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<div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Àtoms_muònics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àtoms_muònics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Àtoms muònics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àtoms_muònics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àtoms_hadrònics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àtoms_hadrònics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Àtoms hadrònics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àtoms_hadrònics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àtoms_hipernuclears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àtoms_hipernuclears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Àtoms hipernuclears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àtoms_hipernuclears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àtoms_de_quasipartícules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àtoms_de_quasipartícules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Àtoms de quasipartícules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àtoms_de_quasipartícules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Àtom exòtic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 26 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotiese_atoom" title="Eksotiese atoom - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksotiese atoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A9" title="ذرة شاذة - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذرة شاذة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotick%C3%BD_atom" title="Exotický atom - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exotický atom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotische_Atome" title="Exotische Atome - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exotische Atome" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Εξωτικό άτομο - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξωτικό άτομο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exotic atom" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Átomo exótico - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Átomo exótico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اتم اگزاتیک - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتم اگزاتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome_exotique" title="Atome exotique - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atome exotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_eksotis" title="Atom eksotis - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atom eksotis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atomo esotico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%A8%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="異種原子 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異種原子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%84%EB%82%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="별난 원자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="별난 원자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Егзотичен атом - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Егзотичен атом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotisch_atoom" title="Exotisch atoom - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exotisch atoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotisk_kjerne" title="Eksotisk kjerne - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eksotisk kjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotisk_kjerne" title="Eksotisk kjerne - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksotisk kjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_egzotyczny" title="Atom egzotyczny - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atom egzotyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom_es%C3%B2tich" title="Àtom esòtich - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àtom esòtich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Átomo exótico - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Átomo exótico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Экзотический атом - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экзотический атом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exotic atom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoti%C4%8Dni_atom" title="Eksotični atom - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksotični atom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Екзотичний атом - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екзотичний атом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_ngo%E1%BA%A1i_lai" title="Nguyên tử ngoại lai - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tử ngoại lai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇異原子 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇異原子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1068126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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<div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&oldid=33494890" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta 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class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>Un <b>àtom exòtic</b> és un <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom">àtom</a> normal, en el qual s'ha substituït una o més <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula" title="Partícula">partícules</a> per altres partícules de la mateixa càrrega. Per exemple, els <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> es poden substituir per altres partícules negatives com els <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3" title="Muó">muons</a> o <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3" title="Pió">pions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Com que els nous sistemes són altament inestables, les <a href="/wiki/Vida_mitjana" title="Vida mitjana">vides mitjanes de desintegració</a> dels àtoms exòtics tendeixen a ser extremadament curtes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Àtoms_muònics"><span id=".C3.80toms_mu.C3.B2nics"></span>Àtoms muònics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Àtoms muònics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En un <b>àtom muònic</b>, se substitueix un electró per un <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3" title="Muó">muó</a>, el qual, com l'electró, és un <a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3" title="Leptó">leptó</a>. Ja que els leptons són només sensibles a les <a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_feble" class="mw-redirect" title="Interacció feble">forces febles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Interacció electromagnètica">electromagnètica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gravetat" title="Gravetat">gravitatòria</a>, els àtoms muònics es regeixen per la interacció electromagnètica que és la mes forta de les tres. No hi ha complicacions degudes a la <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_forta" title="Força nuclear forta">força nuclear forta</a>, com passa entre els leptons i el nucli. </p><p>A causa de la major massa d'un <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3" title="Muó">muó</a> pel que fa a la d'un electró, les <a href="/wiki/Model_at%C3%B2mic_de_Bohr" title="Model atòmic de Bohr">òrbites de Bohr</a> d'aquests àtoms són menors, i les correccions degudes a l'<a href="/wiki/Electrodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Electrodinàmica quàntica">electrodinàmica quàntica</a> són més importants que les d'àtoms normals. L'estudi dels <a href="/wiki/Nivell_d%27energia" title="Nivell d'energia">nivells energètics</a> i dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_transici%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de transició (encara no existeix)">índexs de transició</a> des d'<a href="/wiki/Estat_excitat" title="Estat excitat">estats excitats</a> cap a l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_fonamental" title="Estat fonamental">estat fonamental</a> dels àtoms muònics aporta més dades a l'<a href="/wiki/Electrodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Electrodinàmica quàntica">electrodinàmica quàntica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Àtoms_hadrònics"><span id=".C3.80toms_hadr.C3.B2nics"></span>Àtoms hadrònics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Àtoms hadrònics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un <b>àtom hadrònic</b> és un àtom en el qual un o més dels <a href="/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B2mic" title="Orbital atòmic">electrons orbitals</a> se substitueixen per <a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3" title="Hadró">hadrons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els hadrons possibles inclouen <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3" title="Mesó">mesons</a>, com els <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3" title="Pió">pions</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaó (encara no existeix)">kaons</a>, i formen un <b>àtom mesònic</b>; <a href="/wiki/Antiprot%C3%B3" title="Antiprotó">antiprotons</a>, produint un <b>àtom antiprotònic</b>; i partícula Σ<sup>−</sup>, que conduirà a l'<b>àtom sigmaòtic</b> o Σ<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ns_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A diferència dels leptons, els hadrons poden interaccionar mitjançant <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_forta" class="mw-redirect" title="Força forta">força forta</a>; per això, els nivells d'energia dels àtoms hadrònics estan influenciats per les <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear" title="Força nuclear">forces nuclears</a> entre el <a href="/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic">nucli</a> i l'hadró. Com que la força forta és una interacció de curt abast, els efectes són més forts si l'orbital atòmic implicat és proper al nucli quan els nivells d'energia implicats poden ampliar-se o desaparèixer a causa de l'absorció de l'hadró pel nucli.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ns_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els àtoms hadrònics, com l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_pi%C3%B2nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen piònic (encara no existeix)">hidrogen piònic</a> i l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_ka%C3%B2nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen kaònic (encara no existeix)">hidrogen kaònic</a>, són interessants per a estudiar experimentalment la teoria de la interacció forta, <a href="/wiki/Cromodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Cromodinàmica quàntica">cromodinàmica quàntica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oni">Oni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Oni"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<b>oni</b> és l'estat que uneix una partícula i la seva <a href="/wiki/Antipart%C3%ADcula" title="Antipartícula">antipartícula</a>. El clàssic oni és el <a href="/wiki/Positroni" title="Positroni">positroni</a>, que consisteix en un <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró">electró</a> i un <a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3" title="Positró">positró</a> units en un estat <a href="/wiki/Metaestable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaestable">metaestable</a> de llarga durada. El positroni s'estudia des dels anys 50 per a entendre la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_qu%C3%A0ntica_de_camps" title="Teoria quàntica de camps">teoria quàntica de camps</a>. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/Muoni" title="Muoni">muoni</a>, malgrat el seu nom, no és un estat oni d'un muó positiu i negatiu, car la <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">IUPAC</a> assignà aquest nom per al sistema d'un muó positiu unit amb un electró. Això no obstant, s'ha teoritzat la producció de muoni autèntic (o dimuoni), que seria un estat oni,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> com també seria el cas del "tauoni autèntic" (o ditauoni) format per un parell de <a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3_tau" title="Leptó tau">leptons tau</a> de càrrega oposada.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/Pioni" title="Pioni">pioni</a>, un estat que uneix dos pions de càrrega oposada, és interessant per a l'exploració de la <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_forta" title="Força nuclear forta">interacció forta</a>. Com també és el cas per als seus "germans" més pesants <a href="/wiki/Kaoni" title="Kaoni">kaoni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni">protoni</a>. Els veritables anàlegs del positroni en la teoria d'interaccions fortes, això no obstant, no són àtoms exòtics sinó <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3" title="Mesó">mesons</a>, els <i>estats <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarkoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarkoni (encara no existeix)">quarkònics</a></i>, els quals estan fets d'un quark pesant com el <a href="/wiki/Quark_encantat" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark encantat">quark c</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Quark_fons" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark fons">quark b</a> i el seu antiquark. Els <a href="/wiki/Quark_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark cim">quarks t</a> són tan pesants que es desintegren mitjançant força feble abans de formar estats lligats "toponi". L'exploració d'aquests estats mitjançant la cromodinàmica quàntica no relativista i el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticle_QCD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reticle QCD (encara no existeix)">reticle QCD</a> són tests cada cop més importants de la cromodinàmica quàntica. </p><p>Entendre els estats d'unió d'<a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3" title="Hadró">hadrons</a> com el <a href="/wiki/Pioni" title="Pioni">pioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaoni" title="Kaoni">kaoni</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni">protoni</a> és també important per a clarificar nocions relacionades amb els <a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Hadró exòtic">hadrons exòtics</a>, com les <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula_mes%C3%B2nica" title="Molècula mesònica">molècules mesòniques</a> i els estats <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">pentaquarks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Àtoms_hipernuclears"><span id=".C3.80toms_hipernuclears"></span>Àtoms hipernuclears</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Àtoms hipernuclears"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els àtoms poden estar constituïts per electrons que <a href="/wiki/Orbitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitar">orbiten</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipernucli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipernucli (encara no existeix)">hipernucli</a>, el qual pot contenir partícules estranyes, denominades <a href="/wiki/Hiper%C3%B3" title="Hiperó"><i>hiperons</i></a>. Aquests àtoms hipernucleares s'estudien principalment per estudiar aspectes de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear">física nuclear</a>, més que no pas la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_at%C3%B2mica" title="Física atòmica">física atòmica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Àtoms_de_quasipartícules"><span id=".C3.80toms_de_quasipart.C3.ADcules"></span>Àtoms de <a href="/wiki/Quasipart%C3%ADcula" title="Quasipartícula">quasipartícules</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Àtoms de quasipartícules"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En sistemes de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria_condensada" title="Física de la matèria condensada">matèria condensada</a>, tal com en alguns <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, hi ha estats anomenats <a href="/wiki/Excit%C3%B3" title="Excitó"><i>excitons</i></a>, en els quals un electró s'uneix a un <a href="/wiki/Forat_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Forat (física)">forat d'electró</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">§1.8, <i>Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles</i>, Ludwig Bergmann, Clemens Schaefer, and Wilhelm Raith, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/3-11-013990-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/3-11-013990-1">ISBN 3-11-013990-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-as_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-as_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=YB000560">Exotic atoms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222044613/http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=YB000560">Arxivat</a> 2007-12-22 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., AccessScience, McGraw-Hill. Accessed on line September 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 3, <i>Fundamentals in Hadronic Atom Theory</i>, A. Deloff, River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/981-238-371-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/981-238-371-9">ISBN 981-238-371-9</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 8, §16.4, §16.5, Deloff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ns-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ns_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ns_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html">The strange world of the exotic atom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221164440/http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html">Arxivat</a> 2007-12-21 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Roger Barrett, Daphne Jackson and Habatwa Mweene, <i>New Scientist</i>, August 4, 1990. Accessed on line September 26, 2007.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 180, <i>Quantum Mechanics</i>, B. K. Agarwal and Hari Prakash, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd., 1997. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/81-203-1007-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/81-203-1007-1">ISBN 81-203-1007-1</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29759">Exotic atoms cast light on fundamental questions</a>, <i>CERN Courier</i>, November 1, 2006. Accessed on line September 26, 2007.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBrodskyLebed2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Brodsky</span>, Stanley J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lebed</span>, Richard F. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.213401">Production of the Smallest QED Atom: True Muonium (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$)</a>». <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, 102, 21, 26-05-2009, pàg. 213401. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.213401">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.213401</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFd’EnterriaPerez-RamosShao2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d’Enterria</span>, David; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Perez-Ramos</span>, Redamy; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shao</span>, Hua-Sheng «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10831-x">Ditauonium spectroscopy</a>» (en anglès). <i>The European Physical Journal C</i>, 82, 10, 18-10-2022, pàg. 923. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-022-10831-x">10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10831-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1434-6052">1434-6052</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Model_estàndard_de_física_de_partícules" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Part%C3%ADcules" title="Plantilla:Partícules"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Quark_amunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark amunt">u</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_avall" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark avall">d</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_encant" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark encant">c</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_estrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark estrany">s</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark cim">t</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_fons" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark fons">b</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark_amunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark amunt"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">u</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_avall" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark avall"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">d</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_encant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark encant"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">c</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_estrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark estrany"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">s</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark cim"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">t</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_fons" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark fons"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">b</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3" title="Leptó">Leptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró">e<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3" title="Muó">μ<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauó">τ<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD" title="Neutrí">ν</a> <b>(</b><a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Neutrí electrònic">ν<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" title="Neutrí muònic">ν<sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrí tauònic">ν<sub>τ</sub></a><b>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Antilept%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Antileptó">Antileptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3" title="Positró">e<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antimu%C3%B3" title="Antimuó">μ<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antitau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauó">τ<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD" title="Antineutrí"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span></a> <b>(</b><a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí electrònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí muònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí tauònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>τ</sub></a><b>)</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3" title="Bosó">Bosons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_gauge" title="Bosó de gauge">Gauge</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3" title="Fotó">γ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%B3" title="Gluó">g</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó W">W<sup>±</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Z">Z</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_E(38)" title="Bosó E(38)">E<sub>38</sub></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_escalar" title="Bosó escalar">Escalar</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_Higgs" title="Bosó de Higgs">H<sup>0</sup></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Camp_fantasma" title="Camp fantasma">Fantasmes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_hipot%C3%A8tica" title="Partícula hipotètica">Hipotètiques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Supercompany" title="Supercompany">Supercompanyes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Sfermi%C3%B3" title="Sfermió">Sfermions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Squark" title="Squark">Squarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Quark_samunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark samunt"><span style="font-size:120%;">u͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Quark_savall" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark savall"><span style="font-size:120%;">d͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sencant" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sencant"><span style="font-size:120%;">c͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sestrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sestrany"><span style="font-size:120%;">s͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sim" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sim"><span style="font-size:120%;">t͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sfons" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sfons"><span style="font-size:120%;">b͂</span></a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Slept%C3%B3" title="Sleptó">Sleptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Selectr%C3%B3_(part%C3%ADcula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectró (partícula)"><span style="font-size:120%;">e͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Smu%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuó"><span style="font-size:120%;">μ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Stauó"><span style="font-size:120%;">τ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí electrònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí muònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí tauònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>τ</sub></a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaug%C3%AD" title="Gaugí">Gaugins</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%AD" title="Beí"><span style="font-size:120%;">B͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%AD" title="Fotí"><span style="font-size:120%;">γ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%AD" title="Gluí"><span style="font-size:120%;">g͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%AD" title="Gravití"><span style="font-size:120%;">G͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/We%C3%AD" title="Weí"><span style="font-size:120%;">W͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zet%C3%AD" title="Zetí"><span style="font-size:120%;">Z͂</span></a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%AD" title="Axí">Axí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Carregu%C3%AD" title="Carreguí">Carreguí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Higgs%C3%AD" title="Higgsí">Higgsí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutral%C3%AD" title="Neutralí">Neutralí</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axi%C3%B3" title="Axió">A<sup>0</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dilat%C3%B3" title="Dilató">D</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3_de_Majorana" title="Fermió de Majorana">Fermió de Majorana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Fotó magnètic">Fotó magnètic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%B3" title="Gravitó">G</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravifot%C3%B3" title="Gravifotó">Gravifotó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Inflat%C3%B3" title="Inflató">Inflató</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Major%C3%B3" title="Majoró">J</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monopol_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Monopol magnètic">m</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_est%C3%A8ril" title="Neutrí estèril">neutrí estèril</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%B3" title="Preó">Preó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Taqui%C3%B3" title="Taquió">Taquió</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó X">X</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Y" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Y">Y</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_W%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó W'">W'</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Z%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Z'">Z'</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_composta" title="Partícula composta">Compostes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3" title="Hadró">Hadrons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3" title="Barió">Barions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3" title="Nucleó">Nucleons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó">p</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3" title="Neutró">n</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiprot%C3%B3" title="Antiprotó"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%B3" title="Antineutró"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">n</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hiper%C3%B3" title="Hiperó">Hiperons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3_Delta" title="Barió Delta">Δ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(bari%C3%B3)" title="Lambda (barió)">Λ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Sigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Sigma (encara no existeix)">Σ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Ksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Ksi (encara no existeix)">Ξ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Omega (encara no existeix)">Ω</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3" title="Mesó">Mesons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3" title="Pió">Pió</a> (π)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_rho" title="Mesó rho">Mesó rho</a> (ρ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mesons_eta_i_eta_prima" title="Mesons eta i eta prima">Mesons eta i eta prima</a> (η) i (η')<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_fi" title="Mesó fi">Mesó fi</a> (φ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_omega" title="Mesó omega">Mesó omega</a> (ω)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_psi%C3%B3" title="Mesó psió">Mesó psió</a> (J/ψ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_%C3%ADpsilon" title="Mesó ípsilon">Mesó ípsilon</a> (ϒ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_theta" title="Mesó theta">Mesó theta</a> (θ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mes%C3%B3_K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesó K (encara no existeix)">Mesó K</a> (K)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_B" title="Mesó B">Mesó B</a> (B)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_D" title="Mesó D">Mesó D</a> (D)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_T" title="Mesó T">Mesó T</a> (T)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic">Nucli atòmic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom">Àtom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Àtom exòtic</a> <b>(</b> <a href="/wiki/Positroni" title="Positroni">Positroni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Muoni" title="Muoni">Muoni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tautoni" title="Tautoni">Tautoni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Oni_(part%C3%ADcula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oni (partícula)">Oni</a> <b>)</b><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Super%C3%A0tom" title="Superàtom">Superàtoms</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula">Molècula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_hipot%C3%A8tica" title="Partícula hipotètica">Hipotètiques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Hadró exòtic">Hadrons exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Barió exòtic">Barions exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dibari%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibarió">Dibarió</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Skyrmi%C3%B3" title="Skyrmió">Skyrmió</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Mesó exòtic">Mesons exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bola_de_gluons" title="Bola de gluons">Bola de gluons</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula_mes%C3%B2nica" title="Molècula mesònica">Molècula mesònica</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pomer%C3%B3" title="Pomeró">Pomeró</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasipart%C3%ADcula" title="Quasipartícula">Quasipartícules</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solit%C3%B3_de_Davydov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitó de Davydov (encara no existeix)">Solitó de Davydov</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Excit%C3%B3" title="Excitó">Excitó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hol%C3%B3" title="Holó">Holó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%B3" title="Magnó">Magnó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%B3" title="Fonó">Fonó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmar%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmaró (encara no existeix)">Plasmaró</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plasm%C3%B3" title="Plasmó">Plasmó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarit%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaritó (encara no existeix)">Polaritó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polar%C3%B3" title="Polaró">Polaró</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rot%C3%B3" title="Rotó">Rotó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri%C3%B3_(f%C3%ADsica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trió (física) (encara no existeix)">Trió</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descartades</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%B3" title="Partó">Partó</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Llistes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Llista_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Llista de partícules">Llista de partícules</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Cronologia de la física de partícules">Cronologia de la física de partícules</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Books">Llibres</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model">Book:Particles of the Standard Model<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> </a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Hadronic_Matter">Book:Hadronic Matter</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Leptons">Book:Leptons</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/">Book:Quarks</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4153344-6">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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