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<li id="toc-Middle_East_and_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle East and South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Industrial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods of manufacture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_manufacture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of manufacture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mudbrick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudbrick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mudbrick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudbrick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fired_brick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fired_brick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fired brick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fired_brick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaping_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaping_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Shaping methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaping_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Kilns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Influences on colour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemically_set_bricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemically_set_bricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chemically set bricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemically_set_bricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calcium-silicate_bricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcium-silicate_bricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Calcium-silicate bricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcium-silicate_bricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_bricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_bricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Concrete bricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_bricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressed_earth_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_earth_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compressed earth blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_earth_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimal_dimensions,_characteristics,_and_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimal_dimensions,_characteristics,_and_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimal_dimensions,_characteristics,_and_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brick</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksteen" title="Baksteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baksteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A1%E1%89%A5" title="ጡብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጡብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82" title="طابوق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طابوق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladriello" title="Ladriello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ladriello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lladriyu" title="Lladriyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lladriyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinikan" title="Asinikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Asinikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99rpic" title="Kərpic – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kərpic" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کرپیج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کرپیج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chng-%C3%A1" title="Chng-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chng-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Кирбес – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кирбес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цэгла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэгла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цэгла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэгла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тухла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тухла" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigla" title="Cigla – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cigla" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brikenn" title="Brikenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brikenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B3_(construcci%C3%B3)" title="Maó (construcció) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maó (construcció)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%87" title="Кирпĕч – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кирпĕч" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihla" title="Cihla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cihla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvidhinha" title="Zvidhinha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvidhinha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricsen" title="Bricsen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bricsen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursten" title="Mursten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mursten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerziegel" title="Mauerziegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mauerziegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellis" title="Tellis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tellis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Τούβλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούβλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9da" title="Préda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Préda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladrillo" title="Ladrillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ladrillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briko" title="Briko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Briko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreilu" title="Adreilu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adreilu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="آجر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آجر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brique_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Brique (matériau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brique (matériau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakstien" title="Bakstien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bakstien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%ADce" title="Bríce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bríce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach-chreadha" title="Clach-chreadha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach-chreadha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladrillo" title="Ladrillo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ladrillo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9F" title="ઈંટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈંટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%BD%EB%8F%8C" title="벽돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벽돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Աղյուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղյուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="ईंट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeka" title="Opeka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opeka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briko" title="Briko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Briko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bata" title="Batu bata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu bata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Агуыри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Агуыри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattone" title="Mattone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mattone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94)" title="לבנה (בנייה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבנה (בנייה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata" title="Bata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აგური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88" title="Кірпіш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кірпіш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofali" title="Tofali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tofali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brik" title="Brik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Brik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)" title="Кыш (курулуш материалы) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кыш (курулуш материалы)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later" title="Later – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Later" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6ie%C4%A3elis" title="Ķieģelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķieģelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zill_(Bau)" title="Zill (Bau) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zill (Bau)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyta" title="Plyta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plyta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briek" title="Briek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Briek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%C3%ADki" title="Bilíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bilíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrell" title="Quadrell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Quadrell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9gla_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C5%91anyag)" title="Tégla (építőanyag) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tégla (építőanyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biriky" title="Biriky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biriky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="ഇഷ്ടിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇഷ്ടിക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="वीट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ანგურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანგურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bata" title="Batu bata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu bata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%8Fng-t%C3%A0u" title="Ciŏng-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciŏng-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="အုတ်ခဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အုတ်ခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biriki" title="Biriki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Biriki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksteen" title="Baksteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baksteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keie" title="Keie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="इँट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इँट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="अपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%89%E7%93%A6" title="煉瓦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="煉瓦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Кибарчиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кибарчиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murstein" title="Murstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Murstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murstein" title="Murstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Murstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brica_(material)" title="Brica (material) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brica (material)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBisht" title="Gʻisht – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻisht" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F" title="ਇੱਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੱਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%B9" title="اِٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اِٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%87" title="خښته – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خښته" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceg%C5%82a" title="Cegła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cegła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijolo" title="Tijolo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tijolo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83r%C4%83mid%C4%83" title="Cărămidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărămidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusasqa_tika" title="Kusasqa tika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kusasqa tika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D2%91%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тиґла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тиґла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кирпич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кирпич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8D" title="Кирпииччэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кирпииччэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulla" title="Tulla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tulla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduni" title="Maduni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maduni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ගඩොල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගඩොල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick" title="Brick – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brick" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehla_(stavebn%C3%ADctvo)" title="Tehla (stavebníctvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tehla (stavebníctvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeka" title="Opeka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opeka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Опека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigla" title="Cigla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cigla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batako" title="Batako – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batako" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiili" title="Tiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtegel" title="Murtegel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Murtegel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryo" title="Laryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செங்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செங்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Кирпеч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кирпеч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="ఇటుక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇటుక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%90" title="อิฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Хишт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хишт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27o%27ho%C3%A1%C3%A1%27e" title="Ma'o'hoáá'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'o'hoáá'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fla" title="Tuğla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tuğla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brkikisi" title="Brkikisi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Brkikisi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цегла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цегла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9" title="اینٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien" title="Cien – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cien" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuare%C5%82o" title="Cuareło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cuareło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C4%8D" title="Savič – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Savič" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1ch_nung" title="Gạch nung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gạch nung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brike" title="Brike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Brike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%9A" title="磚 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="磚" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladrilyo" title="Ladrilyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ladrilyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%96" title="砖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="砖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%9A" title="磚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fleci" title="Tuğleci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tuğleci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plints" title="Plints – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plints" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%9A" title="磚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the building material. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brick_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brick (disambiguation)">Brick (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Brick</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brick.jpg/300px-Brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brick.jpg/450px-Brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brick.jpg/600px-Brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A single brick.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg/250px-Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg/330px-Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg/500px-Brick_wall_close-up_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A wall constructed in glazed-headed <a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a> with bricks of various shades and lengths.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Concrete_wall.jpg/250px-Concrete_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Concrete_wall.jpg/330px-Concrete_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Concrete_wall.jpg/500px-Concrete_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An old brick wall in <a href="/wiki/English_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="English bond">English bond</a> laid with alternating courses of <i>headers</i> and <i>stretchers</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>brick</b> is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> construction. Properly, the term <i>brick</i> denotes a unit primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, but is now also used informally to denote units made of other materials or other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, adhesives or by interlocking.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bricks are usually produced at <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a> in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region, and are produced in bulk quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit"><i>Block</i></a> is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of clay or concrete, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from <a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">expanded clay aggregate</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg/150px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg/225px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg/300px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>brickwork in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khosrow_Abad_Gerrus_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khosrow Abad Gerrus Mosque (page does not exist)">Khosrow Abad Gerrus Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a>, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span>. Air-dried bricks, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a>, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw. </p><p>Bricks are laid in <i>courses</i> and numerous patterns known as <i>bonds</i>, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a>, and may be laid in various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_South_Asia">Middle East and South Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg/250px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg/330px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg/500px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img24_Jetavanaramaya_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is one of the largest brick structures in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest bricks were dried <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a>, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a>, in the upper <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> region and in southeast <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mudbrick construction was used at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, from c. 7,400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mudbrick structures, dating to c. 7,200 BC have been located in <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, Jordan Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures were made up of the first bricks with dimension 400x150x100 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 5000 and 4500 BC, Mesopotamia had discovered fired brick.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard brick sizes in Mesopotamia followed a general rule: the width of the dried or burned brick would be twice its thickness, and its length would be double its width.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> also constructed air-dried mudbrick structures between 7000 and 3300 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Possehl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Possehl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BriOnl_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriOnl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramic, or <i>fired brick</i> was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Bricks_Anlysis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Bricks_Anlysis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bath" title="Great Bath">Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro</a>, the fire altars of <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kaalibangan</a>, and the granary of <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>. There was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a> region, conforming to the 1:2:4, thickness, width, and length ratio. As the Indus civilization began its decline at the start of the second millennium BC, Harappans migrated east, spreading their knowledge of brickmaking technology. This led to the rise of cities like <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kausambi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, where there was an enormous demand for kiln-made bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 604 BC, bricks were the construction materials for architectural wonders such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, where glazed fired bricks were put into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shebli2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shebli2.jpg/250px-Shebli2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shebli2.jpg/330px-Shebli2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shebli2.jpg/340px-Shebli2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The brickwork of <a href="/wiki/Shebeli_Tower" title="Shebeli Tower">Shebeli Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> displays 12th-century craftsmanship</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p>The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at <a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a>, a walled settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600 °C, and used as flooring for houses. By the <a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing period</a> (3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lukas Nickel, the use of ceramic pieces for protecting and decorating floors and walls dates back at various cultural sites to 3000-2000 BC and perhaps even before, but these elements should be rather qualified as <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>. For the longest time builders relied on wood, mud and rammed earth, while fired brick and mudbrick played no structural role in architecture. Proper brick construction, for erecting walls and <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a>, finally emerges in the third century BC, when baked bricks of regular shape began to be employed for vaulting underground tombs. Hollow brick tomb chambers rose in popularity as builders were forced to adapt due to a lack of readily available wood or stone.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest extant brick building above ground is possibly <a href="/wiki/Songyue_Pagoda" title="Songyue Pagoda">Songyue Pagoda</a>, dated to 523 AD. </p><p>By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during the construction of the tomb of China's first Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huangdi</a>. The floors of the three pits of the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> were paved with an estimated 230,000 bricks, with the majority measuring 28x14x7 cm, following a 4:2:1 ratio. The use of fired bricks in Chinese city walls first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25 AD-220 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until the Middle Ages, buildings in Central Asia were typically built with unbaked bricks. It was only starting in the ninth century CE when buildings were entirely constructed using fired bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The carpenter's manual <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i>, published in 1103 at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> described the brick making process and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazing</a> techniques then in use. Using the 17th-century encyclopaedic text <i><a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Tiangong Kaiwu</a></i>, historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Brook (historian)">Timothy Brook</a> outlined the brick production process of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the kilnmaster had to make sure that the temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous labourers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardised wooden frames (to produce a brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It was hot, filthy work.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman brick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%26cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woman%26cat.jpg/250px-Woman%26cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woman%26cat.jpg/330px-Woman%26cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woman%26cat.jpg/500px-Woman%26cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9400" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>Brick relief sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ritchie" title="Walter Ritchie">Walter Ritchie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG/250px-Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG/330px-Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG/500px-Trier_-_Aula_Palatina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Basilica <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany, built with fired bricks in the fourth century as an audience hall for <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early civilisations around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, adopted the use of fired bricks. By the early first century CE, standardised fired bricks were being heavily produced in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> operated mobile <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built large brick structures throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, stamping the bricks with the seal of the legion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans used brick for walls, arches, forts, aqueducts, etc. Notable mentions of Roman brick structures are the Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">baths of Caracalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> the use of bricks in construction became popular in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, after being introduced there from Northwestern Italy. An independent style of brick architecture, known as <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">brick Gothic</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>) flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this architectural style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland, and <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> (former <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Malbork,_Polonia,_2013-05-19,_DD_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/250px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/330px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/500px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5405" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork Castle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> in Poland – the largest brick castle in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>This style evolved into the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Renaissance_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brick Renaissance buildings">Brick Renaissance</a> as the stylistic changes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> spread to northern Europe, leading to the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> elements into brick building. Identifiable attributes included a low-pitched hipped or flat roof, symmetrical facade, round arch entrances and windows, columns and pilasters, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at the transition to <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>. In <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schwerin_Castle" title="Schwerin Castle">Schwerin Castle</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a> (Fürstenhof).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-distance <a href="/wiki/Bulk_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk transport">bulk transport</a> of bricks and other construction equipment remained prohibitively expensive until the development of modern transportation infrastructure, with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_era">Industrial era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNAR_(M%C3%A9rida)_Interior_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg/250px-MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg/330px-MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg/500px-MNAR_%28M%C3%A9rida%29_Interior_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Roman_Art" title="National Museum of Roman Art">National Museum of Roman Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida, Spain</a> (designed by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moneo" title="Rafael Moneo">Rafael Moneo</a> and built in the 1980s) the coating of hard-fired clay bricks forms a compression-resistant element together with the fill of non-reinforced concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was readily available. It was at this time in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition from the traditional method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first brick-making machine was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> by Richard A. Ver Valen of Haverstraw, New York, in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bradley_%26_Craven_Ltd" title="Bradley & Craven Ltd">Bradley & Craven Ltd</a> 'Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine' was patented in 1853. Bradley & Craven went on to be a dominant manufacturer of brickmaking machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Clayton, employed at the Atlas Works in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England, in 1855, patented a brick-making machine that was capable of producing up to 25,000 bricks daily with minimal supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway, UK">South Eastern Railway Company</a> for brick-making at their factory near <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, the Hudson River region of <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> would become the world's largest brick manufacturing region, with 130 brickyards lining the shores of the Hudson River from Mechanicsville to Haverstraw and employing 8,000 people. At its peak, about 1 billion bricks were produced a year, with many being sent to New York City for use in its construction industry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for high office building construction at the turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, and later, steel and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. The use of brick for <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> construction severely limited the size of the building – the <a href="/wiki/Monadnock_Building" title="Monadnock Building">Monadnock Building</a>, built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptionally thick walls to maintain the structural integrity of its 17 storeys.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following pioneering work in the 1950s at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">Building Research Establishment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, UK, the use of improved masonry for the construction of tall structures up to 18 storeys high was made viable. However, the use of brick has largely remained restricted to small to medium-sized buildings, as steel and concrete remain superior materials for high-rise construction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_manufacture">Methods of manufacture</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brick" title="Special:EditPage/Brick">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg/220px-Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg/330px-Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg/440px-Making_and_curing_adobe_bricks_-_NARA_-_286037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>Brick making at the beginning of the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Four basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, chemically set bricks, and compressed earth blocks. Each type is manufactured differently for various purposes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png/250px-Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png/330px-Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png/500px-Fired_and_Unfired_Brick_Making_Process.png 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Fired and unfired brick making process</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a></div> <p>Unfired bricks, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, are made from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and other earth materials like <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and stone, combined with tempers and binding agents such as chopped straw, grasses, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">tree bark</a>, or dung.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these bricks are made up of natural materials and only require heat from the Sun to bake, mudbricks have a relatively low <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">embodied energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>. </p><p>The ingredients are first harvested and added together, with clay content ranging from 30% to 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixture is broken up with <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, and stirred with water to form a homogenous blend. Next, the tempers and binding agents are added in a ratio, roughly one part straw to five parts earth to reduce weight and reinforce the brick by helping reduce shrinkage.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, additional clay could be added to reduce the need for straw, which would prevent the likelihood of insects deteriorating the organic material of the bricks, subsequently weakening the structure. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together by hand or by treading and are then left to ferment for about a day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in the sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is eight to nine days spanning from initial stages to its application in structures. Unfired bricks could be made in the spring months and left to dry over the summer for use in the autumn. Mudbricks are commonly employed in arid environments to allow for adequate air drying.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fired_brick">Fired brick</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_making_in_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brick_making_in_Java.jpg/250px-Brick_making_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brick_making_in_Java.jpg/330px-Brick_making_in_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brick_making_in_Java.jpg/500px-Brick_making_in_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Raw bricks sun-drying before being fired</figcaption></figure> <p>Fired bricks are baked in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical. </p><p>Clay and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> are the raw ingredients in the recipe for a fired brick. They are the product of thousands of years of decomposition and erosion of rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, leading to a material that has properties of being highly chemically stable and inert. Within the clays and shales are the materials of <a href="/wiki/Aluminosilicate" title="Aluminosilicate">aluminosilicate</a> (pure <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>), free silica (<a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>), and decomposed rock.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One proposed optimal mix is:<sup id="cite_ref-punmia_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punmia-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a> (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">Alumina</a> (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">Lime</a> – 2 to 5% by weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> – ≤ 7% by weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesia</a> – less than 1% by weight</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaping_methods">Shaping methods</h4></div> <p>Three main methods are used for shaping the raw materials into bricks to be fired: </p> <ul><li>Moulded bricks – These bricks start with raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> press. The shaped clay is then fired at 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F) to achieve strength.</li> <li>Dry-pressed bricks – The dry-press method is similar to the soft-mud moulded method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer firing time make this method more expensive.</li> <li>Extruded bricks – For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft extrusion) in a <a href="/wiki/Pugmill" title="Pugmill">pugmill</a>. This mixture is forced through a <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a> to create a long cable of material of the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it produces hard, dense bricks, and suitable dies can produce perforations as well. The introduction of such holes reduces the volume of clay needed, and hence the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20 to 40 hours at 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F) before being fired. The heat for drying is often <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from the kiln.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kilns">Kilns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann_kiln" title="Hoffmann kiln">Hoffmann kiln</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg/220px-Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg/330px-Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg/440px-Xhosa_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> brickmaker at kiln near <a href="/wiki/Ngcobo" title="Ngcobo">Ngcobo</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>In many modern <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a>, bricks are usually fired in a continuously fired tunnel <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, in which the bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on <a href="/wiki/Conveyors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyors">conveyors</a>, rails, or kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process. </p><p>The other major kiln type is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century. </p><p>An oval or circular trench is dug, 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) wide, 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) deep, and 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green" (unfired) bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick. </p><p>In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of the brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the middle, the brick workers create a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, etc.) through access holes in the roof above the trench. The constant source of fuel maybe grown on the <a href="/wiki/Woodlot" title="Woodlot">woodlots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>The advantage of the BTK design is a much greater energy efficiency compared with <a href="/wiki/Clamp_kiln" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamp kiln">clamp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scove_kiln" class="mw-redirect" title="Scove kiln">scove kilns</a>. Sheet metal or boards are used to route the airflow through the brick lattice so that fresh air flows first through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the green brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and finally out the chimney, where the rising gases create suction that pulls air through the system. The reuse of heated air yields savings in fuel cost. </p><p>As with the rail process, the BTK process is continuous. A half-dozen labourers working around the clock can fire approximately 15,000–25,000 bricks a day. Unlike the rail process, in the BTK process the bricks do not move. Instead, the locations at which the bricks are loaded, fired, and unloaded gradually rotate through the trench.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influences_on_colour">Influences on colour</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_stock_brick_(bridge).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg/250px-London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg/330px-London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg/500px-London_stock_brick_%28bridge%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Yellow London Stocks at <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour of fired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example, pink bricks are the result of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most bricks burn to various red hues; as the temperature is increased the colour moves through dark red, purple, and then to brown or grey at around 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour, such as <a href="/wiki/London_stock_brick" title="London stock brick">London stock brick</a> and Cambridgeshire White. <i>Brick tinting</i> may be performed to change the colour of bricks to blend-in areas of brickwork with the surrounding masonry. </p><p>An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by <a href="/wiki/Salt_glaze_pottery" title="Salt glaze pottery">salt glazing</a>, in which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a>, which is a glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemically_set_bricks">Chemically set bricks</h3></div> <p>Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have the curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calcium-silicate_bricks">Calcium-silicate bricks</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexitegel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mexitegel.jpg/250px-Mexitegel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mexitegel.jpg/330px-Mexitegel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mexitegel.jpg/500px-Mexitegel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Swedish Mexitegel is a sand-lime or lime-cement brick.</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made with <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> binding the silicate material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, crushed <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral <a href="/wiki/Colourant" title="Colourant">colourants</a>. The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclave</a> for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening.<sup id="cite_ref-EMS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although the sharp <a href="/wiki/Arris" title="Arris">arrises</a> need careful handling to avoid damage to brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colours; white, black, buff, and grey-blues are common, and pastel shades can be achieved. This type of brick is common in Sweden as well as Russia and other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet">post-Soviet</a> countries, especially in houses built or renovated in the 1970s. A version known as <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash_brick" title="Fly ash brick">fly ash bricks</a>, manufactured using <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>, lime, and gypsum (known as the FaL-G process) are common in South Asia. Calcium-silicate bricks are also manufactured in Canada and the United States, and meet the criteria set forth in ASTM C73 – 10 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concrete_bricks">Concrete bricks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit">Concrete masonry unit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel,_maker,_stacker_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg/220px-Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg/330px-Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg/440px-Brickworks_in_Hainan_-_cement_vessel%2C_maker%2C_stacker_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>A concrete brick-making assembly line in <a href="/wiki/Guilinyang" title="Guilinyang">Guilinyang</a> Town, Hainan, China. This operation produces a pallet containing 42 bricks, approximately every 30 seconds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bricks formed from <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> are usually termed as blocks or <a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit">concrete masonry unit</a>, and are typically pale grey. They are made from a dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks are cured, rather than fired, using low-pressure steam. Concrete bricks and blocks are manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and face treatments – a number of which simulate the appearance of clay bricks. </p><p>Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN 771-3 or ASTM C55. Concrete bricks contract or shrink so they need movement joints every 5 to 6 metres, but are similar to other bricks of similar density in thermal and sound resistance and fire resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-EMS_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_earth_blocks">Compressed earth blocks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compressed_earth_block" title="Compressed earth block">Compressed earth block</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compressed_earth_block" title="Compressed earth block">Compressed earth blocks</a> are made mostly from slightly moistened local soils compressed with a mechanical hydraulic press or manual lever press. A small amount of a cement binder may be added, resulting in a <i>stabilised compressed earth block</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/250px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/330px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/500px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>This wall in <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill, Boston</a>, shows different types of brickwork and stone foundations</figcaption></figure> <p>There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials. </p><p>Categorized by manufacture method: </p> <ul><li>Extruded – made by being forced through an opening in a steel die, with a very consistent size and shape. <ul><li>Wire-cut – cut to size after extrusion with a tensioned wire which may leave drag marks</li></ul></li> <li>Moulded – shaped in moulds rather than being extruded <ul><li>Machine-moulded – clay is forced into moulds using pressure</li> <li>Handmade – clay is forced into moulds by a person</li></ul></li> <li>Dry-pressed – similar to soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix and is compressed with great force.</li></ul> <p>Categorized by use: </p> <ul><li>Common or building – A brick not intended to be visible, used for internal structure</li> <li>Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to present a clean appearance</li> <li>Hollow – not solid, the holes are less than 25% of the brick volume <ul><li>Perforated – holes greater than 25% of the brick volume</li></ul></li> <li>Keyed – indentations in at least one face and end to be used with rendering and plastering</li> <li>Paving – brick intended to be in ground contact as a walkway or roadway</li> <li>Thin – brick with normal height and length but thin width to be used as a veneer</li></ul> <p>Specialized use bricks: </p> <ul><li>Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemical reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_brick" title="Acid brick">Acid brick</a> – acid resistant bricks</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_brick" title="Engineering brick">Engineering</a> – a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compressive strength <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accrington_brick" title="Accrington brick">Accrington</a> – a type of engineering brick from England</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brick" title="Fire brick">Fire</a> or refractory – highly heat-resistant bricks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_brick" title="Clinker brick">Clinker</a> – a vitrified brick</li> <li>Ceramic glazed – fire bricks with a decorative glazing</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bricks named for place of origin: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_common_brick" title="Chicago common brick">Chicago common brick</a> - a soft brick made near Chicago, Illinois with a range of colors, like buff yellow, salmon pink, or deep red</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_City_brick" title="Cream City brick">Cream City brick</a> – a light yellow brick made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_brick" title="Dutch brick">Dutch brick</a> – a hard light coloured brick originally from the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareham_red_brick" title="Fareham red brick">Fareham red brick</a> – a type of construction brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_stock_brick" title="London stock brick">London stock brick</a> – type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of machine-made bricks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a> – a type of decorative brick in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman brick</a> – a long, flat brick typically used by the Romans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_blue_brick" title="Staffordshire blue brick">Staffordshire blue brick</a> – a type of construction brick from England</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimal_dimensions,_characteristics,_and_strength"><span id="Optimal_dimensions.2C_characteristics.2C_and_strength"></span>Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brick" title="Special:EditPage/Brick">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_house_brick_size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comparison_house_brick_size.svg/330px-Comparison_house_brick_size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comparison_house_brick_size.svg/500px-Comparison_house_brick_size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comparison_house_brick_size.svg/600px-Comparison_house_brick_size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of typical brick sizes of assorted countries with isometric projections and dimensions in millimetres</figcaption></figure> <p>For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about 100 mm (4 in). In most cases, the length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about 200 mm (8 in) or slightly more. This allows bricks to be laid <i><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">bonded</a></i> in a structure which increases stability and strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in <i>English bond</i>, at the head of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of <i>stretchers</i>, bricks laid longways, and <i>headers</i>, bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of <i>English bond</i> called <i>English cross bond</i> where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each other by half a brick length. In true <i>English bond</i>, the perpendicular lines of the stretcher courses are in line with each other. </p><p>A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer regions. A notable illustration of this correlation is the <a href="/wiki/Green_Gate" title="Green Gate">Green Gate</a> in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported <a href="/wiki/Dutch_brick" title="Dutch brick">Dutch brick</a>, too small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate specialised insulation materials. </p><p>The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption, and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resistance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faces_of_brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/250px-Faces_of_brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/330px-Faces_of_brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/500px-Faces_of_brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Faces of a brick</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="clear:left; margin:auto;"> <caption>Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard</th> <th>Metric (mm)</th> <th>Imperial (inches) </th> <th>Ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">230 × 110 × 76 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 × 4.3 × 3.0 </td> <td>3:1.4:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">240 × 155 × 53 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 × 6.1 × 2.1 </td> <td>4.5:2.9:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228 × 108 × 54 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.0 × 4.3 × 2.1 </td> <td>4.3:2:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">240 × 115 × 71 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 × 4.5 × 2.8 </td> <td>3.4:1.6:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228 × 107 × 69 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.0 × 4.2 × 2.7 </td> <td>3.3:1.6:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">210 × 100 × 60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 × 3.9 × 2.4 </td> <td>3.5:1.6:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">240 × 115 × 63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 × 4.5 × 2.5 </td> <td>3.8:1.8:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 × 120 × 65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8 × 4.7 × 2.6 </td> <td>3.8:1.8:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">222 × 106 × 73 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.7 × 4.2 × 2.9 </td> <td>3:1.4:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 × 120 × 62 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8 × 4.7 × 2.4 </td> <td>4.1:2:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">215 × 102.5 × 65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.5 × 4.0 × 2.6 </td> <td>3.3:1.5:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194 × 92 × 57 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 × 3.6 × 2.2 </td> <td>3.5:1.6:1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In England, the length and width of the common brick remained fairly constant from 1625 when the size was regulated by statute at 9 x <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> x 3 inches<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (but see <a href="/wiki/Brick_tax" title="Brick tax">brick tax</a>), but the depth has varied from about two inches (51 mm) or smaller in earlier times to about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (64 mm) more recently. In the United Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in × 4 in × <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), which, with a nominal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />10 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) mortar joint, forms a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_size&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unit size (page does not exist)">unit size</a></i> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />225 by 112.5 by 75 millimetres (9 in × <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in × 3 in), for a ratio of 6:3:2. </p><p>In the United States, modern standard bricks are specified for various uses;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used is the modular brick has the <i>actual dimensions</i> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>  × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>  × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (194 × 92 × 57 mm). With the standard <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch mortar joint, this gives the <i>nominal dimensions</i> of 8 x 4 x <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> inches which eases the calculation of the number of bricks in a given wall.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2:1 ratio of modular bricks means that when they turn corners, a 1/2 running bond is formed without needing to cut the brick down or fill the gap with a cut brick; and the height of modular bricks means that a <a href="/wiki/Soldier_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldier course">soldier course</a> matches the height of three modular running courses, or one standard <a href="/wiki/Concrete_Masonry_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete Masonry Unit">CMU</a> course. </p><p>Some brickmakers create innovative sizes and shapes for bricks used for plastering (and therefore not visible on the inside of the building) where their inherent mechanical properties are more important than their visual ones.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bricks are usually slightly larger, but not as large as blocks and offer the following advantages: </p> <ul><li>A slightly larger brick requires less mortar and handling (fewer bricks), which reduces cost</li> <li>Their ribbed exterior aids plastering</li> <li>More complex interior cavities allow improved insulation, while maintaining strength.</li></ul> <p>Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400×200, 450×150, 450×200, 450×225, 450×300, 600×150, 600×200, and 600×225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usable across this range as they are lighter than clay bricks. The density of solid clay bricks is around 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>: this is reduced by frogging, hollow bricks, and so on, but aerated autoclaved concrete, even as a solid brick, can have densities in the range of 450–850 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. </p><p>Bricks may also be classified as <i>solid</i> (less than 25% perforations by volume, although the brick may be "frogged," having indentations on one of the longer faces), <i>perforated</i> (containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume), <i>cellular</i> (containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or <i>hollow</i> (containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow. </p><p>The term "frog" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were made of wood. </p><p>The compressive strength of bricks produced in the United States ranges from about 7 to 103 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> (1,000 to 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force per square inch">lbf/in<sup>2</sup></a>), varying according to the use to which the brick are to be put. In England clay bricks can have strengths of up to 100 MPa, although a common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40 MPa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches,_LA_IMG_1943.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG/220px-Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG/330px-Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG/440px-Historic_brick_street_in_Natchitoches%2C_LA_IMG_1943.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Front Street along the <a href="/wiki/Cane_River" title="Cane River">Cane River</a> in historic <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches, Louisiana</a>, is paved with bricks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bricks are a versatile building material, able to participate in a wide variety of applications, including:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Structural walls, exterior and interior walls</li> <li>Bearing and non-bearing sound proof partitions</li> <li>The fireproofing of structural-steel members in the form of <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">firewalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_wall" title="Party wall">party walls</a>, enclosures and <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">fire towers</a></li> <li>Foundations for <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplaces</a></li> <li>Porches and terraces</li> <li>Outdoor steps, brick walks and paved floors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pools</a></li></ul> <p>In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavement. Examples of brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around the country. Bricks have been used in paving roads and sidewalks especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The introduction of asphalt and concrete reduced the use of brick for paving, but they are still sometimes installed as a method of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> or as a decorative surface in <a href="/wiki/Pedestrianized_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrianized zone">pedestrian precincts</a>. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the streets in the city of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Rapids">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, were paved with bricks. Today, there are only about 20 blocks of brick-paved streets remaining (totalling less than 0.5 percent of all the streets in the city limits).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like in Grand Rapids, municipalities across the United States began replacing brick streets with inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a> by the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Northwest Europe, bricks have been used in construction for centuries. Until recently, almost all houses were built almost entirely from bricks. Although many houses are now built using a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Concrete_block" title="Concrete block">concrete blocks</a> and other materials, many houses are skinned with a layer of bricks on the outside for aesthetic appeal. </p><p>Bricks in the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> industries are often used for lining <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnaces</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> bricks such as <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periclase" title="Periclase">magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grog_(clay)" title="Grog (clay)">chamotte</a> and neutral (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromomagnesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromomagnesite (page does not exist)">chromomagnesite</a>) <a href="/wiki/Fire_brick" title="Fire brick">refractory bricks</a>. This type of brick must have good <a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">thermal shock</a> resistance, refractoriness under load, high melting point, and satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. There is a large refractory <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brick industry (page does not exist)">brick industry</a>, especially in the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Engineering_brick" title="Engineering brick">Engineering bricks</a> are used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. </p><p>In the UK a <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick university">red brick university</a> is one founded in the late 19th or early 20th century. The term is used to refer to such institutions collectively to distinguish them from the older <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> institutions, and refers to the use of bricks, as opposed to stone, in their buildings. </p><p>Colombian architect <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Salmona" title="Rogelio Salmona">Rogelio Salmona</a> was noted for his extensive use of red bricks in his buildings and for using natural shapes like spirals, radial geometry and curves in his designs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div> <p>Starting in the 20th century, the use of brickwork declined in some areas due to concerns about earthquakes. Earthquakes such as the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">San Francisco earthquake of 1906</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1933_Long_Beach_earthquake" title="1933 Long Beach earthquake">1933 Long Beach earthquake</a> revealed the weaknesses of unreinforced brick masonry in earthquake-prone areas. During seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, so that the bricks are no longer held together. Brick masonry with <a href="/wiki/Steel_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel reinforcement">steel reinforcement</a>, which helps hold the masonry together during earthquakes, has been used to replace unreinforced bricks in many buildings. Retrofitting older unreinforced masonry structures has been mandated in many jurisdictions. However, similar to steel corrosion in <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, rebar rusting will compromise the structural integrity of reinforced brick and ultimately limit the expected lifetime, so there is a trade-off between earthquake safety and longevity to a certain extent. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:1610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panorama after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/San_Francisco_earthquake.jpg/1600px-San_Francisco_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/San_Francisco_earthquake.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_earthquake.jpg" title="File:San Francisco earthquake.jpg"> </a></div>A panorama after the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a> does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a> compliant, but states that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the accessibility challenges of bricks, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> recommends against the use of bricks as well as <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestones</a> in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks. The Brick Industry Association maintains standards for making brick more accessible for disabled people, with proper and regular maintenance being necessary to keep brick accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-Next_City_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Next_City-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some US jurisdictions, such as <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, have taken steps to remove brick sidewalks from certain areas such as <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)" title="Market Street (San Francisco)">Market Street</a> in order to improve accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Next_City_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Next_City-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chile house in Hamburg, Germany"><img alt="Chile house in Hamburg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/119px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/178px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/238px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="3330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chilehaus" title="Chilehaus">Chile house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_block_of_fired_bricks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa"><img alt="A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_block_of_fired_bricks.jpg/120px-A_block_of_fired_bricks.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_block_of_fired_bricks.jpg/250px-A_block_of_fired_bricks.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berl%C3%ADn,_Museo_de_P%C3%A9rgamo_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate of Babylon in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Ishtar Gate of Babylon in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Museo_de_P%C3%A9rgamo_05.jpg/120px-Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Museo_de_P%C3%A9rgamo_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Museo_de_P%C3%A9rgamo_05.jpg/250px-Berl%C3%ADn%2C_Museo_de_P%C3%A9rgamo_05.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opus_reticulatum_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman opus reticulatum on Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy (2nd century)"><img alt="Roman opus reticulatum on Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy (2nd century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Opus_reticulatum_2.JPG/120px-Opus_reticulatum_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Opus_reticulatum_2.JPG/250px-Opus_reticulatum_2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman <a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a> on Hadrian's Villa in <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli, Italy</a> (2nd century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_Frauenkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frauenkirche, Munich, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers"><img alt="Frauenkirche, Munich, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Munich_Frauenkirche.jpg/120px-Munich_Frauenkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Munich_Frauenkirche.jpg/250px-Munich_Frauenkirche.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche_(Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frauenkirche (Munich)">Frauenkirche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_sw_Jakub_szczyt_zach.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern gable of church of St. James in Toruń (14th century)"><img alt="Eastern gable of church of St. James in Toruń (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Torun_sw_Jakub_szczyt_zach.JPG/120px-Torun_sw_Jakub_szczyt_zach.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Torun_sw_Jakub_szczyt_zach.JPG/250px-Torun_sw_Jakub_szczyt_zach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="3346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern gable of church of St. James in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radzyn_Chelm_zamek_zendrowka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in Radzyń Castle (14th century)"><img alt="Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in Radzyń Castle (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Radzyn_Chelm_zamek_zendrowka.jpg/120px-Radzyn_Chelm_zamek_zendrowka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Radzyn_Chelm_zamek_zendrowka.jpg/250px-Radzyn_Chelm_zamek_zendrowka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in <a href="/wiki/Radzy%C5%84_Che%C5%82mi%C5%84ski" title="Radzyń Chełmiński">Radzyń</a> Castle (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud%C3%A9jar_Teruel_(1361857538).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudéjar brick church tower in Teruel, Spain, (14th century)"><img alt="Mudéjar brick church tower in Teruel, Spain, (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mud%C3%A9jar_Teruel_%281361857538%29.jpg/120px-Mud%C3%A9jar_Teruel_%281361857538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mud%C3%A9jar_Teruel_%281361857538%29.jpg/250px-Mud%C3%A9jar_Teruel_%281361857538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> brick church tower in <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, Spain, (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornbury.twochimneys.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brick sculpting on Thornbury Castle, Thornbury, near Bristol, England. The chimneys were erected in 1514"><img alt="Brick sculpting on Thornbury Castle, Thornbury, near Bristol, England. The chimneys were erected in 1514" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Thornbury.twochimneys.arp.750pix.jpg/120px-Thornbury.twochimneys.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Thornbury.twochimneys.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Thornbury.twochimneys.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brick sculpting on <a href="/wiki/Thornbury_Castle" title="Thornbury Castle">Thornbury Castle</a>, Thornbury, near <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England. The <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a> were erected in 1514</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijksmonument450429.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical brick house in the Netherlands."><img alt="A typical brick house in the Netherlands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rijksmonument450429.JPG/90px-Rijksmonument450429.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rijksmonument450429.JPG/135px-Rijksmonument450429.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rijksmonument450429.JPG/180px-Rijksmonument450429.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical brick house in the Netherlands.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 19th-century brick church in Loppi, Finland"><img alt="A 19th-century brick church in Loppi, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg/90px-Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg/135px-Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg/180px-Lopen_uusi_kirkko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 19th-century brick church in <a href="/wiki/Loppi" title="Loppi">Loppi</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Dutch farmhouse near Wageningen, Netherlands"><img alt="A typical Dutch farmhouse near Wageningen, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg/120px-Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg/250px-Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical Dutch farmhouse near <a href="/wiki/Wageningen" title="Wageningen">Wageningen</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque brick Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco in Mexico City, was completed in 1663[55]"><img alt="Baroque brick Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco in Mexico City, was completed in 1663[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg/80px-Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg/120px-Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg/160px-Capilla_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque brick <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parish_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rtir,_Xoco,_Mexico_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco, Mexico City (page does not exist)">Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, was completed in 1663<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Blantyre,_Malawi_Brick_Detail_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorative bricks in St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi"><img alt="Decorative bricks in St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church%2C_Blantyre%2C_Malawi_Brick_Detail_2.JPG/120px-St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church%2C_Blantyre%2C_Malawi_Brick_Detail_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church%2C_Blantyre%2C_Malawi_Brick_Detail_2.JPG/250px-St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church%2C_Blantyre%2C_Malawi_Brick_Detail_2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorative bricks in <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi">St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BiblioBarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgilio Barco Public Library, Bogotá, Colombia"><img alt="Virgilio Barco Public Library, Bogotá, Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BiblioBarco.jpg/120px-BiblioBarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BiblioBarco.jpg/250px-BiblioBarco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgilio Barco Public Library, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Claudia_Cali_edificio_FES.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="FES Building, Cali, Colombia"><img alt="FES Building, Cali, Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maria_Claudia_Cali_edificio_FES.jpg/120px-Maria_Claudia_Cali_edificio_FES.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maria_Claudia_Cali_edificio_FES.jpg/250px-Maria_Claudia_Cali_edificio_FES.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">FES Building, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, Colombia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_likn_india.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A brick kiln, Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="A brick kiln, Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brick_likn_india.JPG/120px-Brick_likn_india.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brick_likn_india.JPG/250px-Brick_likn_india.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brick kiln, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SW_4th_Avenue_MAX_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brick sidewalk paving in Portland, Oregon, U.S."><img alt="Brick sidewalk paving in Portland, Oregon, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SW_4th_Avenue_MAX_station.jpg/120px-SW_4th_Avenue_MAX_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SW_4th_Avenue_MAX_station.jpg/250px-SW_4th_Avenue_MAX_station.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brick sidewalk paving in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, U.S.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CambridgeMAFireplugB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brick sidewalk in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S."><img alt="Brick sidewalk in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CambridgeMAFireplugB.jpg/120px-CambridgeMAFireplugB.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CambridgeMAFireplugB.jpg/250px-CambridgeMAFireplugB.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brick sidewalk in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porotherm style clay block brick"><img alt="Porotherm style clay block brick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg/120px-Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg/180px-Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg/240px-Porotherm_style_clay_block_brick_angle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porotherm style clay block brick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cegly01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moulding bricks, Poland"><img alt="Moulding bricks, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cegly01.jpg/120px-Cegly01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cegly01.jpg/250px-Cegly01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moulding bricks, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Normanby_Brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brick made as a byproduct of ironstone mining Normanby – UK"><img alt="Brick made as a byproduct of ironstone mining Normanby – UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Normanby_Brick.jpg/120px-Normanby_Brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Normanby_Brick.jpg/250px-Normanby_Brick.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brick made as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</a> mining <a href="/wiki/Normanby,_Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Normanby, Redcar and Cleveland">Normanby – UK</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fired, clay bricks in Hainan, China"><img alt="Fired, clay bricks in Hainan, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg/120px-Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg/180px-Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg/240px-Brick_making_in_Hainan_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fired, clay bricks in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Dock_warehouses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The largest brick warehouse in the world, Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, Liverpool, UK"><img alt="The largest brick warehouse in the world, Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, Liverpool, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stanley_Dock_warehouses.jpg/120px-Stanley_Dock_warehouses.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stanley_Dock_warehouses.jpg/250px-Stanley_Dock_warehouses.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4677" data-file-height="2862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The largest brick warehouse in the world, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Dock_Tobacco_Warehouse" title="Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse">Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foraine_brick_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval heir to the Roman brick in the Toulouse region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format."><img alt="Medieval heir to the Roman brick in the Toulouse region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Foraine_brick_en.jpg/120px-Foraine_brick_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Foraine_brick_en.jpg/250px-Foraine_brick_en.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval heir to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman brick</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Albi)_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Albi Cathedral (France) was built using "Foraine" bricks."><img alt="The Albi Cathedral (France) was built using "Foraine" bricks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral.jpg/120px-%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral.jpg/250px-%28Albi%29_North_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7249" data-file-height="4243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> (France) was built using "Foraine" bricks.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The old brick house at Taipei, Taiwan."><img alt="The old brick house at Taipei, Taiwan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg/90px-%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg/135px-%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg/180px-%E8%89%8B%E8%88%BA%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9D-%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%B7%AF%E6%B4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97No.124-2023-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The old brick house at <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete" title="Autoclaved aerated concrete">Autoclaved aerated concrete</a> – Lightweight, precast building material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a> – Use of glazed tiles alternating with plain brick for decorative purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_building_material" title="Ceramic building material">Ceramic building material</a> – Archaeological term for baked clay building material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_British_bricklaying" title="Glossary of British bricklaying">Glossary of British bricklaying</a> – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_africanum" title="Opus africanum">Opus africanum</a> – Form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_latericium" title="Opus latericium">Opus latericium</a> – Ancient Roman brickwork construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_mixtum" title="Opus mixtum">Opus mixtum</a> – Combination of Roman construction techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_spicatum" title="Opus spicatum">Opus spicatum</a> – Masonry pattern used in Roman and medieval times</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_vittatum" title="Opus vittatum">Opus vittatum</a> – Roman construction technique using horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome_brickwork" title="Polychrome brickwork">Polychrome brickwork</a> – Use of bricks of different colours for decoration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade_Building_System" title="Stockade Building System">Stockade Building System</a> – Building block system using compressed wood shavings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfaced_block" title="Surfaced block">Surfaced block</a> – Concrete masonry unit with a durable, slick surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wienerberger" title="Wienerberger">Wienerberger</a> – Manufacturer of bricks, pavers and pipes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildupnepal.com/interlocking-bricks/">"Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB"</a>. <i>Buildup Nepal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buildup+Nepal&rft.atitle=Interlocking+bricks+%26+Compressed+stablized+earth+bricks+-+CSEB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildupnepal.com%2Finterlocking-bricks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vlaanderen-circulair.be/en/cases-in-flanders/detail/facadeclick">"Bricks that interlock"</a>.</cite><span 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Donovan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/472930436"><i>Village-level brickmaking</i></a>. 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(1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BriOnl-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BriOnl_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick/76609/History-of-brickmaking">History of brickmaking</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenoyer2005" class="citation cs2">Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2005), "Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities", <i>Scientific American</i>, <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>33, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0105-24sp">10.1038/scientificamerican0105-24sp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840948">12840948</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Uncovering+the+keys+to+the+Lost+Indus+Cities&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0105-24sp&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12840948&rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Bricks_Anlysis-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Bricks_Anlysis_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanLemmen2013" class="citation cs2">Khan, Aurangzeb; Lemmen, Carsten (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1285495"><i>Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.1426">1303.1426</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1303.1426K">2013arXiv1303.1426K</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bricks+and+urbanism+in+the+Indus+Valley+rise+and+decline&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.1426&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013arXiv1303.1426K&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Aurangzeb&rft.au=Lemmen%2C+Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1285495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1998" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Sunil (May–June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/52450268/History_of_Brick.pdf">"History of Brick in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ARCHITECTURE+DESIGN</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>78<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.timesunion.com&rft.atitle=Brick+collectors+of+the+Hudson+Valley&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Falkenstein&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesunion.com%2Fhudsonvalley%2Fculture%2Farticle%2FBrick-collectors-Hudson-Valley-17271119.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amusingplanet.com/2019/09/monadnock-building-last-brick-skyscraper.html">"Monadnock Building: The Last Brick Skyscraper"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(27 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7v84d6rh">"Mud-Brick"</a>. <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology&rft.atitle=Mud-Brick&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Virginia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7v84d6rh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomsher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Homsher, Robert S. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001">"Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>368</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.368.0001">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164826274">164826274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Mud+Bricks+and+the+Process+of+Construction+in+the+Middle+Bronze+Age+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=368&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164826274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.368.0001&rft.aulast=Homsher&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.368.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowntonClarke2020" class="citation web cs1">Downton, Paul; Clarke, Dick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/mudbrick#:~:text=A%20mud%20brick%20is%20made,include%20silt%2C%20gravel%20and%20stones.">"Mud brick"</a>. <i>YourHome</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YourHome&rft.atitle=Mud+brick&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Downton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourhome.gov.au%2Fmaterials%2Fmudbrick%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520mud%2520brick%2520is%2520made%2Cinclude%2520silt%252C%2520gravel%2520and%2520stones.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTintnerRothOttnerSyrová-Anýžová2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tintner, Johannes; Roth, Kimberly; Ottner, Franz; Syrová-Anýžová, Zuzana; Žabičková, Ivana; Wriessnig, Karin; Meingast, Roland; Feiglstorfer, Hubert (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144354">"Straw in Clay Bricks and Plasters—Can We Use Its Molecular Decay for Dating Purposes?"</a>. <i>Molecules</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 1419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules25061419">10.3390/molecules25061419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049">1420-3049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144354">7144354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32244982">32244982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Straw+in+Clay+Bricks+and+Plasters%E2%80%94Can+We+Use+Its+Molecular+Decay+for+Dating+Purposes%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1419&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7144354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1420-3049&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32244982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules25061419&rft.aulast=Tintner&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Roth%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Ottner%2C+Franz&rft.au=Syrov%C3%A1-An%C3%BD%C5%BEov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana&rft.au=%C5%BDabi%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1%2C+Ivana&rft.au=Wriessnig%2C+Karin&rft.au=Meingast%2C+Roland&rft.au=Feiglstorfer%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7144354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoddardCarver1946" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, Ralph Perkins; Carver, William (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001613313"><i>Brick structures, how to build them ; practical reference data on materials, design, and construction methods employed in brick construction ...</i></a> New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brick+structures%2C+how+to+build+them+%3B+practical+reference+data+on+materials%2C+design%2C+and+construction+methods+employed+in+brick+construction+...&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Perkins&rft.au=Carver%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001613313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punmia-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punmia_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPunmia,_B.C.Jain,_Ashok_Kumar2003" class="citation cs2">Punmia, B.C.; 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Cambridge University Press. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brick&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Joseph+%26+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk/brick-sizes-variations-and-standardisation/">"Brick sizes, variations and standardisation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brick+sizes%2C+variations+and+standardisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk%2Fbrick-sizes-variations-and-standardisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn9a.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229030920/http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn9a.pdf">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Brick Industry Association. Technical Note 9A, Specifications for and Classification of Brick. Retrieved 28 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Technical%20Notes/TN10.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511021920/http://www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Technical%20Notes/TN10.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> bia.org. Technical Note 10, Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry (pdf file) Retrieved 8 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206161820/http://www.crammix.co.za/maxilite.htm">Crammix <i>Maxilite</i></a>. crammix.co.za</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704104107/http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/preserveamerica/stories/michigan/index.cfm">Michigan | Success Stories | Preserve America | Office of the Secretary of Transportation | U.S. Department of Transportation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2003" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Emma (31 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-07-31-brick-roads_x.htm">"Bricks come back to city streets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Bricks+come+back+to+city+streets&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2003-07-31-brick-roads_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomero2007" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (6 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/arts/06salmona.html?_r=1&ref=obituaries&oref=slogin">"Rogelio Salmona, Colombian Architect Who Transformed Cities, Is Dead at 78"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rogelio+Salmona%2C+Colombian+Architect+Who+Transformed+Cities%2C+Is+Dead+at+78&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F06%2Farts%2F06salmona.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dobituaries%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.access-board.gov/adaag-1991-2002.html">"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADA+Accessibility+Guidelines+%28ADAAG%29&rft.pub=United+States+Access+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.access-board.gov%2Fadaag-1991-2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Next_City-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Next_City_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Next_City_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/san-francisco-change-brick-sidewalks-ada-compliance-market-street">"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Next_City" title="Next City">Next City</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+Will+Say+So+Long+to+Brick+Sidewalk&rft.pub=Next+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnextcity.org%2Furbanist-news%2Fsan-francisco-change-brick-sidewalks-ada-compliance-market-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro_Porcel_Arraut2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alejandro Porcel Arraut (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=2110">"Desarrollo inmobiliario en Xoco: relato de ciudades enfrentadas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nexos" title="Nexos">Nexos (magazine)</a></i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nexos+%28magazine%29&rft.atitle=Desarrollo+inmobiliario+en+Xoco%3A+relato+de+ciudades+enfrentadas&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.au=Alejandro+Porcel+Arraut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabrujula.nexos.com.mx%2F%3Fp%3D2110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAragus2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aragus, Philippe (2003), <i>Brique et architecture dans l'Espagne médiévale</i>, Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velazquez, 2 (in French), Madrid</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brique+et+architecture+dans+l%27Espagne+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Casa+de+Velazquez%2C+2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Aragus&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellPryce2003" class="citation cs2">Campbell, James W.; Pryce, Will, photographer (2003), <i>Brick: a World History</i>, London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brick%3A+a+World+History&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Pryce%2C+Will%2C+photographer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoomandsVanRoyen2008" class="citation cs2">Coomands, Thomas; VanRoyen, Harry, eds. (2008), "Novii Monasterii, 7", <i>Medieval Brick Architecture in Flanders and Northern Europe</i>, Koksijde: Ten Duinen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novii+Monasterii%2C+7&rft.btitle=Medieval+Brick+Architecture+in+Flanders+and+Northern+Europe&rft.place=Koksijde&rft.pub=Ten+Duinen&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDasDasDas2010" class="citation cs2">Das, Saikia Mimi; Das, Bhargab Mohan; Das, Madan Mohan (2010), <i>Elements of Civil Engineering</i>, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-4097-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-4097-8"><bdi>978-81-203-4097-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Civil+Engineering&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Private+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-203-4097-8&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Saikia+Mimi&rft.au=Das%2C+Bhargab+Mohan&rft.au=Das%2C+Madan+Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKornmannCTTB2007" class="citation cs2">Kornmann, M.; CTTB (2007), <i>Clay Bricks and Roof Tiles, Manufacturing and Properties</i>, Paris: Lasim, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9517765-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9517765-6-2"><bdi>978-2-9517765-6-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clay+Bricks+and+Roof+Tiles%2C+Manufacturing+and+Properties&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lasim&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-9517765-6-2&rft.aulast=Kornmann&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=CTTB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlumbridgeMeulenkamp2000" class="citation cs2">Plumbridge, Andrew; Meulenkamp, Wim (2000), <i>Brickwork. Architecture and Design</i>, London: Seven Dials, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84188-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84188-039-6"><bdi>1-84188-039-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brickwork.+Architecture+and+Design&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seven+Dials&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84188-039-6&rft.aulast=Plumbridge&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Meulenkamp%2C+Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobson1850" class="citation cs2">Dobson, E. A. (1850), <i>Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles</i>, London: John Weale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudimentary+Treatise+on+the+Manufacture+of+Bricks+and+Tiles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Weale&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hudson, Kenneth (1972) <i>Building Materials</i>; chap. 3: Bricks and tiles. London: Longman; pp. 28–42</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1925" class="citation cs2">Lloyd, N. (1925), <i>History of English Brickwork</i>, London: H. Greville Montgomery</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+English+Brickwork&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Greville+Montgomery&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bricks" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bricks">bricks</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Nepal" title="Roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_street" title="Dead-end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravenue" title="Stravenue">Stravenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_signs" title="Template:Traffic signs">Template:Traffic signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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