CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rammed earth - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"19869eef-eb80-4427-a191-021552c73fb2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rammed_earth","wgTitle":"Rammed earth","wgCurRevisionId":1277375690,"wgRevisionId":1277375690,"wgArticleId":513965,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Rammed earth","American inventions","Appropriate technology","Chinese inventions","Natural materials","Soil-based building materials","Sustainable building","Sustainable technologies","Earth structures"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rammed_earth","wgRelevantArticleId":513965,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1363009","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/1200px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/960px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="532"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rammed earth - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rammed_earth rootpage-Rammed_earth skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rammed+earth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rammed+earth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rammed+earth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rammed+earth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Building_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Building process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects_and_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects_and_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Environmental effects and sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects_and_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>20th century China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rammed earth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A9" title="تربة مدكوكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربة مدكوكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampflehm" title="Stampflehm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stampflehm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampsavisein" title="Tampsavisein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tampsavisein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapial" title="Tapial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tapial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premtero" title="Premtero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Premtero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buztin-horma" title="Buztin-horma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buztin-horma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="خاک کوبیده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاک کوبیده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis%C3%A9" title="Pisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EC%B6%95" title="판축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_tumpat" title="Tanah tumpat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanah tumpat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis%C3%A9" title="Pisé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pisé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%97%D7%94" title="אדמה נגוחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמה נגוחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udongo_ulioshindiliwa" title="Udongo ulioshindiliwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udongo ulioshindiliwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%88%E7%AF%89" title="版築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="版築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tàpia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipa_(material)" title="Taipa (material) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taipa (material)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Землебитные строения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Землебитные строения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasein%C3%A4" title="Maaseinä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaseinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordhus" title="Jordhus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordhus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1k%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1lm%C4%B1%C5%9F_toprak" title="Sıkıştırılmış toprak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıkıştırılmış toprak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Землебит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Землебит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_n%E1%BB%87n" title="Đất nện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất nện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F" title="夯土 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夯土" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F" title="夯土 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夯土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1363009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rammed_earth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rammed_earth" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rammed_earth" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&oldid=1277375690" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rammed_earth&id=1277375690&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRammed_earth"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRammed_earth"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rammed_earth&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rammed_earth" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1363009" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Construction material of damp subsoil</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Vacation_2007,_263,_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light,_Dunhuang,_Gansu_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/220px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/330px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/440px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BCE – 220 CE) Chinese <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtower</a> made of rammed earth in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Province of Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rammed earth</b> is a technique for <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">constructing</a> foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building method</a>. </p><p>Under its French name of <b>pisé</b> it is also a material for <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, usually small and made in <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molds</a>. It has been especially used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan art</a>, and sometimes in China.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edifices formed of rammed earth are found on every continent except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, in a range of environments including <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, wet,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Semiarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiarid">semiarid</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions. The availability of suitable soil and a <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">building design</a> appropriate for local <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic conditions</a> are two factors that make its use favourable. </p><p>The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_process">Building process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Building process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rammed_earth" title="Special:EditPage/Rammed earth">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapialdebarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tapialdebarro.jpg/220px-Tapialdebarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tapialdebarro.jpg/330px-Tapialdebarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tapialdebarro.jpg/440px-Tapialdebarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Traditional model of construction of a wall of rammed earth on a foundation</figcaption></figure> <p>Making rammed earth involves compacting a damp mixture of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">subsoil</a> that has suitable proportions of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and stabilizer if any, into a formwork (an externally supported frame or mold). </p><p>Historically, additives such as <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> or animal blood were used to stabilize it. </p><p>Soil mix is poured into the <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a> to a depth of 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) and then compacted to approximately 50% of its original volume. The soil is compacted <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iterative#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:iterative">iteratively</a> in batches or courses so as to gradually erect the wall up to the top of the formwork. Tamping was historically manual with a long ramming pole by hand, but modern construction systems can employ <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatically</a>-powered tampers. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg/220px-HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg/330px-HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg/440px-HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> house-building technique in the subtropical climate of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurPise2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MurPise2.JPG/220px-MurPise2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MurPise2.JPG/330px-MurPise2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MurPise2.JPG/440px-MurPise2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Old rammed-earth wall with deterioration, in France</figcaption></figure> <p>After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork. This is necessary if a surface texture is to be applied, e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">wire brushing</a>, carving, or mold impression because the walls become too hard to work after approximately one hour. The <a href="/wiki/Compression_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression strength">compressive strength</a> of rammed earth increases as it cures. Cement-stabilized rammed earth is cured for a minimum period of 28 days. </p><p>In modern rammed earth buildings, the walls are constructed on top of conventional <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">footings</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> slab base. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slipform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slipform.jpg/220px-Slipform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slipform.jpg/330px-Slipform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slipform.jpg/440px-Slipform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary slip formwork in use</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of an entire wall begins with a temporary frame, the "formwork", which is usually made of wood or plywood, as a mold for each wall section's desired shape and dimensions. The form must be durable and well-braced, and the two opposing faces must be clamped together to prevent bulging or deformation caused by the large compressing forces. Formwork plays an important role in building rammed earth walls. Historically, wooden planks tied using rope were used to build walls. Modern builders use plywood and/or steel to build formwork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg/220px-Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg/330px-Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg/440px-Rammed_earth_wall_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the surface of an eroded rammed-earth wall: apart from the patches of damage, the surface shows regular horizontal lines caused by the wooden <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a> and subtler horizontal strata from successive courses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_Finish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wall_Finish.jpg/220px-Wall_Finish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wall_Finish.jpg/330px-Wall_Finish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wall_Finish.jpg/440px-Wall_Finish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Surface of a newly built rammed earth wall just after the removal of formwork</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa (700 and 3,000 psi)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="As mentioned just before, strength depends on the specific mix. Should be able to identify what "Well produced" means in this context. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Higher compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic activity</a>. </p><p>Adding cement to soil mixtures low in clay can also increase the load-bearing capacity of rammed-earth edifices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> observed in 1925 that rammed-earth structures endure indefinitely and can be constructed for less than two-thirds of the cost of standard frame houses.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_Farmer_Bulletin_1500_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_Farmer_Bulletin_1500-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rammed earth works require at least one skilled person for quality control. All other workers can be unskilled or semi-skilled. </p><p>One significant benefit of rammed earth is its high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a>: like <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, it absorbs heat during the day and releases heat at night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This action moderates daily temperature variations and reduces the need for <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>. In colder climates, rammed-earth walls can be insulated by inserting insulation such as <a href="/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a> or rigid <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fibreglass</a> panels within internal and external layers of rammed earth. Depending on the type and content of binder, it must also be protected from heavy rain and insulated with vapour barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices. This avoids problems of condensation and prevents significant loss of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-six_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth. <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">Moisture-impermeable</a> finishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cement_render" title="Cement render">cement render</a>, are not used by some people because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which quality is necessary to preserve its strength.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Blemishes can be repaired using the soil mixture as a plaster and sanded smooth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg/220px-Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg/330px-Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg/440px-Oxide_Finish_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>A wall surface with oxide colour for visual appeal</figcaption></figure> <p>The thickness varies widely based on region and code. It can be as little as 6 inches (150 mm) for non load-bearing walls and up to 24 inches (600 mm) for <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load-bearing walls</a>. The thickness and <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of rammed-earth walls make them suitable for <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">soundproofing</a>. They are also inherently <a href="/wiki/Fireproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireproof">fireproof</a>, resistant to <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> damage, and non-toxic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects_and_sustainability">Environmental effects and sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental effects and sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rammed_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rammed_earth.jpg/220px-Rammed_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Rammed_earth.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Rammed-earth <a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">trombe wall</a> constructed by <a href="/wiki/Design_Build_Bluff" title="Design Build Bluff">Design Build Bluff</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Edifices of rammed earth are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other building techniques that use more cement and other chemicals. Because rammed-earth edifices use locally available materials, they usually have low <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">embodied energy</a> and generate very little waste.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The soils used are typically <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> which conserve the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> for agriculture. When the soil excavated in preparation for a foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption of transportation are minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-one_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rammed earth is probably the least environmentally detrimental construction material and technique that is readily and commercially available today to construct solid edifices. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rammed earth has potentially low manufacturing impact, contingent on the amount of cement and the amount that is locally sourced; it is often <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">quarried aggregates</a> rather than "earth". </p><p>Rammed earth can contribute to the overall energy efficiency of edifices: the density, thickness, and thermal conductivity of rammed earth render it an especially suitable material for <a href="/wiki/Passive_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive solar">passive solar</a> heating. Warmth requires almost 12 hours to be conducted through a wall 35 cm (14 in) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-six_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has low <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> in theory, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> and the production of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> can add significantly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (August 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JiayuguanWall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/JiayuguanWall.jpg/220px-JiayuguanWall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/JiayuguanWall.jpg/330px-JiayuguanWall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/JiayuguanWall.jpg/440px-JiayuguanWall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>A <i>hangtu</i> section of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg/220px-Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg/330px-Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg/440px-Grange.Bassey.Saint.Nicolas.Macherin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of ancient use of rammed earth has been found in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> archaeological sites such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, dating to the 9th–7th millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> cultures in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, dating to 5000 BCE. By 2000 BCE, rammed-earth architectural techniques (夯土 <i>Hāng tǔ</i>) were commonly used for walls and foundations in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xujie_Liu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xujie_Liu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1800s, rammed earth was popularized in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by the book <i>Rural Economy</i> by S. W. Johnson. The technique was used to construct the <a href="/wiki/Borough_House_Plantation" title="Borough House Plantation">Borough House Plantation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Borough_House_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borough_House-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Stateburg,_South_Carolina)" title="Church of the Holy Cross (Stateburg, South Carolina)">Church of the Holy Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina" title="Stateburg, South Carolina">Stateburg, South Carolina</a>, both being <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Landmarks">National Historic Landmarks</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Constructed in 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Borough_House_Plantation" title="Borough House Plantation">Borough House Plantation</a> complex contains the oldest and largest collection of 'high style' pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book <i>Rural Economy</i>, by S. W. Johnson</p></blockquote> <p>An outstanding example of a rammed-earth edifice in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Anglican_Church_(Shanty_Bay,_Ontario)" title="St. Thomas Anglican Church (Shanty Bay, Ontario)">St. Thomas Anglican Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanty_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanty Bay">Shanty Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, erected between 1838 and 1841. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borough_House_Plantation_(Stateburg,_South_Carolina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg/220px-Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg/330px-Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg/440px-Borough_House_Plantation_%28Stateburg%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3290" /></a><figcaption>Edifices of the <a href="/wiki/Borough_House_Plantation" title="Borough House Plantation">Borough House Plantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina" title="Stateburg, South Carolina">Stateburg, South Carolina</a>, erected in the 1820s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG/220px-Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG/330px-Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG/440px-Stateburg_holy_cross_1419.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Episcopal)_Stateburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Holy Cross (Episcopal) Stateburg">Holy Cross Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stateburg,_South_Carolina" title="Stateburg, South Carolina">Stateburg, South Carolina</a>, erected between 1850 and 1852</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1920s through the 1940s rammed-earth construction in the US was studied. <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dakota State College">South Dakota State College</a> extensively researched and constructed almost one hundred weathering walls of rammed earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For over 30 years the college investigated the use of paints and plasters in relation to colloids in soil. In 1943, Clemson Agricultural College of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> published the results of their research of rammed earth in a pamphlet titled "Rammed Earth Building Construction".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, on a homestead near <a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale, Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> constructed experimental rammed-earth edifices with architect Thomas Hibben.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The houses were inexpensively constructed and were sold to the public along with sufficient land for gardens and small plots for livestock. The project successfully provided homes to low-income families.<sup id="cite_ref-six_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/US_Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="US Agency for International Development">US Agency for International Development</a> is working with <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> to improve the engineering of rammed-earth houses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also financed the authorship of the <i>Handbook of Rammed Earth</i> by <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Transportation_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Transportation Institute">Texas Transportation Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-six_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_For_Building_Homes_of_Earth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_For_Building_Homes_of_Earth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in rammed earth declined after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the cost of modern construction materials decreased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-six_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A notable example of 21st-century use of rammed earth is the façade of the <a href="/wiki/Nk%27Mip_Desert_Cultural_Centre" title="Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre">Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada. As of 2014 it is the longest rammed earth wall in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_China">20th century China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the <a href="/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field" title="Daqing Oil Field">Daqing oil field</a> and the related development of <a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Drawing on the Daqing experience, China encouraged rammed earth construction in the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Starting in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> advocated for a "mass design revolution movement".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, Mao urged that planners should avoid the use of Soviet-style prefabricated materials and instead embrace the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> spirit of on-site construction using rammed earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party</a> promoted the use of rammed earth construction as a low-cost method which was indigenous to China and required little technical skill.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front campaign</a> to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a> instructed project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 207">: 207 </span></sup> This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing."<sup id="cite_ref-:112_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 207">: 207 </span></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg/220px-Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg/330px-Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg/440px-Nk%27Mip_DCC_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nk%27Mip_Desert_Cultural_Centre" title="Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre">Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osoyoos" title="Osoyoos">Osoyoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, completed in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adobe_houses_%2B_cats,_Tabant_Maroc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg/220px-Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg/330px-Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg/440px-Adobe_houses_%2B_cats%2C_Tabant_Maroc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>"Pisé" houses of rammed earth in <a href="/wiki/Tabant" title="Tabant">Tabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>; the technique is called "<i>tabut</i>" there.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg/220px-Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg/330px-Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg/440px-Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alker" title="Alker">Alker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">Cob</a>, a very similar material that adds organic fiber to increase strength</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_sheltering" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sheltering">Earth sheltering</a>, the architectural practice of using earth against building walls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_earth_block" title="Compressed earth block">Compressed earth block</a>, individual bricks of highly compressed <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> (and other natural additives) that can be utilized in normal <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_soil_stabilization" title="Polymer soil stabilization">Polymer soil stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craterre" title="Craterre">Craterre</a> - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rammed_earth" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pise">"Pisé terminology"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pis%C3%A9+terminology&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?p=1&ps=12&material=loam&st=Objects&ii=0">17 objects made</a> from "<a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeable" class="citation web cs1">Keable, Rowland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rammedearthconsulting.com/rammed-earth-CAT-lecture-theatre.htm">"Rammed earth lecture theatre, Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT)"</a>. <i>Rammed Earth Consulting</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rammed+Earth+Consulting&rft.atitle=Rammed+earth+lecture+theatre%2C+Centre+for+Alternative+Technology+%28CAT%29&rft.aulast=Keable&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rammedearthconsulting.com%2Frammed-earth-CAT-lecture-theatre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_Farmer_Bulletin_1500-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_Farmer_Bulletin_1500_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBettsMiller1937" class="citation web cs1">Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225224741/http://www.aaronhauser.com/rammed-earth-books/farmers-bulletin-no-1500-rammed-earth-walls-for-buildings/">"Farmers' Bulletin No. 1500: Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings - Rammed Earth Books - The Boden Hauser"</a>. <i>The Boden Hauser</i>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600507592">600507592</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronhauser.com/rammed-earth-books/farmers-bulletin-no-1500-rammed-earth-walls-for-buildings/">the original</a> on February 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boden+Hauser&rft.atitle=Farmers%27+Bulletin+No.+1500%3A+Rammed+Earth+Walls+for+Buildings+-+Rammed+Earth+Books+-+The+Boden+Hauser&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1937-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600507592&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Morris+Cotgrave&rft.au=Miller%2C+Thomas+Arrington+Huntington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronhauser.com%2Frammed-earth-books%2Ffarmers-bulletin-no-1500-rammed-earth-walls-for-buildings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, Washington, DC, USA. An alternative version is at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBettsMiller1937" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3436/m1/22/"><i>Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings</i></a>. Denton, TX, USA: UNT Digital Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600507592">600507592</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rammed+Earth+Walls+for+Buildings&rft.place=Denton%2C+TX%2C+USA&rft.pub=UNT+Digital+Library%2C+University+of+North+Texas&rft.date=1937-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600507592&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Morris+Cotgrave&rft.au=Miller%2C+Thomas+Arrington+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc3436%2Fm1%2F22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124055617/http://earthstructures.com.au/rammed-earth-construction/">"Rammed Earth Construction"</a>. <i>Earth Structures</i>. Victoria, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthstructures.com.au/rammed-earth-construction/">the original</a> on 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Structures&rft.atitle=Rammed+Earth+Construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthstructures.com.au%2Frammed-earth-construction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-six-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-six_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassell2001" class="citation web cs1">Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121059/http://webs.ashlandctc.org/jnapora/hum-faculty/syllabi/trad.html">"A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction"</a>. <i>Ashland Community and Technical College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webs.ashlandctc.org/jnapora/hum-faculty/syllabi/trad.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashland+Community+and+Technical+College&rft.atitle=A+Traditional+Research+Paper%3A+Rammed+Earth+Construction&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.aulast=Cassell&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebs.ashlandctc.org%2Fjnapora%2Fhum-faculty%2Fsyllabi%2Ftrad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllinsonHall2013" class="citation journal cs1">Allinson, David; Hall, Matthew (2013-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Humidity_buffering_using_stabilised_rammed_earth_materials/9444929">"Humidity buffering using stabilised rammed earth materials"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Construction+Materials&rft.atitle=Humidity+buffering+using+stabilised+rammed+earth+materials&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hall%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lboro.ac.uk%2Farticles%2FHumidity_buffering_using_stabilised_rammed_earth_materials%2F9444929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.sustainablesources.com/#Soils">"Soils for Rammed Earth, Caliche Block, and Soil Material Construction"</a>. Austin, TX, USA: Sustainable Sources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soils+for+Rammed+Earth%2C+Caliche+Block%2C+and+Soil+Material+Construction&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX%2C+USA&rft.pub=Sustainable+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth.sustainablesources.com%2F%23Soils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeable" class="citation web cs1">Keable, Rowland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rammedearthconsulting.com/rammed-earth-cement-co2.htm">"Rammed Earth – Pollution and Cement"</a>. <i>Rammed Earth Consulting</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rammed+Earth+Consulting&rft.atitle=Rammed+Earth+%E2%80%93+Pollution+and+Cement&rft.aulast=Keable&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rammedearthconsulting.com%2Frammed-earth-cement-co2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwendolyn Leick: <i>A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture</i>, Routledge, London 1988, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xujie_Liu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xujie_Liu_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXujie2002" class="citation book cs1">Xujie, Liu; et al. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/12"><i>Chinese Architecture</i></a>. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/12">12–14, 21–2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09559-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09559-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186413872">186413872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Architecture&rft.pages=12-14%2C+21-2&rft.pub=New+Haven%2C+CT%2C+USA%3A+Yale+University+Press+and+Beijing%2C+China%3A+New+World+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186413872&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09559-3&rft.aulast=Xujie&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesearchitect0000unse%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borough_House-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borough_House_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/sumter/S10817743001/">"National Register Properties in South Carolina: Borough House Plantation, Sumter County (SC Hwy 261, vicinity of Stateburg)"</a>. <i>National Register Sites in South Carolina</i>. Columbia, SC, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History. 20 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+Sites+in+South+Carolina&rft.atitle=National+Register+Properties+in+South+Carolina%3A+Borough+House+Plantation%2C+Sumter+County+%28SC+Hwy+261%2C+vicinity+of+Stateburg%29&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregister.sc.gov%2Fsumter%2FS10817743001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/sumter/S10817743002/index.htm">"National Register Properties in South Carolina: Church of the Holy Cross, Sumter County (SC Hwy 261, Stateburg vicinity)"</a>. <i>National Register Sites in South Carolina</i>. Columbia, South Carolina, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History. April 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+Sites+in+South+Carolina&rft.atitle=National+Register+Properties+in+South+Carolina%3A+Church+of+the+Holy+Cross%2C+Sumter+County+%28SC+Hwy+261%2C+Stateburg+vicinity%29&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregister.sc.gov%2Fsumter%2FS10817743002%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward1943" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Glenn (1943). <i>"Bulletin No. 3: Rammed Earth Building Construction."</i>. Clemson, South Carolina: The Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, Engineering Experiment Station.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Bulletin+No.+3%3A+Rammed+Earth+Building+Construction.%22&rft.place=Clemson%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=The+Clemson+Agricultural+College+of+South+Carolina%2C+Engineering+Experiment+Station&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook_For_Building_Homes_of_Earth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_For_Building_Homes_of_Earth_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfskillDunlapGallaway" class="citation news cs1">Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213144144/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAE689.pdf">"Handbook For Building Homes of Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Texas Transportation Institute bulletin</i>. No. 21 (1453 ed.). College Station, Texas, USA: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Transportation_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Transportation Institute">Texas Transportation Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAE689.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Transportation+Institute+bulletin&rft.atitle=Handbook+For+Building+Homes+of+Earth&rft.issue=21&rft.aulast=Wolfskill&rft.aufirst=Lyle+A.&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Wayne+A.&rft.au=Gallaway%2C+Bob+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNAAE689.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/6737-a-rammed-earth-wall-for-the-ages-at-nkmip-desert-cultural-centre?v=preview">"A Rammed-Earth Wall for the Ages at Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre"</a>. <i>www.architecturalrecord.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.architecturalrecord.com&rft.atitle=A+Rammed-Earth+Wall+for+the+Ages+at+Nk%27Mip+Desert+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturalrecord.com%2Farticles%2F6737-a-rammed-earth-wall-for-the-ages-at-nkmip-desert-cultural-centre%3Fv%3Dpreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoskam2022" class="citation book cs1">Roskam, Cole (2022). "The Brick". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). <i>Material Contradictions in Mao's China</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75085-9"><bdi>978-0-295-75085-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Brick&rft.btitle=Material+Contradictions+in+Mao%27s+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-295-75085-9&rft.aulast=Roskam&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHou2021" class="citation book cs1">Hou, Li (2021). <i>Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Institute">Harvard-Yenching Institute</a> monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1"><bdi>978-0-674-26022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+for+Oil%3A+Daqing+and+the+Formation+of+the+Chinese+Socialist+State&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+monograph+series&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-26022-1&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:112_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:112_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2022" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2022). "China's Cold War Motor City". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). <i>Material Contradictions in Mao's China</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75085-9"><bdi>978-0-295-75085-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Cold+War+Motor+City&rft.btitle=Material+Contradictions+in+Mao%27s+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-295-75085-9&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARammed+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_sources">External sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcPvyF53b3c#t=67">Rammed earth wall construction at Central Arizona College</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&oldid=1277375690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&oldid=1277375690</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rammed_earth" title="Category:Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appropriate_technology" title="Category:Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_inventions" title="Category:Chinese inventions">Chinese inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_materials" title="Category:Natural materials">Natural materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soil-based_building_materials" title="Category:Soil-based building materials">Soil-based building materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_building" title="Category:Sustainable building">Sustainable building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_technologies" title="Category:Sustainable technologies">Sustainable technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_structures" title="Category:Earth structures">Earth structures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 February 2025, at 08:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rammed_earth&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rammed earth</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>25 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-866f5d587f-2ckzt","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.507","walltime":"0.680","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6700,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":82652,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10981,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":71266,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 584.560 1 -total"," 30.18% 176.417 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.31% 118.714 10 Template:Cite_web"," 17.14% 100.192 14 Template:Citation_needed"," 15.81% 92.398 16 Template:Fix"," 11.92% 69.655 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.62% 62.058 9 Template:Rp"," 9.24% 54.011 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.89% 51.973 1 Template:Sister_project"," 8.67% 50.693 1 Template:Unreferenced_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.293","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8650478,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-86c59b8c7c-hn7nt","timestamp":"20250309092229","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rammed earth","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rammed_earth","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1363009","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1363009","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-08T23:52:10Z","dateModified":"2025-02-24T08:28:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/43\/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg","headline":"technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls by compacting a damp mixture of sub soil"}</script> </body> </html>