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aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 West Virginia and South Mountain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_the_Shenandoah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Army of the Shenandoah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_the_Shenandoah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post-war politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Representative_from_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Representative_from_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 U.S. Representative from Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Representative_from_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Governor of Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life_and_return_to_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life_and_return_to_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Private life and return to politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life_and_return_to_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Election of 1876 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1876-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1876 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_electoral_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_electoral_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Disputed electoral votes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_electoral_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1877–1881)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1877–1881)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presidency (1877–1881) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1877–1881)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1877–1881) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1877–1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Inauguration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 The South and the end of Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_service_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_service_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Civil service reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_service_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Railroad_Strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Railroad_Strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Great Railroad Strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Railroad_Strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Currency debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Indian policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Western_Tour_of_1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Western_Tour_of_1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Great Western Tour of 1880 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Western_Tour_of_1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hayes's_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hayes's_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Hayes's White House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hayes's_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1881–1893)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1881–1893)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-presidency (1881–1893) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1881–1893)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rutherford B. Hayes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%84%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ራዘርፎርድ ሄይስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዘርፎርድ ሄይስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="رذرفورد هايز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رذرفورد هايز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raterford_Heys" title="Raterford Heys – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Raterford Heys" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C" title="রাদারফোর্ড বি. হেইজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাদারফোর্ড বি. হেইজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Ратэрфорд Хейс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ратэрфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Рутэрфорд Бэрчард Гэес – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рутэрфорд Бэрчард Гэес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Ръдърфорд Хейс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръдърфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Ратерфорд Хейз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%AF%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%AD%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ރުތަފޯލްޑް ބިކާޑް ހޭއިސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރުތަފޯލްޑް ބިކާޑް ހޭއިސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B7%CE%B6" title="Ράδερφορντ Χαίηζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδερφορντ Χαίηζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_B._%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="러더퍼드 B. 헤이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 B. 헤이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2._%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Ռութերֆորդ Բ. Հեյս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութերֆորդ Բ. Հեյս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="रदरफोर्ड बर्कर्ड हेयस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड बर्कर्ड हेयस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96" title="רתרפורד הייז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רתרפורד הייז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Ратерфорд Хейс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raterfords_Heizs" title="Raterfords Heizs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raterfords Heizs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91._%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81" title="Радерфорд Б. Хејс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радерфорд Б. Хејс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റഥർഫോർഡ് ഹെയ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഥർഫോർഡ് ഹെയ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="रदरफोर्ड बी. हेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रदरफोर्ड बी. हेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="رذرفورد هايس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رذرفورد هايس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="روترفورد بیر چارد هیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روترفورد بیر چارد هیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Ратерфорд Хейс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ရူသာဖို့ဒ် ဘရစ်ချက်ဒ် ဟေးစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူသာဖို့ဒ် ဘရစ်ချက်ဒ် ဟေးစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA" title="ラザフォード・ヘイズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォード・ヘイズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰੁਦਰਫੋਰਡ ਬੀ. ਹੇਈਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਦਰਫੋਰਡ ਬੀ. ਹੇਈਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%90%D8%B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هېز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هېز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%91%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Хейс, Ратерфорд Бёрчард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хейс, Ратерфорд Бёрчард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ڕۆدەرفۆرد بی ھایس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆدەرفۆرد بی ھایس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91._%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B7" title="Радерфорд Б. Хејз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радерфорд Б. Хејз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Разерфорд Бөрчард Һейз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Разерфорд Бөрчард Һейз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="รัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด บี. เฮส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด บี. เฮส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%8B._%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏭᏔᏬᏗ Ꮛ. ᎮᏱᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᏔᏬᏗ Ꮛ. ᎮᏱᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Резерфорд Гейз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Резерфорд Гейз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rutherford B. 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For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford P. Hayes</a>. For the Department in Paraguay, see <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes Department</a>. For the attack transport, see <a href="/wiki/USS_President_Hayes" title="USS President Hayes">USS President Hayes</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Rutherford B. Hayes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/220px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/330px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/440px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870–1880</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th and 32nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ohio" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ohio">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Young" title="Thomas L. Young">Thomas L. Young</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas L. Young</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 12, 1868 – January 8, 1872</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="John Calvin Lee">John Calvin Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">Jacob Dolson Cox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Edward Follansbee Noyes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Long" title="Alexander Long">Alexander Long</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel Fenton Cary</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rutherford Birchard Hayes</div> (1822-10-04)October 4, 1822 <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 17, 1893(1893-01-17) (aged 70) <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (until 1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (from 1854)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Ware_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Ware Webb">Lucy Ware Webb</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1852; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1889)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Webb_Hayes" title="Webb Hayes">Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">John Humphrey Noyes</a> (first cousin) and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Edwards" title="Carl Edwards">Carl Edwards</a> (great-great-great grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rutherford B. Hayes's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/128px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/192px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/256px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="56" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regiments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Ohio Infantry">23rd Ohio Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Division" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carnifex_Ferry" title="Battle of Carnifex Ferry">Battle of Carnifex Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">Battle of Giles Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island" title="Battle of Buffington Island">Battle of Buffington Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cloyd%27s_Mountain" title="Battle of Cloyd's Mountain">Battle of Cloyd's Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg" title="Battle of Lynchburg">Battle of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="Second Battle of Kernstown">Second Battle of Kernstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">Third Battle of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fisher%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Fisher's Hill">Battle of Fisher's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Battle of Cedar Creek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rutherford Birchard Hayes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrʌðərfərd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/En-us-Rutherford.oga\/En-us-Rutherford.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Rutherford.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/En-us-Rutherford.oga/En-us-Rutherford.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Rutherford.oga" title="File:En-us-Rutherford.oga">ⓘ</a>; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1877 to 1881. A staunch <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, he was also a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. As an attorney in Ohio, Hayes served as <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>'s city solicitor from 1858 to 1861. He was a staunch <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> At the start of the Civil War, he left a fledgling political career to join the Union army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> in 1862. He earned a reputation for bravery in combat, rising in the ranks to serve as brevet major general. After the war, he earned a reputation in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> as a prominent member of the "<a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breed</a>" faction.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He served in Congress from 1865 to 1867 and was elected governor of Ohio, serving two consecutive terms from 1868 to 1872 and half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before his swearing-in as president. Hayes won the Republican nomination for president in the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a>. In the disputed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001127–128-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001182–184Foner2002580–581-4">[4]</a> general election, he defeated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> while losing the popular vote. Initially, neither candidate secured enough electoral votes to win the election, but Hayes prevailed after a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Congressional Commission</a> awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>. The electoral dispute was resolved in a backroom deal whereby both Southern Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whiggish</a> Republican businessmen acquiesced to Hayes's election on the condition that he end both federal support for <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> and the military occupation of the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Hayes's administration was influenced by his belief in <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a> government and equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing, or race. One of the defining events of his presidency was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>, which he resolved by calling in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> against the railroad workers. It remains the deadliest conflict between workers and strikebreakers in American history. As president, Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act of 1878</a>, which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices, but Congress overrode his veto. He also arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay after the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>. His policy toward western <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a> anticipated the assimilationist program of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act_of_1887" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes Act of 1887">Dawes Act of 1887</a>. At the end of his term, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection and retired to his home in Ohio. Historians and scholars generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Hayes as an average to below-average president. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_family_history">Childhood and family history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and family history">edit</a>]</div> Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Ezekiel Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard. Hayes's father, a <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> storekeeper, had taken the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherford's birth. Sophia took charge of the family, raising Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of four children to survive to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19957–8-7">[7]</a> She never remarried,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199510Barnard200576–77-8">[8]</a> and Sophia's younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024-9">[9]</a> He was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520–21Barnard200527–31-10">[10]</a> Through each of his parents, Hayes was descended from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200541-11">[11]</a> His earliest immigrant ancestor came to <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20023-12">[12]</a> Hayes's great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his <a href="/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut" title="Branford, Connecticut">Branford</a> home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200553-13">[13]</a> His mother's ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time. Hayes wrote: "I have always thought of myself as Scotch, but of the fathers of my family who came to America about thirty were English and two only, Hayes and Rutherford, were of Scotch descent. This is on my father's side. On my mother's side, the whole thirty-two were probably all of other peoples besides the Scotch."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there. <a href="/wiki/John_Noyes_(politician)" title="John Noyes (politician)">John Noyes</a>, an uncle by marriage, had been his father's business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517–18-15">[15]</a> His first cousin, Mary Jane Mead, was the mother of sculptor <a href="/wiki/Larkin_Goldsmith_Mead" title="Larkin Goldsmith Mead">Larkin Goldsmith Mead</a> and architect <a href="/wiki/William_Rutherford_Mead" title="William Rutherford Mead">William Rutherford Mead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517–18-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">John Humphrey Noyes</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a>, was also a first cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562–63Barnard2005113-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_law_career">Education and early law career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and early law career">edit</a>]</div> Hayes attended the <a href="/wiki/Common_school" title="Common school">common schools</a> in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwalk_Seminary" title="Norwalk Seminary">Norwalk Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio" title="Norwalk, Ohio">Norwalk, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024–5-17">[17]</a> He did well at Norwalk, and the next year transferred to the Webb School, a <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown</a>, Connecticut, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520–22Trefousse20025-18">[18]</a> Returning to Ohio, he attended <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gambier,_Ohio" title="Gambier, Ohio">Gambier</a> in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199525-19">[19]</a> He enjoyed his time at Kenyon and was successful scholastically;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005107–113-20">[20]</a> while there, he joined several student societies and became interested in <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> politics. His classmates included <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Celivergos_Zachos" title="John Celivergos Zachos">John Celivergos Zachos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Topping1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199533–43-22">[22]</a> He graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> with the highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20026-23">[23]</a> After briefly <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio, Hayes moved east to attend <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199543–51Barnard2005131–138-24">[24]</a> Graduating with an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law" title="Admission to practice law">admitted</a> to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky (now <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199552–53-25">[25]</a> Business was slow at first, but he gradually attracted clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199555–60-26">[26]</a> In 1847 Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought was <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Thinking a change in climate would help, he considered enlisting in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, but on his doctor's advice instead visited family in New England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562–66-27">[27]</a> Returning from there, Hayes and his uncle Sardis made a long journey to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where Hayes visited with <a href="/wiki/Guy_M._Bryan" title="Guy M. Bryan">Guy M. Bryan</a>, a Kenyon classmate and distant relative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199566–70Barnard2005114-28">[28]</a> Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky, and Hayes decided to move to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20028-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cincinnati_law_practice_and_marriage">Cincinnati law practice and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cincinnati law practice and marriage">edit</a>]</div> Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850, and opened a law office with John W. Herron, a lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199573-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[a]</a> Herron later joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K. Rogers and Richard M. Corwine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184–185-33">[32]</a> He found business better in Cincinnati and enjoyed its social attractions, joining the <a href="/wiki/Literary_Club_of_Cincinnati" title="Literary Club of Cincinnati">Cincinnati Literary Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574–75-34">[33]</a> He also attended the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in Cincinnati but did not become a member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574–75-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white picture of a man and a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/330px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/440px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day</figcaption></figure> Hayes courted his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Webb</a>, during his time there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578–86-35">[34]</a> His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier, but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199561–62-36">[35]</a> Four years later, Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy. They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30, 1852, at Lucy's mother's house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578–86-35">[34]</a> Over the next five years, Lucy gave birth to three sons: Birchard Austin (1853), <a href="/wiki/Webb_Hayes" title="Webb Hayes">Webb Cook</a> (1856), and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford Platt</a> (1858).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184–185-33">[32]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, Lucy was a <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotaler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>. She influenced her husband's views on those issues, though he never formally joined her church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005178–180,_187–188Hoogenboom199593–95-37">[36]</a> Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial issues but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20029-38">[37]</a> defending several people accused of murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199587–93-39">[38]</a> In one case, he used a form of the <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a> that saved the accused from the gallows; she was instead confined to a mental institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200210-40">[39]</a> Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199595–99Barnard2005189–191-41">[40]</a> Because Cincinnati was just across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, a slave state, it was a destination for escaping slaves, and many such cases were tried in its courts. A staunch abolitionist, Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful, as it raised his profile in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005196–197Trefousse200214–15-42">[41]</a> Hayes's political reputation rose with his professional plaudits. He declined a Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995100-43">[42]</a> Two years later, some Republicans proposed that Hayes fill a vacancy on the bench, and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of <a href="/wiki/City_attorney" title="City attorney">city solicitor</a> also became vacant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995104–105Barnard2005202–203-44">[43]</a> The city council elected Hayes city solicitor to fill the vacancy, and he was elected to a full two-year term in April 1859 by a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995107Barnard2005204-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded man in a 19th-century army uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/170px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/255px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/340px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Hayes in Civil War uniform in 1861</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain">West Virginia and South Mountain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: West Virginia and South Mountain">edit</a>]</div> As the Southern states quickly began to secede after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s election to the presidency in 1860, Hayes was lukewarm about <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> to restore the Union. Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable, he suggested that the Union "[l]et them go."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995113Barnard2005210-46">[45]</a> Though Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860, Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession. Its residents included many from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and they voted for the Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing">Know-Nothings</a>, who combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861, ejecting Hayes from the city solicitor's office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210–212-47">[46]</a> Returning to private practice, Hayes formed a very brief law partnership with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Markbreit" title="Leopold Markbreit">Leopold Markbreit</a>, lasting three days before the war began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210–212-47">[46]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">fired on Fort Sumter</a>, Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995115Barnard2005213–214-48">[47]</a> That June, Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Dennison,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Dennison, Jr.">William Dennison</a> appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Ohio Infantry">23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry</a>. Hayes was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>, and his friend and college classmate <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116–117-49">[48]</a> Joining the regiment as a <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)#United_States" title="Private (rank)">private</a> was another future president, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116–117-49">[48]</a> After a month of training, Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Division" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995120–121-50">[49]</a> They did not meet the enemy until September, when the regiment encountered Confederates at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carnifex_Ferry" title="Battle of Carnifex Ferry">Carnifex Ferry</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and drove them back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995125–126Reid1868160-51">[50]</a> In November, Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel (Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia, where they entered winter quarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995128–130-52">[51]</a> The division resumed its advance the following spring, and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces, on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995136–141-53">[52]</a> That September, Hayes's regiment was called east to reinforce General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141–143-54">[53]</a> Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle, but joined the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> as it hurried north to cut off <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, which was advancing into <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141–143-54">[53]</a> Marching north, the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> on September 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146–148-55">[54]</a> Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm, fracturing the bone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146–147Reid1868161-56">[55]</a> He had one of his men tie a handkerchief above the wound in an effort to stop the bleeding, and continued to lead his men in the battle. While resting, he ordered his men to meet a flanking attack, but instead his entire command moved backward, leaving Hayes lying in between the lines. Eventually, his men brought Hayes back behind their lines, and he was taken to hospital. The regiment continued on to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>, but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995149–153-57">[56]</a> In October, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200230-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_the_Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Army of the Shenandoah">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white picture of a forked-bearded man in an army uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a> was Hayes's commander and the namesake of his fourth son</figcaption></figure> The division spent the following winter and spring near <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, Virginia</a> (present-day West Virginia), out of contact with the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995154–156-59">[58]</a> Hayes saw little action until July 1863, when the division skirmished with <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>'s cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island" title="Battle of Buffington Island">Battle of Buffington Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995157–158-60">[59]</a> Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer, Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to reenlist, and many did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995159–161-61">[60]</a> In 1864, the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized, and Hayes's division was assigned to <a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_West_Virginia" title="Army of West Virginia">Army of West Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995159–161-61">[60]</a> Advancing into southwestern Virginia, they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162–164Trefousse200232–33-62">[61]</a> On May 9, they engaged Confederate troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cloyd%27s_Mountain" title="Battle of Cloyd's Mountain">Cloyd's Mountain</a>, where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162–164Trefousse200232–33-62">[61]</a> Following the rout, the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and again successfully skirmished with the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162–164Trefousse200232–33-62">[61]</a> Hayes and his brigade moved to the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>. Crook's corps was attached to Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a> and soon back in contact with Confederate forces, capturing <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington, Virginia</a>, on June 11.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166–168-63">[62]</a> They continued south toward <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>, tearing up railroad track as they advanced,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166–168-63">[62]</a> but Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful, and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166–168-63">[62]</a> Hayes thought Hunter lacked aggression, writing in a letter home that "General Crook would have taken Lynchburg."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166–168-63">[62]</a> Before the army could make another attempt, Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north. Early's army surprised them at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="Second Battle of Kernstown">Kernstown</a> on July 24, where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995168–169-64">[63]</a> He also had a horse shot out from under him, and the army was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995168–169-64">[63]</a> Retreating to Maryland, the army was reorganized again, with Major General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> replacing Hunter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995170–171-65">[64]</a> By August, Early was retreating up the valley, with Sheridan in pursuit. Hayes's troops fended off a Confederate assault at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berryville" title="Battle of Berryville">Berryville</a> and advanced to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Opequon">Opequon Creek</a>, where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995172–173-66">[65]</a> They followed up the victory with another at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fisher%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Fisher's Hill">Fisher's Hill</a> on September 22, and one more at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a> on October 19.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995174–177-67">[66]</a> At Cedar Creek, Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round, which did not cause serious damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995174–177-67">[66]</a> His leadership and bravery drew his superiors' attention, with <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> later writing of Hayes, "[h]is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2003564-68">[67]</a> Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign. Hayes was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in October 1864 and brevetted <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995178–181-69">[68]</a> Around this time, Hayes learned of the birth of his fourth son, George Crook Hayes. The army went into winter quarters once more, and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox. Hayes visited <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, that May and observed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies" title="Grand Review of the Armies">Grand Review of the Armies</a>, after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995186–188-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_politics">Post-war politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Representative_from_Ohio">U.S. Representative from Ohio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: U.S. Representative from Ohio">edit</a>]</div> While serving in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a> in 1864, Hayes was nominated by Republicans for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">Ohio's 2nd congressional district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171–176Barnard2005225–227-71">[70]</a> Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign, he refused, saying that an "officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171–176Barnard2005225–227-71">[70]</a> Instead, Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Long" title="Alexander Long">Alexander Long</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171–176Barnard2005225–227-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a man in a black suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/170px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/255px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/340px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> and Radical Republicans fought over Reconstruction.</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39th Congress</a> assembled in December 1865, Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority. Hayes identified with the party's <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">moderate</a> wing, but was willing to vote with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">radicals</a> for the sake of party unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200–201Conwell1876145–180-72">[71]</a> The major legislative effort of the Congress was the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200–201Trefousse200241–44Richardson200117–18-73">[72]</a> Hayes's beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> issues: that the South should be restored to the Union, but not without adequate protections for <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and other black southerners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995203Trefousse200240–41-74">[73]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, who succeeded to office following Lincoln's assassination, to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves' civil rights; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995203Trefousse200240–41-74">[73]</a> Hayes, along with congressional Republicans, disagreed. They worked to reject Johnson's vision of Reconstruction and to pass the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995197–199Trefousse200242-75">[74]</a> Reelected in 1866, Hayes returned to the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_session_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session (United States)">lame-duck session</a>. On January 7, 1867, he voted for the resolution that authorized the <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">first impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> He also voted during this time for the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senate's consent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204–205-77">[76]</a> and unsuccessfully pressed for a <a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">civil service reform</a> bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204–205Foner2002493–494-78">[77]</a> Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the <a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40th Congress</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a>, but resigned in July 1867 to run for governor of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995208–210-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Ohio">Governor of Ohio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governor of Ohio">edit</a>]</div> A popular Congressman and former Army officer, Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the <a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">1867 election campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211–213Trefousse200245–46-80">[79]</a> His political views were more moderate than the Republican party's platform, although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to black male Ohioans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211–213Trefousse200245–46-80">[79]</a> Hayes's opponent, <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a>, made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign and opposed <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">black suffrage</a>. Both men campaigned vigorously, making speeches across the state, mostly focusing on the suffrage question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211–213Trefousse200245–46-80">[79]</a> The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans, as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">state legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238–239-81">[80]</a> Hayes thought at first that he, too, had lost, but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238–239-81">[80]</a> As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature, Hayes had a limited role in governing, especially since <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Ohio's governor</a> had no <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power. Despite these constraints, he oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a <a href="/wiki/Reform_school" title="Reform school">reform school</a> for girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200247–48-82">[81]</a> He endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment of President Andrew Johnson</a> and urged his conviction, which failed by one vote in the United States Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995215–216-83">[82]</a> Nominated for a second term in 1869, Hayes campaigned again for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, with disunion and Confederate sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218–220Barnard2005239–241-84">[83]</a> Hayes was reelected with an increased majority, and the Republicans took the legislature, ensuring Ohio's ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which guaranteed black (male) suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218–220Barnard2005239–241-84">[83]</a> With a Republican legislature, Hayes's second term was more enjoyable. Suffrage was expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College (later to become <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>) was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995225–228-85">[84]</a> He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995231–232-86">[85]</a> Choosing not to seek reelection, Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236–240-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_life_and_return_to_politics">Private life and return to politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Private life and return to politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiegel_Grove_(Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large brick house surrounded by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/220px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/330px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/440px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Hayes's home, <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> As Hayes prepared to leave office, several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> against the incumbent Republican, <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236–240-87">[86]</a> Hayes declined, preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236–240-87">[86]</a> He especially looked forward to spending time with his children, two of whom (daughter Fanny and son Scott) had been born in the past five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995241–242-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[b]</a> Initially, Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown, Fremont. He also managed some real estate he had acquired in <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995240–245Barnard2005250–252-91">[89]</a> Not entirely removed from politics, Hayes held out some hope of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">cabinet</a> appointment, but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S. treasurer at Cincinnati, which he turned down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995246–248-92">[90]</a> He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was disappointed when he lost the election to <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Henry B. Banning</a>, a fellow <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> alumnus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995243–244Barnard2005250–252-93">[91]</a> In 1873, Lucy gave birth to another son, Manning Force Hayes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249–250-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[c]</a> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> hurt business prospects across the nation, including Hayes's. His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year, and the Hayes family moved into <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>, the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249–251-97">[94]</a> That year Hayes announced his uncle's bequest of $50,000 in assets to endow a public library for Fremont, to be called the Birchard Library. It opened in 1874 on Front Street, and a new building was completed and opened in 1878 in Fort Stephenson State Park, as per the terms of the bequest. Hayes served as chairman of the library's board of trustees until his death.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Hayes hoped to stay out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic, but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875, he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995256–257Barnard2005270–271-99">[96]</a> His campaign against Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a> focused primarily on Protestant fears about the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">state aid to Catholic schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257–260Barnard2005271–275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> Hayes was against such funding and, while not known to be personally <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a>, he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257–260Barnard2005271–275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> The campaign was a success, and on October 12, 1875, Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257–260Barnard2005271–275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> The first person to earn a third term as governor of Ohio, Hayes reduced the state debt, reestablished the Board of Charities, and repealed the Geghan Bill, which had allowed for the appointment of Catholic priests to schools and penitentiaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200261–64-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1876">Election of 1876</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election of 1876">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden">Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes-Wheeler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepia-toned picture of two men; one bearded, one clean-shaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/220px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/330px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/440px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="4147" /></a><figcaption>Original <a href="/wiki/Currier_%26_Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Currier & Ives">Currier & Ives</a> campaign poster depicting the Hayes-Wheeler ticket, the last and rarest in the firm's "Grand National Banner" series</figcaption></figure> Hayes's success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200262-102">[99]</a> The Ohio delegation to the <a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 Republican National Convention</a> was united behind him, and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> did all in his power to get Hayes the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260–261Robinson200157-103">[100]</a> In June 1876, the convention assembled with <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> as the favorite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995262–263Robinson200153–55-104">[101]</a> Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count, but could not muster a majority. As he failed to gain votes, the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995263–264Robinson200161–63-105">[102]</a> The convention selected Representative <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> for vice president, a man about whom Hayes had recently asked, "I am ashamed to say: who is Wheeler?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260Robinson200163-106">[103]</a> The campaign strategy of Hayes and Wheeler emphasized conciliatory appeals to the Southern Whiggish element, attempting to "detach" old Southern Whigs from Southern Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> asked whether the Republican Party would continue its devotion to protecting black civil rights or "get along without the vote of the black man in the South", Hayes and Wheeler advocated the latter. The Democratic nominee was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>, the governor of New York. Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who, like Hayes, had a reputation for honesty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200164–68,_90–95-108">[105]</a> Also like Hayes, Tilden was a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">hard-money</a> man and supported civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200164–68,_90–95-108">[105]</a> In accordance with the custom of the time, the campaign was conducted by surrogates, with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective hometowns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200197–98-109">[106]</a> The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect he would lose the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200271-110">[107]</a> Both candidates concentrated on the swing states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, as well as the three southern states—<a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>—where <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> Republican governments still barely ruled, amid recurring political violence, including widespread efforts to suppress <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> voting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200272–73Robinson2001113–114-111">[108]</a> The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after Southern Democrats had provoked the Civil War and, to a lesser extent, the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995269–271-112">[109]</a> Democrats, for their part, trumpeted Tilden's record of reform and contrasted it with the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_presidential_administration_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals">corruption of the incumbent Grant administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200199–102-113">[110]</a> As the returns were tallied on election day, it was clear that the race was close: Democrats had carried most of the South, as well as New York, Indiana, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200274-114">[111]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, an increasing number of immigrants and their descendants voted Democratic. Although Tilden won the popular vote and claimed 184 electoral votes, Republican leaders challenged the results and charged Democrats with fraud and voter suppression of blacks (who would otherwise have voted Republican) in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974163–164-115">[112]</a> Republicans realized that if they held the three disputed <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">unredeemed</a> southern states together with some of the western states, they would emerge with an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral college</a> majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200275Robinson2001119–123Sproat1974163–164-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_electoral_votes">Disputed electoral votes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disputed electoral votes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission (United States)</a></div> On November 11, three days after election day, Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes, one short of a majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001126–127-117">[114]</a> Hayes appeared to have 166, with the 19 votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina still in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001126–127-117">[114]</a> Republicans and Democrats each claimed victory in the three latter states, but the results in those states were rendered uncertain because of fraud by both parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001131–142Hoogenboom1995277–279-118">[115]</a> To further complicate matters, one of the three electors from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (a state Hayes had won) was disqualified, reducing Hayes's total to 165, and raising the disputed votes to 20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001127–128-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[d]</a> If Hayes was not awarded all 20 disputed votes, Tilden would be elected president. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1876.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the United States showing electoral results in 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1876 election, with states won by Hayes in red, and those won by Tilden in blue</figcaption></figure> There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors, with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001145–154Hoogenboom1995281–286-121">[117]</a> By January 1877, with the question still unresolved, Congress and President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a>, which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001157-122">[118]</a> The commission was to be made up of five <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">representatives</a>, five <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court justices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158-123">[119]</a> To ensure partisan balance, there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans, with Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, an independent respected by both parties, as the 15th member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158-123">[119]</a> The balance was upset when Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois State Legislature">Illinois legislature</a> elected Davis to the Senate, hoping to sway his vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286-124">[120]</a> Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286-124">[120]</a> As all the remaining Justices were Republicans, Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a>, believed to be the most independent-minded of them, was selected to take Davis's place on the commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001159–161-125">[121]</a> The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001166–171-126">[122]</a> Democrats, outraged by the result, attempted a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> to prevent Congress from accepting the commission's findings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001171–183-127">[123]</a> Eventually, the filibusterers gave up, allowing the House and Senate to reassemble to complete the count of the electoral votes, and at 4:10 am on March 2, Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a> announced that Hayes and Wheeler had been elected to the presidency and vice presidency by an electoral margin of 185–184.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> As inauguration day neared, Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at <a href="/wiki/Wormley%27s_Hotel" title="Wormley's Hotel">Wormley's Hotel</a> in Washington to negotiate a <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">compromise</a>. Republicans promised concessions in exchange for Democratic acquiescence to the committee's decision. The main concession Hayes promised was the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an acceptance of the election of Democratic governments in the remaining "unredeemed" southern states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001182–184Foner2002580–581-4">[4]</a> The Democrats agreed, and on March 2, the filibuster was ended. Hayes was elected, but Reconstruction was finished, and freedmen were left at the mercy of white Democrats who did not intend to preserve their rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001185–189Foner2002581–587-129">[125]</a> On April 3, Hayes ordered Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> to withdraw federal troops stationed at the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a> to their barracks. On April 20, he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>'s St. Louis Hotel to <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Barracks" title="Jackson Barracks">Jackson Barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246-130">[126]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1877–1881)">Presidency (1877–1881)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Presidency (1877–1881)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inauguration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes-inaugurations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd of people outside the United States Capitol building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/220px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/330px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/440px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Morrison_R._Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison R. Waite">Morrison R. Waite</a> administering the oath of office to Hayes</figcaption></figure> Because March 4, 1877, was a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday, March 3, in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Room_(White_House)" title="Red Room (White House)">Red Room</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, the first president to do so in the Executive Mansion. He took the oath publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995295–297-131">[127]</a> In his inaugural address, Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months, saying that "he serves his party best who serves his country best".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200285–86-132">[128]</a> He pledged to support "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government" in the South, as well as reform of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">civil service</a> and a full return to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995298–299-133">[129]</a> Despite his message of conciliation, many Democrats never considered Hayes's election legitimate and referred to him as "Rutherfraud" or "His Fraudulency" for the next four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005402–403-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction">The South and the end of Reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The South and the end of Reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> Hayes had firmly supported Republican <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> policies throughout his career, but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to "home rule".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200290–93-135">[131]</a> Even without the conditions of the Wormley's Hotel agreement, Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue his predecessors' policies. The House of Representatives in the <a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45th Congress</a> was controlled by a majority of Democrats, and they refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995304–307Foner2002580–583Davison1972142-136">[132]</a> Even among Republicans, devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading in the face of persistent Southern insurgency and violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972138Trefousse200292-137">[133]</a> Only two states, South Carolina and Louisiana, were still under Reconstruction's sway when Hayes assumed the presidency on March 5. On April 3, Hayes ordered Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> to withdraw federal troops stationed at the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a> to their barracks. On April 20, he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>'s St. Louis Hotel to <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Barracks" title="Jackson Barracks">Jackson Barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246-130">[126]</a> At the time of the 1876 election only three states, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, still had Republican governments. In Florida the Democrats won the governor's election and controlled the state house, leaving South Carolina and Louisiana as the only states where Republican regimes were still supported by federal troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200290–91-138">[134]</a> Without troops to enforce the voting rights laws, these soon fell to Democratic control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendenen1969244-139">[135]</a> Hayes's later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective, as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995317–318Davison1972141–143-140">[136]</a> But he did defeat Congress's efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162–163Hoogenboom1995392–402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Democrats in Congress passed an army <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">appropriation bill</a> in 1879 with a <a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">rider</a> that would have repealed the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a>, which had been used to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162–163Hoogenboom1995392–402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Those Acts, passed during Reconstruction, made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race. Other paramilitary groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> in the Carolinas, however, had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote. Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters, and vetoed the appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162–163Hoogenboom1995392–402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto, but they passed a new bill with the same rider. Hayes vetoed that bill too, and the process was repeated three more times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162–163Hoogenboom1995392–402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Finally, Congress passed a bill without the offensive rider, but refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals, who were vital to the enforcement of the Enforcement Acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162–163Hoogenboom1995392–402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> The election laws remained in effect, but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995402-142">[138]</a> Hayes tried to reconcile the social <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats. "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism, to end the war and bring peace," he wrote in his diary. "To do this, I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005418-143">[139]</a> All his efforts were in vain; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">civil rights laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995317–318-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_service_reform">Civil service reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil service reform">edit</a>]</div> Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> since <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200293–94-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[e]</a> Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examination</a> that all applicants would take.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995318–319-148">[143]</a> Hayes's call for reform immediately brought him into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Stalwart_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart (politics)">Stalwart</a>, or pro-spoils, branch of the Republican party. Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes. Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>, who fought Hayes's reform efforts at every turn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972164–165-149">[144]</a> To show his commitment to reform, Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform at the time, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> and asked Schurz and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul199871-150">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> to investigate the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Custom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Custom House">New York Custom House</a>, which was stacked with Conkling's spoilsmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995318–319-148">[143]</a> Jay's report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322–325Davison1972164–165Trefousse200295–96-151">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of one man kicking another out of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/220px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/330px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/440px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon of Hayes kicking <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> out of the New York Custom House</figcaption></figure> Although he could not convince Congress to prohibit the spoils system, Hayes issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322–325Davison1972164–165Trefousse200295–96-151">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>, and his subordinates <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322–325Davison1972164–165Trefousse200295–96-151">[146]</a> In September 1877, Hayes demanded their resignations, which they refused to give. He submitted appointments of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Bradford_Prince" title="L. Bradford Prince">L. Bradford Prince</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin Merritt</a>—all supporters of Evarts, Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995352Trefousse200295–96-152">[147]</a> The Senate's Commerce Committee, chaired by Conkling, voted unanimously to reject the nominees. The full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995353–355Trefousse2002100–101-153">[148]</a> Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878, when he fired Arthur and Cornell during a Congressional recess and replaced them with <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a> of Merritt and <a href="/wiki/Silas_W._Burt" title="Silas W. Burt">Silas W. Burt</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995370–371-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[f]</a> Conkling opposed confirmation of the appointees when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25 and Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995382–384Barnard2005456-157">[151]</a> For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>, even using his last <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">annual message</a> to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform. Reform legislation did not pass during Hayes's presidency, but his advocacy provided "a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Act</a> of 1883," which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul199873–74-158">[152]</a> Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments, permitting <a href="/wiki/George_Congdon_Gorham" title="George Congdon Gorham">George Congdon Gorham</a>, secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee, to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974165–166-159">[153]</a> In 1880, Hayes quickly forced <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">Richard W. Thompson</a> to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 (~$677,772 in 2023) salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a> to promote a French canal in Panama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974169–170-160">[154]</a> Hayes also dealt with <a href="/wiki/Star_route_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Star route scandal">corruption in the postal service</a>. In 1880, Schurz and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> asked Hayes to shut down the "<a href="/wiki/Star_routes" title="Star routes">star route</a>" rings, a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service, and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Brady" title="Thomas J. Brady">Thomas J. Brady</a>, the alleged ringleader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935409–411-161">[155]</a> Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995439–440-162">[156]</a> Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans' chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature, as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935409–411-161">[155]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Hans L. Trefousse</a> later wrote that Hayes "hardly knew the chief suspect [Brady] and certainly had no connection with the [star route] corruption."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002144-163">[157]</a> Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing, Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935414–415-164">[158]</a> After two trials, the defendants were acquitted in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935416-165">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Railroad_Strike">Great Railroad Strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Great Railroad Strike">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A burning building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/220px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/330px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/440px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 21–22, 1877</figcaption></figure> In his first year in office, Hayes was faced with the United States' largest labor uprising to date, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2002583Stowell19991–2Richardson2001121-166">[160]</a> To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873, the major railroads had cut their employees' wages several times in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995326–327-167">[161]</a> In July of that year, workers at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad</a> walked off the job in <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>, to protest their reduction in pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198975–77Stowell1999117-168">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> quickly spread to workers of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania</a> railroads, with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328–333Davison1972145–153Barnard2005445–447-169">[163]</a> Fearing a <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews" title="Henry M. Mathews">Henry M. Mathews</a> asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg, and Hayes did so, but when the troops arrived there was no riot, only a peaceful protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198993–94-170">[164]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877" title="Baltimore railroad strike of 1877">a riot did erupt</a> on July 20, and Hayes ordered the troops at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> to assist the governor in suppressing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328–333Davison1972145–153Barnard2005445–447-169">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> exploded into riots next, but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governor's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328–333Davison1972145–153Barnard2005445–447-169">[163]</a> Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1999116–127Hoogenboom1995328-171">[165]</a> After a few days, Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> overall command of the situation, marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328–333Davison1972145–153Barnard2005445–447-169">[163]</a> The riots spread further, to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, where strikers shut down railroad facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328–333Davison1972145–153Barnard2005445–447-169">[163]</a> By July 29, the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2002585-172">[166]</a> No federal troops had killed any of the strikers, or been killed themselves, but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972148–150Trefousse200295-173">[167]</a> The railroads were victorious in the short term, as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect. But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence, and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995334Davison1972152–153-174">[168]</a> Business leaders praised Hayes, but his own opinion was more equivocal; as he recorded in his diary: <blockquote>"The strikes have been put down by force; but now for the real remedy. Can't something [be] done by education of strikers, by judicious control of capitalists, by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers, as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent, and industrious."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005446–447Hayes1922440v._3-175">[169]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_debate">Currency debate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Currency debate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Sherman-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a man, seated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/220px-John-Sherman-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/330px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/440px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> worked with Hayes to return the country to the gold standard.</figcaption></figure> Hayes confronted two issues regarding the <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, the first of which was the <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">coinage of silver</a>, and its relation to <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold</a>. In 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a> stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more, effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">money supply contracted</a> and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse, making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995356-176">[170]</a> Farmers and laborers, especially, clamored for the return of coinage in both metals, believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2008358-177">[171]</a> Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government, thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176–177-178">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a>, a Republican from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> passed both houses of Congress in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176–177-178">[172]</a> Hayes feared the Act would cause <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> that would be ruinous to business, effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar, as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358–360-179">[173]</a> He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest, saying, "[e]xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358–360-179">[173]</a> He vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto, the only time it did so during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176–177-178">[172]</a> The second issue concerned <a href="/wiki/United_States_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Notes">United States Notes</a> (commonly called <a href="/wiki/Greenback_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenback (money)">greenbacks</a>), a form of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat currency</a> first issued during the Civil War. The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs, but unlike ordinary dollars, they were not redeemable in gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176–177-178">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a> of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold, thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single, gold-backed currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176–177-178">[172]</a> Sherman agreed with Hayes's favorable opinion of the Act, and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358–360-179">[173]</a> But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie (gold), few did so; when the Act took effect in 1879, only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002107-180">[174]</a> Together with the Bland–Allison Act, the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">hard money</a> men and, as the world economy began to improve, agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972177–180-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/330px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/440px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing Chinese exclusion</figcaption></figure> Most of Hayes's foreign-policy concerns involved <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. In 1878, following the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, he arbitrated a territorial dispute between <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995416-182">[176]</a> Hayes awarded the disputed land in the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</a> region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (<a href="/wiki/Villa_Hayes" title="Villa Hayes">Villa Hayes</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Department_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (country subdivision)">department</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes</a>) in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995416-182">[176]</a> Hayes became concerned over the plans of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, the builder of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, to construct a canal across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995417–418-183">[177]</a> Worried about a repetition of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French adventurism in Mexico</a>, Hayes interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> firmly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995420–421Barnard2005442-184">[178]</a> In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995420–421Barnard2005442-184">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico – United States border">Mexican border</a> also drew Hayes's attention. Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the border on raids into Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> Three months after taking office, Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue <a href="/wiki/Bandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandit">bandits</a>, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> protested the order and sent troops to the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995337Barnard2005444-186">[180]</a> The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995338-187">[181]</a> Outside the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, Hayes's biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with China. In 1868 the Senate had ratified the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the United States. As the economy soured after the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmen's wages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995387-188">[182]</a> During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, anti-Chinese riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Workingman%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Workingman's Party">Workingman's Party</a>, formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995387-188">[182]</a> In response, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388–389Barnard2005447–449Rhodes1919180–196-189">[183]</a> Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388–389Barnard2005447–449-190">[184]</a> The veto drew praise from Northeastern New England Republicans, but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388–389Barnard2005447–449-190">[184]</a> In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to <a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">impeach</a> him, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> by refusing to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390–391-191">[185]</a> After the veto, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State">Assistant Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick W. Seward</a> suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration, and he and <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> negotiated with the Chinese to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390–391-191">[185]</a> Congress passed a new law to that effect, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882, after Hayes had left office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390–391-191">[185]</a> In 1877 former President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> embarked on a <a href="/wiki/World_tour_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="World tour of Ulysses S. Grant">world tour</a> shortly after his second term. Hayes was aware of Grant's popularity in Europe and encouraged Grant to extend his tour in the hope that it would improve various foreign relations and strengthen American interests abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2016xi–xii,_2–3-192">[186]</a> When Grant was in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> he boarded <a href="/wiki/USS_Vandalia_(1876)" title="USS Vandalia (1876)">USS Vandalia</a>, a screw <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> that Hayes had personally sent for Grant's winter cruise about the Mediterranean and journey to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016597-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981464White2016589,_599-194">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_policy">Indian policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indian policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/220px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/330px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/440px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>An 1881 political cartoon about <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>'s management of the Indian Bureau</figcaption></figure> Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> carried out Hayes's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a> policy, beginning with preventing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> from taking over the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972184–185-195">[189]</a> Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture, educational training, and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002109Davison1972186–187-196">[190]</a> Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995341–343,_449–450-197">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">allotment system</a> under the Dawes Act, later signed by President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in 1887, was favored by liberal reformers at the time, including Schurz, but instead proved detrimental to American Indians. They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as "surplus lands", and more to unscrupulous white <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a> who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1977452–454-198">[192]</a> Hayes and Schurz reformed the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations, but they were generally understaffed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995343–344,_449-199">[193]</a> Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a>, began <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">an uprising</a> in June 1877 when Major General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a> ordered them to move to a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a>. Howard's men defeated the Nez Perce in battle, and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995338–340-200">[194]</a> In October, after a decisive battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Bear Paw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, Chief Joseph surrendered and <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, where they were forced to remain until 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995340–341-201">[195]</a> The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West, as the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a> <a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">rose up</a> in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howard's army in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972184–185-195">[189]</a> War with the <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute tribe</a> broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Meeker" title="Nathan Meeker">Nathan Meeker</a>, who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/White_River_War" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War</a> ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meeker's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002123-202">[196]</a> Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a> tribe from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration. The tribe's problems came to Hayes's attention after its chief, <a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a>, filed a lawsuit to contest Schurz's demand that they stay in Indian Territory. Overruling Schurz, Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory. The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights, which had been previously granted to the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995450–454Sproat1974173-203">[197]</a> In a message to Congress in February 1881, Hayes insisted he would "give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002124-204">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Western_Tour_of_1880">Great Western Tour of 1880</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Great Western Tour of 1880">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutherford_B._Hayes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png/330px-Rutherford_B._Hayes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes by <a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Frazer_Andrews" title="Eliphalet Frazer Andrews">Eliphalet Frazer Andrews</a>, 1881</figcaption></figure> In 1880, Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. (Hayes's immediate predecessor, Ulysses Grant, visited Utah in 1875.) Hayes's traveling party included his wife and <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>, who helped organize the trip. Hayes began his trip in September 1880, departing from Chicago on the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>. He journeyed across the continent, ultimately arriving in California, stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada, reaching Sacramento and San Francisco. By railroad and stagecoach, the party traveled north to Oregon, arriving in Portland, and from there to Vancouver, Washington. Going by steamship, they visited Seattle, and then returned to San Francisco. Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November, in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hayes's_White_House">Hayes's White House</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hayes's White House">edit</a>]</div> Hayes and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy</a> were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House, giving rise to her nickname "Lemonade Lucy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19953Davison1972xv-206">[200]</a> The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison197282Barnard2005480-207">[201]</a> but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington, leading him to follow his wife's <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> leanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384-208">[202]</a> Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House. Critics charged Hayes with parsimony, but Hayes spent more money (which came out of his personal budget) after the ban, ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995385–386Barnard2005480-209">[203]</a> His temperance policy also paid political dividends, strengthening his support among <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384-208">[202]</a> Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners, "water flowed like wine," the policy was a success in convincing <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibitionists</a> to vote Republican.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995458-210">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes">List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a bearded man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews's</a> confirmation to the Supreme Court was more difficult than Hayes expected.</figcaption></figure> Hayes appointed two <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>. The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876. On taking office, Hayes appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> to the seat. A former candidate for governor of Kentucky, Harlan had been <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Benjamin Bristow</a>'s campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention, and Hayes had earlier considered him for <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">attorney general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130–132-211">[205]</a> Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877, but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlan's limited experience in public office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130–132-211">[205]</a> Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years, voting (usually in the minority) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130–132-211">[205]</a> In 1880, a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">William Strong</a>. Hayes nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">William Burnham Woods</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a> Republican <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuit court</a> judge from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972132Hoogenboom1995454-212">[206]</a> Woods served six years on the Court, ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayes's own preferences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005268,_498-213">[207]</a> Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881. Justice <a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a>, a friend of both men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> Many senators objected to the appointment, believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005498–499-215">[209]</a> and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> The following year, when <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> entered the White House, he resubmitted Matthews's nomination to the Senate, which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote, 24 to 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889. His opinion in <a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a> in 1886 advanced his and Hayes's views on the protection of ethnic minorities' rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995457-216">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1881–1893)">Post-presidency (1881–1893)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-presidency (1881–1893)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_in_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg/220px-Hayes_in_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg/330px-Hayes_in_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Hayes in 1886</figcaption></figure> Hayes declined to seek reelection in <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>, keeping his pledge not to run for a second term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017549-217">[211]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a>, he opposed the nomination of both Conkling and Arthur for the Vice Presidency, as well as opposing Grant's attempt to run for a third term. Hayes considered Grant a failure as president, and believed the president should have a single six-year term.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> He was gratified by the election of fellow Ohio Republican <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> to succeed him, and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995447–465-219">[213]</a> After Garfield's inauguration, Hayes and his family returned to <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995466–467-220">[214]</a> In 1881, he was elected a companion of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a>. He served as commander-in-chief (national president) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893. Although he remained a loyal Republican, Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>'s election to the presidency in 1884, approving of Cleveland's views on civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995483-221">[215]</a> He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, his army comrade and political protégé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995524–525-222">[216]</a> Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995471–475Thelen1970156-223">[217]</a> He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelen1970154–156-224">[218]</a> In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, the school he helped found as governor of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995498–499-225">[219]</a> He emphasized the need for <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational</a>, as well as academic, education: "I preach the gospel of work," he wrote, "I believe in skilled labor as a part of education."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005506-226">[220]</a> He urged Congress, unsuccessfully, to pass a bill written by Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Blair" title="Henry W. Blair">Henry W. Blair</a> that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwint195248–49-227">[221]</a> In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the <a href="/wiki/Slater_Fund" title="Slater Fund">Slater Fund</a>, one of the charities with which he was affiliated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518–523-228">[222]</a> One such student, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, received a scholarship in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518–523-228">[222]</a> Hayes also advocated <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">better prison conditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995496–497Thelen1970151-229">[223]</a> In retirement, Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor, saying in an 1886 speech, "free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes, education, and a support in old age."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005513Hoogenboom1995539-230">[224]</a> The next year, he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> In church it occurred to me that it is time for the public to hear that the giant evil and danger in this country, the danger which transcends all others, is the vast wealth owned or controlled by a few persons. Money is power. In Congress, in state legislatures, in city councils, in the courts, in the political conventions, in the press, in the pulpit, in the circles of the educated and the talented, its influence is growing greater and greater. Excessive wealth in the hands of the few means extreme poverty, ignorance, vice, and wretchedness as the lot of the many. It is not yet time to debate about the remedy. The previous question is as to the danger—the evil. Let the people be fully informed and convinced as to the evil. Let them earnestly seek the remedy and it will be found. Fully to know the evil is the first step towards reaching its eradication. <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> is strong when he portrays the rottenness of the present system. We are, to say the least, not yet ready for his remedy. We may reach and remove the difficulty by changes in the laws regulating corporations, descents of property, wills, trusts, taxation, and a host of other important interests, not omitting lands and other property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1922354v._4Swint195246–47-231">[225]</a> Although identified with conservatism,<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Hayes expressed sympathy with socialism, with one journal noting after his passing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">That socialism is not necessarily a revolutionary, or even extreme, doctrine, is evident in the fact that so conservative a man as the late ex-President Hayes was strongly in sympathy with that phase of thought. There is the best of authority for this statement. Mr. Hayes and Mr. W.D. Howells were friends, and it was the ex-president who first gave a socialistic direction to Mr. Howells' thoughts, and thus caused his work to have the decidedly socialistic character that now distinguishes it. Mr. Hayes was fond of citing our postal service, our public schools and other long established institutions as examples of practical socialism. When Mr. Bellamy's "Looking Backward" caused the nationalistic movement to shape itself in this country, Mr. Hayes expressed a cordial sympathy with the tendencies for which it stood.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a></blockquote> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/220px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/330px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/440px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Grave at Spiegel Grove</figcaption></figure> Hayes was greatly saddened by his wife's death in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508–510-234">[228]</a> When she died, he wrote, "the soul had left [Spiegel Grove]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508–510-234">[228]</a> After Lucy's death, Hayes's daughter Fanny became his traveling companion, and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995509–520-235">[229]</a> In 1890, he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question, a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995515–517Foner2002605–606-236">[230]</a> Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17, 1893, at the age of 70.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522–523-237">[231]</a> His last words were "I know that I'm going where Lucy is."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522–523-237">[231]</a> President-elect Cleveland and Ohio governor McKinley, who would be Cleveland's immediate successor in 1897, led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Cemetery_(Fremont,_Ohio)" title="Oakwood Cemetery (Fremont, Ohio)">Oakwood Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995532–533-238">[232]</a> In 1915, his remains were moved to his former home in <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a> for burial with his wife Lucy.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors">edit</a>]</div> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Ari Hoogenboom</a> has written that Hayes's greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and reverse the deterioration of executive power that had established itself after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1865. His supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform; his critics have derided his leniency toward former Confederate states as well as his withdrawal of federal support for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>' voting rights and civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> Historians and scholars generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Hayes as an average to below-average president.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove State Park</a>, Hayes was reinterred there in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_2004-01-24-244">[238]</a> The next year the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_Presidential_Center" title="Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center">Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum</a>, the country's first presidential library, opened on the site, funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayes's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1980485–488-245">[239]</a> In 1922 the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring Hayes, 29 years after his death, on the 100th anniversary of his birth. Another Hayes stamp, <a href="/wiki/File:RB_Hayes_1938_Issue2-19c.jpg" title="File:RB Hayes 1938 Issue2-19c.jpg">a 19-cent issue</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Issue" title="Presidential Issue">released in 1938</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> In 2011, the U.S. Mint released a "Golden Dollar", the first item of U.S. currency to honor Hayes.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/180px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/270px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/360px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Hayes <a href="/wiki/U.S._Presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps">postage stamp</a>, 1922 issue, 100th anniversary of birth </figcaption></figure> </td> <td>   </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar,_of_2011,_1_dollar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/400px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/600px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/800px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hayes Presidential "Golden Dollar", Minted 2011</div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hayes had arbitrated and decided an 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay in favor of Paraguay, giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory. This led to the naming of a province in the region after him: <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes Department</a> (capital: <a href="/wiki/Villa_Hayes" title="Villa Hayes">Villa Hayes</a>); an official holiday: <a href="/wiki/Laudo_Hayes_Firm_Day" title="Laudo Hayes Firm Day">Laudo Hayes Firm Day</a>, the anniversary of the decision, celebrated in Presidente Hayes province; a local soccer team: <a href="/wiki/Club_Presidente_Hayes" title="Club Presidente Hayes">Club Presidente Hayes</a> (also known as "Los Yanquis"), based in the national capital, <a href="/wiki/Asuncion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuncion">Asuncion</a>; a postage stamp, the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S. Embassy; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> Also named for Hayes is <a href="/wiki/Hayes_County,_Nebraska" title="Hayes County, Nebraska">Hayes County, Nebraska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Hayes was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> on October 21, 1890.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_High_School_(Delaware,_Ohio)" title="Rutherford B. Hayes High School (Delaware, Ohio)">Rutherford B. Hayes High School</a> in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor, as is <a href="/wiki/University,_Hayes_and_Orton_Halls" title="University, Hayes and Orton Halls">Hayes Hall</a>, built in 1893, at the Ohio State University. It is Ohio State's oldest remaining building, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970, due to its front facade, which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance. Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor, but did not live to see it completed.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The City of Delaware also erected a statue of Hayes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Herron's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen</a>, later married <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005167-31">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> His first two sons, Joseph and George, had died in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200231,_42-89">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> He was named after Hayes's friend, <a href="/wiki/Manning_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Manning Force">Manning Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200259-95">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The elector, John W. Watts, was disqualified because he held "an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States", in violation of <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, section 1, clause 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995279-119">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Hayes's predecessor, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, appointed the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">Civil Service Commission</a> in 1871, but it dissolved in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017293–294-146">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Charles K. Graham</a> filled Merritt's former position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995370-155">[150]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/rutherford-b-hayes/">"Rutherford B. 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Hayes and the End of Reconstruction""</a>. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Presidential+Library+%26+Museums&rft.atitle=%22Betrayal+of+the+Freedman%3A+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+and+the+End+of+Reconstruction%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbhayes.org%2Fhayes%2Fbetrayal-of-the-freedman-rutherford-b.-hayes-and-the-end-of-reconstruction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.maryville.edu/business-degrees/americas-gilded-age/">"America's Gilded Age: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry"</a>. Maryville Online. 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Retrieved December 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+P+Presidential+Dollars+%3A+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Golden+Dollar&rft.pub=USA+Coin+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usacoinbook.com%2Fcoins%2F5272%2Fdollars%2Fpresidential%2F2011-P%2Frutherford-b-hayes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeter2009" class="citation web cs1">Teeter, R (February 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/02/16/698197/-Rutherford-Hayes-other-legacy">"Rutherford Hayes' other legacy"</a>. Kos Media, LLC. Retrieved October 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%27+other+legacy&rft.pub=Kos+Media%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F02%2F16%2F698197%2F-Rutherford-Hayes-other-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ">The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</a> (2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n152">153</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlisth">"MemberListH | American Antiquarian Society"</a>. www.americanantiquarian.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanantiquarian.org&rft.atitle=MemberListH+%26%23124%3B+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlisth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://design.osu.edu/about/history-hayes-hall">"History of Hayes Hall"</a>. The Ohio State University. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Hayes+Hall&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesign.osu.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory-hayes-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2005" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Harry (2005) [1954]. Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9"><bdi>978-0-945707-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes+and+his+America&rft.place=Newtown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-945707-05-9&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1989" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (1989) [1959]. 1877: Year of Violence. Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929587-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929587-05-9"><bdi>978-0-929587-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1877%3A+Year+of+Violence&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee%2C+Publisher&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-929587-05-9&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun" title="Charles W. Calhoun">Calhoun, Charles W.</a> (2017). The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-2484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2484-3&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Edwina S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZS-CwAAQBAJ">Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth: Ulysses S. Grant's Postpresidential Diplomacy</a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809334780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809334780"><bdi>978-0809334780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+of+a+Wider+Commonwealth%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant%27s+Postpresidential+Diplomacy&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0809334780&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Edwina+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZS-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConwell1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_H._Conwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell H. Conwell">Conwell, Russell H.</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifepublicservic02conw/page/n7/mode/2up">Life and public services of Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. B oston: B. B. Russell; Philadelphia, Quaker city pub. house.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+public+services+of+Gov.+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=B+oston&rft.pub=B.+B.+Russell%3B+Philadelphia%2C+Quaker+city+pub.+house&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Conwell&rft.aufirst=Russell+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifepublicservic02conw%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1972" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofruth00davi">The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-6275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6275-1&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofruth00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2013" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Graham G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcN42ujUhMAC">Take Up Your Pen: Unilateral Presidential Directives in American Politics</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0815-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Up+Your+Pen%3A+Unilateral+Presidential+Directives+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0815-3&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Graham+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcN42ujUhMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2002) [1988]. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4"><bdi>978-0-06-093716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+1863%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093716-4&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant, Ulysses S.</a> (2003) [1885]. Personal Memoirs. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4990-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4990-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-4990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-4990-6&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ulysses+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1922" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Rutherford B. (1922). Williams, Charles Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diarylettersofru01haye/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. Vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiarylettersofru01haye%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1922). —— (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diarylettersofru00haye/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. Vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiarylettersofru00haye%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1922). —— (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. Vol. 3. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbirch03hayerich%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700606412">Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700606412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeely1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._McFeely" title="William S. McFeely">McFeely, William S.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdpmKTM5zTwC">Grant: A Biography</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-4287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-4287-1"><bdi>978-0-3933-4287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-3933-4287-1&rft.aulast=McFeely&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdpmKTM5zTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid, Whitelaw</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohioinwarhersta01reidgoog">Ohio in the War: The history of her regiments, and other military organizations</a>. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+in+the+War%3A+The+history+of+her+regiments%2C+and+other+military+organizations&rft.pub=Moore%2C+Wilstach+%26+Baldwin&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Whitelaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohioinwarhersta01reidgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1919" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, J. F. (1919). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850%3A+1877%E2%80%931896&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Heather Cox (2001). The Death of Reconstruction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00637-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Reconstruction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00637-9&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Heather+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Lloyd (2001) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stolenelectionha0000robi">The Stolen Election: Hayes versus Tilden—1876</a>. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-0206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-0206-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-0206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Election%3A+Hayes+versus+Tilden%E2%80%941876&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-0206-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstolenelectionha0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSproat1974" class="citation book cs1">Sproat, John G. (1974). "Rutherford B. Hayes: 1877–1881". In <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3"><bdi>978-0-440-05923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes%3A+1877%E2%80%931881&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-05923-3&rft.aulast=Sproat&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell1999" class="citation book cs1">Stowell, David O. (1999). Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77668-2"><bdi>978-0-226-77668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets%2C+Railroads%2C+and+the+Great+Strike+of+1877&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77668-2&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Trefousse, Hans L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbhayes00hans">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6907-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6907-5&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbhayes00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (2008) [1964]. <a href="/wiki/The_Greenback_Era:_A_Social_and_Political_History_of_American_Finance,_1865%E2%80%931879" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879">The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879</a>. New York: ACLS Humanities. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59740-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59740-431-0"><bdi>978-1-59740-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenback+Era%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History+of+American+Finance%2C+1865%E2%80%931879&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ACLS+Humanities&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59740-431-0&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ">American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5"><bdi>978-1-5883-6992-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Ulysses%3A+A+Life+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5883-6992-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPNRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendenen1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_C._Clendenen" title="Clarence C. Clendenen">Clendenen, Clarence</a> (October 1969). "President Hayes' "Withdrawal" of the Troops: An Enduring Myth". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 70 (4): 240–250. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566958">27566958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=President+Hayes%27+%22Withdrawal%22+of+the+Troops%3A+An+Enduring+Myth&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27566958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clendenen&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotsche1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Martin_Klotsche" title="J. Martin Klotsche">Klotsche, J. Martin</a> (December 1935). "The Star Route Cases". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 22 (3): 407–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1892626">10.2307/1892626</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892626">1892626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Star+Route+Cases&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1935-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1892626&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1892626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klotsche&rft.aufirst=J.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1998" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ezra (Winter 1998). "Congressional Relations and Public Relations in the Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–81)". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 (1): 68–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551831">27551831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Congressional+Relations+and+Public+Relations+in+the+Administration+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%281877%E2%80%9381%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Skidmore, Max J. "Rutherford B. Hayes." in Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century (2014): 50–62.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1980" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Thomas A. (1980). "Before Hyde Park: The Rutherford B. Hayes Library". The American Archivist. 43 (4): 485–488. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40292342">40292342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Archivist&rft.atitle=Before+Hyde+Park%3A+The+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Library&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40292342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Paul (September 1977). "United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission". Social Service Review. 51 (3): 451–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F643524">10.1086/643524</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30015511">30015511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143506388">143506388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Service+Review&rft.atitle=United+States+Indian+Policy%3A+From+the+Dawes+Act+to+the+American+Indian+Policy+Review+Commission&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E463&rft.date=1977-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143506388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30015511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F643524&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwint1952" class="citation journal cs1">Swint, Henry L. (June 1952). "Rutherford B. Hayes, Educator". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (1): 45–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1902843">10.2307/1902843</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902843">1902843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Educator&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1952-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1902843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1902843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swint&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelen1970" class="citation journal cs1">Thelen, David P. (Summer 1970). "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Reform Tradition in the Gilded Age". American Quarterly. 22 (2): 150–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711639">10.2307/2711639</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711639">2711639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+and+the+Reform+Tradition+in+the+Gilded+Age&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thelen&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000393" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000393">"Rutherford B. Hayes (id: H000393)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%28id%3A+H000393%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbhayes.org">The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/hayes/index.html">Rutherford B. Hayes: A Resource Guide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/hayes">Extensive essays on Rutherford B. Hayes</a> and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?150637-1/life-portrait-rutherford-b-hayes">"Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, July 19, 1999</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11290">Works by Rutherford B. Hayes</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1652">Works by Rutherford B. Hayes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rutherford_B._Hayes569" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Template:Rutherford B. 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Hayes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">19th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ohio" title="List of governors of Ohio">29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio</a> (1868–1872, 1876–1877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment" title="23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment">23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Division" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_West_Virginia" title="Army of West Virginia">Army of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cloyd%27s_Mountain" title="Battle of Cloyd's Mountain">Battle of Cloyd's Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Grove" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Cemetery_(Fremont,_Ohio)" title="Oakwood Cemetery (Fremont, Ohio)">Oakwood Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Room_(White_House)" title="Red Room (White House)">Red Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877" title="Baltimore railroad strike of 1877">Baltimore railroad strike of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Hayes" title="Villa Hayes">Villa Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes">List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_Presidential_Center" title="Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center">Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Hayes_(APA-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Hayes (APA-20)">USS President Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/These_Are_My_Jewels" title="These Are My Jewels">These Are My Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudo_Hayes_Firm_Day" title="Laudo Hayes Firm Day">Laudo Hayes Firm Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Presidente_Hayes" title="Club Presidente Hayes">Club Presidente Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_County,_Nebraska" title="Hayes County, Nebraska">Hayes County, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_High_School_(Delaware,_Ohio)" title="Rutherford B. Hayes High School (Delaware, Ohio)">Rutherford B. Hayes High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University,_Hayes_and_Orton_Halls" title="University, Hayes and Orton Halls">University, Hayes and Orton Halls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Webb Hayes</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb_Hayes" title="Webb Hayes">Webb Hayes</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford P. Hayes</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">← Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Category:Rutherford B. Hayes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Long" title="Alexander Long">Alexander Long</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">Ohio's 2nd congressional district</a> 1865–1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel Fenton Cary</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">Jacob Dolson Cox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_gubernatorial_elections" title="Ohio gubernatorial elections">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a> <a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">1867</a>, <a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">1869</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Edward Follansbee Noyes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Edward Follansbee Noyes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_gubernatorial_elections" title="Ohio gubernatorial elections">nominee</a> for Governor of Ohio <a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">1875</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._West_(judge)" title="William H. West (judge)">William H. West</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">Jacob Dolson Cox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a> 1868–1872 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Edward Follansbee Noyes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Governor of Ohio 1876–1877 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Young" title="Thomas L. Young">Thomas L. Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1877–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Ohio140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Ohio" title="Template:Governors of Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Ohio" title="Template talk:Governors of Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Ohio140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ohio" title="List of governors of Ohio">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ohio" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ohio">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tiffin" title="Edward Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kirker" title="Thomas Kirker">Kirker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Ohio_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Ohio politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_J._Meigs_Jr." title="Return J. Meigs Jr.">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Looker" title="Othniel Looker">Looker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(governor)" title="Thomas Worthington (governor)">Worthington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen_Brown" title="Ethan Allen Brown">E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Trimble" title="Allen Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Morrow" title="Jeremiah Morrow">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Trimble" title="Allen Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_McArthur" title="Duncan McArthur">McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_(governor)" title="Robert Lucas (governor)">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vance_(Ohio_politician)" title="Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Shannon" title="Wilson Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Shannon" title="Wilson Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bartley" title="Thomas W. Bartley">T. Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Bartley" title="Mordecai Bartley">M. Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bebb" title="William Bebb">Bebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabury_Ford" title="Seabury Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Wood" title="Reuben Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Medill" title="William Medill">Medill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">Dennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tod" title="David Tod">Tod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brough" title="John Brough">Brough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_(governor)" title="Charles Anderson (governor)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">J. D. Cox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Young" title="Thomas L. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bishop" title="Richard M. Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hoadly" title="George Hoadly">Hoadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Foraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Campbell" title="James E. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_S._Bushnell_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asa S. Bushnell (Governor)">Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_K._Nash" title="George K. Nash">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Pattison" title="John M. Pattison">Pattison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Harris" title="Andrew L. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">J. M. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">J. M. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Davis" title="Harry L. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Victor_Donahey" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Victor Donahey">Donahey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_Y._Cooper" title="Myers Y. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Davey" title="Martin L. Davey">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Herbert" title="Thomas J. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Brown" title="John William Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._William_O%27Neill" title="C. William O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_DiSalle" title="Michael DiSalle">DiSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Gilligan" title="John J. Gilligan">Gilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Celeste" title="Dick Celeste">Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hollister" title="Nancy Hollister">Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Taft" title="Bob Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Strickland" title="Ted Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">Kasich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">DeWine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11340" data-file-height="7200" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Medill" title="William Medill">Medill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Myers_(politician)" title="James Myers (politician)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ford" title="Thomas H. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Welker" title="Martin Welker">Welker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Kirk" title="Robert C. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanton" title="Benjamin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_(governor)" title="Charles Anderson (governor)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McBurney" title="Andrew McBurney">McBurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lee" title="John C. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Mueller" title="Jacob Mueller">Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Hart" title="Alphonso Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Young" title="Thomas L. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._W._Curtiss" title="H. W. Curtiss">Curtiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Fitch" title="Jabez W. Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hickenlooper" title="Andrew Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rees_G._Richards" title="Rees G. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Warwick" title="John G. Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Kennedy" title="Robert P. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_A._Conrad" title="Silas A. Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lyon" title="William C. Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_L._Lampson" title="Elbert L. Lampson">Lampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Marquis" title="William V. Marquis">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Harris" title="Andrew L. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_W._Jones" title="Asa W. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Caldwell" title="John A. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Nippert" title="Carl L. Nippert">Nippert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Gordon" title="Harry L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Harris" title="Andrew L. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Treadway" title="Francis W. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Nichols" title="Hugh L. Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Greenlund" title="W. A. Greenlund">Greenlund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Arnold_(politician)" title="John H. Arnold (politician)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Bloom" title="Earl D. Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._Brown" title="Clarence J. Brown">C. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Bloom" title="Earl D. Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lewis" title="Charles H. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Bloom" title="Earl D. Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Pickrel" title="William G. Pickrel">Pickrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Braden" title="George C. Braden">Braden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Brown" title="John T. Brown">J. T. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Pickrel" title="William G. Pickrel">Pickrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Mosier" title="Harold G. Mosier">Mosier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_P._Yoder" title="Paul P. Yoder">Yoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Herbert" title="Paul M. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Nye" title="George D. Nye">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Herbert" title="Paul M. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Nye" title="George D. Nye">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Brown" title="John William Brown">J. W. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Herbert" title="Paul M. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Donahey" title="John W. Donahey">Donahey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Brown" title="John William Brown">J. W. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Celeste" title="Dick Celeste">Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrl_Shoemaker" title="Myrl Shoemaker">Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Leonard_(politician)" title="Paul Leonard (politician)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">DeWine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hollister" title="Nancy Hollister">Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Connor" title="Maureen O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennette_Bradley" title="Jennette Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Johnson_(Ohio_politician)" title="Bruce Johnson (Ohio politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Fisher" title="Lee Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_(Ohio_politician)" title="Mary Taylor (Ohio politician)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Husted" title="Jon Husted">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Tressel" title="Jim Tressel">Tressel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_2nd_congressional_district87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives02" title="Template:OhioRepresentatives02"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives02" title="Template talk:OhioRepresentatives02"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives02" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives02"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_2nd_congressional_district87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">Ohio's 2nd congressional district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_(Ohio_politician)" title="John Alexander (Ohio politician)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Campbell" title="John Wilson Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Ross" title="Thomas R. Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woods_(Ohio_politician)" title="John Woods (Ohio politician)">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(Ohio_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Shields (Ohio politician)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Webster" title="Taylor Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Cunningham" title="Francis A. Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fisher_(politician)" title="David Fisher (politician)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Campbell" title="Lewis D. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Harrison" title="John Scott Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gurley" title="John A. Gurley">Gurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Long" title="Alexander Long">Long</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_E._Stevenson" title="Job E. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Young" title="Thomas L. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_M._Jordan" title="Isaac M. Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elwood_Brown" title="Charles Elwood Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Caldwell" title="John A. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Bromwell" title="Jacob H. Bromwell">Bromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_P._Goebel" title="Herman P. Goebel">Goebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Allen" title="Alfred G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Heintz" title="Victor Heintz">Heintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_E._B._Stephens" title="Ambrose E. B. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tatgenhorst_Jr." title="Charles Tatgenhorst Jr.">Tatgenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Hess" title="William E. Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Bigelow" title="Herbert S. Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Hess" title="William E. Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_T._Wagner" title="Earl T. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Hess" title="William E. Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Clancy" title="Donald D. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Luken" title="Tom Luken">Luken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gradison" title="Bill Gradison">Gradison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Portman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Schmidt" title="Jean Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup" title="Brad Wenstrup">Wenstrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Taylor_(Ohio_politician)" title="David Taylor (Ohio politician)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/100px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/150px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/200px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> (1879–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">David M. Key</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Horace Maynard</a> (1880–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">Richard W. Thompson</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Goff_Jr." title="Nathan Goff Jr.">Nathan Goff Jr.</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era103" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair">Virginius Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Rutherford B. Hayes at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="extiw" title="c:Rutherford B. Hayes">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="extiw" title="q:Rutherford B. Hayes">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Rutherford Birchard Hayes">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1899568/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqwjthcQ9k34mmDRjpyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118773518">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025146">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133924f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133924f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0105912&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070539677">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8038853">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/g09z6p0fdq4zg76h">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810557055805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007463403505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14300261">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05683782?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000393">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118773518.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118773518">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02978901X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583125">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64r8hwj">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x34w7n">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&oldid=1275297087">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&oldid=1275297087</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1822_births" title="Category:1822 births">1822 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1870s in the United States">1870s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1880s in the United States">1880s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_deaths" title="Category:1893 deaths">1893 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Methodists" title="Category:19th-century Methodists">19th-century Methodists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century presidents of the United States">19th-century presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_abolitionists" title="Category:American abolitionists">American abolitionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1876_United_States_presidential_election" 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Hayes\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 7,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 7,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 186,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 101,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"WIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","26.8"],["?","500","25.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.1"],["type","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.1"],["[others]","320","16.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-nd62v","timestamp":"20250216212912","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rutherford_B._Hayes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35686","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35686","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-22T21:46:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T05:14:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1877 to 1881"}</script> </body> </html>