><td>Tübingen</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="art-footer"> <div class="art-footer-inner"><div class="art-footer-text"> <div class="art-content-layout-wrapper layout-item-0"> <div class="art-content-layout"> <div class="art-content-layout-row"> <div class="art-layout-cell layout-item-1" style="width: 100%"><div class="art-widget widget widget_block widget_text" id="block-7" ><div class="art-widget-content"> <p>Copyright © 2000-2024 Hans-Josef Küpper | All rights reserved | <a href="/en/imprint/">Imprint</a> | <a href="/en/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="wp-footer"> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpfront_scroll_top_data = {"data":{"css":"#wpfront-scroll-top-container{display:none;position:fixed;cursor:pointer;z-index:9999;opacity:0}#wpfront-scroll-top-container div.text-holder{padding:3px 10px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);-moz-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5)}#wpfront-scroll-top-container a{outline-style:none;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}#wpfront-scroll-top-container {right: 0px;bottom: 0px;} #wpfront-scroll-top-container img {\n width: auto;\n height: auto;\n }\n ","html":"<div id=\"wpfront-scroll-top-container\"><img src=\"https:\/\/einstein-website.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/02\/50.png\" alt=\"arrow to top\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>","data":{"hide_iframe":false,"button_fade_duration":200,"auto_hide":false,"auto_hide_after":2,"scroll_offset":100,"button_opacity":0.8,"button_action":"top","button_action_element_selector":"","button_action_container_selector":"html, body","button_action_element_offset":"0","scroll_duration":400}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/wpfront-scroll-top/js/wpfront-scroll-top.min.js?ver=2.2.10081" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="megamenu-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var megamenu = {"timeout":"300","interval":"100"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.3.1.2" id="megamenu-js"></script>  </div> </body> </html>