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id='mega-menu-item-2274'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/" tabindex="0">Home</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2260' id='mega-menu-item-2260'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Biography<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2277' id='mega-menu-item-2277'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/timeline/">● Timeline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2275' id='mega-menu-item-2275'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2276' id='mega-menu-item-2276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/family-tree/">● Family tree</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2264' id='mega-menu-item-2264'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Germany ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2284' id='mega-menu-item-2284'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/ulm/">● Ulm</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2269' id='mega-menu-item-2269'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Berlin ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2662' id='mega-menu-item-2662'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/spandau-castle/">● "Spandau Castle"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2287' id='mega-menu-item-2287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold/">● Archenhold</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2286' id='mega-menu-item-2286'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/sound-document/">● Sound Document</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2283' id='mega-menu-item-2283'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/caputh/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Caputh ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2290' id='mega-menu-item-2290'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/guestbook/">● Guestbook</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2289' id='mega-menu-item-2289'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/tummler/">● "Tümmler"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2288' id='mega-menu-item-2288'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/credo/">● Credo</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2879' id='mega-menu-item-2879'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/balticsea/">● Baltic Sea</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2265' id='mega-menu-item-2265'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Switzerland ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2268' id='mega-menu-item-2268'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Bern ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2731' id='mega-menu-item-2731'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/patent-office/">● Patent Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2282' id='mega-menu-item-2282'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/akademie-olympia/">● “Akademie Olympia”</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2281' id='mega-menu-item-2281'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/maschinchen/">● “Maschinchen”</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2279' id='mega-menu-item-2279'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winterthur/">● Winterthur</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2278' id='mega-menu-item-2278'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schaffhausen/">● Schaffhausen</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2266' id='mega-menu-item-2266'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Czech Republic ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2280' id='mega-menu-item-2280'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/prague/">● Prague</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2267' id='mega-menu-item-2267'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ USA ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2285' id='mega-menu-item-2285'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/princeton/">● Princeton</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2261' id='mega-menu-item-2261'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Information<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current-menu-parent mega-current_page_parent mega-current_page_ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2291' id='mega-menu-item-2291'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/academies-and-societies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Academies and societies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2341' id='mega-menu-item-2341'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-bern/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Bern</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2340' id='mega-menu-item-2340'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/physical-society-zurich/">● Physical Society Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2339' id='mega-menu-item-2339'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-zurich/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-item mega-page_item mega-page-item-636 mega-current_page_item mega-menu-item-2338' id='mega-menu-item-2338'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-scientific-society-gottingen/" aria-current="page">● Royal Scientific Society, Göttingen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2337' id='mega-menu-item-2337'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-danish-academy-of-sciences-and-letters/">● Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2336' id='mega-menu-item-2336'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-sciences-in-amsterdam/">● Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2335' id='mega-menu-item-2335'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/national-academy-of-the-lincei-rom/">● National Academy of the Lincei, Rom</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2334' id='mega-menu-item-2334'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-madrid/">● Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Madrid</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2333' id='mega-menu-item-2333'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/bavarian-academy-of-sciences/">● Bavarian Academy of Sciences</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2332' id='mega-menu-item-2332'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lmperial-german-academy-of-natural-scientists-in-halle-leopoldina/">● lmperial German Academy of Natural Scientists in Halle, Leopoldina</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2343' id='mega-menu-item-2343'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/scientific-publications/">● Scientific publications</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2296' id='mega-menu-item-2296'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/honours-prizes-awards/">● Honours, prizes, awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2270' id='mega-menu-item-2270'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Nobel Prize 1921 ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2300' id='mega-menu-item-2300'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/what-happened-to-the-nobel-prize-money/">● What happened to the Nobel Prize money?</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2342' id='mega-menu-item-2342'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/favorite-foods/">● Favorite foods</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2298' id='mega-menu-item-2298'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/various-things/">● Various things</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2295' id='mega-menu-item-2295'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/faq/">● FAQ</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2331' id='mega-menu-item-2331'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/short-biographies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Short biographies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2271' id='mega-menu-item-2271'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Einstein family ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2319' id='mega-menu-item-2319'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-eduard/">● Einstein, Eduard</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2320' id='mega-menu-item-2320'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-elsa/">● Einstein, Elsa</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2322' id='mega-menu-item-2322'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hans-albert/">● Einstein, Hans Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2321' id='mega-menu-item-2321'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hermann-2/">● Einstein, Hermann</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2323' id='mega-menu-item-2323'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-pauline-2/">● Einstein, Pauline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2324' id='mega-menu-item-2324'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-lieserl-2/">● Einstein-Maric, Lieserl</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2326' id='mega-menu-item-2326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-mileva/">● Einstein-Maric, Mileva</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2325' id='mega-menu-item-2325'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winteler-einstein-maria/">● Winteler-Einstein, Maria</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2272' id='mega-menu-item-2272'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Scientists ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2318' id='mega-menu-item-2318'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold-friedrich/">● Archenhold, Friedrich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2317' id='mega-menu-item-2317'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/haber-fritz/">● Haber, Fritz</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2316' id='mega-menu-item-2316'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kepler-johannes/">● Kepler, Johannes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2315' id='mega-menu-item-2315'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lenard-philipp/">● Lenard, Philipp</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2314' id='mega-menu-item-2314'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/nernst-walther/">● Nernst, Walther</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2313' id='mega-menu-item-2313'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/stark-johannes/">● Stark, Johannes</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2273' id='mega-menu-item-2273'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Other ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2312' id='mega-menu-item-2312'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/dukas-helen/">● Dukas, Helen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2311' id='mega-menu-item-2311'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/fichte-johann-gottlieb-2/">● Fichte, Johann Gottlieb</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2310' id='mega-menu-item-2310'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/roosevelt-franklin-delano/">● Roosevelt, Franklin Delano</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2309' id='mega-menu-item-2309'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schweitzer-albert/">● Schweitzer, Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2308' id='mega-menu-item-2308'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/wachsmann-konrad/">● Wachsmann, Konrad</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2307' id='mega-menu-item-2307'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/weizmann-chaim/">● Weizmann, Chaim</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2292' id='mega-menu-item-2292'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-archives-in-jerusalem/">● Albert Einstein Archives in Jerusalem</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2293' id='mega-menu-item-2293'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-papers-project-in-pasadena/">● Einstein Papers Project in Pasadena</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2456' id='mega-menu-item-2456'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/initiativkreis_en/">● Initiativkreis Albert-Einstein-Haus Caputh</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2294' id='mega-menu-item-2294'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einsteiniana/">● Einsteiniana</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2299' id='mega-menu-item-2299'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/external-links/">● External Links</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2297' id='mega-menu-item-2297'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/literature/">● Books</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2262' id='mega-menu-item-2262'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Einstein for Kids<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2327' id='mega-menu-item-2327'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2330' id='mega-menu-item-2330'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/matura-certificate/">● Matura certificate</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2328' id='mega-menu-item-2328'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/correspondence-with-kids/">● Correspondence with kids</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2329' id='mega-menu-item-2329'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kids-paint-albert-einstein/">● Kids paint Albert Einstein</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout 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<article id="post-636" class="art-post art-article post-636 page type-page status-publish hentry" style=""> <div class="art-postcontent clearfix"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:9%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-large"><img decoding="async" width="56" height="56" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/ic_hd_information.png" alt="" class="wp-image-778"/></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:80%"> <p>Information</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:11%"><a href="https://einstein-website.de/koenigliche-gesellschaft-der-wissenschaften-zu-goettingen/" title="DEUTSCH"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/multisite-language-switcher/flags/de.png" alt="de_DE"/> DEUTSCH</a></div> </div> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“… Es gereicht mir zur Freude, einer Gesellschaft anzuhören, der die Wissenschaft so viel verdankt.”</p> </blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“…It makes me happy to be a member of a society whom science has so much to thank for.“</p> </blockquote> <p class="has-text-align-right">Albert Einstein, Berlin 1915</p> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">EINSTEIN AND THE KÖNIGLICHE GESELLSCHAFT DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU GÖTTINGEN</h2> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">(ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY, GÖTTINGEN)</h2> <p><strong>A short story of the (society) academy</strong></p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>In 1751 the <em>Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Academy of Sciences, Göttingen)</em> was founded by King George II of Great Britain, Elector of Hannover. In the seal of the today second oldest scientific academy in Germany, you can find the motto of the academy “Fecundat et ornat – it fertilises and adorns“. This motto refers to the relationship with the Georg August University in Göttingen, which was from the beginning very close. The first president of the academy was the Swiss doctor, natural scientist and author <strong>Albrecht von Haller</strong> (1708-1777) who realized his plan of “zweyerley Academien“ (two different academies). According to this plan the Georgia Augusta was responsible for the „Belehrung der Jugend“ (teaching of the youth) and the academy had the task to ”invent“. Thus the teachers of the Georgia Augusta could also become members of the <em>Göttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Göttingen Academy of Sciences)</em> and dedicate themselves to research.</p> <p>The Göttinger Akademie (Göttingen Academy) looks back to a long tradition. Many famous scholars were members, among others Ernst Abbe, Max Born, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, James Franck, Carl Friedrich Gauß, Johann Matthias Gesner, the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, David Hilbert, Christian Gottlob Heyne, Alexander von Humboldt, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Walther Nernst, Henri Poincaré, Julius Wellhausen, Adolf Windaus and Albert Einstein, to only name a few. Today the <em>Göttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Göttingen Academy of Sciences)</em> lists in its records more than ten Nobel Prize laureates.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p><strong>Albert Einstein and the Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Royal Scientific Society, Göttingen)</strong></p> <p>Albert Einstein was a corresponding member of the society from December 18, 1915 until his exclusion on November 3, 1933. He was proposed as corresponding member by the full members David Hilbert, Felix Klein, Carl David Runge, Woldemar Voigt and Emil Wiechert. He was elected in the meeting of December 18, 1915.</p> <p>The directors of the academy, represented by the secretary Ernst Heinrich Ehlers, informed Einstein in writing that very same day. On December 20 Einstein wrote to one of the most important German mathematicians <strong>David Hilbert</strong> (1862-1943): <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">„Ich danke Ihnen für die freundliche Mitteilung, die Wahl zum korr. Mitgliede betreffend.” (”I want to thank you for the friendly letter informing me about the election as corr. member.“)</span></p> <p>Einstein officially thanked the society for the appointment in a letter dated December 23, 1915.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“An die königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen.</mark></p> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Hoch geehrte Herren!</mark></p> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Ich danke Ihnen herzlich für den Beweis freundlicher Anerkennung, den Sie mir durch Ihre Wahl gegeben haben. Es gereicht mir zur Freude, einer Gesellschaft anzuhören, der die Wissenschaft so viel verdankt.</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Mit aller Hochachtung</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">A. Einstein</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-right"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">23 XII. 15.”</mark></p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-css-opacity has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color has-background is-style-default"/> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">“To the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen.</mark></p> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Dear Sirs!</mark></p> <p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">I want to thank you very much for the proof of friendly recognition, which you gave to me through your decision. It makes me happy to be a member of a society whom science has so much to thank for.</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">With all respect</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">A. Einstein</mark></p> <p class="has-text-align-right"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">23 XII. 15.”</mark></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/04/brief_einstein_low.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1830" width="382" height="576" srcset="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/brief_einstein_low.jpg 509w, https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/brief_einstein_low-199x300.jpg 199w" sizes="(max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">1 Einstein‘s letter of appreciation to the society, 1915</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>After Einstein‘s withdrawal from the <em><strong>Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Bavarian Academy of Sciences)</strong></em> in June 1933 and the letter of the Auswärtiges Amt Berlin (Berlin Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the Göttinger Akademie (Göttingen Academy) dated September 18, 1933 in which he is told that Einstein had <span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">„durch eigene Handlungen mehrfach dargetan, dass er keinen Wert darauf legt, deutschen wissenschaftlichen Vereinen oder Gesellschaften anzugehören“ (“through his own acts made clear several times that he does not value to be a member of German scientific institutions or societies“)</span> Albert Einstein was, according to the decision of November 3, 1933, cancelled from the foreign members list.</p> <p>In August 1945 and in December 1946 Einstein was once again offered the membership in the Göttinger Akademie (Göttingen Academy), however, both letters remained unanswered.</p> <p>Today there are no further documents in the archive of the academy concerning Einstein and the <em>Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen)</em>. There are also no publications of Einstein in the academy publications.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note:</span> The correspondence between the mathematician David Hilbert (Göttingen) and Einstein, which was handed over to the university’s library after Hilbert‘s death in 1943, attracted no interest and was returned to Princeton. The letters can be found today in the Einstein Archives in Jerusalem.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Illustrations credits:</span></strong><br>Courtesy of the <strong>Archiv der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen</strong>: Pers. 20., Blatt 916: 1</p> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Bibliography:</span></strong></p> <figure class="wp-block-table alignleft is-style-regular keinbalken" id="table4"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td>Editors: R. Schulmann, A. J. Kox,<br>Michel Janssen, József Illy</td><td><strong><em>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 8, Part A</em></strong></td><td>Princeton 1998</td></tr><tr><td>Abraham Pais</td><td><em><strong>Ich vertraue auf Intuition – Der andere Albert Einstein</strong></em></td><td>Heidelberg 1995</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="art-footer"> <div class="art-footer-inner"><div class="art-footer-text"> <div class="art-content-layout-wrapper layout-item-0"> <div class="art-content-layout"> <div class="art-content-layout-row"> <div class="art-layout-cell layout-item-1" style="width: 100%"><div class="art-widget widget widget_block widget_text" id="block-7" ><div class="art-widget-content"> <p>Copyright © 2000-2024 Hans-Josef Küpper | All rights reserved | <a href="/en/imprint/">Imprint</a> | <a href="/en/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="wp-footer"> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpfront_scroll_top_data = {"data":{"css":"#wpfront-scroll-top-container{display:none;position:fixed;cursor:pointer;z-index:9999;opacity:0}#wpfront-scroll-top-container div.text-holder{padding:3px 10px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);-moz-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5)}#wpfront-scroll-top-container a{outline-style:none;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}#wpfront-scroll-top-container {right: 0px;bottom: 0px;} #wpfront-scroll-top-container img {\n width: auto;\n height: auto;\n }\n ","html":"<div id=\"wpfront-scroll-top-container\"><img src=\"https:\/\/einstein-website.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/02\/50.png\" alt=\"arrow to top\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>","data":{"hide_iframe":false,"button_fade_duration":200,"auto_hide":false,"auto_hide_after":2,"scroll_offset":100,"button_opacity":0.8,"button_action":"top","button_action_element_selector":"","button_action_container_selector":"html, body","button_action_element_offset":"0","scroll_duration":400}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/wpfront-scroll-top/js/wpfront-scroll-top.min.js?ver=2.2.10081" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="megamenu-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var megamenu = {"timeout":"300","interval":"100"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.3.1.2" id="megamenu-js"></script>  </div> </body> </html>