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href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_postwar:_Belgium_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_postwar:_Belgium_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_postwar:_Belgium_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andrew_Carnegie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrew_Carnegie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Andrew Carnegie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrew_Carnegie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_D._Rockefeller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_D._Rockefeller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>John D. Rockefeller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_D._Rockefeller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ford_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ford_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ford Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ford_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_traditional_and_new_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_traditional_and_new_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Differences between traditional and new philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_between_traditional_and_new_philanthropy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences between traditional and new philanthropy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_traditional_and_new_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_investment_versus_traditional_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_investment_versus_traditional_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_investment_versus_traditional_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_philanthropy_versus_philanthrocapitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_philanthropy_versus_philanthrocapitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_philanthropy_versus_philanthrocapitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_equity_through_science_and_health_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_equity_through_science_and_health_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_equity_through_science_and_health_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types of philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_philanthropy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of philanthropy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celebrity_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Celebrity philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implications_on_government_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_on_government_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Implications on government and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_on_government_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Diaspora philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropic_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropic_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Philanthropic capitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropic_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فعل الخير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فعل الخير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantrop%C3%ADa" title="Filantropía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filantropía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropija" title="Filantropija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filantropija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropie" title="Filantropie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filantropie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropie" title="Philanthropie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philanthropie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantroopia" title="Filantroopia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filantroopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλανθρωπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλανθρωπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantrop%C3%ADa" title="Filantropía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filantropía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropio" title="Filantropio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filantropio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان‌دوستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌دوستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropie" title="Philanthropie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philanthropie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropy" title="Filantropy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filantropy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantrop%C3%ADa" title="Filantropía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filantropía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%95%A0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="박애주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박애주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="लोकोपकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोकोपकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjekoljublje" title="Čovjekoljublje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čovjekoljublje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedermawanan" title="Kedermawanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedermawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נדבנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נדבנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ფილანთროპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილანთროპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropi%C3%B4" title="Filantropiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Filantropiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филантропия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Филантропия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovdost%C3%AE" title="Mirovdostî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirovdostî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropia" title="Philanthropia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philanthropia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropija" title="Filantropija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filantropija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labdarys" title="Labdarys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Labdarys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филантропија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филантропија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ფილანთროპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილანთროპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropie" title="Filantropie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filantropie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC" title="フィランソロピー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィランソロピー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropi" title="Filantropi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filantropi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayriya" title="Xayriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xayriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਲੋਕ ਭਲਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕ ਭਲਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropie" title="Filantropie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filantropie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филантропия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Филантропия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philanthropy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovekoljubje" title="Človekoljubje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človekoljubje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چاکەکاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاکەکاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Човекољубље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Човекољубље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropija" title="Filantropija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filantropija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropia" title="Filantropia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filantropia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropi" title="Filantropi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filantropi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filantropizm" title="Filantropizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filantropizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філантропія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філантропія" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">Philanthropist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private efforts to increase public good</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philanthropy (disambiguation)">Philanthropy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Philanthropist" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philanthropist (disambiguation)">Philanthropist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">List of philanthropists</a></div> <p><b>Philanthropy</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> that consists of "private initiatives for the <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-philRecon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philRecon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public services.<sup id="cite_ref-philRecon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philRecon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who practices philanthropy is a <b>philanthropist</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg/170px-Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg/255px-Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg/340px-Herodes_Atticus_-_bust_-_Athens_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herodes_Atticus" title="Herodes Atticus">Herodes Atticus</a>, a Greek philanthropist of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> active during the 2nd century <span title="Common Era">CE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>philanthropy</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">φιλανθρωπία</span> (philanthrōpía)</i> 'love of <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">humanity</a>', from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philo-</i></span> 'to love, be fond of' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpos</i></span> 'humankind, mankind'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second century <span title="Common Era">CE</span>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> used the Greek concept of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philanthrôpía</i></span> to describe superior human beings. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philanthrôpía</i></span> was superseded in Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Christian virtue</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">charity</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caritas</i></span>) in the sense of selfless love, valued for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and escape from <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> considered <i>philanthrôpía</i> to be synonymous with "goodness", correlated with the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> conception of virtue as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Foundling_Hospital,_Holborn,_London;_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg/220px-The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg/330px-The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg/440px-The_Foundling_Hospital%2C_Holborn%2C_London%3B_a_bird%27s-eye_view_o_Wellcome_V0013461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a> in London, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1753</span>. The original building has since been demolished.</figcaption></figure> <p>In London, prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as <a href="/wiki/St_Dionis_Backchurch" title="St Dionis Backchurch">St Dionis Backchurch</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Carpenters" title="Worshipful Company of Carpenters">Carpenters' Company)</a>. During the 18th century, however, "a more activist and explicitly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> tradition of direct charitable engagement during life" took hold, exemplified by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Christian_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge">Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Societies_for_the_Reformation_of_Manners" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies for the Reformation of Manners">Societies for the Reformation of Manners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-London_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1739, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coram" title="Thomas Coram">Thomas Coram</a>, appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a> to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundling_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundling-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general."<sup id="cite_ref-Foundling_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundling-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities."<sup id="cite_ref-London_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hanway" title="Jonas Hanway">Jonas Hanway</a>, another notable philanthropist of the era, established <a href="/wiki/The_Marine_Society" title="The Marine Society">The Marine Society</a> in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen Hospital">Magdalen Hospital</a> to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_wilberforce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_wilberforce.jpg/180px-William_wilberforce.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_wilberforce.jpg/270px-William_wilberforce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_wilberforce.jpg/360px-William_wilberforce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, a prominent British philanthropist and <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the Slave Trade">anti-slavery campaigner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philanthropists, such as <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the Slave Trade">anti-slavery campaigner</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> throughout the Empire starting in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>2 million. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about £4.5 million. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, as one of the largest, and many small ones, such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of £76 million, of which £20 million was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about £8.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up">125</a> </span></sup> </p><p>Led by the energetic <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a> (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869 they set up the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organisation_Society" title="Charity Organisation Society">Charity Organisation Society</a>. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up">125</a> </span></sup> Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. such as the <a href="/wiki/Labourer%27s_Friend_Society" title="Labourer's Friend Society">Labourer's Friend Society</a> founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement. In 1844 it became the first <a href="/wiki/Model_Dwellings_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Model Dwellings Company">Model Dwellings Company</a>—an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Housing_association" title="Housing association">housing associations</a>, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. Later associations included the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Trust" title="Peabody Trust">Peabody Trust</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Trust">Guinness Trust</a>. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg/220px-Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg/330px-Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg/440px-Sisters_of_Mercy_at_the_Battle_of_Gravelotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelotte" title="Battle of Gravelotte">Battle of Gravelotte</a> in 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, the Swiss businessman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> used his fortune to fund the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, which became the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiers. He shared the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for this work in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) played a major role in working with <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> on all sides in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was in a cash-starved position when the war began in 1939, but quickly mobilized its national offices to set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency. For example, it provided food, mail and assistance to 365,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive. Suspicions, especially by London, of ICRC as too tolerant or even complicit with Nazi Germany led to its side-lining in favour of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a> (UNRRA) as the primary humanitarian agency after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-Postcard_-_Institut_Pasteur_-_Salle_des_Cours_2000_001_085_g158bh40z.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Men and woman working in a classroom at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Institut Pasteur</a> in Paris, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Red_Cross" title="French Red Cross">French Red Cross</a> played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces_Health_Service" title="French Armed Forces Health Service">Service de Santé</a>. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over 27 million <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French francs</a> in assets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1933, at the depth of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the French wanted a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. <a href="/wiki/War_veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="War veterans">War veterans</a> devised a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of modern philanthropy on the European continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. The princes and the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, funding monumental buildings, parks, and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> made local philanthropy a way to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, pursuing ends different from the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and the military. They concentrated on support for <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, and cultural institutions, as well as working to alleviate the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Criticisms" title="Industrial Revolution">hardships</a> brought on by rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> (upper-middle class) was defeated in its effort to gain political control in <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>, but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative power base for its worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religion was divisive in Germany, as Protestants, Catholics, and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies. The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to improving their communities there and then. Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism, and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as "social evils" that were seen as utterly sinful.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the religious groups used financial endowments, which multiplied in number and wealth as Germany grew richer. Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community, and each had a board of trustees; laymen donated their time to public service. </p><p>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, an upper class <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a>, used his state-sponsored philanthropy, in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state, to neutralize the political threat posed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialistic">socialistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle classes, however, made the most use of the new welfare state, in terms of heavy use of museums, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> (high schools), universities, scholarships, and hospitals. For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became essential. 19th-century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement than Britain or the United States, when measured in voluntary private funding for public purposes. Indeed, such German institutions as the <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a>, and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–7">: 1–7 </span></sup> </p><p>The heavy human and economic losses of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the financial crises of the 1920s, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime and other devastation by 1945, seriously undermined and weakened the opportunities for widespread philanthropy in Germany. The civil society so elaborately built up in the 19th century was dead by 1945. However, by the 1950s, as the "<a href="/wiki/Economic_miracle" title="Economic miracle">economic miracle</a>" was restoring German prosperity, the old aristocracy was defunct, and middle-class philanthropy started to return to importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 142–73">: 142–73 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_postwar:_Belgium_and_Eastern_Europe">War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Wanted_Immediately._2,000,000_Garments_for_destitute_Men,_Women,_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/200px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/300px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/400px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed eleven million Belgians by raising money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72–95">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/72/mode/2up">72</a>–95 </span></sup> Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization fed nine million Belgians and French daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Leuchtenburg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenburg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/30/mode/1up">30</a> </span></sup> </p><p>When the war ended in late 1918, Hoover took control of the <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> (ARA), with the mission of food<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="delivering? distributing? cultivating? need some sort of verb here to describe the mission (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 114–137">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/114/mode/2up">114</a>–137 </span></sup> U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"<sup id="cite_ref-Leuchtenburg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenburg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 58">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/58/mode/1up">58</a> </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy_in_the_United_States" title="Philanthropy in the United States">Philanthropy in the United States</a></div> <p>The first corporation founded in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> was <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> (1636), designed primarily to train young men for the clergy. A leading theorist was the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> (1662–1728), who in 1710 published a widely read essay, "Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good". Mather worried that the<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="which original idealism? Christian? colonial? puritanical? (August 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="what does "Classical" mean in this context? (August 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>, on the threshold of the <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i>An Essay upon Projects</i> (1697) and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>'s <i>Bonifacius: an essay upon the good</i> (1710). Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphians</a> into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a> (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting, and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> – as well as the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1743), to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1820s, newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work, especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals. <a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a> (1795–1869) is the acknowledged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> father of modern philanthropy. A financier based in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, in the 1860s, he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States and also funded housing for poor people in London. His activities became a model for Andrew Carnegie and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrew_Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Andrew Carnegie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie-1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Carnegie-1903.jpg/200px-Carnegie-1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Carnegie-1903.jpg/300px-Carnegie-1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Carnegie-1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>'s philanthropy. <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> magazine cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dalrymple" title="Louis Dalrymple">Louis Dalrymple</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale. After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations and to making direct contributions to many educational, cultural, and research institutions. He financed over 2,500 public <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">libraries</a> built across the United States and abroad. He also funded <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in New York City and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in the Netherlands. </p><p>His final and largest project was the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation of New York</a>, founded in 1911 with a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>25 million endowment, later enlarged to US$135 million. Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (now known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/">Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Workshop" title="Sesame Workshop">Sesame Workshop</a>. In all, Andrew Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_D._Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: John D. Rockefeller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_J._D._Rockefeller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> in 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> (1839–1937), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald" title="Julius Rosenwald">Julius Rosenwald</a> (1862–1932)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Olivia_Slocum_Sage" title="Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage">Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage</a> (1828–1918).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a> (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education, and scientific research. Of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>530 million the elder Rockefeller gave away, US$450 million went to medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their leading advisor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_Gates" title="Frederick Taylor Gates">Frederick Taylor Gates</a> launched several large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, it was investing heavily in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, especially the work by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> that enabled India, Mexico, and many poor countries to upgrade their agricultural productivity dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ford_Foundation">Ford Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ford Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></div> <p>With the acquisition of most of the stock of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> in the late 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat, and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950, sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation's school system, based on meritocracy (rather than political or family patronage) and democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and profession</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as well as its economic and political conditions. Ford, therefore, turned to agricultural reform.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud,_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud%2C_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud%2C_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud%2C_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud%2C_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud%2C_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabian philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Lamia_bint_Majed_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamia bint Majed Al Saud">Lamia bint Majed al-Saud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While charity has a long history in Asia, as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 391 BCE</span>) developed the concept of "universal love" (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiān'ài</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兼愛</span></span>), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> (almsgiving), while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities. In India, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a> (CSR) is now mandated, with 2% of net profits to be directed towards charity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">list of countries by number of billionaires</a> shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan (as of April 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). </p><p>While the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two percent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>507 billion (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">HK$</a>3.9 trillion) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structured giving in Australia through foundations<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally. </p><p>Two foundation types for which some data is available<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They must raise funds from the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_traditional_and_new_philanthropy">Differences between traditional and new philanthropy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Differences between traditional and new philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_investment_versus_traditional_philanthropy">Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional philanthropy and <a href="/wiki/Impact_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact investment">impact investment</a> can be distinguished by how they serve society. Traditional philanthropy is usually short-term, where organizations obtain resources for causes through fund-raising and one-off donations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> are examples of such; they focus more on financial contributions to social causes and less on actions and processes of benevolence. Impact investment, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between individual wellbeing and broader society by promoting <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. Stressing the importance of impact and change, they invest in different sectors of society, including housing, infrastructure, healthcare and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A suggested explanation for the preference for impact investment philanthropy to traditional philanthropy is the gaining prominence of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs) since 2015. Almost every SDG is linked to environmental protection and sustainability because of rising concerns about how <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> may affect the environment. As a result, development agencies have seen increased demands for accountability as they face greater pressure to fit with current developmental agendas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_philanthropy_versus_philanthrocapitalism">Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a> differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves. </p><p>The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic and firm growth, based on <a href="/wiki/Human_Capital_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Capital Theory">human capital theory</a>. Through education, specific skills are taught that enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promoting_equity_through_science_and_health_philanthropy">Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philanthropy has the potential to foster <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusivity</a> in various fields, such as scientific research, development, and healthcare. Addressing systemic inequalities in these sectors can lead to more diverse perspectives, innovations, and better overall outcomes. </p><p>Scholars have examined the importance of philanthropic support in promoting equity in different areas. For example, Christopherson <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlight the need to prioritize underrepresented groups, promote equitable partnerships, and advocate for diverse leadership within the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>. In the healthcare sector, Thompson <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasize the role of philanthropy in empowering communities to reduce health disparities and address the root causes of these disparities. Research by Chandra <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrates the potential of strategic philanthropy to tackle health inequalities through initiatives that focus on prevention, early intervention, and building community capacity. Similarly, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Bridgespan_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgespan Group">Bridgespan Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that philanthropy can create systemic change by investing in long-term solutions that address the underlying causes of social issues, including those related to science and health disparities. </p><p>To advance equity in science and healthcare, philanthropists can adopt several key strategies: </p> <ul><li>Prioritize underrepresented groups: Support scientists and health professionals from diverse backgrounds to help address historical injustices and foster diversity.</li> <li>Encourage equitable partnerships: Facilitate collaborations between institutions from different backgrounds to promote <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge exchange">knowledge exchange</a> and a fair distribution of resources.</li> <li>Advocate for diverse leadership: Support initiatives that emphasize diversity and inclusion in leadership positions within scientific and health institutions.</li> <li>Invest in early-career professionals: Help create a more equitable pipeline for future leaders in science and healthcare by investing in early-career researchers and health professionals.</li> <li>Influence policy changes: Utilize philanthropic influence to advocate for policy changes that address systemic inequalities in science and health.</li></ul> <p>Through these approaches, philanthropy can significantly promote equity within scientific and health communities, leading to more inclusive and effective advancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_philanthropy">Types of philanthropy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types of philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philanthropy is defined differently by different groups of people; many define it as a means to alleviate human suffering and advance the quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many forms of philanthropy, allowing for different impacts by different groups in different settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity_philanthropy">Celebrity philanthropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Celebrity philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Celebrity philanthropy</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Charitable" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable">charitable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropic">philanthropic</a> activities. It is a scholarship topic in studies of "the popular" vis-à-vis the modern and post-modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-Allatson15_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatson15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon. Although charity and <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">fame</a> are associated historically, it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-Allatson15_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatson15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–16">: 1–16 </span></sup> Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one-off monetary donations. It involves celebrities using their publicity, brand credibility, and personal wealth to promote <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit organisation">not-for-profit organisations</a>, which are increasingly business-like in form. </p><p>This is sometimes termed as "celanthropy"—the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-Allatson15_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatson15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implications_on_government_and_governance">Implications on government and governance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Implications on government and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of celebrity philanthropy has coincided with the contraction of government involvement in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> support and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> to name a few.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This can be identified from the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Vague and tenuous link (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Public interest group">Public interest groups</a>, not-for-profit organisations and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Climate_March_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Climate March (2014)">People's Climate March</a> of 2014. The demonstration was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Climate_Movement" title="People's Climate Movement">People's Climate Movement</a>, which aims to raise awareness of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and environmental issues more generally. Notable celebrities who were part of this campaign included actors <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo" title="Mark Ruffalo">Mark Ruffalo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (album)">The Concert for Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_Aid_(band)" title="Band Aid (band)">Band Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveAid" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveAid">LiveAid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetAid" title="NetAid">NetAid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Thomas#St._Jude_Children's_Research_Hospital" title="Danny Thomas">Danny Thomas and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media">Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis#MDA_and_an_annual_tradition" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis and the MDA Telethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNICEF_Goodwill_Ambassadors" title="List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors">List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman%27s_Own" title="Newman's Own">Newman's Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods#TGR_Foundation" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere#Personal_life_and_activism" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Area_Medical" title="Remote Area Medical">Remote Area Medical</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_philanthropy">Diaspora philanthropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diaspora philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diaspora philanthropy is philanthropy conducted by <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> populations either in their country of residence or in their countries of origin. Diaspora philanthropy is a newly established term with many variations, including <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">migrant</a> philanthropy, homeland philanthropy, and <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnational</a> giving.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In diaspora philanthropy, migrants and their descendants are frontline distributors of aid, and enablers of development.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many countries, diaspora philanthropy is a prominent way in which members of the diaspora invest back into their homeland countries. </p><p>Along with diaspora-led foreign direct investment, diaspora philanthropy is a force in the development of a country. Members of a diaspora are familiar with their community's needs and the social, political, and economic factors that influence the delivery of those needs. Studies show that those who are a part of the diaspora are more aware of the pressing and neglected issues of their community than outsiders or other well wishers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also given their deep ties to their country of origin, diaspora philanthropies have greater longevity than other international philanthropies. Due to <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the distance buffer accompanied with</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> diaspora philanthropy, diaspora philanthropy is more willing to address controversial issues found in their country of origin compared to local philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>African American philanthropists</b></i> have made significant contributions across various fields, including mental health, education, entrepreneurship, and disaster relief. Taraji P. Henson's <b>Boris Lawrence Henson Foundation</b><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focuses on mental health awareness and support for those affected by mental illness, particularly within the African American community. Shawn Carter's <b>Shawn Carter Foundation</b><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides scholarships and educational opportunities to underserved youth, aiming to improve access to higher education and support students in achieving their academic goals. Damon John's <b>FUBU Foundation</b><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promotes entrepreneurship by offering mentorship and resources to aspiring business owners. Additionally, Rihanna's <b>Clara Lionel Foundation</b><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid, helping communities in need during crises and supporting global emergency response efforts. While there are dozens more examples,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each of these foundations reflects the African American community's commitment to addressing critical issues and improving the lives of individuals in diverse and impactful ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropic_capitalism">Philanthropic capitalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Philanthropic capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>. The reason given is: <b>merge into "Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism" above.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthropic capitalism</a> or philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss. Still, the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they incurred.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a philanthropist puts up <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>10 million for <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">neighborhood revitalization</a> to build new homes in place of <a href="/wiki/Dilapidated" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilapidated">dilapidated</a> housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a US$1,000 loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> so they would not have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philanthropy has been used by <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">ultra high-net-worth individuals</a> to offset their larger <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> liabilities through <a href="/wiki/Charitable_contribution_deductions_in_the_United_States" title="Charitable contribution deductions in the United States">charitable contribution deductions</a> enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">tax code</a>. In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Winners_Take_All:_The_Elite_Charade_of_Changing_the_World" title="Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World">Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anand_Giridharadas" title="Anand Giridharadas">Anand Giridharadas</a>, he asserts that various philanthropic initiatives by the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> in practice function to entrench the <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">special interests</a> of the wealthy elite.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, despite <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert F. Smith</a>'s generosity by paying off the student debt incurred by the <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse</a> class of 2019, he simultaneously fought against changes to the tax code that could have made more money available to help <a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality" title="Educational inequality">low-income students</a> pay for <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a>. As a result, Giridharadas argues, Smith's philanthropic giving functions to reinforce the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> and perpetuates <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income inequality</a>, instead of addressing the root cause of social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of wealthy people to deduct a significant amount of their tax liabilities in the form of philanthropic giving, as noted by the late German billionaire shipping magnate and philanthropist Peter Kramer, functioned as "a bad transfer of power", from <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratically</a> elected politicians to unelected <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaires</a>, whereby it is no longer "the state that determines what is good for the people, but rather the rich who decide". The <a href="/wiki/Global_Policy_Forum" title="Global Policy Forum">Global Policy Forum</a>, an independent policy watchdog which functions to monitor the activities of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, warned governments and international organisations that they should "assess the growing influence of major philanthropic foundations, and especially the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation… and analyse the intended and unintended risks and side-effects of their activities" prior to accepting money from rich donors. In 2015, Global Policy Forum also warned elected politicians that they should be particularly concerned about "the unpredictable and insufficient financing of <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a>, the lack of <a href="/wiki/Monitoring_and_evaluation" title="Monitoring and evaluation">monitoring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> mechanisms, and the prevailing practice of applying business logic to the provision of public goods".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giridharadas also argues that philanthropy <a href="/wiki/Distraction" title="Distraction">distracts</a> the public from some of the ill-gotten gains that were derived via <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sackler_family" title="Sackler family">Sackler family</a> were known for their generous philanthropic giving to various <a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">cultural institutions</a> worldwide. However, their philanthropic giving functioned as <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, as their legacy of <a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">generosity</a> was tainted by the subsequent exposure of <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a>'s role in encouraging and exacerbating the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic" title="Opioid epidemic">opioid epidemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of their exposed ill-gotten gains from the <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a> caused by the philanthropic donors, the British institutions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a>, along with the American institution <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, announced their rejection of charitable giving from the Sackler family trusts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">List of philanthropists</a> – Overview of notable philanthropists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">List of wealthiest charitable foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">Charitable organization</a> – Nonprofit organization with charitable purpose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a> – Philosophical and social movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_philanthropy" title="Ethics of philanthropy">Ethics of philanthropy</a> – Ethical issues specific to philanthropy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(charity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (charity)">Foundation (charity)</a> – Type of nonprofit organization<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">Non-profit organization</a> – Organization operated for a collective benefit<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthropic capitalism</a> – Method of philanthropy that mirrors a for-profit business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a> – Investment<span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_the_sick" title="Visiting the sick">Visiting the sick</a> – Philanthropic practice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-philRecon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philRecon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philRecon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCully2009" class="citation book cs1">McCully, George (2009). <i>Philanthropy Reconsidered: Private Initiatives, Public Good, Quality of Life</i>. Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438905617" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438905617"><bdi>978-1438905617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+Reconsidered%3A+Private+Initiatives%2C+Public+Good%2C+Quality+of+Life&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438905617&rft.aulast=McCully&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/philanthropy">"Philanthropy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Philanthropy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fphilanthropy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. "Charity, considered in itself". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3023.htm"><i>Summa Theologiae</i></a>. Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charity%2C+considered+in+itself&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae&rft.pages=Secunda+Secundae+Partis%2C+Q.+23&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F3023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. "The object of charity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3025.htm"><i>Summa Theologiae</i></a>. Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+object+of+charity&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae&rft.pages=Secunda+Secundae+Partis%2C+Q.+25&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F3025.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1755" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Samuel (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsons_dictionary_1755/page/n1519/mode/1up">"Philanthropy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i>. 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href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150275678">150275678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+English+campaign+for+abolition+of+the+slave+trade&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=382-399&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150275678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715027&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Louis+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2715027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Petley, Christer (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2011.598744">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 393–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2011.598744">10.1080/03086534.2011.598744</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159547077">159547077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=%27Devoted+Islands%27+and+%27that+Madman+Wilberforce%27%3A+British+Proslavery+Patriotism+during+the+Age+of+Abolition&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-415&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2011.598744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159547077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Petley&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2011.598744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1994" class="citation book cs1">Read, Donald (1994) [1979]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read"><i>The age of urban democracy: England 1868–1914</i></a></span> (revised ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582089212" title="Special:BookSources/0582089212"><bdi>0582089212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+urban+democracy%3A+England+1868%E2%80%931914&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0582089212&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofurbandemocr0000read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Finlayson, Geoffrey (March 1983). 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By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review]"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4, December): 1061f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700089683">10.1017/S0022050700089683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154468207">154468207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Five+Per+Cent+Philanthropy%3A+An+Account+of+Housing+in+Urban+Areas+Between+1840+and+1914.+By+John+Nelson+Tarn%E2%80%A6+%5BBook+Review%5D&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4%2C+December&rft.pages=1061f&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700089683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154468207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ffive-percent-philanthropy-an-account-of-housing-in-urban-areas-between-1840-and-1914-by-john-nelson-tarn-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1973-pp-ii-181-135-plates-2350%2F908F3785A1E06CDBE15C3BD1348369C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn,_John_Nelson1973" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, John Nelson (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn"><i>Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914</i></a></span>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/n19/mode/1up">xiv</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/23/mode/1up">23</a>, and <i>passim</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521085069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521085069"><bdi>978-0521085069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Per+Cent+Philanthropy%3A+An+Account+of+Housing+in+Urban+Areas+Between+1840+and+1914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=xiv%2C+23%2C+and+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0521085069&rft.au=Tarn%2C+John+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivepercentphila0000tarn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P. 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Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/100/mode/2up">100</a>–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573563406" title="Special:BookSources/9781573563406"><bdi>9781573563406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Philanthropists%3A+Biographies+of+Giving+and+Volunteering&rft.pages=100-03&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781573563406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotableamericanp0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2002" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "George Peabody". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse"><i>Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/242/mode/2up">243</a>–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573563406" title="Special:BookSources/9781573563406"><bdi>9781573563406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Peabody&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Philanthropists%3A+Biographies+of+Giving+and+Volunteering&rft.pages=243-45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781573563406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotableamericanp0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaaf1995" class="citation journal cs1">Schaaf, Elizabeth (1995). "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869". <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 268–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=George+Peabody%3A+His+Life+and+Legacy%2C+1795%E2%80%931869&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-285&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schaaf&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1970" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Joseph Frazier (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall"><i>Andrew Carnegie</i></a></span>. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall/page/882/mode/2up">882</a>–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Carnegie&rft.pages=882-84&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Frazier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewcarnegie0000wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2002" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Julius Rosenwald". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse"><i>Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/277/mode/1up">277</a>–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573563406" title="Special:BookSources/9781573563406"><bdi>9781573563406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Julius+Rosenwald&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Philanthropists%3A+Biographies+of+Giving+and+Volunteering&rft.pages=277-79&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781573563406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotableamericanp0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Ascoli, Peter M. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/juliusrosenwaldm0000asco"><i>Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South</i></a></span>. Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34741-1"><bdi>978-0-253-34741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Rosenwald%3A+The+Man+Who+Built+Sears%2C+Roebuck+and+Advanced+the+Cause+of+Black+Education+in+the+American+South&rft.series=Philanthropic+and+Nonprofit+Studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34741-1&rft.aulast=Ascoli&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuliusrosenwaldm0000asco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2003" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Ruth (2003). <i>Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Russell+Sage%3A+Women%27s+Activism+and+Philanthropy+in+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHarr1988" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Peter J.; Harr, John Ensor (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr"><i>The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family</i></a></span>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18936-9"><bdi>978-0-684-18936-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rockefeller+Century%3A+Three+Generations+of+America%27s+Greatest+Family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18936-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Harr%2C+John+Ensor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockefellercentu00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame2004" class="citation book cs1">Burlingame, Dwight, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C"><i>Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C&pg=PA419">419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078600" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078600"><bdi>9781576078600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+vol+2&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576078600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSakKhqTy70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeindling1997" class="citation journal cs1">Weindling, Paul (1997). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821072">"Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization"</a></span>. <i>Minerva</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 269–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004242303705">10.1023/A:1004242303705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821072">41821072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140744506">140744506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=Philanthropy+and+world+health%3A+the+Rockefeller+Foundation+and+the+League+of+Nations+Health+Organization&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-281&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140744506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41821072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004242303705&rft.aulast=Weindling&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41821072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesser2006" class="citation book cs1">Hesser, Leon F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abfe.org&rft.atitle=Homepage+%7C+ABFE+%7C+A+Philanthropic+Partnership+for+Black+Communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abfe.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahadevan2020" class="citation web cs1">Sahadevan, K (4 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countercurrents.org/2020/08/capitalist-philanthropy-a-means-of-circumventing-the-state/">"Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?"</a>. <i>Countercurrents</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countercurrents&rft.atitle=Capitalist+Philanthropy%3A+A+Means+of+Circumventing+the+State%3F&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.aulast=Sahadevan&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountercurrents.org%2F2020%2F08%2Fcapitalist-philanthropy-a-means-of-circumventing-the-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan2019" class="citation web cs1">Kwan, David (2019-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalw.org/show/binah/2019-12-05/binah-anand-giridharadas-on-the-fallacy-of-billionaire-philanthropy">"Binah: Anand Giridharadas on the Fallacy of Billionaire Philanthropy"</a>. <i>KALW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KALW&rft.atitle=Binah%3A+Anand+Giridharadas+on+the+Fallacy+of+Billionaire+Philanthropy&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalw.org%2Fshow%2Fbinah%2F2019-12-05%2Fbinah-anand-giridharadas-on-the-fallacy-of-billionaire-philanthropy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, David (2021-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/a-new-reason-americans-are-getting-leery-of-billionaire-donors-162409">"A new reason Americans are getting leery of billionaire donors"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+philanthropy+benefits+the+super-rich&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2020%2Fsep%2F08%2Fhow-philanthropy-benefits-the-super-rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivni2019" class="citation web cs1">Livni, Ephrat (7 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1586242/in-winners-take-all-anand-giridharadas-shows-whats-wrong-with-doing-well-by-doing-good/">"Here's what's wrong with letting wealthy people solve the world's problems"</a>. <i>Quartz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Here%27s+what%27s+wrong+with+letting+wealthy+people+solve+the+world%27s+problems&rft.date=2019-04-07&rft.aulast=Livni&rft.aufirst=Ephrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1586242%2Fin-winners-take-all-anand-giridharadas-shows-whats-wrong-with-doing-well-by-doing-good%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2008" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Thomas (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropypatr0000unse"><i>Philanthropy, Patronage, and Civil Society: Experiences from Germany, Great Britain, and North America</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253343130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253343130"><bdi>978-0253343130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy%2C+Patronage%2C+and+Civil+Society%3A+Experiences+from+Germany%2C+Great+Britain%2C+and+North+America&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0253343130&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilanthropypatr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame2004" class="citation book cs1">Burlingame, D.F., ed. (2004). <i>Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia</i>. ABC Clio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+America%3A+A+comprehensive+historical+encyclopaedia&rft.pub=ABC+Clio&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span> (3 vol.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurti1963" class="citation book cs1">Curti, Merle E. (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.139687"><i>American philanthropy abroad: a history</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62-18950">62-18950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+philanthropy+abroad%3A+a+history&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62-18950&rft.aulast=Curti&rft.aufirst=Merle+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.139687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_I._Hitchcock" title="William I. Hitchcock">Hitchcock, William I.</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/ttr.35.2.145">"World War I and the humanitarian impulse"</a></span>. <i>The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 145–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fttr.35.2.145">10.3138/ttr.35.2.145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tocqueville+Review%2FLa+revue+Tocqueville&rft.atitle=World+War+I+and+the+humanitarian+impulse&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-163&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fttr.35.2.145&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fttr.35.2.145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlchmanKatzQueen1998" class="citation book cs1">Ilchman, Warren F.; Katz, Stanley N.; Queen, Edward L. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinwo0000unse"><i>Philanthropy in the World's Traditions</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/025333392X" title="Special:BookSources/025333392X"><bdi>025333392X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+the+World%27s+Traditions&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=025333392X&rft.aulast=Ilchman&rft.aufirst=Warren+F.&rft.au=Katz%2C+Stanley+N.&rft.au=Queen%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilanthropyinwo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span> Examines philanthropy in Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Jewish, and Native American religious traditions and in cultures from Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1959" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, W.K. (1959). <i>Philanthropy in England, 1480–1660: A Study of the Changing Pattern of English Social Aspirations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+England%2C+1480%E2%80%931660%3A+A+Study+of+the+Changing+Pattern+of+English+Social+Aspirations&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=W.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiger2011" class="citation book cs1">Kiger, Joseph C. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropistsf0000kige"><i>Philanthropists and foundation globalization</i></a></span>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412806732" title="Special:BookSources/9781412806732"><bdi>9781412806732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropists+and+foundation+globalization&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412806732&rft.aulast=Kiger&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilanthropistsf0000kige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenPetersenKolstrup2014" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Jørn Henrik; Petersen, Klaus; Kolstrup, Søren (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jcs/article-abstract/56/1/81/897467">"Autonomy, Cooperation or Colonization? Christian Philanthropy and State Welfare in Denmark"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 81–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcst130">10.1093/jcs/cst130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Autonomy%2C+Cooperation+or+Colonization%3F+Christian+Philanthropy+and+State+Welfare+in+Denmark&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-104&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcst130&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn+Henrik&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Kolstrup%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjcs%2Farticle-abstract%2F56%2F1%2F81%2F897467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichCordelliBernholz2016" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Rob; Cordelli, Chiara; Bernholz, Lucy, eds. (2016). <i>Philanthropy in democratic societies: History, institutions, values</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+democratic+societies%3A+History%2C+institutions%2C+values&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunz2012" class="citation book cs1">Zunz, Olivier (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam0000zunz"><i>Philanthropy in America: A history</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691128368" title="Special:BookSources/9780691128368"><bdi>9780691128368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+America%3A+A+history&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780691128368&rft.aulast=Zunz&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilanthropyinam0000zunz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilanthropy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philanthropy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philanthropy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation">Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">Public-benefit nonprofit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_club" title="Service club">Service club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_corporation" title="Religious corporation">Religious corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charity and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity (Christian virtue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charity_evaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity evaluation">Charity evaluation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Charity_Evaluators" title="Animal Charity Evaluators">Animal Charity Evaluators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_(organization)" title="Candid (organization)">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_assessment" title="Charity assessment">Charity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Navigator" title="Charity Navigator">Charity Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CharityWatch" title="CharityWatch">CharityWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis">Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveWell" title="GiveWell">GiveWell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Multiplier" title="Giving Multiplier">Giving Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreatNonprofits" title="GreatNonprofits">GreatNonprofits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Further topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_giving" title="Alternative giving">Alternative giving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">Benefit concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Charity / thrift / op shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click-to-donate_site" title="Click-to-donate site">Click-to-donate site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_(charity)" title="Drive (charity)">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor-advised_fund" title="Donor-advised fund">Donor-advised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_intent" title="Donor intent">Donor intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earning_to_give" title="Earning to give">Earning to give</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_barriers_to_effective_altruism" title="Psychological barriers to effective altruism">Psychological barriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_philanthropy" title="Ethics of philanthropy">Ethics of philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charitable_foundations" title="List of charitable foundations">List of charitable foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">wealthiest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Nonprofit_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Nonprofit Organizations">Master of Nonprofit Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_funds" title="Matching funds">Matching funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telethon" title="Telethon">Telethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_the_sick" title="Visiting the sick">Visiting the sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_grant" title="Volunteer grant">Volunteer grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_kindness" title="Wall of kindness">Wall of kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm-glow_giving" title="Warm-glow giving">Warm-glow giving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_wealth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wealth" title="Template:Wealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth" title="Template talk:Wealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_wealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr />(new money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr />(old money)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury beliefs">Luxury beliefs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inherited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">by category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth (film)"><i>Wealth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth" title="Category:Wealth">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_by_country" title="Category:Wealth by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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