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id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1876_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1876_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1876 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1876_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republican Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Democratic Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Minor parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Candidates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Candidates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Candidates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Garfield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hancock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hancock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hancock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hancock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Weaver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bloody_shirt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloody_shirt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bloody shirt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloody_shirt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariffs_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariffs_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tariffs and immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariffs_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irregularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Irregularities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Detailed results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Geography of results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartographic_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartographic_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cartographic gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartographic_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Results by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Close states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_1880" title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1880 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1880" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6sidentvalget_i_USA_1880" title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1880 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1880" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten_1880" title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1880 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1880" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_de_Estados_Unidos_de_1880" title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1880 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1880" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_am%C3%A9ricaine_de_1880" title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1880 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1880" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="1880년 미국 대통령 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1880년 미국 대통령 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America_del_1880" title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1880 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1880" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_1880" title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1880 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1880" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchaguzi_wa_Rais_wa_Marekani,_1880" title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1880 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1880" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_presidentsverkiezingen_1880" title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1880 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1880" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="1880年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1880年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalget_i_USA_1880" title="Presidentvalget i USA 1880 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Presidentvalget i USA 1880" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_prezydenckie_w_Stanach_Zjednoczonych_w_1880_roku" title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1880 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1880 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_presidencial_nos_Estados_Unidos_em_1880" title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1880 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1880" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1880)" title="Президентские выборы в США (1880) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президентские выборы в США (1880)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1880 United States presidential election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A8%D9%A0)" title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٨٨٠) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٨٨٠)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94_1880." title="Председнички избори у САД 1880. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председнички избори у САД 1880." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentinvaalit_1880" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1880 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1880" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalet_i_USA_1880" title="Presidentvalet i USA 1880 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Presidentvalet i USA 1880" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>November 2, 1880</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />369 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />185 electoral votes needed to win</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">79.4%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.2 <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E81B23;"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2999" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #3333FF;"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_Hancock,_1824-86-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg/152px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg/228px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg/304px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock%2C_1824-86-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="3333" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Nominee </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Home state </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Running mate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Electoral vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>214</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">155 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">States carried </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">19 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>4,446,158</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4,444,260 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><span data-sort-value="7001483155714798138♠" style="display:none"></span>48.32%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7001482128866962844♠" style="display:none"></span>48.21% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" 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/><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" shape="rect" coords="307,83,325,89" alt="1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey" /><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" shape="rect" coords="313,72,333,78" alt="1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut" title="1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut" /><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" shape="rect" coords="316,62,334,68" alt="1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" title="1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" /><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" shape="rect" coords="316,50,345,56" alt="1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" title="1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" /><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" shape="rect" coords="269,21,290,28" alt="1880 United States presidential election in Vermont" title="1880 United States presidential election in Vermont" /><area href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" shape="rect" coords="273,14,296,20" alt="1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>Presidential election results map. <span style="color:red;">Red</span> denotes those won by Garfield/Arthur, <span style="color:blue;">blue</span> denotes states won by Hancock/English. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b>President before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected President</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a> were held in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on November 2, 1880. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. The voter turnout rate was one of the highest in the nation's history. Garfield was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">assassinated</a> during his first year in office, and he was succeeded by his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>. </p><p>Incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> did not seek reelection. After the longest convention in the party's history, the factionalized Republicans chose Representative Garfield of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> as their standard-bearer. The Democratic Party chose General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> as their nominee. The dominance of the two major parties began to fray as an upstart left-wing party, the <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a>, nominated another Civil War general for president, Iowa Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>. In a campaign fought mainly over issues of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> loyalties, <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariffs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese immigration</a>, Garfield narrowly won both the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral</a> and popular vote. He and Hancock each took just over 48 percent of the popular vote, while Weaver and two other minor candidates, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a>, together made up the remainder. </p><p>In the end, the popular vote totals of the two main candidates were separated by 1,898 votes (0.11%), the smallest <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">victory in the national popular vote</a> ever recorded. In the electoral college, however, Garfield's victory was much larger; he won the <a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">tipping point state</a> of New York by 21,033 votes (1.91%). Hancock's sweep of the Southern states was not enough for victory, but it cemented <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">his party's dominance of the region for generations</a>. </p><p>This was the last of six consecutive presidential election victories for the Republican Party. It was also the first in which people in every state were able to vote directly for presidential electors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two major parties were the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, and after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a> in 1877, the national electorate was closely divided between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979298–299_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979298–299-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party membership was only partly based on ideology; party identification often reflected ethnic and religious background, as well as Civil War loyalties that were still keenly felt by many voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979144_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979144-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Northern <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> voted Republican, as did black Southerners. On the other hand, white Southerners and Northern <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> generally voted Democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979180–197_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979180–197-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues">Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariff tax on imports</a> divided the major parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiebe196731–37_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiebe196731–37-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monetary debate was over the basis for the value of the United States dollar. Nothing but gold and silver coin had ever been legal tender in the United States until the Civil War, when the mounting costs of the war forced the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to issue "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">greenbacks</a>" (dollar bills backed by government bonds).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenbacks helped pay for the war, but resulted in severe <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–16_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, bondholders and other creditors (based in the North) wanted to return to a gold standard. At the same time, debtors (especially in the South and West) benefited from the way inflation reduced the real value of their debts, and workers and some businessmen liked the way inflation made for easy credit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger196443–67_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger196443–67-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue cut across parties, producing dissension among Republicans and Democrats alike and spawning a third party, the <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a>, in 1876, when both major parties nominated "hard money" candidates (i.e., candidates who favored the gold-backed currency instead of "soft money" greenbacks that generated inflation). Monetary debate intensified as Congress effectively <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">demonetized silver in 1873</a> and began redeeming greenbacks in gold by 1879, while limiting their circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiebe19676_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiebe19676-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 1880 election season began, the nation's money was backed by gold alone, but the issue was far from settled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger1964374–407_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger1964374–407-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tariff policy was a major source of party conflict in late 19th-century and early 20th-century America. During the Civil War, Congress raised protective tariffs to new heights. This was done partly to pay for the war, but partly because high tariffs were popular in the North. A high tariff meant that foreign goods were more expensive, which made it easier for American businesses to sell goods domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980175–176_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980175–176-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">supported high tariffs</a> as a way to protect American jobs and increase prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats condemned them as a source of higher prices for goods, whereas the higher revenues that they generated for the federal government were not needed after the conclusion of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980175–176_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980175–176-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Northern Democrats from manufacturing districts, especially in Pennsylvania, also supported high tariffs. In the interest of party unity, the leaders of each party often sought to avoid the question as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1876_election">1876 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1876 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">election of 1876</a>, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in one of the most hotly contested presidential elections in the nation's history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195817–21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195817–21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early results indicated a Democratic victory, but the electoral votes of several Southern states were disputed bitterly. Both parties in Congress agreed to convene a bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a>, which ultimately decided the race for Hayes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195817–21_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195817–21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Democrats, the "stolen election" became a rallying cry, and the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives spent much of 1878 investigating it, although they failed to turn up any new evidence against their Republican foes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195852–55_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195852–55-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, Tilden was seen as the front-runner for the 1880 nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195852–55_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195852–55-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For leading Republicans, Hayes's inauguration in 1877 signaled the start of backroom maneuverings for the nomination in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195822–23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195822–23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before his election, Hayes had pledged not to run for a second term, leaving the path to the White House open in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995266–267_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995266–267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cabinet selections alienated many party leaders as well, deepening the growing divide within the Republican party between forces loyal to New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> and those loyal to Maine Senator <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195822–23_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195822–23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parties agreed on their respective <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platforms</a> and nominees at <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">conventions</a>, which met in the summer before the election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Party_nomination">Republican Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republican Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><img alt="Republican Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/65px-Republican_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/98px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/130px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Republican Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1880 Republican Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000028-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">James A. Garfield</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Chester A. Arthur</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#FFD0D7; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#FFD0D7; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Garfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/James_A._Garfield.jpg/165px-James_A._Garfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/James_A._Garfield.jpg/247px-James_A._Garfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/James_A._Garfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="311" /></a></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Arthur_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chester_Arthur_1880.jpg/179px-Chester_Arthur_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Chester_Arthur_1880.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio's 19th</a> congressional district<br /><small>(1863–1880)</small> </td> <td>10th Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York Republican Party</a><br /><small>(1879–1881)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1880RepublicanPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/375px-1880RepublicanPoster.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/563px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/750px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/171px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/256px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/342px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, the incumbent president in 1880, whose term expired on March 4, 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican convention met first, convening in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a>, on June 2. Of the men vying for the Republican nomination, the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were former president <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, Senator James G. Blaine and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198117–19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198117–19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant had been the leading military commander for the Northern forces during the Civil War, and had served two terms as president from 1869 to 1877. He was seeking an unprecedented third term in the office. He was backed by Conkling's faction of the Republican Party, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980178_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980178-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were mainly known for their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> reforms sought by President Hayes. Blaine, a senator and former representative from Maine, was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breed</a> faction of the party, which did support <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Civil service reform in the United States">civil service reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980179_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1980179-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman, the brother of Civil War general <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, was a former senator from Ohio serving in Hayes's cabinet. He was backed by a smaller delegation that supported neither of the major factions. </p><p> On the first ballot, Grant and Blaine gleaned 304 and 285 votes, respectively, while Sherman received 93.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981479–481_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981479–481-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the candidates were close to victory, and the balloting continued in order to determine a winner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman200396–101_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman200396–101-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more ballots were taken, but no candidate prevailed. After the thirty-fifth ballot, Blaine and Sherman delegates switched their support to the new "dark horse" candidate, Representative James A. Garfield from Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003110–114_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003110–114-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the next ballot, Garfield won the nomination when he received 399 votes, most of them former Blaine and Sherman delegates. To placate the Grant faction, Garfield's Ohio supporters suggested <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> for vice president. Morton declined, based on Conkling's advice. They next offered the nomination to <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, another New York Stalwart. Conkling also advised him to decline, but he accepted. He was nominated, and the longest-ever Republican National Convention was adjourned on June 8, 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978480–481_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978480–481-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulysses S. Grant (President of the United States 1869–1877)"><img alt="Ulysses S. Grant (President of the United States 1869–1877)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg/179px-Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg/268px-Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg/357px-Grant_circa_1880_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (President of the United States 1869–1877)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsuccessful_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James G. Blaine (Senator from Maine)"><img alt="James G. Blaine (Senator from Maine)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Unsuccessful_1884.jpg/180px-Unsuccessful_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Unsuccessful_1884.jpg/270px-Unsuccessful_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Unsuccessful_1884.jpg/360px-Unsuccessful_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (Senator from Maine)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Sherman (Secretary of the Treasury)"><img alt="John Sherman (Secretary of the Treasury)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/187px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/281px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/375px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2083" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (Secretary of the Treasury)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James A. Garfield (U.S. representative from Ohio)"><img alt="James A. Garfield (U.S. representative from Ohio)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (U.S. representative from Ohio)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Party_nomination">Democratic Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><img alt="Democratic Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/65px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/98px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/130px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1880 Democratic Party ticket </b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Winfield S. Hancock</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">William H. English</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/181px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/272px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/362px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WHEnglish_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WHEnglish_photo.jpg/133px-WHEnglish_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WHEnglish_photo.jpg/200px-WHEnglish_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WHEnglish_photo.jpg/266px-WHEnglish_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a><br /><small>(1844–1886)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 2nd congressional district">Indiana's 2nd</a> congressional district<br /><small>(1853–1861)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign"><b>Campaign</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/375px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/563px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/750px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Later that month, the Democrats held their convention in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>. Six men were officially candidates for nomination at the convention, and several others also received votes. Of these, the two leading candidates were Major General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> from Pennsylvania and Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> from Delaware. Tilden was not officially a candidate, but he wielded a heavy influence over the convention. Tilden was ambiguous about his willingness to participate in another campaign, leading some delegates to defect to other candidates, while others stayed loyal to their old standard-bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195870–75,_124–126_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195870–75,_124–126-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the convention opened, some delegates favored Bayard, a conservative senator, while others supported Hancock, a career soldier and Civil War hero. Still others flocked to men they saw as surrogates for Tilden, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a> from Ohio, an attorney and former congressman, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a> from Pennsylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958138_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958138-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first round of balloting was inconclusive, with Hancock and Bayard leading the count. Before the second round, Tilden's withdrawal from the campaign became known for certain; delegates then shifted to Hancock, who was nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958139_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958139-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William Hayden English</a>, a conservative politician and businessman from the <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, was nominated for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996281_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996281-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winfield Scott Hancock (U.S. Major General)"><img alt="Winfield Scott Hancock (U.S. Major General)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/217px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/326px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/435px-Winfield_Scott_Hancock_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (U.S. Major General)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_F._Bayard,_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait,_circa_1870-1880_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas F. Bayard (U.S. senator from Delaware)"><img alt="Thomas F. Bayard (U.S. senator from Delaware)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg/279px-Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg/372px-Thomas_F._Bayard%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1870-1880_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> (U.S. senator from Delaware)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel J. Randall (Speaker of the house of Representatives and Leader of the House Democratic Caucus)"><img alt="Samuel J. Randall (Speaker of the house of Representatives and Leader of the House Democratic Caucus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/198px-Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/296px-Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/395px-Samuel_J._Randall_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a> (Speaker of the house of Representatives and Leader of the House Democratic Caucus)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_parties">Minor parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minor parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">1880 Greenback National Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/1880_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1880 Prohibition National Convention">1880 Prohibition National Convention</a></div> <p>The Greenback Party convention gathered in Chicago in mid-June, using the hall recently vacated by the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958115–116_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958115–116-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was a newcomer to the political scene in 1880, having arisen as a response to the economic depression that followed the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, mostly in the nation's West and South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200122–29_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200122–29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Civil War, Congress had authorized "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">greenbacks</a>", a form of money redeemable in government bonds, rather than in gold, as was traditional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger196414–15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, many Democrats and Republicans in the East sought to return to the gold standard, and the government began to withdraw greenbacks from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger196416–17_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger196416–17-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a>, combined with the economic depression, made life harder for debtors, farmers, and industrial laborers; the Greenback Party hoped to draw support from these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200122–29_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200122–29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond their support for a larger money supply, they also favored an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a>, safety regulations in factories, and an end to <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958163–164_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958163–164-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six men were candidates for the Greenback nomination. <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>, an Iowa congressman and Civil War general, was the clear favorite, but two other congressmen, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin F. Butler</a> from Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a> from Pennsylvania, also commanded considerable followings. Weaver triumphed quickly, winning a majority of the 850 delegates' votes on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200181_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200181-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a>, a Texas businessman and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> veteran, was likewise nominated for vice president on the initial vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200181_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200181-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More tumultuous was the fight over the platform, as delegates from disparate factions of the left-wing movement clashed over <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese immigration</a>, and the extent to which the government should regulate working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200182_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200182-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A convention of the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> also met that month in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prohibitionists, more of a movement than a party, focused their efforts on <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">banning alcohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most party members came from <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietist</a> churches, and most were former Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only twelve states sent delegates to the convention, and the platform they agreed on was silent on most issues of the day, focusing instead on the evils of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For president, the Prohibitionists nominated <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a>, a Civil War general from Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mayor of <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, Dow helped to pass the "<a href="/wiki/Maine_law" title="Maine law">Maine law</a>", which banned the sale of alcohol in the city; it became the model for temperance laws around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, a revived <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party#Second_Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a>, another Civil War general, on a platform of opposition to <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political prognosticators gave Weaver little chance of victory, and Dow and Phelps none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958166_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958166-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Candidates">Candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garfield">Garfield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garfield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880RepublicanPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/220px-1880RepublicanPoster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/330px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/440px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Garfield–Arthur election poster</figcaption></figure> <p>James Abram Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">canal boat</a>, in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin19784–12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin19784–12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning at age 17, he studied at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a>, from which he graduated in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin197833–46_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197833–46-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican. He married <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Rudolph</a> in 1858, and served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">Ohio State Senate</a> (1859–1861).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin197855–61_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197855–61-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a major general in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the Civil War, and fought in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Middle Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin197886–220_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197886–220-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio's 19th District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978146–148_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978146–148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Garfield's extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978261–268_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978261–268-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield initially agreed with <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republican</a> views regarding <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978251–260_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978251–260-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his nomination, Garfield met with party leaders in an attempt to heal the schism between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978488–489_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978488–489-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his formal letter to the party accepting his nomination, written with advice from party leaders, he endorsed the ideas of high tariffs and sound money, but drew particular attention to the issues of Chinese immigration and civil service reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978482–483_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978482–483-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On both, Garfield sought a moderate path. He called for some restrictions on the former, through treaty renegotiation with the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978482–483_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978482–483-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He straddled the divide on civil service reform, saying that he agreed with the concept, while promising to make no appointments without consulting party leaders, a position 20th-century biographer Allan Peskin called "inconsistent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978483–484_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978483–484-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was traditional at the time, Garfield conducted a "<a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a>", returning to <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_National_Historic_Site" title="James A. Garfield National Historic Site">his home</a> for the duration of the contest, and leaving the actual campaigning to surrogates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978498–500_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978498–500-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hancock">Hancock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hancock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/220px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/330px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png/440px-1880DemocraticCampaignPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Hancock–English election poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Winfield Scott Hancock was born and raised in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan19965_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan19965-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named for General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, a war hero in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 election</a>. He attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at West Point and served in the Army for four decades, including service in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and as a Union general in the Civil War. Known to his Army colleagues as "Hancock the Superb", he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> in 1863, where he led the defense of <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, getting wounded in the process. His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> and the Army's presence at the Western <a href="/wiki/Frontier#United_States" title="Frontier">frontier</a>. During Reconstruction, he sided with then-President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in working for a quick end to military occupation of the South and a return to government by the pre-war establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996203–212_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996203–212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hancock's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a prominent Democrat with impeccable Unionist credentials and pro-states' rights views, made him a quadrennial presidential possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy195868–70_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy195868–70-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hancock was officially notified of his nomination in July, and responded with the traditional letter of acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996287–292_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996287–292-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Garfield had, the Democratic nominee sought to cause no controversy in his statement, which according to biographer David M. Jordan was "bland and general".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996287–292_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996287–292-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After scorning the previous years of Republican rule, Hancock sought to tamp down fears that election of a Democrat would overturn the results of the war and Reconstruction, a common Republican campaign theme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996282–293_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996282–293-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Garfield, Hancock had no record in elected office, but the acceptance letter gave no further indication of his political preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996282–293_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996282–293-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hancock remained on active duty during the campaign at his post on <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996288_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996288-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaver">Weaver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Weaver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg/170px-Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg/255px-Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg/340px-Weaver-Chambers_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Weaver–Chambers campaign ribbon</figcaption></figure> <p>James Baird Weaver was born in Ohio, and moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">homestead</a> on the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell20087–31_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell20087–31-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became politically active as a young man and was an advocate for farmers and laborers, joining and quitting several political parties in the furtherance of the progressive causes in which he believed. After serving in the Union Army in the Civil War, Weaver returned to Iowa and worked for the election of Republican candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200855–59_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200855–59-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After making several unsuccessful attempts at Republican nominations to various offices, and growing dissatisfied with the conservative wing of the party, in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party, advocating an increased money supply and stricter regulation of <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200868–74_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200868–74-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a Greenbacker with Democratic support, Weaver won election to the House of Representatives in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200868–74_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200868–74-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the major party candidates, Weaver planned to take the field himself, giving speeches around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008102–103_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008102–103-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His running mate, Chambers, was to do the same, until a fall from a train in July disabled him for the duration of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr1967282_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr1967282-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Greenbackers had the only ticket that included a Southerner, he hoped to make inroads in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200185–104_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200185–104-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver's path to victory, already unlikely, was made more difficult by his refusal to run a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion">fusion</a> ticket in states where Democratic and Greenbacker strength might have combined to outvote the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His party's message of racial inclusion also presaged difficulty in the South, as the Greenbackers would face the same obstacles the Republicans did in the face of increasing black disenfranchisement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg/220px-Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg/330px-Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg/440px-Only_waiting_for_the_signal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon from <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> suggests that defeated Confederates will overturn the results of the Civil War should Hancock be elected.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bloody_shirt">Bloody shirt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bloody shirt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, while much of the North was considered safe territory for Garfield and the Republicans; most of the campaign would involve a handful of close states, including New York and Indiana. National elections were largely decided in close elections in New York and the Midwest. Practical differences between the major party candidates were few, and Republicans began the campaign with the familiar theme of "<a href="/wiki/Waving_the_bloody_shirt" title="Waving the bloody shirt">waving the bloody shirt</a>", reminding Northern voters that the Democratic Party was responsible for secession and four years of civil war, and that if they held power they would reverse the gains of that war, dishonor Union veterans, and pay Confederate soldiers' pensions out of the federal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958175–180_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958175–180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With fifteen years having passed since the end of the war, and Union generals at the head of all of the major and minor party tickets, the appeal to wartime loyalties was of diminishing value in exciting the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats, for their part, campaigned on the character of the candidates. They attacked Garfield for his connection with the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier of America scandal</a> of the early 1870s, in which many members of Congress were bribed by the Crédit Mobilier corporation, a railroad construction company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199767_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199767-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield's precise involvement was unknown, but modern biographers agree that his account of his dealings with the construction syndicate were less than perfectly honest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978354–362_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978354–362-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats used the incident as a contrast with Hancock who, as a career army officer, stood apart from Congress and lobbyists. Many in the Republican Party were reluctant to directly criticize the "hero of Gettysburg", but they did characterize Hancock as uninformed on the issues, and some of his former comrades-in-arms gave critical speeches regarding his character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958201–204_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958201–204-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats never made clear what about their victory would improve the nation; Jordan later characterized their message as simply "our man is better than your man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greenbackers saw the impact of Civil War loyalties more acutely as they vied for Southern votes. Weaver embarked on a speaking tour of the South in July and August. Although the local Greenback parties had seen some recent success, the national party, with an ex-Republican Union general at the head of the ticket, faced more opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's courtship of black voters, too, threatened the white Democratic establishment, leading to violent outbursts at Weaver's rallies and threats against his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001105–124-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Weaver campaigned in the North in September and October, Republicans accused him of purposely dividing the vote to help Democrats win a plurality in marginal states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver refused to cooperate with Democrats in running fusion slates of presidential electors. However, in state-level races, Greenback candidates did often combine with Democrats to defeat Republican candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001124–146-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the September <a href="/wiki/1880_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1880 Maine gubernatorial election">gubernatorial race in Maine</a>, one such fusion ticket nominated <a href="/wiki/Harris_M._Plaisted" title="Harris M. Plaisted">Harris M. Plaisted</a>, who narrowly defeated the incumbent Republican in what was thought to be a safe state for that party.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001153_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001153-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surprise defeat sent a shock through the Garfield campaign, and caused them to rethink their strategy of waving the bloody shirt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958196–197_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958196–197-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariffs_and_immigration">Tariffs and immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tariffs and immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_local_question.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_local_question.jpg/220px-A_local_question.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_local_question.jpg/330px-A_local_question.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_local_question.jpg/440px-A_local_question.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Hancock's blunder about tariffs may have harmed his standing with Northern industrial workers.</figcaption></figure> <p>After their defeat in Maine, the Republicans began to emphasize policy differences more. One significant difference between them and the Democrats was the plank in the Democratic platform endorsing "a <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariff</a> for revenue only". That is the tariff would only be used to cover the costs of the federal government, and not be raised higher to help specific industries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield's campaigners used this statement to paint the Democrats as unsympathetic to the plight of industrial laborers, a group that benefited from a high protective tariff. The tariff issue cut Democratic support in industrialized Northern states, which were essential in establishing a Democratic majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hancock made the situation worse when, attempting to strike a moderate stance, he said "the tariff question is a local question".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not completely inaccurate—tariff preferences often reflected local concerns—the statement was at odds with the Democrats' platform and suggested that Hancock did not understand the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199767_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199767-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change in tactics appeared to be effective, as October state elections in Ohio and Indiana resulted in Republican victories there, discouraging Democrats about their chances the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic party leaders had selected English as Hancock's running mate because of his popularity in Indiana. With their state-level defeat there, some talked of dropping English from the ticket, but he convinced them that the October losses owed more to local issues, and that the Democratic ticket could still carry Indiana, if not Ohio, in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last weeks before the election, the issue of Chinese immigration entered the race. Both major parties (as well as the Greenbackers) pledged in their platforms to limit immigration from China, which native-born workers in the Western states believed was depressing their wages. On October 20, however, a Democratic newspaper <a href="/wiki/Morey_letter" title="Morey letter">published a letter</a>, purportedly from Garfield to a group of businessmen, pledging to keep immigration at the current levels so that industry could keep workers' wages low.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978506–507_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978506–507-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield denounced the letter as a ruse, but not before one hundred thousand copies of the newspaper were mailed to California and Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinckley1980392_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinckley1980392-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the letter was exposed as a forgery, Garfield biographer Peskin believes it may even have gained votes for the Republican in the East, but it likely weakened him in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978507–510_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978507–510-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>36.2% of the voting age population and 80.6% of eligible voters participated in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramsonAldrichRohde199599_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramsonAldrichRohde199599-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extremely close election, with very high turnout, reflected the typical pattern of the Gilded Age. Democrats were assured of a Solid South electoral vote, as well as most of the border states. Republicans captured the Northeast and Midwest, winning the critical swing states of New York, Ohio and Indiana. The Republicans captured the electoral vote 214–155, but the popular vote margin was under 2000 out of over 9 million votes cast. Republicans won the House of Representatives 147–135, but the Senate was evenly split, with the vice president casting the deciding vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke2003386_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke2003386-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When all the ballots were counted, fewer than 2,000 votes separated Garfield and Hancock, the closest popular vote of any American presidential election before or since.<sup id="cite_ref-popvote_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popvote-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voters showed their interest in the election by turning out in record numbers; 78 percent of eligible voters cast a ballot, among largest percentages in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each major party candidate earned just over 48 percent of the vote. Weaver won more than 3 percent, tripling the Greenback total of four years earlier. The other minor party candidates fared far worse, as Dow and Phelps earned 0.1 and 0.01 percent, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield carried the crucial state of New York by 20,000 votes out of 1.1 million cast there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states were much closer; Hancock's margin of victory in California was only about 144 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popvote_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popvote-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a>, the vote was more decisive. As expected, Hancock carried the South and <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>, but Garfield swept all but one of the Northern states (the exception was New Jersey, which he lost by just two thousand votes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both candidates carried nineteen states, but Garfield's triumphs in the more populous North translated into a 214–155 electoral college victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of three times that both candidates won the same number of states, along with 1848 and 2020. The sectional divide of the vote more deeply enforced the Republicans' retreat from the South after Reconstruction and demonstrated that they could win without competing there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199768_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199768-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver's resistance to fusion had no effect on the result; the combined Democratic and Greenback vote would have carried Indiana, but not any other of the states Garfield won, and the result would still have been a Republican majority in the electoral college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hancock was convinced that the Republicans won New York by fraud. Lacking evidence, and mindful of the turmoil caused by the disputed election four years earlier, the Democrats did not pursue the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243–246_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243–246-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California voted for a losing Democrat for the first time ever, which would not occur again until 2000. Republicans would not win without New Jersey and Delaware until 2000. Nevada also voted for a losing Democrat for the first time. </p><p>15.12% of Garfield's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 37.47% of the vote in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1973263_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1973263-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregularities">Irregularities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Irregularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Virginia, a split in the Democratic Party over the payment of state debts led to two Democratic electoral slates being nominated, one by the regular debt-paying "Funder" Democrats, the other by the "<a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a>" or anti-debt paying faction of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197474–75_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197474–75-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both slates were pledged to the Hancock ticket. Republicans initially hoped the split could lead Garfield to win the state, but the results were otherwise. The Readjuster ticket received 31,527 votes, but the Funder Democrats took 96,449 votes, enough to defeat the Republicans, whose slate had 84,020.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197476_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197476-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Hancock won Georgia's popular vote easily, there was an irregularity in that state's electoral votes. According to Article II, Section 1, clause 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, "The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States." In 1792, Congress had set the date for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> to vote on the first Wednesday in December, which in 1880 fell on December 1. However, Georgia's electors failed to cast their ballots on December 1, instead voting on the following Wednesday, December 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress chose to count Georgia's vote in the official tally anyway; had they not done so, Hancock's electoral vote would have been 144, not 155.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, voters in California voted for individual electors, with the top six candidates being elected. One of the electors on the Democratic ticket was <a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David S. Terry</a>, a controversial figure in California politics due to his killing of <a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">David C. Broderick</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Broderick%E2%80%93Terry_duel" title="Broderick–Terry duel">duel in 1859</a>. As a result, about five hundred Democratic voters scratched Terry's name off of their ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the closeness of the election, these lost votes caused Terry to receive fewer votes than the entire Republican ticket and thus a single Republican elector won the sixth-most votes to claim the last elector position. This was the first occasion in which California's electoral vote was split, rather than being awarded to a single candidate. This would subsequently occur in California three additional times in <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1892 United States presidential election in California">1892</a>, <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1896 United States presidential election in California">1896</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1912 United States presidential election in California">1912</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detailed_results">Detailed results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Detailed results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg/360px-United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg/540px-United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg/720px-United_States_Electoral_College_1880.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,454,443 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.32% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,444,976 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.21% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">155 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William Hayden English</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">155 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">308,649 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.35% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,364 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry Adams Thompson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,045 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>9,219,477 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>369 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>369 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>185 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>185 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Garfield</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:48.32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.32%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hancock</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:48.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Weaver</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#0BDA51; width:3.35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#777777; width:0.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.12%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Electoral vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Garfield</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:57.99%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57.99%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hancock</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:42.01%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42.01%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_of_results">Geography of results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Geography of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1880_Electoral_Map.png/650px-1880_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1880_Electoral_Map.png/975px-1880_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/1880_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1629px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 347px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote"><img alt="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/500px-1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/750px-1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/1000px-1880_US_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartographic_gallery">Cartographic gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cartographic gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/200px-PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/300px-PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/400px-PresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Republican presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of Republican presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/200px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/300px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/400px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Republican presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Democratic presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of Democratic presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/200px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/300px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/400px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Democratic presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of "other" presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of "other" presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/200px-OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/300px-OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif/400px-OtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of "other" presidential election results by county</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> of presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1880Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_by_state">Results by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Results by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">James Garfield<br />Republican </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Winfield Hancock<br />Democratic </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">James Weaver<br />Greenback </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Neal Dow<br />Prohibition </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">John Phelps<br />Anti-Masonic </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">Margin </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">State Total </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">State </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1880 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>56,221 </td> <td>36.98 </td> <td>– </td> <td>91,185 </td> <td>59.97 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4,642 </td> <td>3.05 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−34,964 </td> <td>−22.99 </td> <td>152,048 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">AL </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>42,436 </td> <td>39.55 </td> <td>– </td> <td>60,775 </td> <td>56.65 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td>3.80 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−18,339 </td> <td>−17.10 </td> <td>107,290 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">AR </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1880 United States presidential election in California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>80,348 </td> <td>48.92 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>80,442 </td> <td>48.98 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3,394 </td> <td>2.07 </td> <td>– </td> <td>61 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>– </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>– </td> <td>−94 </td> <td>−0.06 </td> <td>164,321 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1880 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>27,450 </td> <td>51.26 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>24,647 </td> <td>46.03 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,435 </td> <td>2.68 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,803 </td> <td>5.23 </td> <td>53,546 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CO </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>67,071 </td> <td>50.52 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>64,415 </td> <td>48.52 </td> <td>– </td> <td>868 </td> <td>0.65 </td> <td>– </td> <td>409 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,656 </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>132,802 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CT </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1880 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>14,133 </td> <td>47.86 </td> <td>– </td> <td>15,275 </td> <td>51.73 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>0.41 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−1,142 </td> <td>−3.87 </td> <td>29,528 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">DE </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1880 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>23,654 </td> <td>45.83 </td> <td>– </td> <td>27,964 </td> <td>54.17 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−4,310 </td> <td>−8.35 </td> <td>51,618 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">FL </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1880 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>54,086 </td> <td>34.33 </td> <td>– </td> <td>102,470 </td> <td>65.05 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−48,384 </td> <td>−30.72 </td> <td>156,556 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">GA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1880 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td>318,037 </td> <td>51.11 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>277,321 </td> <td>44.56 </td> <td>– </td> <td>26,358 </td> <td>4.24 </td> <td>– </td> <td>443 </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>– </td> <td>153 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>– </td> <td>40,716 </td> <td>6.54 </td> <td>622,312 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IL </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1880 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td>232,164 </td> <td>49.33 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>225,522 </td> <td>47.91 </td> <td>– </td> <td>12,986 </td> <td>2.76 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>6,642 </td> <td>1.41 </td> <td>470,672 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IN </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1880 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>183,927 </td> <td>56.85 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>105,845 </td> <td>32.72 </td> <td>– </td> <td>32,701 </td> <td>10.11 </td> <td>– </td> <td>592 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>– </td> <td>433 </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>– </td> <td>78,082 </td> <td>24.13 </td> <td>323,498 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>121,549 </td> <td>60.40 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>59,801 </td> <td>29.72 </td> <td>– </td> <td>19,851 </td> <td>9.87 </td> <td>– </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>61,748 </td> <td>30.68 </td> <td>201,226 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">KS </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>106,306 </td> <td>39.80 </td> <td>– </td> <td>149,068 </td> <td>55.80 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>11,499 </td> <td>4.30 </td> <td>– </td> <td>258 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−42,762 </td> <td>−16.00 </td> <td>267,104 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">KY </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>38,637 </td> <td>37.10 </td> <td>– </td> <td>65,067 </td> <td>62.48 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>439 </td> <td>0.42 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−26,430 </td> <td>−25.38 </td> <td>104,143 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">LA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1880 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>74,056 </td> <td>51.45 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>65,171 </td> <td>45.28 </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,480 </td> <td>3.11 </td> <td>– </td> <td>93 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>– </td> <td>142 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>– </td> <td>8,841 </td> <td>6.14 </td> <td>143,903 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ME </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1880 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>78,515 </td> <td>45.37 </td> <td>– </td> <td>93,706 </td> <td>54.15 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>818 </td> <td>0.47 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−15,191 </td> <td>−8.78 </td> <td>173,039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MD </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>165,205 </td> <td>58.50 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>111,690 </td> <td>39.65 </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,548 </td> <td>1.61 </td> <td>– </td> <td>682 </td> <td>0.24 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>53,515 </td> <td>18.85 </td> <td>282,125 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1880 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>185,341 </td> <td>52.54 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>131,597 </td> <td>37.30 </td> <td>– </td> <td>34,895 </td> <td>9.89 </td> <td>– </td> <td>942 </td> <td>0.27 </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>– </td> <td>53,744 </td> <td>15.24 </td> <td>352,777 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MI </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>93,903 </td> <td>62.28 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>53,315 </td> <td>35.36 </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,267 </td> <td>2.17 </td> <td>– </td> <td>286 </td> <td>0.19 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>40,587 </td> <td>26.92 </td> <td>150,771 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MN </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>34,854 </td> <td>29.94 </td> <td>– </td> <td>75,750 </td> <td>65.08 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5,797 </td> <td>4.98 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−40,896 </td> <td>−35.14 </td> <td>116,401 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MS </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1880 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td>153,567 </td> <td>38.65 </td> <td>– </td> <td>208,609 </td> <td>52.51 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>35,135 </td> <td>8.84 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−55,042 </td> <td>−13.86 </td> <td>400,311 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MO </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>54,979 </td> <td>62.87 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>28,523 </td> <td>32.62 </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,950 </td> <td>4.52 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>26,456 </td> <td>30.25 </td> <td>87,452 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NE </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1880 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>8,732 </td> <td>47.60 </td> <td>– </td> <td>9,613 </td> <td>52.40 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−881 </td> <td>−4.80 </td> <td>18,345 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NV </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>44,852 </td> <td>51.94 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>40,794 </td> <td>47.24 </td> <td>– </td> <td>528 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td>– </td> <td>180 </td> <td>0.21 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,058 </td> <td>4.70 </td> <td>86,354 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NH </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td>120,555 </td> <td>49.02 </td> <td>– </td> <td>122,565 </td> <td>49.84 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>2,617 </td> <td>1.06 </td> <td>– </td> <td>191 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−2,010 </td> <td>−0.82 </td> <td>245,928 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NJ </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1880 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td> <td>555,544 </td> <td>50.32 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>534,511 </td> <td>48.42 </td> <td>– </td> <td>12,373 </td> <td>1.12 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,517 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>– </td> <td>75 </td> <td>.01 </td> <td>– </td> <td>21,033 </td> <td>1.91 </td> <td>1,103,945 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NY </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>115,874 </td> <td>48.04 </td> <td>– </td> <td>124,208 </td> <td>51.49 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1,126 </td> <td>0.47 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−8,334 </td> <td>−3.45 </td> <td>241,208 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NC </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1880 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td>375,048 </td> <td>51.73 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>340,821 </td> <td>47.01 </td> <td>– </td> <td>6,456 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,616 </td> <td>0.36 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>34,227 </td> <td>4.72 </td> <td>724,967 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">OH </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1880 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>20,619 </td> <td>50.51 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>19,955 </td> <td>48.89 </td> <td>– </td> <td>245 </td> <td>0.60 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>664 </td> <td>1.64 </td> <td>40,819 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">OR </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td>444,704 </td> <td>50.84 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>407,428 </td> <td>46.57 </td> <td>– </td> <td>20,668 </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,939 </td> <td>0.22 </td> <td>– </td> <td>44 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>– </td> <td>37,276 </td> <td>4.26 </td> <td>874,783 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">PA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>18,195 </td> <td>62.24 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>10,779 </td> <td>36.87 </td> <td>– </td> <td>236 </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td>– </td> <td>20 </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>7,416 </td> <td>25.37 </td> <td>29,235 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">RI </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>58,071 </td> <td>33.97 </td> <td>– </td> <td>112,312 </td> <td>65.70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>566 </td> <td>0.33 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−54,241 </td> <td>−31.73 </td> <td>170,949 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">SC </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>107,677 </td> <td>44.53 </td> <td>– </td> <td>129,191 </td> <td>53.01 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>5,917 </td> <td>2.45 </td> <td>– </td> <td>43 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−21,514 </td> <td>−8.48 </td> <td>242,828 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">TN </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>57,893 </td> <td>23.95 </td> <td>– </td> <td>156,428 </td> <td>64.71 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>27,405 </td> <td>11.34 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−98,535 </td> <td>−40.76 </td> <td>241,726 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">TX </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1880 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>45,567 </td> <td>69.88 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>18,316 </td> <td>28.09 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,215 </td> <td>1.86 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>105 </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>– </td> <td>27,251 </td> <td>41.79 </td> <td>65,203 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">VT </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1880 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>83,533 </td> <td>39.47 </td> <td>– </td> <td>128,083 </td> <td>60.53 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−44,550 </td> <td>−21.05 </td> <td>211,616 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">VA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>46,243 </td> <td>41.03 </td> <td>– </td> <td>57,391 </td> <td>50.92 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>9,079 </td> <td>8.05 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>−11,148 </td> <td>−9.89 </td> <td>112,713 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WV </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>144,400 </td> <td>54.04 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>114,649 </td> <td>42.91 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7,986 </td> <td>2.99 </td> <td>– </td> <td>69 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>– </td> <td>91 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>– </td> <td>29,751 </td> <td>11.14 </td> <td>267,195 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WI </td></tr> <tr> <th>TOTALS: </th> <th>369 </th> <th>4,454,433 </th> <th>48.32 </th> <th>214 </th> <th>4,444,976 </th> <th>48.21 </th> <th>155 </th> <th>308,649 </th> <th>3.35 </th> <th>– </th> <th>10,364 </th> <th>0.11 </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,045 </th> <th>0.01 </th> <th>– </th> <th>9,457 </th> <th>0.11 </th> <th>9,219,477<sup id="cite_ref-popvote_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popvote-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">US </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic">States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Republican to Democratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican">States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Democratic to Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close_states">Close states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Close states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scribner%27s_statistical_atlas_of_the_United_States,_showing_by_graphic_methods_their_present_condition_and_their_political,_social_and_industrial_development_LOC_a40001834-39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Scribner%27s_statistical_atlas_of_the_United_States%2C_showing_by_graphic_methods_their_present_condition_and_their_political%2C_social_and_industrial_development_LOC_a40001834-39.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Scribner%27s_statistical_atlas_of_the_United_States%2C_showing_by_graphic_methods_their_present_condition_and_their_political%2C_social_and_industrial_development_LOC_a40001834-39.jpg/750px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Scribner%27s_statistical_atlas_of_the_United_States%2C_showing_by_graphic_methods_their_present_condition_and_their_political%2C_social_and_industrial_development_LOC_a40001834-39.jpg/1000px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8004" data-file-height="5540" /></a><figcaption>A map of the election results in <i>Scribner's Statistical Atlas of the United States</i> (1883)</figcaption></figure> <p>Margin of victory less than 1% (15 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>California, 0.06% (95 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>New Jersey, 0.82% (2,010 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (131 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:red;"><b>Indiana, 1.41% (6,642 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Oregon, 1.64% (664 votes)</b></span></li> <li><i><span style="color:red;"><b>New York, 1.91% (21,033 votes)</b></span> (tipping point state)</i></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Connecticut, 2.00% (2,656 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>North Carolina, 3.45% (8,334 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>Delaware, 3.87% (1,142 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Pennsylvania, 4.26% (37,276 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>New Hampshire, 4.70% (4,058 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Ohio, 4.72% (34,227 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>Nevada, 4.80% (881 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (58 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:red;"><b>Colorado, 5.23% (2,803 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Maine, 6.14% (8,841 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Illinois, 6.54% (40,716 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>Florida, 8.35% (4,310 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>Tennessee, 8.48% (21,514 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>Maryland, 8.78% (15,191 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkblue;"><b>West Virginia, 9.89% (11,148 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/220px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/330px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/440px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>Chester Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Garfield's 1881 assassination</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Garfield entered office in March 1881, the Republican party schism that had been patched up for the election tore apart once more. Garfield appointed Blaine to the cabinet, and Conkling's Stalwart faction became irked at their lack of control over patronage, even in Conkling's home state of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199768_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199768-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield appointed <a href="/wiki/William_H._Robertson" title="William H. Robertson">William H. Robertson</a>, a civil service reform supporter, to the most lucrative government post in New York, and refused to withdraw the nomination despite Conkling's protests; in response, Conkling and his allies brought all legislative action in the closely divided Senate to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, Conkling and fellow New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a> resigned from the Senate in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Stalwarts expected the New York legislature to reelect them in triumph; instead, the legislature deadlocked for months, eventually declining to return either man to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003368–370,_432–433_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003368–370,_432–433-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that result was known, however, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles Guiteau</a>, a mentally unstable man angry about not receiving a patronage appointment, shot Garfield in Washington, D.C., on July 2, 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garfield lingered for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> months before dying on September 19, 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice President Chester A. Arthur, the New York Stalwart, was sworn in as president that night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield's murder by a spoilsman inspired the nation to reform the civil service—and Arthur, erstwhile member of the Conkling machine, joined the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199770_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199770-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, a bipartisan majority in Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> to reform the worst of the office-seeking system, and Arthur signed the measure into law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199773_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199773-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress also settled the issue of Chinese immigration, passing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in 1882. Arthur initially vetoed a similar measure, which he believed contradicted the United States' treaty with China, but eventually signed a compromise bill, which banned immigration from China for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tariffs, a major issue in the campaign, remained largely unchanged in the four years that followed, although Congress did pass <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">a minor revision</a> that reduced them by an average of less than 2 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–335_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–335-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a half-hearted attempt at the nomination in 1884, Arthur retired and died two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–418_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–418-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">American election campaigns in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">History of the United States (1865–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">Inauguration of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">1880 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880%E2%80%9381_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1880–81 United States Senate elections">1880–1881 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1876, Colorado appointed electors by state legislature due to insufficient time to organize an election. From 1864–1872, some states did not choose electors due to the Civil War or Reconstruction. Before then, some states gave the choice of electors to the state legislature, including South Carolina which used the system up through 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These sectarian divisions were far from absolute. For more detail, see <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third party system</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several states in those days held elections for state-level offices months before the federal elections in November. Maine's, in particular, were often considered <a href="/wiki/As_Maine_goes,_so_goes_the_nation" title="As Maine goes, so goes the nation">harbingers of nationwide trends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996296_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996296-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popvote-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popvote_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popvote_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popvote_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is considerable disagreement among historians about the exact vote totals. As Kenneth Ackerman explained in his 2003 book: "Because (a) voting was decentralized, (b) states certified electoral votes, not popular votes as 'official', and (c) Democratic votes were divided among various splinter groups, there remains today a range of published 'final results' for the 1880 presidential popular vote."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220n_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220n-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government lists the margin of victory as 1,898, which is used in this article.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others give the margin as 7,018;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958242_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958242-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996306_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996306-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7,368;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978510_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978510-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9,070;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnham1955247–257_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnham1955247–257-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 9,457<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/turnout.php">"Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/UC_Santa_Barbara" 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200181_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200181_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLause2001">Lause 2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELause200182-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause200182_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLause2001">Lause 2001</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958164_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleppner1979252–255_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleppner1979">Kleppner 1979</a>, pp. 252–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958165_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958166-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958166_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin19784–12-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin19784–12_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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pp. 105–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958175–180-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958175–180_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, pp. 175–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 493–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199767-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199767_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199767_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherny1997">Cherny 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978354–362-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978354–362_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 354–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958201–204-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958201–204_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, pp. 201–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996296-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996296_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan1996">Jordan 1996</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELause2001153-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELause2001153_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLause2001">Lause 2001</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958196–197-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958196–197_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996297–301_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan1996">Jordan 1996</a>, pp. 297–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978506–507-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978506–507_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 506–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinckley1980392-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinckley1980392_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinckley1980">Hinckley 1980</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978507–510-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978507–510_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 507–510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramsonAldrichRohde199599-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramsonAldrichRohde199599_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbramsonAldrichRohde1995">Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke2003386-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke2003386_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoenecke2003">Doenecke 2003</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220n-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220n_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 220n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENARA_2012-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENARA_2012_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNARA_2012">NARA 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958242-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958242_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan1996306-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan1996306_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan1996">Jordan 1996</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978510-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978510_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnham1955247–257-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnham1955247–257_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnham1955">Burnham 1955</a>, pp. 247–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen196349_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen1963">Petersen 1963</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978512_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003220_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199768-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199768_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199768_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherny1997">Cherny 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243–246-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancy1958243–246_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1958">Clancy 1958</a>, pp. 243–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1973263-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1973263_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherman1973">Sherman 1973</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197474–75-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197474–75_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1974">Moore 1974</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197476-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197476_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1974">Moore 1974</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=NVR18801108.2.8&srpos=99&e=01-11-1880-15-12-1880--en--20--81--txt-txIN-terry-------">"The Napa Daily Register"</a>. <i>California Digital Newspaper Collection</i>. The Napa Daily Register. November 8, 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Napa+Daily+Register&rft.date=1880-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DNVR18801108.2.8%26srpos%3D99%26e%3D01-11-1880-15-12-1880--en--20--81--txt-txIN-terry-------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/431184246">"DIVIDED ELECTORAL VOTES"</a></span>. <i>Newspapers.com</i>. The Boston Globe. November 11, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=DIVIDED+ELECTORAL+VOTES&rft.date=1912-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F431184246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978559–572_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 559–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003368–370,_432–433-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003368–370,_432–433_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 368–370, 432–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 335–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978604–608_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 604–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199770-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199770_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherny1997">Cherny 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherny199773-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherny199773_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherny1997">Cherny 1997</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–335-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–335_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 330–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–418-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–418_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 368–418.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsonAldrichRohde1995" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Paul; Aldrich, John; Rohde, David (1995). <i>Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections</i>. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871878399" title="Special:BookSources/0871878399"><bdi>0871878399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+Continuity+in+the+1992+Elections&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0871878399&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+John&rft.au=Rohde%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkhorsesurpris00acke"><i>Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield</i></a>. New York, New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1151-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1151-5"><bdi>0-7867-1151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse%3A+The+Surprise+Election+and+Political+Murder+of+President+James+A.+Garfield&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7867-1151-5&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkhorsesurpris00acke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1955" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Walter Dean (1955). <i>Presidential Ballots, 1836–1892</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-07678-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-07678-9"><bdi>0-405-07678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Ballots%2C+1836%E2%80%931892&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-405-07678-9&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Walter+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherny1997" class="citation book cs1">Cherny, Robert W. (1997). <i>American Politics in the Gilded Age: 1868–1900</i>. Wheeling, West Virginia: Harlan Davidson Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-933-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-933-6"><bdi>0-88295-933-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Politics+in+the+Gilded+Age%3A+1868%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Wheeling%2C+West+Virginia&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-88295-933-6&rft.aulast=Cherny&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1958" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Herbert J. (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialelec0000clan"><i>The Presidential Election of 1880</i></a></span>. Chicago, Illinois: Loyola University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-19190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-19190-0"><bdi>978-1-258-19190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Election+of+1880&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Loyola+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-1-258-19190-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialelec0000clan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1981" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen"><i>The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0208-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0208-9"><bdi>0-7006-0208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+James+A.+Garfield+%26+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=The+Regents+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7006-0208-9&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofja00doen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke2003" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC&pg=PA386">"Presidential election of 1880"</a>. In Leonard C. Schlup; James Gilbert Ryan (eds.). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765621061" title="Special:BookSources/9780765621061"><bdi>9780765621061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Presidential+election+of+1880&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gilded+Age&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780765621061&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhRqUo9HzVwC%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). <i>Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Jensen" title="Richard J. Jensen">Jensen, Richard J.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC"><i>The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-39825-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-39825-0"><bdi>0-226-39825-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest%3A+Social+and+Political+Conflict%2C+1888%E2%80%931896&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-226-39825-0&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1996" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David M. (1996) [1988]. <i>Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21058-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21058-5"><bdi>0-253-21058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott+Hancock%3A+A+Soldier%27s+Life&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-253-21058-5&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleppner1979" class="citation book cs1">Kleppner, Paul (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdelectoralsy0000klep"><i>The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1328-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1328-1"><bdi>0-8078-1328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Electoral+System%2C+1853%E2%80%931892%3A+Parties%2C+Voters%2C+and+Political+Cultures&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8078-1328-1&rft.aulast=Kleppner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdelectoralsy0000klep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLause2001" class="citation book cs1">Lause, Mark A. (2001). <i>The Civil War's Last Campaign: James B. Weaver, the Greenback-Labor Party & the Politics of Race and Section</i>. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-1917-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-1917-7"><bdi>0-7618-1917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%27s+Last+Campaign%3A+James+B.+Weaver%2C+the+Greenback-Labor+Party+%26+the+Politics+of+Race+and+Section&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7618-1917-7&rft.aulast=Lause&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeely1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._McFeely" title="William S. McFeely">McFeely, William S.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantbiography00mcfe"><i>Grant: A Biography</i></a>. New York, New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01372-3"><bdi>0-393-01372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-393-01372-3&rft.aulast=McFeely&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrantbiography00mcfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Robert B. (2008). <i>Skirmisher: The Life, Times, and Political Career of James B. Weaver</i>. Roseville, Minnesota: Edinborough Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889020-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889020-26-6"><bdi>978-1-889020-26-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skirmisher%3A+The+Life%2C+Times%2C+and+Political+Career+of+James+B.+Weaver&rft.place=Roseville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Edinborough+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-889020-26-6&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1974" class="citation book cs1">Moore, James Tice (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOEeBgAAQBAJ"><i>Two Paths to The New South: The Virginia Debt Controversy, 1870–1883</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5364-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5364-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-5364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Paths+to+The+New+South%3A+The+Virginia+Debt+Controversy%2C+1870%E2%80%931883&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-5364-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=James+Tice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOEeBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, H. Wayne. <i>From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896</i> (1969) pp 57–121. By H. Wayne Morgan. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969. x + 618 pp. Illustrations ...</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1963" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Svend (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107215109/https://www.questia.com/read/6505563/a-statistical-history-of-the-american-presidential"><i>A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections</i></a>. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500975">500975</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/6505563/a-statistical-history-of-the-american-presidential">the original</a> on November 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Statistical+History+of+the+American+Presidential+Elections&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500975&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Svend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F6505563%2Fa-statistical-history-of-the-american-presidential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin1978" class="citation book cs1">Peskin, Allan (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garfieldbiograph0000pesk"><i>Garfield: A Biography</i></a></span>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-210-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-210-2"><bdi>0-87338-210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garfield%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87338-210-2&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarfieldbiograph0000pesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Reeves, Thomas C.</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev"><i>Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6"><bdi>978-0-394-46095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Boss%3A+The+Life+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46095-6&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlemanbosslif00reev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1973" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Richard (1973). <i>The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896-1933</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813904676" title="Special:BookSources/0813904676"><bdi>0813904676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Party+and+Black+America+From+McKinley+to+Hoover+1896-1933&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0813904676&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas, Harrison Cook, <i>The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884</i> (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/returndemocratic00thomrich">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (1964). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greenback_Era" title="The Greenback Era">The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879</a></i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04517-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04517-8"><bdi>0-691-04517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenback+Era%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History+of+American+Finance%2C+1865%E2%80%931879&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-691-04517-8&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiebe1967" class="citation book cs1">Wiebe, Robert H. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchfororder1800wieb"><i>The Search for Order: 1877–1920</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-0104-7"><bdi>0-8090-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Order%3A+1877%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-8090-0104-7&rft.aulast=Wiebe&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchfororder1800wieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwyn_Barr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwyn Barr (page does not exist)">Barr, Alwyn</a> (October 1967). "B. J. Chambers and the Greenback Party Split". <i>Mid-America</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">276–</span>284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid-America&rft.atitle=B.+J.+Chambers+and+the+Greenback+Party+Split&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Alwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. "Election of 1880." In Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ed. <i>Running for President: The Candidates in their Images</i> (1994) pp 345–83</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinckley1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hinckley, Ted C. (Autumn 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052312/http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5B%5D=0089&display%5B%5D=381&display%5B%5D=399">"The Politics of Sinophobia: Garfield, the Morey Letter, and the Presidential Election of 1880"</a>. <i>Ohio History</i>. <b>89</b>: <span class="nowrap">381–</span>399. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5B%5D=0089&display%5B%5D=381&display%5B%5D=399">the original</a> on May 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Sinophobia%3A+Garfield%2C+the+Morey+Letter%2C+and+the+Presidential+Election+of+1880&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hinckley&rft.aufirst=Ted+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ohiohistory.org%2Fohj%2Fbrowse%2Fdisplaypages.php%3Fdisplay%255B%255D%3D0089%26display%255B%255D%3D381%26display%255B%255D%3D399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Peskin, Allan (Spring 1980). "The Election of 1880". <i>The Wilson Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">172–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255831">40255831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Election+of+1880&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40255831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chester, Edward W <i>A guide to political platforms</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches">online</a></li> <li>Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. <i>National party platforms, 1840-1964</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port">online 1840-1956</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_election,_1880" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States presidential election, 1880">United States presidential election, 1880</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNARA_2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1880">"Historical Election Results: Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Election+Results%3A+Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Felectoral-college%2Fscores.html%231880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1880.htm">1880 popular vote by counties</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/The_Old_Bloody_Shirt_(Loretz%2C_John_M.)">Campaign Song: The Old Bloody Shirt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/The_Glory_of_a_Reunited_Nation_(Loretz%2C_John_M.)">Campaign Song: Glory of a Reunited 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Garfield</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">20th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">OH–19</a> (1863–1880)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment" title="42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment">42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Battle of Middle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_National_Historic_Site" title="James A. Garfield National Historic Site">James A. Garfield National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">Front porch campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1880 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">Inauguration of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam:_President_Garfield%27s_Funeral_March" title="In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March">In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_A._Garfield" title="List of memorials to James A. Garfield">List of memorials to James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Memorial,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia">James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_A._Garfield_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of James A. Garfield (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial and burial site, Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_A._Garfield_(Cincinnati)" title="Statue of James A. Garfield (Cincinnati)">Cincinnati statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/These_Are_My_Jewels" title="These Are My Jewels">These Are My Jewels</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Augustus_Garfield" title="Harry Augustus Garfield">Harry Augustus Garfield</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Garfield" title="Abram Garfield">Abram Garfield</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">← Rutherford B. Hayes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_A._Garfield" title="Category:James A. Garfield">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_district_results_of_the_1880_United_States_presidential_election119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_results_of_the_1880_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template:State results of the 1880 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_results_of_the_1880_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template talk:State results of the 1880 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_results_of_the_1880_U.S._presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State results of the 1880 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_district_results_of_the_1880_United_States_presidential_election119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State and district results of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1880 United States presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1880 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1880 United States presidential election in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1880 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1880 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1880 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1880 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1880 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1880 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1880 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1880 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1880 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1880 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1880 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1880 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1880 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1880 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1880 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1880 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1880 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1880 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electoral map, 1880 election"><img alt="Electoral map, 1880 election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/150px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/225px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">← 1876</a>) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1880 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">William Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William R. Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><b><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Dillaye" title="Stephen D. Dillaye">Stephen D. Dillaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Chase" title="Solon Chase">Solon Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allis_(businessman)" title="Edward P. Allis (businessman)">Edward P. Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry A. Thompson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1880 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_and_1881_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Puerto_Rico" title="United States presidential straw polls in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699120#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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