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<li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policy influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_Middle_East_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Center for Middle East Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Middle_East_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brookings-Tsinghua_Center_for_Public_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brookings-Tsinghua_Center_for_Public_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brookings-Tsinghua_Center_for_Public_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_Century_Defense_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_Century_Defense_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>21st Century Defense Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_Century_Defense_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WashU_at_Brookings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WashU_at_Brookings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>WashU at Brookings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WashU_at_Brookings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Funders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Funders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Funding details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Funding controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Brookings Institution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="مؤسسة بروكينغز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤسسة بروكينغز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituci%C3%B3_Brookings" title="Institució Brookings – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institució Brookings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituci%C3%B3n_Brookings" title="Institución Brookings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Institución Brookings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institucio_Brookings" title="Institucio Brookings – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Institucio Brookings" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="نهاد بروکینگز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نهاد بروکینگز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="브루킹스 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브루킹스 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1" title="מכון ברוקינגס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכון ברוקינגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ブルッキングス研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルッキングス研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Брукингский институт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брукингский институт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brookings Institution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Інститут Брукінгс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інститут Брукінгс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_Brookings" title="Viện Brookings – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện Brookings" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="布鲁金斯学会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布鲁金斯学会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q929154#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brookings_Institution&params=38_54_33_N_77_02_27_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°02′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.90917°N 77.04083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.90917; -77.04083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American think tank</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Brookings Institution</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brookings_logo_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brookings_logo_small.svg/220px-Brookings_logo_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brookings_logo_small.svg/330px-Brookings_logo_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brookings_logo_small.svg/440px-Brookings_logo_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brookings_Institution_(53822779298).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg/220px-The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg/330px-The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg/440px-The_Brookings_Institution_%2853822779298%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4649" data-file-height="2615" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Brookings Institution building near <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Brookings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1916<span class="noprint">; 109 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1916</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Brookings" title="Robert S. Brookings">Robert S. Brookings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53-0196577</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">1775 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Massachusetts Avenue</a>, N.W.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brookings_Institution&params=38_54_33_N_77_02_27_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°02′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.90917°N 77.04083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.90917; -77.04083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse" title="Cecilia Rouse">Cecilia Rouse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">$86.28 million<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$93.372 million<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$355.2 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/">brookings.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Institute for Government Research</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Brookings Institution</b>, often stylized as <b>Brookings</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> that conducts research and education in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">tax policy</a>), metropolitan policy, <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brookings has five research programs: Economic Studies,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign Policy,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governance Studies,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Economy and Development,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brookings Metro.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also operated three international centers: in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (Brookings Doha Center);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy);<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India (Brookings India).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 and 2021, the Institution announced it was separating entirely from its centers in Doha and New Delhi, and transitioning its center in Beijing to an informal partnership with <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, known as Brookings-Tsinghua China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <i>Global Go To Think Tank Index Report</i> has named Brookings "Think Tank of the Year" and "Top Think Tank in the World" every year since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brookings states that its staff "represent diverse points of view" and describes itself as nonpartisan.<sup id="cite_ref-research_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media outlets have variously described Brookings as <a href="/wiki/Centrism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrism in the United States">centrist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR91_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR91-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">center-left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-center-left_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-center-left-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An academic analysis of congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was cited by conservative politicians almost as often as by liberal politicians, earning a score of 53 on a 1–100 scale, with 100 representing the most liberal score.<sup id="cite_ref-sscnet_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sscnet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by U.S. media and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-sscnet_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sscnet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_S._Brookings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Robert_S._Brookings.jpg/220px-Robert_S._Brookings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Robert_S._Brookings.jpg/330px-Robert_S._Brookings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Robert_S._Brookings.jpg/440px-Robert_S._Brookings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="5048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Brookings" title="Robert S. Brookings">Robert S. Brookings</a>, who founded the Brookings Institution in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Brookings was founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), with the mission of becoming "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was founded on March 13, 1916, and began operations on October 1, 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security, and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system."<sup id="cite_ref-about_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Institution's founder, philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Brookings" title="Robert S. Brookings">Robert S. Brookings</a> (1850–1932), originally created three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics with funds from the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution on December 8, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-RSB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Critchlow_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchlow-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, economists at Brookings embarked on a large-scale study commissioned by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to understand its underlying causes. Brookings's first president, <a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Moulton" title="Harold G. Moulton">Harold G. Moulton</a>, and other Brookings scholars later led an effort to oppose Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> because they thought it impeded economic recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the U.S. entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1941, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization. In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for administering the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> was run carefully and on a businesslike basis.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as Brookings' president. He secured grants from the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> and reorganized Brookings around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Programs. In 1957, Brookings moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gordon" title="Kermit Gordon">Kermit Gordon</a> assumed Brookings' presidency. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 titled "Setting National Priorities".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research about national security and defense. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was elected president in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a>, the relationship between Brookings and the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> deteriorated. At one point, Nixon aide <a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> proposed a firebombing of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a> actually made a plan to firebomb the headquarters and steal classified files, but it was canceled because the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> refused to pay for a <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engine</a> as a getaway vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, after Gordon died, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Y._Steiner" title="Gilbert Y. Steiner">Gilbert Y. Steiner</a>, director of the governmental studies program, was appointed the fourth president of the Brookings Institution by the board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As director of the governmental studies program, Steiner brought in numerous scholars whose research ranges from administrative reform to urban policy, not only enhancing the program's visibility and influence in Washington and nationally, but also producing works that have arguably survived as classics in the field of political science.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1980s, Brookings faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need to reduce the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">federal budget deficit</a> became a major research theme, as did problems with <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">national security</a> and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brookings's fifth president, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Armacost" title="Michael Armacost">Michael Armacost</a> became the sixth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus its mission heading into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers, such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, now the Metropolitan Policy Program led by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Katz" title="Bruce J. Katz">Bruce J. Katz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which brought attention to the strengths of cities and metropolitan areas; and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Former Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> speaking at the Brookings Institution in April 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres" title="José María Figueres">José María Figueres</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">president of Costa Rica</a>, speaking at Brookings Institution in March 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a> became president of Brookings.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Saban Center for Middle East Policy</a> and the John L. Thornton China Center. In 2006, Brookings announced the establishment of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing. In July 2007, Brookings announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow <a href="/wiki/Mark_McClellan" title="Mark McClellan">Mark McClellan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in October 2007 the creation of the Brookings Doha Center directed by fellow <a href="/wiki/Hady_Amr" title="Hady Amr">Hady Amr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the funding of Brookings by foreign governments and corporations came under public scrutiny (see <a href="#Funding_controversies">Funding controversies</a> below). </p><p>In 2011, Talbott inaugurated the Brookings India Office.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, former general <a href="/wiki/John_R._Allen" title="John R. Allen">John R. Allen</a> became the eighth president of Brookings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen resigned on June 12, 2022, amid an FBI foreign lobbying investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 30, 2019, Brookings had an endowment of $377.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report.<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books and journals it publishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Papers_on_Economic_Activity" title="Brookings Papers on Economic Activity">Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Brookings Review</i> (1982–2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0745-1253">0745-1253</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy</i>, <i>Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade</i>, <i>India: Emerging Power</i>, <i>Through Their Eyes</i>, <i>Taking the High Road</i>, <i>Masses in Flight</i>, US Public Policy Regarding Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-Rebuilding_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rebuilding-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Stalemate</i>. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brookings also cooperates with The Lawfare Institute in publishing the online multimedia publication <i><a href="/wiki/Lawfare_(website)" title="Lawfare (website)">Lawfare</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_influence">Policy influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Policy influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brookings traces its history to 1916 and has contributed to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a>, as well as to the development of influential policies for <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, broad-based <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">tax reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">foreign aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_History_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_History-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual think tank index published by <i>Foreign Policy</i> ranks it the number one think tank in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Policy:_The_Think_Tank_Index_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy:_The_Think_Tank_Index-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Global Go To Think Tank Index believes it is the number one such tank in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in spite of an overall decline in the number of times information or opinions developed by think tanks are cited by U.S. media, of the 200 most prominent think tanks in the U.S., the Brookings Institution's research remains the most frequently cited.<sup id="cite_ref-fairreport_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairreport-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mediabias_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediabias-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks considered.<sup id="cite_ref-standford_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet "Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation" and rather tend "to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials".<sup id="cite_ref-standford_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, Brookings is generally considered one of the most influential policy institutes in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_stance">Political stance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and nonpartisan. A 2005 UCLA study concluded it was "centrist" because it was referenced as an authority almost equally by both conservative and liberal politicians in congressional records from 1993 to 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-sscnet_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sscnet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> has called Brookings liberal, liberal-centrist, and centrist.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> has called Brookings centrist, liberal, and center-left.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-center-left_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-center-left-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> called Brookings liberal-leaning and centrist before opining that it did not believe such labels mattered.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine called Brookings the "nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> has called it centrist<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico (newspaper)">Politico</a></i> has used the term "center-left".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The media watchdog group <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>, which describes itself as 'a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> group',<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has called Brookings "centrist",<sup id="cite_ref-fairreport_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairreport-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAIR02_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR02-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "conservative",<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "center-right".<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR91_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR91-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Yglesias" title="Matthew Yglesias">Matthew Yglesias</a>, a former writer and editor at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i> have argued that Brookings foreign policy scholars were overly supportive of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Bush administration policies abroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yglesias_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yglesias-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenwald070812_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwald070812-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brookings scholars have served in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> administrations, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_McClellan" title="Mark McClellan">Mark McClellan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ron Haskins<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Indyk" title="Martin Indyk">Martin Indyk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brookings's board of trustees is composed of 53 trustees and more than three dozen honorary trustees, including <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Duberstein" title="Kenneth Duberstein">Kenneth Duberstein</a>, a former chief of staff to Ronald Reagan. Aside from political figures, the board of trustees includes leaders in business and industry, including <a href="/wiki/Haim_Saban" title="Haim Saban">Haim Saban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bass" title="Robert Bass">Robert Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanzade_Do%C4%9Fan_Boyner" title="Hanzade Doğan Boyner">Hanzade Doğan Boyner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Cejas" title="Paul L. Cejas">Paul L. Cejas</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Edmund_Clark" title="W. Edmund Clark">W. Edmund Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abby_Joseph_Cohen" title="Abby Joseph Cohen">Abby Joseph Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Betsy Cohen">Betsy Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Crown" title="Susan Crown">Susan Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Culvahouse_Jr." title="Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.">Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Cummins" title="Jason Cummins">Jason Cummins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmarais_Jr." title="Paul Desmarais Jr.">Paul Desmarais Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Duberstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth M. Duberstein">Kenneth M. Duberstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hutchins" title="Glenn Hutchins">Glenn Hutchins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Philip H. Knight</a> (chairman emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc">Nike, Inc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its incorporation as the Brookings Institution in 1927, it has been led by accomplished academics and public servants. Brookings has had eleven presidents, including three in acting capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president is <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse" title="Cecilia Rouse">Cecilia Rouse</a>, who replaced acting President Amy Liu, who began serving in January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Moulton" title="Harold G. Moulton">Harold G. Moulton</a>, 1927–1952</li> <li>Robert D. Calkins, 1952–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gordon" title="Kermit Gordon">Kermit Gordon</a>, 1967–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Y._Steiner" title="Gilbert Y. Steiner">Gilbert Y. Steiner</a> (acting), 1976–1977</li> <li>Bruce K. MacLaury, 1977–1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Armacost" title="Michael Armacost">Michael Armacost</a>, 1995–2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a>, 2002–2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Allen" title="John R. Allen">John R. Allen</a>, 2017–2022<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gayer" title="Ted Gayer">Ted Gayer</a> (acting), 2022–2022<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amy Liu (acting), 2022–2023<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse" title="Cecilia Rouse">Cecilia Rouse</a>, Since 2023<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_programs">Research programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_for_Middle_East_Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Center for Middle East Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Brookings Institution established the <b>Center for Middle East Policy</b> ("CMEP", formerly the <b>Saban Center for Middle East Policy</b>) "to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision-makers in the Middle East".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center was launched in May 2002 "with a special address by His Majesty King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_bin_al-Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah II bin al-Hussein">Abdullah II bin al-Hussein</a> of the Hashemite Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to a select audience of policymakers in Washington, D.C."<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding">Funding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The center was originally named after American-<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> film and television producer <a href="/wiki/Haim_Saban" title="Haim Saban">Haim Saban</a>. Saban, according to the center<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its parent organization,<sup id="cite_ref-BrookingsInstitute2002-02-09_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrookingsInstitute2002-02-09-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "made a generous initial grant and pledged additional funds to endow the Center." According to a press release from Saban's charitable foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-SabanFamilyFoundation2003-06-23_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanFamilyFoundation2003-06-23-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saban "donated $13 million for the establishment of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution." Saban, according to the center,<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ascribed his involvement to his "abiding interest in promoting <a href="/wiki/Arab-Israeli_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Israeli peace">Arab-Israeli peace</a> and preserving American interests in the Middle East" that led him to fund the center.<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People">People</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Leadership<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Natan Sachs, Director and Fellow</li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>Fellows<sup id="cite_ref-SabanAboutUs_98-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabanAboutUs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_L._Byman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel L. Byman">Daniel L. Byman</a>, Senior Fellow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_Hamid" title="Shadi Hamid">Shadi Hamid</a>, Senior Fellow</li> <li>Suzanne Maloney, Senior Fellow, and Vice President for Foreign Policy, Brookings</li> <li>Chris Meserole, Fellow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" title="Bruce Riedel">Bruce Riedel</a>, Senior Fellow</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics have charged that various sources of funding for the center have influenced its outlook, but the center has dismissed such allegations, saying that in all cases the donors respected the center's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a>, in their 2006 article<sup id="cite_ref-Mearsheimer2006-03-23_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearsheimer2006-03-23-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote: "To be sure, the Saban Centre occasionally hosts Arab scholars and exhibits some diversity of opinion. Saban Center fellows ... often endorse the idea of a two-state settlement between Israel and the Palestinians. But Saban Center publications never question US support for Israel and rarely, if ever, offer significant criticism of key Israeli policies."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Saban Center fellows have responded by criticizing the authors' scholarship and expansive definition of "Israel lobby." <a href="/wiki/Martin_Indyk" title="Martin Indyk">Martin Indyk</a> stated that their "notion of a loosely aligned group of people that all happen to be working assiduously for Israel is indeed a cabal.... And this cabal includes anyone that has anything positive to say about Israel… And what does this cabal do? It ‘distorts’ American foreign policy, it ‘bends’ it, all these words are used to suggest that this cabal is doing something anti-American.”<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another fellow wrote that the authors' book "will pale in comparison [to other academic works] because the only way it can become an esteemed classic is if its underlying thesis is correct: that a domestic political lobby drives U.S. policy in the Middle East. If that were true, then the ruckus raised by The Israeli Lobby would establish the book as a classic. But it isn’t true. Domestic politics and lobbying do matter when it comes to matters of tone and timing, but as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_David_Miller" title="Aaron David Miller">Aaron David Miller</a>, a veteran American peace-process diplomat, puts it...: “I can’t remember a single decision of consequence American peace process advisers made, or one we didn’t, that was directly tied to some lobbyist’s call, letter, or pressure tactic.”<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a September 17, 2014, article in <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)"><i>Tablet</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Smith_(journalist)" title="Lee Smith (journalist)">Lee Smith</a> criticized the center for accepting substantial donations from the Qatari government, "a foreign government that, in addition to its well-documented role as a funder of Sunni terror outfits throughout the Middle East, is the main patron of Hamas—which happens to be the mortal enemy of both the State of Israel and Mahmoud Abbas’ Fatah party." He suggested that the donations influenced the center's research analysis and Martin Indyk's statements as a State Department official and peace mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brookings responded: "A review of publications and media appearances by our scholars in Doha and in Washington—all of which are available at Brookings.edu—demonstrate the same independence of thinking and objective, fact-based analysis about Qatar as on every other topic of our research. Our agreements with Qatar specifically protect the independence of our scholarship in all respects." Smith thanked the think tank for its response, but said it did "not satisfactorily address the key issues [his] article raises."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brookings-Tsinghua_Center_for_Public_Policy">Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Brookings Institution</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">清華-布魯金斯公共政策研究中心</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">清华-布鲁金斯公共政策研究中心</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qīnghuá-bù Lǔjīnsī Gōnggòng Zhèngcè Yánjiū Zhōngxīn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2006, the Brookings Institution established the Brookings-Tsinghua Center (BTC) for Public Policy as a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC and <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/School_of_Public_Policy_and_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Public Policy and Management">School of Public Policy and Management</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Center seeks to produce research in areas of fundamental importance for China's development and for US-China relations.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BTC was directed by Qi Ye until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_Century_Defense_Initiative">21st Century Defense Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 21st Century Defense Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_(CNO)_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_%28CNO%29_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_%28CNO%29_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_%28CNO%29_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Adm. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a> speaks at the Brookings Institution in April 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) is aimed at producing research, analysis, and outreach that address three core issues: the future of war, the future of U.S. defense needs and priorities, and the future of the US defense system.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Initiative draws on the knowledge from regional centers, including the Center on the United States and Europe, the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, the Thornton China Center, and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</a>, allowing the integration of regional knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-21st_Century_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21st_Century-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/P._W._Singer" title="P. W. Singer">P. W. Singer</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_for_War" title="Wired for War">Wired for War</a></i>, serves as Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._O%27Hanlon" title="Michael E. O'Hanlon">Michael O'Hanlon</a> serves as Director of Research.<sup id="cite_ref-21st_Century_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21st_Century-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior Fellow <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanda_Felbab-Brown" title="Vanda Felbab-Brown">Vanda Felbab-Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also affiliated with 21CDI.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WashU_at_Brookings">WashU at Brookings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: WashU at Brookings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under MacLaury's leadership in the 1980s, the Center for Public Policy Education (CPPE) was formed to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs. In 2005, the center was renamed the Brookings Center for Executive Education (BCEE), which was shortened to Brookings Executive Education (BEE) with the launch of a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Olin_Business_School" title="Olin Business School">Olin Business School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. The academic partnership is now known as "<a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">WashU</a> at Brookings".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_centers">Notable centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Universal_Education" title="Center for Universal Education">Center for Universal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funders">Funders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Funders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_details">Funding details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Funding details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017 the Brookings Institution had assets of $524.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its largest contributors include the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="William and Flora Hewlett Foundation">William and Flora Hewlett Foundation</a>, the Hutchins Family Foundation, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a>, the LEGO Foundation, <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">State of Qatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_L._Thornton" title="John L. Thornton">John L. Thornton</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p>Funding details as of 2017:<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1265750715">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~.tfd-dedup,.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~* .tfd-dedup{display:none}</style><div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-sidebar tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pie_chart" title="Template:Pie chart">Pie chart</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_January_30#Template:Pie_chart" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 January 30">considered for merging</a>. ›</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:limegreen; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 606.67925626074px; border-left-color:darkseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkseagreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 352.45314152573px; border-left-color:chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:26.674465377744px; border-width:0 0 73.325534622256px 67.995337872242px; border-bottom-color:olive"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Revenue and support as of 2017: $117,336,000 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:olive; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Investment return designated for operations (13.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:chartreuse; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Grants, contracts, and contributions (82.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkgreen; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Program services (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkseagreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Brookings Press (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:limegreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Facility and other revenue (2.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1265750715"><div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-sidebar tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pie_chart" title="Template:Pie chart">Pie chart</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_January_30#Template:Pie_chart" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 January 30">considered for merging</a>. ›</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:forestgreen; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 422.37116738353px; border-left-color:springgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:springgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:springgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.96841892833px 2.5130095443338px 0 0; border-top-color:limegreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:limegreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.668594420787px 16.263716519488px 0 0; border-top-color:darkolivegreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkolivegreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:94.709830499474px 32.094360980721px 0 0; border-top-color:darkcyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkcyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:lightseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightseagreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:10.661115427526px 99.4300790397px 0 0; border-top-color:mediumturquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:mediumturquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 262.14865391968px 100px 0; border-right-color:aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:aquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 46.291232890772px 100px 0; border-right-color:lightcyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:lightcyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:14.57225683007px; border-width:0 0 85.42774316993px 51.981734262071px; border-bottom-color:aqua"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Expenses as of 2017: $97,986,000 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:aqua; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Economic Studies (16.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightcyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Foreign Policy (15.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:aquamarine; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Global Economy and Development (12.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:mediumturquoise; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Governance Studies (7.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightseagreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Metropolitan Policy Program (8.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkcyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Institutional Initiatives (9.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkolivegreen; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Brookings Press (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:limegreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Communications (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:springgreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Management and general (21.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:forestgreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Fundraising (3.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_controversies">Funding controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Funding controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2014 investigation by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> found Brookings to be among more than a dozen Washington, D.C.–based research groups and think tanks to have received payments from foreign governments while encouraging American government officials to support policies aligned with those foreign governments' agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Times</i> published documents showing that Brookings accepted grants from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> with specific policy requests and helped it gain access to U.S. government officials, as well as other "deliverables".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2014, Norway agreed to make an additional $4 million donation to Brookings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several legal specialists who examined the documents told the paper that the language of the transactions "appeared to necessitate Brookings filing as a foreign agent" under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agent_Registration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Agent Registration Act">Foreign Agent Registration Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Qatar">government of Qatar</a> was named by <i>The New York Times</i> as "the single biggest foreign donor to Brookings", reportedly contributing $14.8 million over a four-year period. A former visiting fellow at a Brookings affiliate in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> reportedly said that "he had been told during his job interview that he could not take positions critical of the Qatar government in papers".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brookings officials denied any connection between the views of their funders and their scholars' work, citing reports that questioned the Qatari government's education reform efforts and criticized its support of militants in Syria. But Brookings officials reportedly acknowledged that they meet with Qatari government officials regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that Brookings accepted funding from <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> from 2012 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy" title="Center for International Policy">Center for International Policy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy#Foreign_Influence_Transparency_Initiative" title="Center for International Policy">Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative</a> of the top 50 think tanks on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program#Global_Go_To_Think_Tank_Index" title="Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program">Global Go-To Think Tanks</a> rating index found that between 2014 and 2018, Brookings received the third-highest amount of funding from outside the United States compared to other think tanks, with a total of more than $27 million.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Brookings president <a href="/wiki/John_R._Allen" title="John R. Allen">John R. Allen</a> resigned amid an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> probe into lobbying on behalf of Qatar.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main building of the Institution was erected in 1959 on 1775 Massachusetts Avenue. In 2009, Brookings acquired a building across the street, a former mansion built by the Ingalls family in 1922 on a design by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Henri_de_Sibour" title="Jules Henri de Sibour">Jules Henri de Sibour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_think_tanks_in_the_United_States" title="List of think tanks in the United States">List of think tanks in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Report_2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-annual-report.pdf">"Annual Report 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brookings.edu</i>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512021947/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-annual-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2F2017-annual-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of June 30, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx">U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20</a> (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and <a href="/wiki/TIAA" title="TIAA">TIAA</a>. February 19, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221003510/https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Canadian+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+2020+Endowment+Market+Value+and+Change+in+Endowment+Market+Value+from+FY19+to+FY20&rft.pub=National+Association+of+College+and+University+Business+Officers+and+TIAA&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2F2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/">"Brookings"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310190629/https://www.brookings.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Brookings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brookings-Institution">"Brookings Institution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010132518/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brookings-Institution">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBrookings-Institution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212145724/http://www.brookings.edu/about/RobertSBrookings_bio.aspx">"Robert Somers Brookings"</a>. Brookings Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/about/RobertSBrookings_bio.aspx">the original</a> on December 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Somers+Brookings&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fabout%2FRobertSBrookings_bio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/economics">"Economic Studies"</a>. <i>Brookings.edu</i>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724065646/http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/economics">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Economic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fabout%2Fprograms%2Feconomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/foreign-policy">"Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Brookings.edu</i>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729125321/http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/foreign-policy">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fabout%2Fprograms%2Fforeign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/governance">"Governance Studies"</a>. <i>Brookings.edu</i>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724001437/http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/governance">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727175246/https://www.brookings.edu/programs/brookings-metro/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookings+Metro&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fprograms%2Fbrookings-metro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/doha">"Brookings Doha Center"</a>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021135949/http://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/doha">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230107/https://www.brookings.edu/centers/brookings-tsinghua-center/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brookingsinstitu00crit"><i>The Brookings Institution, 1916–1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society</i></a></span>. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875801032" title="Special:BookSources/9780875801032"><bdi>9780875801032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brookings+Institution%2C+1916%E2%80%931952%3A+Expertise+and+the+Public+Interest+in+a+Democratic+Society&rft.place=DeKalb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780875801032&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrookingsinstitu00crit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712105512/http://www.brookings.edu/lib/depression.htm">"Brookings History: The Depression"</a>. <i>Brookings.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Brookings+History%3A+The+Depression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Flib%2Fdepression.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712105725/http://www.brookings.edu/lib/war.htm">"Brookings History: War and Readjustment"</a>. 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September 16, 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524042016/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/16/archives/leonard-silk-setting-better-priorities-setting-better-priorities-on.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allpresidentsme00bern/page/324">324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+President%27s+Men&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1974-06&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallpresidentsme00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2021" class="citation book cs1">Dobbs, Michael (2021). <i>King Richard : Nixon and Watergate : an American tragedy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Longstanding+Partners%3A+Norway+and+Brookings&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2014%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2F07thinktank-docs5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/07/us/07thinktank-docs6.html">"The High North, Climate Change and Norway"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+High+North%2C+Climate+Change+and+Norway&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2014%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2F07thinktank-docs6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone_Fish2018" class="citation news cs1">Stone Fish, Isaac (December 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/08/chinese-companys-surprising-ties-brookings-institution/">"Huawei's surprising ties to the Brookings Institution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208040628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/08/chinese-companys-surprising-ties-brookings-institution/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+surprising+ties+to+the+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Stone+Fish&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2018%2F12%2F08%2Fchinese-companys-surprising-ties-brookings-institution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2020" class="citation report cs1">Freeman, Ben (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901175135/https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/3ba8a1_4f06e99f35d4485b801f8dbfe33b6a3f.pdf">Foreign Funding of Think Tanks in America</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy" title="Center for International Policy">Center for International Policy</a>. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/3ba8a1_4f06e99f35d4485b801f8dbfe33b6a3f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Foreign+Funding+of+Think+Tanks+in+America&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Policy&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.wixstatic.com%2Fugd%2F3ba8a1_4f06e99f35d4485b801f8dbfe33b6a3f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuderman,_AlanMustian,_Jim2022" class="citation web cs1">Suderman, Alan; Mustian, Jim (June 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/nato-qatar-middle-east-persian-gulf-tensions-government-and-politics-2675f368b31728030f0770d71cbe80c6">"Brookings president resigns amid FBI foreign lobbying probe"</a>. <i>AP</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402005201/https://apnews.com/article/nato-qatar-middle-east-persian-gulf-tensions-government-and-politics-2675f368b31728030f0770d71cbe80c6">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP&rft.atitle=Brookings+president+resigns+amid+FBI+foreign+lobbying+probe&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.au=Suderman%2C+Alan&rft.au=Mustian%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fnato-qatar-middle-east-persian-gulf-tensions-government-and-politics-2675f368b31728030f0770d71cbe80c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?destination=%2farchive%2frealestate%2f1979%2f11%2f24%2ftrusting-in-preservation%2ff2ca6c36-5cff-4812-aeb5-4cbd0fc0c460%2f%3f">"Trusting in Preservation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. November 24, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223073434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?destination=%2farchive%2frealestate%2f1979%2f11%2f24%2ftrusting-in-preservation%2ff2ca6c36-5cff-4812-aeb5-4cbd0fc0c460%2f%3f">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trusting+in+Preservation&rft.date=1979-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgdpr-consent%2F%3Fdestination%3D%252farchive%252frealestate%252f1979%252f11%252f24%252ftrusting-in-preservation%252ff2ca6c36-5cff-4812-aeb5-4cbd0fc0c460%252f%253f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrookings+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abelson, Donald E. <i>Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes</i> (2009).</li> <li>Weidenbaum, Murray L. <i>The Competition of Ideas: The World of the Washington Think Tanks</i> (2011).</li> <li>Boyd, Paxton F. <i>Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes</i> (2009).</li> <li>Shpilsky, Benjamin E. <i>Do Think Tanks Matter: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes</i> (2009).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012149970X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143076482">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122617179">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/8576-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81067841">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12297989d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12297989d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00418129">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35022455">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brookings Institution"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005280422&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Robert S. Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006325240&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000007297&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811987494105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/10699">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259127705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058583625106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00310256?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/796509">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059058668">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dv5b1n">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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