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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron found naturally on Earth that is neither in an ore nor from a meteorite</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #ffe6b3">Telluric iron</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-136213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iron-136213.jpg/260px-Iron-136213.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iron-136213.jpg/390px-Iron-136213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Iron-136213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sawed slab of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> with bright, metallic native-iron <a href="/wiki/Mineral_inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral inclusion">inclusions</a> from Uivfaq, <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a> (specimen size: 7.8 cm × 3.5 cm × 0.6 cm (3.07 in × 1.38 in × 0.24 in))</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #ffe6b3">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">Native element mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.AE.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1.17.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexoctahedral (m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (4/m <span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Im3m</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 2.8664 Å; Z = 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #ffe6b3">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Steel-gray to iron-black, white in polished section</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Massive, as interstitial blebs, rare as crystals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">On {111} and on {112}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">{001}; with parting on {112}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hackly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Malleable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Metallic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.3–7.87</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-HBM-iron_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM-iron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MinDat-2047_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinDat-2047-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebMineral-Iron_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMineral-Iron-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Telluric iron</b>, also called <b>native iron</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> that originated on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and is found in a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">metallic form</a> rather than as an <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">ore</a>. Telluric iron is extremely rare, with only one known major <a href="/wiki/Ore#Ore_deposits" title="Ore">deposit</a> in the world, located in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of its molten core, nearly all elemental iron on Earth is found as <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ores</a>. All metallic iron was thought to have been transformed into <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a>, beginning roughly 2 billion years ago, among other theories. Until the late 1800s, iron as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a> was only a matter of speculation, outside of isolated Greenland. The only known, terrestrial iron in metallic form were found as <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, which were deposited onto the Earth from outer space. </p><p>Telluric iron is so named after the Latin word <i>Tellus</i>, meaning "Earth" (the planet, as opposed to <i>terra</i> meaning "earth": the land, ground or soil), combined with the suffix <i>-ic</i> meaning "of" or "born from", differentiating it from <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. Telluric iron resembles <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>, in that it contains both a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widmanstatten_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Widmanstatten pattern">Widmanstatten structures</a>. However, telluric iron typically contains only around 3% nickel, which is too low for meteorites, of which none have been found with less than 5%. There are two types of telluric iron: Both <i>type 1</i> and <i>type 2</i> contain comparable amounts of nickel and other impurities. The main difference between the two is the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> content, which greatly affects the hardness, workability, and melting point of the metal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_properties">Material properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Material properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telluric iron is metallic iron that formed within the Earth's mantle and crust. Although minor deposits of telluric iron have been found around the world, the west shores of Greenland hold the only known major deposits. However, these deposits may vary drastically in shape and composition, even in the same region, as well as drastic variations between different regions such as Uivfaq, Asuk, Blaafjeld, and Mellemfjord. The common factor is that all Greenlandic deposits tend to be found in <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a> (lava-filled fractures in the bedrock) or extrusions where molten rock was able to flow out onto the surface. Another commonality is that all deposits are found in association with <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, likely contributing to the high carbon-content and low oxide presence in the metal, although it is unknown if the metal managed to escape being oxidized with the rest of Earth's iron, or if it began as beds of ore and coal that <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> and then were naturally <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> in the lava due to the <a href="/wiki/Reducing_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing environment">reducing environment</a> provided by the carbon-rich, graphitic <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>. </p><p>Telluric iron in Greenland is unique, in that it can be found in nearly all <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases</a> of iron-carbon <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, and with drastically varying crystalline structures. In some rock it is found mixed with basalt as very small grains with sharp corners and irregular shapes, whereas in others the small, grain-sized droplets in the molten magma were able to coalesce into larger, pea-sized droplets that crystallized with a mostly spherical or oblong shape. Still in others the dike or extrusion may be made almost entirely out of very high-carbon cast-iron, which could more easily coalesce within the magma and flow into cracks due to its lower viscosity and melting point. This cast iron is often crusted with or contains inclusions of basalt, as it extruded out of the ground as very large, globular masses within the lava, out of which large boulders formed due to natural erosion of the surrounding basalt. </p><p>Telluric iron is largely divided into two groups, depending on the carbon content. Type 1 is a cast-iron typically containing over 2.0% carbon, while type 2 ranges somewhere between wrought iron and a <a href="/wiki/Eutectoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectoid">eutectoid</a> steel. Both types tend to handle weathering in the elements very well, but tend to decompose and crumble very quickly in the dry, controlled atmosphere of a museum, although type 2 is far more prone to this kind of damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen-1884_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen-1884-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_1">Type 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Type 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type 1 telluric iron contains a significant amount of carbon. Type 1 is a white nickel cast-iron, containing 1.7 to 4% carbon and 0.05 to 4% nickel, which is very hard and brittle and does not respond well to <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a>. The structure of type 1 consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Pearlite" title="Pearlite">pearlite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cohenite" title="Cohenite">cohenite</a>, with inclusions of <a href="/wiki/Troilite" title="Troilite">troilite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>. The individual <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">ferrite</a> grains are typically about a millimeter in size. Although the composition of the grains may vary, even within the same grain, they are mostly composed of fairly pure nickel-ferrite. The ferrite grains are connected with cementite laminations; typically 5–25 micrometers thick; forming the pearlite. </p><p>Type 1 is found as massive <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusions</a> or very large boulders, typically ranging from a few tons to tens of tons. The metal could not be cold worked by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, (the local inhabitants of Greenland), and proves extremely difficult to machine even with modern tools. Machining of type 1 is possibly best accomplished with a <a href="/wiki/Carborundum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carborundum">carborundum</a> wheel and water cooling. However type 1 was possibly used as hammer and anvil stones by the Inuit. </p><p>When sawed in half, boulders of type 1 tend to have a thick shell of cast-iron on the outside that can barely be broken with pneumatic <a href="/wiki/Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">jackhammers</a>, but inside a much more brittle construction of iron grains in an almost powdery form, sintered together to form a <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge iron">sponge-iron</a> type of material that pulverizes at the strike of a hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen-1884_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen-1884-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_2">Type 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Type 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type 2 telluric iron also contains around 0.05 to 4% nickel, but typically less than 0.7% carbon. Type 2 is a malleable nickel-iron which responds well to cold working. The carbon and nickel content have a great effect on the final hardness of the cold-worked piece. </p><p>Type 2 is found as small grains mixed within <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rock. The grains are usually 1–5 millimeters in diameter. The grains are usually found individually, separated by the basalt, although they are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> together to form larger aggregates. The larger pieces also contain small amounts of cohenite, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, pearlite, and troilite. Type 2 was used by the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Inuit</a> to make items such as <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">ulus</a>. The basalt was usually crushed in order to release the pea-sized grains, which were then hammered into discs about the size of coins. The metal is very soft and can be hammered into very thin plates. These flat discs were usually inserted into long slits carved into bone handles, in rows so that they slightly overlapped each other, forming an edge that resembled a combination of a knife and a <a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">saw</a> (an inverted <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_edge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalloped edge">scalloped edge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg/220px-Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg/330px-Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg/440px-Native_Iron_from_Disko_Island_in_Greenland_-_GeoDIL_0898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Hand-sized sample of native iron from Disko Island, Greenland</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from a very small deposit of telluric iron in <a href="/wiki/Kassel,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassel, Germany">Kassel, Germany</a>, which has now been depleted, and a few other minor deposits from around the world, the only known major deposits exist in and nearby the area of <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The material was found in the <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">volcanic plains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rock, and used by the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">local Inuit</a> to make cutting edges for tools like knives and <a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">ulus</a>. The Inuit were the only people to make practical use of telluric iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a> discovered large boulders of iron near the Disko Bay area of Greenland. Knowing that the Inuit had made tools from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a>, mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Ross">Sir John Ross</a>' discovery that the natives of Greenland used iron knives, Nordenskiöld landed at Fortune Bay on <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a> to search for the material. The Inuit had told Ross that they got the iron from high on a mountain, at a site where two large boulders lay. One was very hard and could not be broken, but the other was chipped into smaller pieces from which balls of iron were extracted and hammered into flat discs for the knives. Nordenskiöld searched unsuccessfully for the site, until being led by some of the local Inuit to a place called <i>Uivfaq</i>, where large masses of metallic iron were strewn about the area. He assumed that the metal was of <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric origin</a>, since both contain significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and both had <a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten patterns</a>. Most scientists at the time believed that no un-<a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">oxidized</a> <i>telluric</i> iron existed, and few questioned Nordenskiöld's finding.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gustav Nauckhoff made an expedition to Greenland in 1871. Armed with <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">lifting equipment</a>, his expedition collected three large samples of telluric iron, also believing them to be meteoric, per Nordenskiöld's examination, and brought them back to Europe for further study. These samples can be found currently in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. A 25-ton block now rests outside of the Riksmuseum in Stockholm, a 6.6 ton block outside the Geological Museum in Copenhagen, and a 3-ton block can be found in the Museum of Natural History in Kumpula, Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steenstrup-1884-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accompanying Nauckhoff in 1871 was <a href="/wiki/K._J._V._Steenstrup" title="K. J. V. Steenstrup">K. J. V. Steenstrup</a>. Due to circumstances like the shape of the boulders, which often had sharp corners or jagged edges that are not characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablate</a> considerably during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>), or the fact that many had areas that were encrusted with <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, Steenstrup disagreed with Nordenskiöld about the origin of the boulders, and set out on an expedition of his own in 1878. In 1879, Steenstrup first identified the <i>type 2 iron</i>, showing that it also contained <a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten structures</a>. Steenstrup later reported what he found: </p> <blockquote> <p>In the autumn of 1879, <i>I made a discovery in connection with this matter, for in an old grave at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaluit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaluit (page does not exist)">Ekaluit</a></i> ... I found <i>9 pieces of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> containing round balls and irregular pieces of metallic iron.</i> These pieces were lying together with bone knives, similar to those brought home by Ross, as well as with the usual stone tools ... whereas the 9 pieces of basalt with the iron balls were evidently the material for the bone knives. This iron is soft and keeps well in the air, from which reason it is fit for use in the manner described by Ross. The rock in which the iron appears is a typical, large-grained <a href="/wiki/Felspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Felspar">felspar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. The discovery has a double significance, firstly, because it is the first time we have seen the material out of which <i>the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Esquimaux</a> made artificial knives</i>, and secondly, because it showed <i>that they have used telluric iron for that purpose</i>. </p> </blockquote> <p>After the discovery in the grave at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaluit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaluit (page does not exist)">Ekaluit</a>, Steenstrup found many large outcrops of basalt containing the <i>type 2 iron</i>. Since the <i>type 2</i> grains are embedded within volcanic basalt that matches the underlying bedrock, Steenstrup was able to show that the iron was from terrestrial, or telluric, sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steenstrup-1884-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his report, Steenstrup added, </p> <blockquote> <p><i>This peculiar layer of basalt is filled from top to bottom with iron-grains of all sizes</i> from a fraction of a millimeter to a length of 18 mm with a breadth of 14 mm, which is the greatest I have found. ... When polished, this iron shows beautiful <a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmannstätten figures</a>. ... <i>Metallic <a href="/wiki/Nickel-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-iron">nickel-iron</a> with <a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmannstätten figures</a> has now been proved to be also a telluric mineral</i>, and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> together with a certain crystalline structure are consequently not sufficient to give the character of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> to loose iron blocks. </p> </blockquote> <p>Steenstrup's findings were later confirmed by meteorite expert <a href="/wiki/J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a> in 1879, and then by Joh Lorenzen in 1882. The extremely rare telluric iron found in western <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> has been under study ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steenstrup-1884-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-252608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iron-252608.jpg/220px-Iron-252608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iron-252608.jpg/330px-Iron-252608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iron-252608.jpg/440px-Iron-252608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Native iron from basalt quarry at <a href="/wiki/Ahnatal-Weimar" title="Ahnatal-Weimar">Bühl, Weimar</a>, district of Kassel, Germany (size: 6.6 × 5.9 × 1.8 cm)</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the Disko Island deposit native iron has been reported from Fortune Bay, Mellemfjord, Asuk, and other locations along Greenland's west coast. Other locations include:<sup id="cite_ref-HBM-iron_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM-iron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Breck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Breck (page does not exist)">Ben Breck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> with <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in County Antrim, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>occurs in basalt at Bühl, near <a href="/wiki/Ahnatal-Weimar" title="Ahnatal-Weimar">Ahnatal-Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, and associated with nodules of pyrite within limestone at Muhlhausen, Thuringia, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> at <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>, France</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grushersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grushersk (page does not exist)">Grushersk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don district</a> southern <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> associated with pyrite;<sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huntukungskii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huntukungskii (page does not exist)">Huntukungskii</a> (Khungtukun) massif, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoyarsk Kray">Krasnoyarsk Kray</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the <a href="/wiki/Tolbachik" title="Tolbachik">Tolbachik</a> fissure volcano on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in the <a href="/wiki/Hatrurim_Formation" title="Hatrurim Formation">Hatrurim Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, Israel<sup id="cite_ref-MinDat-2063_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinDat-2063-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the United States occurrences have been reported from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> beds near <a href="/wiki/Cameron,_Missouri" title="Cameron, Missouri">Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Missouri" title="Clinton County, Missouri">Clinton County, Missouri</a>; and from carboniferous <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> near <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey" title="Somerset County, New Jersey">Somerset County, New Jersey</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> it has been reported from <a href="/wiki/Cameron,_Ontario" title="Cameron, Ontario">Cameron Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_District" title="Nipissing District">Nipissing District</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Island_(Ontario)" title="St. Joseph Island (Ontario)">St. Joseph Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Native nickel-iron alloys with Ni<sub>3</sub>Fe to Ni<sub>2</sub>Fe occur as <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer</a> deposits derived from <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Awaruite" title="Awaruite">Awaruite</a> was described in 1885 from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_iron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HBM-iron-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HBM-iron_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBM-iron_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180205/http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/iron.pdf">"Iron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/iron.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Mineralogy&rft.atitle=Iron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.com%2Fpdfs%2Firon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinDat-2047-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MinDat-2047_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2047.html">"Native iron"</a>. <i>MinDat</i>. Keswick, VA: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MinDat&rft.atitle=Native+iron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-2047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebMineral-Iron-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebMineral-Iron_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Iron.shtml">"Iron"</a>. <i>WebMineral</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMineral&rft.atitle=Iron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmineral.com%2Fdata%2FIron.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzen-1884-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen-1884_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen-1884_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1884" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzen, Joh. (July 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rruff.info/doclib/MinMag/TOC/TOC6/TOC6_27.htm">"A Chemical Examination of Greenland Telluric Iron"</a>. <i>The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society</i>. <b>6</b> (27). Mineralogical Society of Great Britain / Simpkin, Marshall & Co.: 14–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1884MinM....6...14L">1884MinM....6...14L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1884.006.27.02">10.1180/minmag.1884.006.27.02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mineralogical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+the+Mineralogical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Chemical+Examination+of+Greenland+Telluric+Iron&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=14-38&rft.date=1884-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1884.006.27.02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1884MinM....6...14L&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=Joh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frruff.info%2Fdoclib%2FMinMag%2FTOC%2FTOC6%2FTOC6_27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchwald-2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-2005_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchwald2005" class="citation book cs1">Buchwald, Vagn Fabritius (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c947L8YJerUC"><i>Iron and steel in ancient times</i></a>. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 29. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab (The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters). pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8773043087" title="Special:BookSources/8773043087"><bdi>8773043087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+steel+in+ancient+times&rft.series=Historisk-filosofiske+Skrifter+29&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab+%28The+Royal+Danish+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Letters%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8773043087&rft.aulast=Buchwald&rft.aufirst=Vagn+Fabritius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc947L8YJerUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchwald-1985-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald-1985_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchwaldMosdal1985" class="citation book cs1">Buchwald, Vagn Fabritius; Mosdal, Gert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z8lVGAfBtsC"><i>Meteoritic Iron, Telluric Iron and Wrought Iron in Greenland</i></a>. Meddelelser om Grønland [<i>Monographs on Greenland</i>], Man & Society 9. Kommissionen for videnskabelige Undersogelser i Gronland. pp. 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763511735" title="Special:BookSources/9788763511735"><bdi>9788763511735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteoritic+Iron%2C+Telluric+Iron+and+Wrought+Iron+in+Greenland&rft.series=Meddelelser+om+Gr%C3%B8nland+%5B%27%27Monographs+on+Greenland%27%27%5D%2C+Man+%26+Society+9&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Kommissionen+for+videnskabelige+Undersogelser+i+Gronland&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9788763511735&rft.aulast=Buchwald&rft.aufirst=Vagn+Fabritius&rft.au=Mosdal%2C+Gert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z8lVGAfBtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steenstrup-1884-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steenstrup-1884_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenstrup1884" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._J._V._Steenstrup" title="K. J. V. Steenstrup">Steenstrup, K.J.V.</a> (July 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rruff.info/doclib/MinMag/TOC/TOC6/TOC6_27.htm">"On the Existence of Nickel-Iron with Widmannstätten's Figures in the Basalt of North Greenland"</a>. <i>The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society</i>. <b>6</b> (27). Mineralogical Society of Great Britain: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1884MinM....6....1S">1884MinM....6....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1884.006.27.01">10.1180/minmag.1884.006.27.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mineralogical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+the+Mineralogical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Existence+of+Nickel-Iron+with+Widmannst%C3%A4tten%27s+Figures+in+the+Basalt+of+North+Greenland&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1884-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1884.006.27.01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1884MinM....6....1S&rft.aulast=Steenstrup&rft.aufirst=K.J.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frruff.info%2Fdoclib%2FMinMag%2FTOC%2FTOC6%2FTOC6_27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana-1944-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana-1944_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalacheBermanFrondel1944" class="citation book cs1">Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford, eds. (1944). <i>Dana's System of Mineralogy</i>. Vol. 1. Wiley. pp. 114–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dana%27s+System+of+Mineralogy&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelluric+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-106121.html">"Khungtukun Massif, Malaya Romanikha River, Khatanga, Taimyr Peninsula, Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia"</a>. <i>www.mindat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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