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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mexican–American War (1846–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1850s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1860s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Porfiriato_(1876–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Porfiriato_(1876–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Porfiriato (1876–1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Porfiriato_(1876–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Taft–Díaz_summit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Taft–Díaz_summit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The Taft–Díaz summit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Taft–Díaz_summit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mexican_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mexican_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The Mexican Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mexican_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1920–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Since 1945</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Since_1945-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Since 1945 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundary_issues_and_the_border_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_issues_and_the_border_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boundary issues and the border region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_issues_and_the_border_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_(since_1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_(since_1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>North American Free Trade Agreement (since 1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_(since_1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_immigration_from_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_immigration_from_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Illegal immigration from Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_immigration_from_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_trade_of_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_trade_of_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Illegal trade of weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_trade_of_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ATF_gunwalking_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATF_gunwalking_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>ATF gunwalking scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATF_gunwalking_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Obama administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>First Trump administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biden_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biden_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Biden administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biden_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second Trump administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Common memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illegal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Illegal activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>In Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexico–United States relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات المكسيكية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات المكسيكية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungen_zwischen_Mexiko_und_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Beziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Estados_Unidos-M%C3%A9xico" title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_les_%C3%89tats-Unis_et_le_Mexique" title="Relations entre les États-Unis et le Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre les États-Unis et le Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Serikat_dengan_Meksiko" title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="יחסי ארצות הברית – מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ארצות הברית – מקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د مکسیکو او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مکسیکو او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Estados_Unidos_e_M%C3%A9xico" title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американо-мексиканские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-мексиканские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikon_ja_Yhdysvaltain_suhteet" title="Meksikon ja Yhdysvaltain suhteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksikon ja Yhdysvaltain suhteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Американо-мексиканські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американо-мексиканські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="میکسیکو امریکا تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکسیکو امریکا تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6826311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations between the United States of America and the United Mexican States</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Mexico–United States relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_USA_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Mexico and USA"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Mexico and USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_USA_Locator.svg/250px-Mexico_USA_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_USA_Locator.svg/375px-Mexico_USA_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_USA_Locator.svg/500px-Mexico_USA_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;color:inherit;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/53px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/79px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/105px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States, Mexico City</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Mexico_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Mexico to the United States">Mexican Ambassador to the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Moctezuma" title="Esteban Moctezuma">Esteban Moctezuma</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">American Ambassador to Mexico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> have a complex history, with war in the 1840s and the subsequent American acquisition of more than 50% of former Mexican territory, including Texas, Arizona, California, and New Mexico. Pressure from Washington forced the French invaders out in the 1860s. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of the 1910s saw many refugees flee North, and limited American invasions. Other tensions resulted from seizure of American mining and oil interests. The two nations share a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime</a> and land <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">border</a>. Several treaties have been concluded between the two nations bilaterally, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, and multilaterally, such as the 2019 <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a>, replacing the 1994 <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a>. Both are members of various <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>Since the late nineteenth century during the regime of President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (1876–1911), the two countries have had close diplomatic and economic ties. During Díaz's long presidency, U.S. businessmen acquired agricultural and mining interests in the country. The U.S. played an important role in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–20) with direct actions of the U.S. influencing the outcome. </p><p>The long border between the two countries means that peace and security in that region are important to the U.S.'s national security and international trade. The U.S. and Mexico are each other’s largest trading partner as of 2023. In 2010, Mexico's exports totaled US$309.6 billion, and almost three quarters of those purchases were made by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also closely connected demographically, with over one million U.S. citizens living in Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mexico being the largest source of immigrants to the United States, with about 8-10 million Mexican immigrants in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While condemning the terrorist attacks of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">providing considerable relief aid</a> to the U.S. after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the Mexican government, pursuing neutrality in international affairs, opted not to actively join the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, instead being the first nation in history to formally and voluntarily leave the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States of America shares a unique and often complex relationship with the United Mexican States. With shared history stemming back to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> (1835–1836) and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848), several treaties have been concluded between the two nations, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, and multilaterally with Canada, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). Mexico and the United States are members of various international organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Boundary disputes and allocation of boundary waters have been administered since 1889 by the International Boundary and Water Commission, which also maintains international dams and wastewater sanitation facilities. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a>, arms sales, and drug smuggling continue to be contending issues in 21st-century U.S.-Mexico relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S.–Mexico relations grew out of the earlier relations between the fledgling nation of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and its viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. Modern Mexico formed the core area of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> at the time the United States gained its independence in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783). Spain had served as an ally to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">American colonists</a> in that war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRP-SoW,_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/220px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/330px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/440px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a>, first U.S. envoy to an independent Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The aspect of Spanish-American relations that would bear most prominently on later relations between the U.S. and Mexico was the ownership of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a>. In the early 19th century the United States claimed that Texas was part of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, and therefore had been rightfully acquired by the United States as part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> from France in 1803. The Spanish, however, claimed it was not, as the western boundaries of Louisiana were not clearly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1819 the dispute was resolved with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, in which the United States relinquished its claims to Texas and instead purchased <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg/240px-INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg/360px-INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg/480px-INST_RATIFICACION_TRATADO_DE_LIMITES_EEUU-EEUUMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Instruments of ratification for an 1832 treaty between the US and the United Mexican States</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png/240px-Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png/360px-Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png/480px-Mexico%27s_Territorial_Evolution.png 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">territorial evolution of Mexico</a> after independence, noting losses to the United States (red, white and orange).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821 New Spain gained its independence from Spain and established the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>, who had initially fought in the royal army against the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">insurgents</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">independence from Spain</a>. Independent Mexico was soon recognized by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two countries quickly established diplomatic relations, with <a href="/wiki/Joel_Poinsett" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Poinsett">Joel Poinsett</a> as the first envoy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1828 Mexico and the United States confirmed the boundaries established by the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> by concluding the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a>, but certain elements in the United States were greatly displeased with the treaty, as it relinquished rights to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Rives2425_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rives2425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poinsett, a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, was convinced that <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> was the only acceptable form of government for all countries in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and tried to influence the government of <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>, which was beginning to show signs of weakness and divisiveness. Poinsett was initially sent to negotiate the acquisition of new territories for the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper California">Upper California</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Lower_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower California">Lower California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>; but Poinsett's offer to purchase these areas was rejected by the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs headed by Juan Francisco de Azcárate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became embroiled in the country's political turmoil until his recall in 1830, but he did try to further U.S. interests in Mexico by seeking preferential treatment of U.S. goods over those of Britain, attempting to shift the U.S.–Mexico boundary, and urging the adoption of a constitution patterned on that of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Riedinger_1095_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riedinger_1095-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poinsett often interfered in the Affairs of the newly born Republic, and provoked disagreements with British <a href="/wiki/Charge_d%27affaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge d'affaires">charge d'affaires</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Ward" title="Henry George Ward">Henry George Ward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas remained a focal point of U.S-Mexico relations for decades. The relationship was further affected by internal struggles within the two countries: in Mexico these included concerns over the establishment of a centralized government, while in the United States it centered around the debate over the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, which was expanded to the Mexican territory of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Rives2425_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rives2425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Mexican intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> would later assign the term <i>Poinsettismo</i>, in reference to <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a>, to designate any act of political or cultural meddling or interference by the United States in Mexican and Latin American affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1820s, Americans led by Stephan F. Austin and other non-Mexicans began to settle in eastern Texas in large numbers. These Anglo-American settlers, known as <a href="/wiki/Texian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texian">Texians</a>, were frequently at odds with the Mexican government, since they sought autonomy from the central Mexican government and the expansion of black slavery into Mexico, which had abolished the institution in 1829 under Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>. Their disagreements led to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, one of a series of independence movements that came to the fore following the <a href="/wiki/1835_Constitution_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1835 Constitution of Mexico">1835 amendments to the Constitution of Mexico</a>, which substantially altered the governance of the country. Prior to the Texas Revolution the general public of the United States was indifferent to Texas, but afterward, public opinion was increasingly sympathetic to the Texans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> was declared, though independence was not recognized by Mexico, and the boundaries between the two were never agreed upon. In 1845 the United States <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed Texas</a>, leading to a major border dispute and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War_.281846.E2.80.931848.29"></span>Mexican–American War (1846–1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War (1846–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/240px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/360px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/480px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Gadsden Purchase of 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexican–American War was fought from 1846 to 1848. Mexico refused to acknowledge that its runaway state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Texas</a> had achieved independence and warned that annexation to the United States would mean war. The United States annexed Texas in late 1845, and the war began the next spring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">U.S. President James K. Polk</a> encouraged Congress to declare war following a number of skirmishes on the Mexican–American border.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war proved disastrous for Mexico; the Americans seized New Mexico and California and invaded Mexico's northern provinces. In September 1847, U.S. troops under General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> captured Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended in a decisive U.S. victory; the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> ended the conflict. As a result, Mexico was forced to sell all of its northernmost territory, including <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico</a>, to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>. Additionally, Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas, and the United States forgave Mexico's debts to U.S. citizens. Mexicans in the annexed areas became full U.S. citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had been much talk early in the war about annexing all of Mexico, primarily to enlarge the areas open to slavery. However, many Southern political leaders were in the invasion armies and they recommended against total annexation because of the differences in political culture between the United States and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854 the United States purchased an additional 30,000 square miles (78,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of desert land from Mexico in the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>; the price was $10 million. The goal was to build a rail line through southern Arizona to California.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850s">1850s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melchor_Ocampo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/200px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/300px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Melchor_Ocampo.jpg/400px-Melchor_Ocampo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Melchor Ocampo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving,_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg/200px-Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg/300px-Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg/400px-Robert_Milligan_McLane_engraving%2C_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">Robert Milligan McLane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> sold Mexican territory to the United States in which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, allowing the U.S. to build a railway line more easily through that region. That purchase played a significant role in the ouster of Santa Anna by Mexican liberals, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of Ayutla">Revolution of Ayutla</a>, since it was widely viewed as selling Mexico's patrimony.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the liberals made significant political changes in Mexico and a civil <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">reform war</a> broke out between conservative opponents to the liberal reform, the liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> negotiated with the U.S. to enable the building of an interoceanic route in southern Mexico. A treaty was concluded in 1859 between <a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Melchor Ocampo</a> and the U.S. representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">Robert Milligan McLane</a>, giving their names to the <a href="/wiki/McLane-Ocampo_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="McLane-Ocampo Treaty">McLane-Ocampo Treaty</a>. The U.S. Senate failed to ratify the treaty. Had it passed, Mexico would have made significant concessions to the U.S. in exchange for cash desperately needed by the liberal Mexican government.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matias_Romero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matias_Romero.jpg/200px-Matias_Romero.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matias_Romero.jpg/300px-Matias_Romero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matias_Romero.jpg/400px-Matias_Romero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Romero" title="Matías Romero">Matías Romero</a>, Mexican envoy to the United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860s">1860s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1860s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War#Mexico" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy of the American Civil War § Mexico</a></div> <p>In 1861, Mexican conservatives looked to French leader <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to abolish the Republic led by liberal President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>. France favored the secessionist Southern states that formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, but did not accord it diplomatic recognition. The French expected that a Confederate victory would facilitate French economic dominance in Mexico. Realizing the U.S. government could not intervene in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">France invaded Mexico</a> and installed an Austrian prince <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a> as the puppet ruler of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> in 1864. Owing to the shared convictions of the democratically elected government of Juárez and U.S. President Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Romero" title="Matías Romero">Matías Romero</a>, Juárez's minister to Washington, mobilized support in the U.S. Congress and the U.S. protested France's violation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>. Once the American Civil War came to a close in April 1865, the U.S. allowed supporters of Juárez to openly purchase weapons and ammunition and issued stronger warnings to Paris. Napoleon III ultimately withdrew his army in disgrace, and Emperor Maximilian, who remained in Mexico even when given the choice of exile, was executed by the Mexican government in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The support that the U.S. had accorded the liberal government of Juárez, by refusing to recognize the government of Maximilian and then by supplying arms to liberal forces, helped improve the U.S.–Mexican relationship. </p><p>At war's end numerous Confederates fled to exile in Mexico. Many eventually returned to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Porfiriato_(1876–1910)"><span id="The_Porfiriato_.281876.E2.80.931910.29"></span>The Porfiriato (1876–1910)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Porfiriato (1876–1910)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico#The_Porfiriato_(1876–1910)" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico § The Porfiriato (1876–1910)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico#Porfiriato,_1876–1911" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history of Mexico § Porfiriato, 1876–1911</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution#Porfirio_Díaz" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution § Porfirio Díaz</a></div> <p>With general <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>'s seizure of the presidency in 1876, relations between Mexico and foreign powers, including the United States changed. It became more welcoming to foreign investment in order to reap economic gain, but it would not relinquish its political sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Díaz's regime aimed to implement "order and progress," which reassured foreign investors that their enterprises could flourish. Díaz was a nationalist and a military hero who had fought ably against the French Intervention (1862–67). The U.S. had aided the liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> by not recognizing the French invaders and the puppet emperor that Mexican conservatives invited to rule over them, and the U.S. had also provided arms to the liberals once its own civil war was over. But Díaz was wary of the "colossus of the north"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the phrase "Poor Mexico! So far from God, so close to the United States" (<i>Pobre México: tan lejos de Dios y tan cerca de los Estados Unidos</i>) is attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goyaale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Goyaale.jpg/200px-Goyaale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Goyaale.jpg/300px-Goyaale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Goyaale.jpg/400px-Goyaale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> (Goyaałé), 1887, a Bedonkohe Apache, raided both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border</figcaption></figure> <p>Díaz had ousted president <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> in the Revolution of Tuxtepec (1876). The U.S. did not recognize the Díaz government until 1878, when <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> was president. Given that France had invaded Mexico in 1862, Mexico did not initially restore diplomatic relations with it or other European powers, but did pursue a "special relationship" with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One issue causing tension between Mexico and the U.S. were indigenous groups whose traditional territories straddled what was now an international boundary, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> tribe. The Apache leader <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> became infamous for his raids on both sides of the border. Bandits operating in both countries also frequently crossed the border to raid Mexican and American settlements, taking advantage of mutual distrust and the differing legal codes of both nations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These threats eventually spurred increased cooperation between American and Mexican authorities, especially when concerning mounted cavalry forces.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions between the U.S. and Mexico remained high, but a combination of factors in the U.S. brought about recognition of the Díaz regime. These included the need to distract the U.S. electorate from the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">scandal of the 1876 election</a> by focusing on the international conflict with Mexico as well as the desire of U.S. investors and their supporters in Congress to build a railway line between Mexico City and El Paso, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the construction of the railway line linking Mexico and the United States, the border region developed from a sparsely populated frontier region into a vibrant economic zone. The construction of the railway and collaboration of the United States and Mexican armies effectively ended the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a> in the late 1880s. The line between Mexico City and El Paso, Texas was inaugurated in 1884.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An ongoing issue in the border region was the exact boundary between Mexico and the U.S., particularly because the channel of the Rio Grande shifted at intervals. In 1889, the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> was established, and still functions in the twenty-first century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Taft–Díaz_summit"><span id="The_Taft.E2.80.93D.C3.ADaz_summit"></span>The Taft–Díaz summit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Taft–Díaz summit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz,_Oct._1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/220px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/330px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/440px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Taft and Porfirio Díaz, historic first presidential summit, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, October 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president, the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico, and only the second international trip by a sitting president. Diaz requested the meeting to show U.S. support for his planned eighth run as president, and Taft agreed to support Diaz in order to protect the several billion dollars of American capital then invested in Mexico. Both sides agreed that the disputed <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal strip</a> connecting El Paso to Ciudad Juárez would be considered neutral territory with no flags present during the summit, but the meeting focused attention on this territory and resulted in assassination threats and other serious security concerns. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a>, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, U.S. Secret Service agents, BOI agents (later FBI) and U.S. marshals were all called in to provide security.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 250 private security detail led by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, the celebrated scout, was hired by <a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">John Hays Hammond</a>, a close friend of Taft from Yale and a former candidate for U.S. vice president in 1908 who, along with his business partner Burnham, held considerable mining interests in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed <a href="/wiki/Protector_Palm_Pistol" title="Protector Palm Pistol">palm pistol</a> standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burnham and Moore captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mexican_Revolution">The Mexican Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Mexican Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></div> <p>The United States had long recognized the government of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, once the U.S. recognized his government since he had first come to power by coup. As Díaz approached eighty years old, he gave an interview to a journalist working for a U.S. publication, saying he was not going to run in the scheduled 1910 elections. This set off a flurry of political activity in Mexico about presidential succession. For the U.S., it wanted the new president to continue Díaz's policies that had been favorable to U.S. business interests and produced stability domestically and internationally. Díaz reneged on his promise not to run, exiled the most viable candidate to continue his policies, General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a> and had the most popular opposition candidate, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> jailed. After the November elections, political unrest in Mexico became open rebellion in Morelos and in northern Mexico. The Mexican <a href="/wiki/Federal_Army" title="Federal Army">Federal Army</a> was unequal to the challenges of the insurgents. Díaz resigned and went into exile, an interim government was installed, and new elections were held in October 1911. These were won by Madero. Initially, the U.S. was optimistic about Madero. He had disbanded the rebel forces that had forced Díaz to resign; retained the Federal Army; and appeared to be open to policies favorable to the U.S., so that the U.S. supported the transition. The U.S. began to sour on the relationship with Madero and began actively working with opponents to the regime. Wilson, who took office shortly after Madero's assassination in 1913, rejected the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Huerta</a>'s "government of butchers" and demanded that Mexico hold democratic elections.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After U.S. navy personnel were arrested in the port of Tampico by Huerta's soldiers, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">the U.S. seized Veracruz</a>, resulting in the death of 170 Mexican soldiers and an unknown number of Mexican civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png/250px-VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png/375px-VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png/500px-VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="4298" data-file-height="5202" /></a><figcaption>Uncle Sam saying "I've had about enough of this" as a small and barefoot <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>, gun in hand, runs away. In 1916 Wilson sent an unsuccessful punitive expedition to capture Villa after he murdered Americans in his raid on Columbus, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson sent a <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> deep into Mexico; it deprived the rebels of supplies but failed to capture Villa.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Germany was trying to divert American attention from Europe by sparking a war. It sent Mexico the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a> in January 1917, offering a military alliance to <a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">reclaim</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, land the United States had forcibly taken via conquest in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. British intelligence intercepted the message, passing it on the U.S. government. Wilson released it to the press, escalating demands for American entry into the European War. The Mexican government rejected the proposal after its military warned of massive defeat if they attempted to follow through with the plan. Mexico stayed neutral; selling large amounts of oil to Britain for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">her fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1940"><span id="1920.E2.80.931940"></span>1920–1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1920–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles#U.S.-Mexico_Relations_During_Calles's_Presidency" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles § U.S.-Mexico Relations During Calles's Presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft,_Calles,_Coolidge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/220px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/330px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/440px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_Elias_Calles" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarco Elias Calles">Plutarco Elias Calles</a> and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the end of the military phase of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, there were claims by Americans and Mexicans for damage during the decade-long civil war. The <a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">American-Mexican Claims Commission</a> was set up to resolve them during the presidency of revolutionary general <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregón">Alvaro Obregón</a> and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>. Obregón was eager to resolve issues with the U.S., including petroleum, in order to secure diplomatic recognition from the U.S. Negotiations over oil resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Treaty" title="Bucareli Treaty">Bucareli Treaty</a> in 1923. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwight_Morrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dwight_Morrow.jpg/220px-Dwight_Morrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Dwight_Morrow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow" title="Dwight Morrow">Dwight Morrow</a>, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, who helped mediate the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When revolutionary general <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> succeeded Obregón in 1924, he repudiated the Bucareli Treaty. Relations between the Calles government and the U.S. deteriorated further. In 1926, Calles implemented articles of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Constitution of 1917">Mexican Constitution of 1917</a> that gave the state the power to suppress the role of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Mexico">Roman Catholic Church in Mexico</a>. A major civil uprising broke out, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>. The turmoil in Mexico prompted the U.S. government to replace its ambassador, appointing a Wall Street banker, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_W._Morrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight W. Morrow">Dwight W. Morrow</a> to the post. Morrow played a key role in brokering an agreement between the Roman Catholic hierarchy and the Mexican government which ended the conflict in 1929. Morrow created a great deal of good will in Mexico by replacing the sign at the embassy to read "Embassy of the United States of America" rather than "American Embassy." He also commissioned <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> to paint murals at the palace of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in Cuernavaca, Morelos, that depicted Mexican history. </p><p>During the presidency of revolutionary general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas_del_R%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lázaro Cárdenas del Río">Lázaro Cárdenas del Río</a>, the controversy over petroleum again flared. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> had major investments in Mexico and a dispute between the oil workers and the company was to be resolved via the Mexican court system. The dispute, however, escalated, and on March 18, 1938, President Cárdenas used constitutional powers to expropriate foreign oil interests in Mexico and created the government-owned <i>Petroleos Mexicanos</i> or <a href="/wiki/PEMEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEMEX">PEMEX</a>. Although the United States has had a long history of interventions in Latin America, the expropriation did not result in that. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was implementing the <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a>, in which the U.S. eschewed the role of intervention and courted better relations with the region, which would be vital if another major conflict broke out in Europe. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the United States implemented a program of expelling Mexicans from the U.S. in what was known as <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg/220px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg/330px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg/440px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Manuel_Avila_Camacho_Monterrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> having dinner with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> in Monterrey, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Under President Cárdenas, Mexico in 1934-40 expropriated three million acres of agricultural land owned by 300 Americans. Its worth was a matter of debate: between $19 million and $102 million, but nothing was paid. Roosevelt settled the matter in 1938 quietly. He refused to aggressively intervene in Mexican agrarian disputes in order not to disrupt trade. He was sympathetic to Mexican president Cárdenas's agrarian reform program, as was ambassador <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a>. On the other hand, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> was antagonistic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BraceroProgram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg/220px-BraceroProgram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg/330px-BraceroProgram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a> workers arriving in Los Angeles, CA, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the U.S. did enter World War II, it negotiated an agreement with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Avila_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Avila Camacho">Manuel Avila Camacho</a> to be allies in the conflict against the Axis powers. The U.S. bought Mexican metals, especially copper and silver, but also importantly implemented a labor agreement with Mexico, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a>. Mexican agricultural workers were brought under contract to the U.S. to do mainly agricultural labor as well as harvesting timber in the northwest. The program continued in effect until 1964 when organized labor in the U.S. pushed for ending it. In 1940 Roosevelt appointed <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> to head the new, well-funded <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-fascist propaganda was a major project across Latin America, and was run by Rockefeller's office. It spent millions on radio broadcasts and motion pictures, hoping to reach a large audience. In addition to propaganda, large sums were allocated for economic support and development. Madison Avenue techniques generated a push back in Mexico, especially where well-informed locals resisted heavy-handed American influence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico was a valuable ally in the war; many of the long-standing disputes about oil were resolved and relations were the warmest in history.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usually strident anti-American voices on the far Left were quiet because the U.S. and USSR were allies. After years of debate, Mexico sent a small air unit into the war in the Pacific. An arrangement was made whereby 250,000 Mexican citizens living in the United States served in the American forces; over 1000 were killed in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1945">Since 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Since 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg/250px-Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg/375px-Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg/500px-Miguel_Aleman_Harry_S_Truman_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a>, president of Mexico (left) and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, president of the United States (right) in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg/220px-Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg/330px-Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg/440px-Johnson_Lopez_Mateos_Chamizal_1964-09-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson (left) and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a> (right) unveil the new boundary marker signaling the peaceful end of the <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/220px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/330px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/440px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> attending the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cancun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancun">Cancun</a> along with his Mexican counterpart President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>The alliance between Mexico and the U.S. during World War II brought the two countries into a far more harmonious relationship with one another. Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Avila_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Avila Camacho">Manuel Avila Camacho</a> met in person with both <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, helping to cement ties with the U.S. Avila Camacho was not a leader in the Mexican Revolution himself, and held opinions that were pro-business and pro-religious that were more congenial to the U.S. while he maintained revolutionary rhetoric. During Avila Camacho's visit with Truman near the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, Truman returned some of the Mexican banners captured by the United States in the conflict and praised the military cadets who died defending Mexico City during the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For bilateral relations between the U.S. and Mexico, the end of World War II meant decreased U.S. demand for Mexican labor via the guest-worker <a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a> and for Mexican raw materials to fuel a major war. For Mexican laborers and Mexican exporters, there were fewer economic opportunities. However, while at the same time the government's coffers were full and aided post-war industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the dominant political party changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>, and while maintaining revolutionary rhetoric, in fact embarked on industrialization that straddled the line between nationalist and pro-business policies. Mexico supported U.S. policies in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and did not challenge U.S. intervention in Guatemala that ousted leftist president <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz">Jacobo Arbenz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_issues_and_the_border_region">Boundary issues and the border region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boundary issues and the border region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></div> <p>Under Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a>, the U.S. and Mexico concluded a treaty on January 14, 1964, to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a> over the boundary between the two countries, with the U.S. ceding the disputed territory.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a> resolved further issues between the two countries. </p><p>Since then, jurisdictional issues regarding <a href="/wiki/Water_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights">water rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> have continued to cause tension between farmers on both sides of the border, according to Mexican political scientist <a href="/wiki/Armand_Peschard-Sverdrup" title="Armand Peschard-Sverdrup">Armand Peschard-Sverdrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_(since_1994)"><span id="North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_.28since_1994.29"></span>North American Free Trade Agreement (since 1994)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North American Free Trade Agreement (since 1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Carlos Salinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> (back left), <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (back centre), and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (back right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_(44300765490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg/220px-President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg/330px-President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg/440px-President_Donald_J._Trump_at_the_G20_Summit_%2844300765490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>President Enrique Peña Nieto, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> sign the agreement during the <a href="/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit" title="2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit">G20 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, on November 30, 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mexico, United States and Canada signed the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) in 1994 with the goal of eliminating barriers to trade and investment. </p><p>After securing the NAFTA treaty that integrated the Mexican and American economies, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration#Mexico" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">President Bill Clinton</a> faced yet another foreign crisis in early 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a> began to fall sharply and threatened the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexican economy</a>. Clinton feared that a collapse would have a negative impact on the United States because of their close economic ties. He proposed a plan to address the financial crisis in Mexico, but many in Congress, fearing that constituents would not favor aid money to Mexico, rejected the plan. In response, Clinton used executive authority to create a $20 billion loan package for Mexico to restore international confidence in the Mexican economy. The loan went through and Mexico completed its loan payments to the United States in January 1997, three years ahead of schedule. However, issues such as <a href="/wiki/Drug_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug smuggling">drug smuggling</a> and immigration continued to strain relations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_immigration_from_Mexico">Illegal immigration from Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illegal immigration from Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/220px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/330px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/440px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The U.S.–Mexico <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">border fence</a> near <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2017, 47% of illegal immigrants in the United States originate from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States has built a <a href="/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico – United States barrier">barrier</a> on much of its border with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the majority crossing from Mexico into the United States have been from Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_trade_of_weapons">Illegal trade of weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Illegal trade of weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_firearms_into_Mexico" title="Smuggling of firearms into Mexico">Smuggling of firearms into Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Mexico">Gun politics in Mexico</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg/220px-Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg/330px-Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg/440px-Weapons_Seized_Naco_Sonora_20_Nov_2009.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Weapons recovered by Mexican military in <a href="/wiki/Naco,_Sonora" title="Naco, Sonora">Naco, Sonora</a>, Mexico on November 20, 2009. They include weapons bought two weeks earlier by Operation Fast and Furious suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-dojoigreport_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dojoigreport-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The US is the largest source of illicit traffic of weapons to Mexico. Many of the traceable weapons come from American weapons markets and festivals that do not have regulations for the buyers, and there is a geographic coincidence between the supposed American origin of the firearms and the places where these weapons are seized: mainly in the Northern Mexican states.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firearms that make their way to Mexico come from the American civilian market.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borderland_Beat_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borderland_Beat-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However grenades are also smuggled from the US to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to control smuggling of firearms, the U.S. government is assisting Mexico with technology, equipment and training.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> was one such efforts between the U.S. and Mexico to collaborate in tracing Mexican guns which were manufactured in or imported legally to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-OIG_page_1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIG_page_1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Official reports of the U.S. government and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and explosives (ATF) revealed that Mexican cartels improved their firearm power over that last years, and that 70% of their weapons come from the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ATF_gunwalking_scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ATF gunwalking scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></div> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> has as its stated purpose the stoppage of the selling and exportation of guns from the United States into Mexico, with the goal of denying Mexican drug cartels the firearms considered "tools of the trade".<sup id="cite_ref-Gunrunner_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunrunner-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in February 2011, it brought about a scandal when the project was accused of accomplishing the opposite by ATF permitting and facilitating "<a href="/wiki/Straw_purchase" title="Straw purchase">straw purchase</a>" firearm sales to traffickers, and allowing the guns to "walk" and be transported to Mexico. Several of the guns sold under the Project Gunrunner were recovered from crime scenes in Arizona, and at crime scenes throughout Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obama_administration">Obama administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Obama administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Mexico" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration § Mexico</a></div> <p>Mexico was not high on the priorities of the Obama Administration, but slow progress was made on security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2013, Mexican students formed the 9th largest group of <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> studying in the United States, representing 1.7% of all foreigners pursuing higher education in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Trump_administration">First Trump administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First Trump administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump,_G-20_Hamburg_summit,_July_2017_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg/220px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg/330px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg/440px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_meets_with_Donald_Trump%2C_G-20_Hamburg_summit%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Peña Nieto meets with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20 Hamburg summit</a>, July 2017.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration#Mexico" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration § Mexico</a></div> <p>The four-year term of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who had provoked the ire of the Mexican government through threats against companies who invest in Mexico instead of the U.S., and his claims that he would construct a <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">border wall</a> and force Mexico to fund its construction, caused a decline in the relations of the two countries in the late 2010s. </p><p> A 2017 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed 65% of Mexicans had a negative view of the US, with only 30% having a positive view.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constituted a significant and abrupt drop from 2015, prior to the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, when 67% of Mexicans had a positive view of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study also showed only 5% of Mexicans had confidence in the then US leader, President Donald Trump,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 93% having no confidence in him.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a poll by YouGov showed that less than one in four Americans have a positive image of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg/290px-United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg/435px-United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg/580px-United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The border between Mexico and the United States spans four U.S. states and six Mexican states, and has over twenty commercial crossings.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Donald Trump</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a> partly with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">campaign promises</a> of building a <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">border wall with Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Trump signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">an executive order</a> in January 2017, mandating construction of the wall,<sup id="cite_ref-ordertext2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordertext2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> cancelled a scheduled visit to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump said that Mexico would pay for the construction of the wall, but did not explain how;<sup id="cite_ref-APOrder2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOrder2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico has in turn rejected the idea of any Mexican funding.<sup id="cite_ref-APOrder2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOrder2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peña Nieto listed ten goals he would seek in NAFTA negotiations, notably safeguarding the free flow of remittances, which amount to about $25 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, Mexico and the United States reached a bilateral agreement on a revamped NAFTA trade deal, including provisions to boost automobile production in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_(50090910788).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/250px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/375px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/500px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President Trump and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a>, July 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 1, 2018, Mexico inaugurated President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> (known as AMLO) as president. </p><p>In June 2019, a promise of a stricter Mexican asylum program and security tightening to slow the traffic of illegal immigrants into the US averted a possible tariff war between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US had threatened a 5% import tariff on all Mexican goods. </p><p>In April 2020, Mexico closed a plant run by an American company for refusing to sell <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">ventilators</a> to Mexican hospitals during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm had operated its plant under the argument it provided an "essential" service, when most non-essential plants were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baja California Governor <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Bonilla_Valdez" title="Jaime Bonilla Valdez">Jaime Bonilla Valdez</a> ordered the factory closed, because it was providing no essential service to Mexicans. He said the company contacted Mexico's Foreign Relations Secretary and the American ambassador to prevent the closure order but that he did not cave in to pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 7, 2020, President Lopez Obrador visited Washington, D.C., and met with Trump following the signing the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> trade deal.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2020, multiple human rights groups joined a whistleblower to accuse a <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">private-owned</a> U.S. immigration detention center in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">forcible sterilization</a> of women. The reports claimed a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures on women detained by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE).<sup id="cite_ref-:142_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some international organizations have characterized this forced sterilization as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1422_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1422-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, Mexico demanded more information from US authorities on procedures performed on migrants in these facilities, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. Another woman said she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support she agreed to the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, retired <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of National Defense (Mexico)">Secretary of National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Cienfuegos" title="Salvador Cienfuegos">Salvador Cienfuegos</a> was arrested by U.S. officials at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> on alleged drug and money-laundering charges.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Cienfuegos's arrest infuriated President Obrador, who was particularly riled that Mexican officials had not been informed about the investigation into the general.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cienfuegos was cleared of all charges on 14 January 2021, and Obrador said the accusations against him was politically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a> threatened to restart prosecution if Mexico didn't prosecute him.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biden_administration">Biden administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biden administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220712AS_0513_(52325467019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg/220px-P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg/330px-P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg/440px-P20220712AS_0513_%2852325467019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President Biden and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a>, July 2022.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration#Mexico" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration § Mexico</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/President_Biden_and_President_Lopez_Obrador_Joint_Statement" class="extiw" title="wikisource:President Biden and President Lopez Obrador Joint Statement">President Biden and President Lopez Obrador Joint Statement (2022)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On February 25, 2021, it was announced that through the Mérida Initiative, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> have forged a partnership to combat transnational organized crime and drug trafficking while strengthening human rights and the rule of law. Mérida promotes greater cooperation between U.S. and Mexican law enforcement, prosecutors and judges as they share best practices and expand capabilities to track <a href="/wiki/Criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminals">criminals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> and money to disrupt the business model of transnational criminal organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden administration</a> confirmed it would not be sharing its COVID-19 vaccines with Mexico, according to White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a> ahead of Biden's first bilateral meeting with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a>. "The president has made clear that he is focused on ensuring vaccines are accessible to every American." When Biden took office, Mexico had sought more cooperation with the US to increase Mexico's access to COVID-19 vaccine supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, US regulators banned Mexican airlines from expanding new service or routes in the country. The FAA claimed there were "several areas" where the country did not meet aviation standards. President Obrador stated, "We have been complying with all the requirements. We feel that this decision should not be carried out." further stating the move appeared to help US airlines. "They are the ones who benefit and the national airlines could be harmed." As Mexico's airlines focused on domestic flights, the US ban was expected to have less impact.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021, President López Obrador blamed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">US embargo against Cuba</a> for contributing to the unrest in Cuba. The foreign ministry sent two navy ships with food and medical supplies to assist Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, Mexico sued US-based gunmakers for trafficking guns into the country. The lawsuit stated guns from America are more likely to kill Mexican citizens than American citizens. US laws however protect gun makers from civil liability and prevents victims from suing manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2023, President Joe Biden traveled to Mexico to attend the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a> in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, Mexico's President <a href="/wiki/Andres_Manuel_Lopez_Obrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador">Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador</a> said during a news conference that Mexico would not tolerate any spying on his government by the United States, which had resulted in leaks being published by the Washington Post.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Republican members of the US Congress threatened to invade Mexico to stop cartels,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was noted by others as attempted resource extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican President Obrador has stated that "We are not going to permit any foreign government to intervene in our territory, much less that a government's armed forces..."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg/240px-Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg/360px-Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg/480px-Biden_Sheinbuam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President Biden and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a>, November 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2024, President Obrador proposed sweeping changes to the government of the country including the judiciary. In August several US senators sent a letter to the president expressing concerns about the proposed changes, and US Ambassador Ken Salazar openly criticized the changes, prompting Obrador to "pause" relations with the US. <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Trump_administration">Second Trump administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second Trump administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his presidential campaign, Trump threatened to impose 25 percent tariffs on all Mexican goods unless Mexico stopped the flow of immigrants into the United States. The Mexican government has signaled its intention to tackle trade restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_ties">Economic ties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1994, the United States and Mexico have tightened their economic ties. The US is Mexico's largest trading partner. For the US, Mexico is the largest trading partner as of 2023, surpassing both Canada and China. In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$521.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade in goods and services totaled $677 billion in 2019. Exports to Mexico were $289 billion; imports were $388 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade in goods roose to US$797.9 billion in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil and natural gas in particular are traded between the two countries, as well as complex industrial goods such as machinery, electronics, electrical equipment and automobiles. With the conclusion of NAFTA, Mexico has become an important investment location for US companies, with investments amounting to over $130 billion (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many car manufacturers have production facilities in Mexico for the American market, including major US brands such as <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, where they benefit from lower production costs.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US investments have changed the economic geography in Mexico, with many border cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a> specializing in trade with the neighbouring country. Nearly 80 percent of Mexican exports are destined for the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico has also become an important market for U.S. companies. For example, Mexico is one of the most important markets for <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> products, which is considered a reason for widespread obesity among many Mexicans.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism is also an important economic factor in Mexico and Americans make up the largest group of foreign tourists in the country. Between January and April 2024, over 5 million tourists from the US visited the country.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexicans living abroad remitted over $27 billion to their home country in 2017. The majority of these <a href="/wiki/Remittances_from_the_United_States" title="Remittances from the United States">remittances</a> come from the United States. Remittances are therefore an important economic factor, accounting for 2.6 % of economic output.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open borders have led to an increase in drug smuggling since the 1990s. According to estimates, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cartels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican cartels">Mexican cartels</a> earn between 19 and 29 billion US dollars annually from drug sales in the USA. <sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug trade has made many cartels so rich that they have gained control over many regions of Mexico and are challenging the state's monopoly on the use of force.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>US-Mexico goods trade in billions of U.S. dollars (1990−2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>US exports to Mexico </td> <td>28.3 </td> <td>111.3 </td> <td>163.7 </td> <td>236.5 </td> <td>212.5 </td> <td>277.2 </td> <td>324.2 </td> <td>322.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>US imports from Mexico </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>135.9 </td> <td>230.0 </td> <td>296.4 </td> <td>323.5 </td> <td>382.6 </td> <td>452.0 </td> <td>475.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trade balance </td> <td>−1.9 </td> <td>−24.6 </td> <td>−66.3 </td> <td>−60.0 </td> <td>−111.1 </td> <td>−105.4 </td> <td>−127.8 </td> <td>−152.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">American immigration to Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg/220px-Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg/330px-Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg/440px-Americans_with_Mexican_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> by state (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, which restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, immigration from Mexico began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a> became the largest recruitment program of all time and resulted in the signing of 5 million labor contracts over the next 20 years. In 2021, there were over 37 million <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> living in the U.S., nearly 10 million of whom were born in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Mexican Americans live in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern U.S.">southwestern U.S.</a> (over half in the states of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>). The movement for the emancipation of Mexican immigrant workers began in the 1950s under <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">César Chávez</a> and the civil rights movement of Mexican Americans known as the <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a>. A vibrant Mexican-American culture and cuisine has established itself in the USA. </p><p>Also, over half of all <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants in the U.S.</a> were from Mexico in 2017, making securing the border with Mexico a contentious political issue in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, starting in the 2010s, legal and illegal migration from Mexico decreased significantly and most illegal border crossings in the early 2020s were from migrants from <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Between 2007 and 2019, the number of Mexican migrants in the US actually fell.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increasing number of immigrants from the US are living in Mexico. Between 1.2 and 1.5 million Americans live in Mexico (2019). These include repatriated Mexican Americans, but also retirees who have chosen the country as their retirement home.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_relations">Cultural relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">Vaquero</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft,_Calles,_Coolidge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief Justice and Former U.S. President William Taft, Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles, and U.S. President Calvin Coolidge at the White House, 1924."><img alt="Chief Justice and Former U.S. President William Taft, Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles, and U.S. President Calvin Coolidge at the White House, 1924." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/247px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/370px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg/493px-Taft%2C_Calles%2C_Coolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief Justice and Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Taft</a>, Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> at the White House, 1924.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph of U.S. flag and welcoming banner hung over a Washington street during ceremonies in honor of visiting Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdés, 1947."><img alt="Photograph of U.S. flag and welcoming banner hung over a Washington street during ceremonies in honor of visiting Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdés, 1947." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg/229px-Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg/343px-Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg/457px-Photograph_of_U.S._flag_and_welcoming_banner_hung_over_a_Washington_street_during_ceremonies_in_honor_of_visiting..._-_NARA_-_199565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph of U.S. flag and welcoming banner hung over a Washington street during ceremonies in honor of visiting Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a>, 1947.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mateos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and former U.S. President Harry S. Truman having dinner with Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos in 1959."><img alt="U.S. Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and former U.S. President Harry S. Truman having dinner with Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos in 1959." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mateos.jpg/226px-Mateos.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Mateos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> having dinner with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a> in 1959.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President John F. Kennedy greeting Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos at Mexico City International Airport in June 1962."><img alt="U.S. President John F. Kennedy greeting Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos at Mexico City International Airport in June 1962." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg/178px-JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg/266px-JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg/355px-JFKWHP-ST-C1-23-62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> greeting Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport" title="Mexico City International Airport">Mexico City International Airport</a> in June 1962.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President Lyndon B. Johnson hosts the President of Mexico Gustavo Diaz Ordaz at his Texas Ranch, 1964."><img alt="President Lyndon B. Johnson hosts the President of Mexico Gustavo Diaz Ordaz at his Texas Ranch, 1964." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg/264px-LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg/397px-LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg/529px-LBJ_and_Diaz_Ordaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President Lyndon B. Johnson hosts the President of Mexico Gustavo Diaz Ordaz at his Texas Ranch, 1964.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Richard Nixon riding a presidential motorcade in San Diego with Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1970."><img alt="U.S. President Richard Nixon riding a presidential motorcade in San Diego with Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1970." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/263px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/395px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/526px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> riding a presidential motorcade in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a>, 1970.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Jimmy Carter (left) and Mexican president José López Portillo (right) toast during a luncheon hosted by the President of Mexico, 1979."><img alt="U.S. President Jimmy Carter (left) and Mexican president José López Portillo (right) toast during a luncheon hosted by the President of Mexico, 1979." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg/266px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg/399px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg/532px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (left) and Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a> (right) toast during a luncheon hosted by the President of Mexico, 1979.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican President José López Portillo and U.S. President Jimmy Carter during a welcoming ceremony in Mexico City, 1979."><img alt="Mexican President José López Portillo and U.S. President Jimmy Carter during a welcoming ceremony in Mexico City, 1979." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg/348px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mexican President José López Portillo and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> during a welcoming ceremony in Mexico City, 1979.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From left to right: U.S. President Ronald Reagan, his wife Nancy, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and his wife Paloma Cordero in Cross Hall, White House, during a state dinner, 1984."><img alt="From left to right: U.S. President Ronald Reagan, his wife Nancy, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and his wife Paloma Cordero in Cross Hall, White House, during a state dinner, 1984." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/272px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/409px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/545px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From left to right: U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a>, Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" title="Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a> in Cross Hall, White House, during a state dinner, 1984.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First ladies Paloma Cordero of Mexico (left) and Nancy Reagan of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, John Gavin observing damage from by 1985 Mexico City earthquake, 1985."><img alt="First ladies Paloma Cordero of Mexico (left) and Nancy Reagan of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, John Gavin observing damage from by 1985 Mexico City earthquake, 1985." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/270px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/405px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/540px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First ladies <a href="/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" title="Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a> of Mexico (left) and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, <a href="/wiki/John_Gavin" title="John Gavin">John Gavin</a> observing damage from by <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">1985 Mexico City earthquake</a>, 1985.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan,_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Mazatlán, 1988."><img alt="Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Mazatlán, 1988." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/274px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/411px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/548px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a> and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a>, 1988.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. First Lady Laura Bush, U.S. President George W. Bush, Mexican First Lady Marta Sahagún, and Mexican President Vicente Fox in Crawford, Texas, 2004."><img alt="U.S. First Lady Laura Bush, U.S. President George W. Bush, Mexican First Lady Marta Sahagún, and Mexican President Vicente Fox in Crawford, Texas, 2004." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg/245px-Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg/367px-Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg/489px-Fox-Bush_in_Crawford_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, Mexican First Lady <a href="/wiki/Marta_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Marta Sahagún">Marta Sahagún</a>, and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a>, 2004.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President-elect Barack Obama and Mexican President Felipe Calderón at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington, D.C., January 2009."><img alt="U.S. President-elect Barack Obama and Mexican President Felipe Calderón at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington, D.C., January 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg/267px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg/400px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg/533px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_President_Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington, D.C., January 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory, 2012."><img alt="U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory, 2012." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg/270px-Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg/405px-Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg/540px-Barack_Obama_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_in_the_Oval_Office_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Mexican President-Elect <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's <a href="/wiki/2012_Mexican_general_election" title="2012 Mexican general election">election</a> victory, 2012.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meeting with the former President of the United States Bill Clinton and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto at Los Pinos, 2015."><img alt="Meeting with the former President of the United States Bill Clinton and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto at Los Pinos, 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg/271px-Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg/407px-Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg/543px-Bill_Clinton_en_Los_Pinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4659" data-file-height="3093" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meeting with the former President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto at <a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a>, 2015.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_(50090910788).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Donald Trump and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the Oval Office, White House, during the latter's visit in Washington, D.C., 2020."><img alt="U.S. President Donald Trump and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the Oval Office, White House, during the latter's visit in Washington, D.C., 2020." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/270px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/405px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg/540px-President_Trump_Welcomes_the_President_of_Mexico_to_the_White_House_%2850090910788%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> in the Oval Office, White House, during the latter's visit in Washington, D.C., 2020.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230109AS-1804-73_(52645266930).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Joe Biden and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in a one-on-one private meeting in Mexico City, 2023."><img alt="U.S. President Joe Biden and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in a one-on-one private meeting in Mexico City, 2023." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg/270px-P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg/405px-P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg/540px-P20230109AS-1804-73_%2852645266930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in a one-on-one private meeting in Mexico City, 2023.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>of the United States in Mexico</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo" title="Nuevo Laredo">Nuevo Laredo</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_San_Lucas" title="Cabo San Lucas">Cabo San Lucas</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca,_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca, Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila" title="Piedras Negras, Coahuila">Piedras Negras</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen" title="Playa del Carmen">Playa del Carmen</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco">Puerto Vallarta</a> (Consular Agency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a> (Consular Agency)</li></ul> </div> <p><b>of Mexico in the United States</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Mexico,_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas">Consulate-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calexico,_California" title="Calexico, California">Calexico</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Arizona" title="Douglas, Arizona">Douglas</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard,_California" title="Oxnard, California">Oxnard</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> (Consulate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a> (Consulate)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_memberships">Common memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Common memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">G-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America">Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, of 1848</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2012/sept-oct/article3.asp">"Mexico, the U.S. and Indiana: Economy and Trade –"</a>. 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"Robert Lansing and the Recognition of Venustiano Carranza." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 38.3 (1958): 353–372. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/38/3/353/781622/0380353.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Kane, Stephen N. "American businessmen and foreign policy: The recognition of Mexico, 1920-1923." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 90.2 (1975): 293–313 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148239">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyMassey2007" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Patricia; Massey, Douglas (2007), "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration", <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science</i>, vol. 610, pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>118, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206297449">10.1177/0002716206297449</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846310">154846310</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Borders+for+Whom%3F+The+Role+of+NAFTA+in+Mexico-U.S.+Migration&rft.volume=610&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716206297449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154846310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Massey%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Lim, Julian. <i>Porous Borders: Multiracial Migrations and the Law in the US-Mexico Borderlands</i> (UNC Press Books, 2017)</li> <li>Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. <i>Mexico: a country study</i> (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicocountrystu00merr_0">online free</a></li> <li>Meyer, Lorenzo. <i>Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917–1942</i> (University of Texas Press, 2014)</li> <li>Montoya, Benjamin C. <i>Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and US-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2020).</li> <li>Moreno, Julio. <i>Yankee don't go home!: Mexican nationalism, American business culture, and the shaping of modern Mexico, 1920–1950</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumme2007" class="citation cs2">Mumme, Stephen (2007), "Trade Integration, Neoliberal Reform and Environmental Protection in Mexico: Lessons for the Americas", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, vol. 34, pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>107, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x07300590">10.1177/0094582x07300590</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143636892">143636892</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Trade+Integration%2C+Neoliberal+Reform+and+Environmental+Protection+in+Mexico%3A+Lessons+for+the+Americas&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582x07300590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143636892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mumme&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Pastor, Robert A. <i>Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico</i> (Vintage, 2011)</li> <li>Plana, Manuel. "The Mexican Revolution and the U.S. Border: Research Perspectives," <i>Journal of the Southwest</i> (2007), 49#4 pp 603–613, historiography</li> <li>Pletcher, David M. <i>The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War</i> (U of Missouri Press, 1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofannex00davi">online</a></li> <li>Pletcher, David M. <i>Rails, mines, and progress : seven American promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911</i> (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railsminesprogre0000plet">online</a></li> <li>Raat, W. Dirk and Michael M. Brescia. <i>Mexico and the United States: Ambivalent Vistas</i> (2010), a history</li></ul> <ul><li>Reich, Peter L. "Foreign Relations Between Mexico and the United States in the Nineteenth Century, 1821-1910." <i>Public Law Research Paper 20-09.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume24/12fall2019/Reich_Award_Article.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRives1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lockhart_Rives" class="mw-redirect" title="George Lockhart Rives">Rives, George Lockhart</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1MMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848 (Volume 1)</i></a>. C. Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722225844" title="Special:BookSources/9780722225844"><bdi>9780722225844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+1821%E2%80%931848+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9780722225844&rft.aulast=Rives&rft.aufirst=George+Lockhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1MMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ruiz, Jason. <i>Americans in the Treasure House: Travel to Porfirian Mexico and the Cultural Politics of Empire</i> (University of Texas Press, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Americans-Treasure-House-Porfirian-Cultural/dp/0292753837/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Santa Cruz, Arturo. <i>Mexico–United States Relations: The Semantics of Sovereignty</i> (Routledge, 2012)</li> <li>Schmitt, Karl M. <i>Mexico and the United States, 1821-1973</i> (1974), a scholarly history.</li> <li>Schoonover, Thomas David. <i>Dollars Over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States * Relations, 1861-1867</i> (LSU Press, 1978).</li></ul> <ul><li>Selee, Andrew. <i>Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1610398599/">excerpt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610398599" title="Special:BookSources/1610398599">1610398599</a></li> <li>Shoemaker, Raymond L. "Henry Lane Wilson and Republican Policy toward Mexico, 1913-1920." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1980): 103–122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/download/10228/14168/26413">online</a></li> <li>Simon, Suzanne. <i>Sustaining the Borderlands in the Age of NAFTA: Development, Politics, and Participation on the US-Mexico Border</i> ( Vanderbilt UP, 2014).</li> <li>Slack, Jeremy, and Daniel E. Martínez. "Postremoval Geographies: Immigration Enforcement and Organized Crime on the US–Mexico Border." <i>Annals of the American Association of Geographers</i> 111.4 (2021): 1062–1078. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Martinez-36/publication/344177932_Postremoval_Geographies_Immigration_Enforcement_and_Organized_Crime_on_the_US-Mexico_Border/links/5f5925d8a6fdcc1164046e2d/Postremoval-Geographies-Immigration-Enforcement-and-Organized-Crime-on-the-US-Mexico-Border.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Weber, David J. <i>The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico</i> (U of New Mexico Press, 1982).</li></ul> <ul><li>Weintraub, Sidney. <i>Unequal Partners: The United States and Mexico</i> (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 172 pages; Focuses on trade, investment and finance, narcotics, energy, migration, and the border. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unequalpartnersu0000wein">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_activities">Illegal activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Illegal activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Díaz, George T. <i>Border Contraband: A History of Smuggling across the Rio Grande</i> (University of Texas Press, 2015) xiv, 241 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Border-Contraband-History-Smuggling-Inter-America/dp/0292761066">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dowling, Julie A., and Jonathan Xavier Inda, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306033103/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=21744">Governing Immigration Through Crime: A Reader</a>. (Stanford University Press, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspenshade1995" class="citation journal cs1">Espenshade, Thomas J (1995). "Unauthorized Immigration to the United States". <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.21.1.195">10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12291061">12291061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Unauthorized+Immigration+to+the+United+States&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.21.1.195&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12291061&rft.aulast=Espenshade&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ferreyra, Gabriel. <i>Drug Trafficking in Mexico and the United States</i> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Drug-Trafficking-Mexico-United-States/dp/1498523633/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Gratton, Brian, and Emily Merchant. "Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950." <i>International Migration Revie</i> 47$3 2013, pp. 944–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24542812">online</a>.</li> <li>Gravelle, Timothy B. "Politics, time, space, and attitudes toward US–Mexico border security." <i>Political Geography</i> 65 (2018): 107–116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy-Gravelle/publication/314229358_Politics_Time_Space_and_Attitudes_toward_US-Mexico_Border_Security/links/5b249a6a0f7e9b0e374b1090/Politics-Time-Space-and-Attitudes-toward-US-Mexico-Border-Security.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harris" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). <i>The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-4652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+in+El+Paso%3A+Mexican+Revolutionary+Intrigue%2C+1906%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4652-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hopkins, Daniel J. "Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition." <i>American Political Science Review</i> 104#1 (2010), pp. 40–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27798539">online</a></li> <li>Inda, Jonathan Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/417339/Targeting_Immigrants_Government_Technology_and_Ethics">Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics</a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.</li> <li>Kalhan, Anil, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1556867">Rethinking Immigration Detention</a></i>, 110 Columbia Law Review Sidebar 42, 2010</li> <li>Kalhan, Anil, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2316327">Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy</a></i>, 74 <i>Ohio State Law Journal</i> (2013) 1105+</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D. "What’s New About the New Immigration? A Historian’s Perspective over Two Centuries." <i>Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny</i> 45.3 (173) (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/82482309/What_s_New_About_the_New_Immigration_A_Historian_s_Perspective_over_Two_Centuries?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper">online</a></li> <li>Ngai, Mae M. <i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America</i> (2004)</li> <li>Ngai, Mae M. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921-1965." <i>Law and History Review</i> 21#1 2003, pp. 69–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3595069">online</a></li> <li>Payan, Tony. <i>The Three U.S.-Mexico Border Wars: Drugs, Immigration, and Homeland Security</i> (2nd ed. 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Three-U-S-Mexico-Border-Wars-International/dp/1440835411/">excerpt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1440835411" title="Special:BookSources/1440835411">1440835411</a></li> <li>Weintraub, Sidney. <i>The illegal alien from Mexico : policy choices for an intractable issue</i> (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illegalalienfrom0000wein">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spanish">In Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bosch García, Carlos. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8i6JWiye64C&dq=Abeja+de+Nueva+Orleans">Documentos de la relación de México con los Estados Unidos</a></i>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Volumes 1–2. <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-5805-52-0" title="Special:BookSources/968-5805-52-0">968-5805-52-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-5805-52-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-5805-52-0">978-968-5805-52-0</a>.</li> <li>Terrazas y Basante, Marcela, and Gerardo Gurza Lavalle. <i>Las relaciones México–Estados Unidos, 1756–2010: Tomo I: Imperios, repúblicas, y pueblos en pugna por el territorio, 1756–1867</i> (The Mexican-American Relationship, 1756–2010: Part 1; Empires, Republics, and People Fighting for the Territory, 1756–1867). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2012.</li> <li>Terrazas y Basante, Marcela, and Gerardo Gurza Lavalle. <i>Las relaciones México–Estados Unidos, 1756–2010: Tomo II: ¿Destino no manifesto?, 1867–2010.</i> (The Mexican–American Relationship, 1756–2010: Part 2: A Non-Manifest Destiny?, 1867–2010). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2012.</li> <li>Woodbury, Ronald G. "Wilson y La Intervención de Veracruz: Análisis Historiográfico." <i>Historia Mexicana</i> 17#2 (1967), pp. 263–92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25134680">online in Spanish</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States453" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States453" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Mexico_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Mexico to the United States">Ambassadors of Mexico to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States, Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Mexico,_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas">Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLane%E2%80%93Ocampo_Treaty" title="McLane–Ocampo Treaty">McLane–Ocampo Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant">International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_dispute" title="Colorado River dispute">Colorado River dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saavedra_Lamas_Treaty" title="Saavedra Lamas Treaty">Saavedra Lamas Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_Convention_relating_to_the_Final_Adjustment_of_Certain_Unsettled_Claims" title="United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims">United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Selection_Process" title="Bracero Selection Process">Bracero Selection Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Governors_Conference" title="Border Governors Conference">Border Governors Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Protection_of_Commerce_and_Investments_from_Foreign_Policies_that_Contravene_International_Law" title="Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law">Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Mexico" title="United States presidential visits to Mexico">United States presidential visits to Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Mexico">United States declaration of war upon Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Commission" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Commission">United States and Mexican Boundary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Survey">United States and Mexican Boundary Survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_affair" title="Crawford affair">Crawford affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War (1910–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypiranga_incident" title="Ypiranga incident">Ypiranga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Treaty" title="Bucareli Treaty">Bucareli Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cart_War" title="Texas Cart War">Texas Cart War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_Troubles" title="Cortina Troubles">Cortina Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Mendoza-Martinez" title="Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez">Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_(I_and_II)" title="Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)">Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Kiki Camarena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mark_Kilroy" title="Murder of Mark Kilroy">Murder of Mark Kilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="United States v. Alvarez-Machain">United States v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunique_v._Powell" title="Eunique v. Powell">Eunique v. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Matamoros_standoff" title="1999 Matamoros standoff">1999 Matamoros standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avena_case" title="Avena case">Avena case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-dumping_measures_on_stainless_steel_from_Mexico" title="Anti-dumping measures on stainless steel from Mexico">Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopez_v._Gonzales" title="Lopez v. Gonzales">Lopez v. Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Medell%C3%ADn" title="José Medellín">José Medellín</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Leal_Garcia" title="Humberto Leal Garcia">Humberto Leal Garcia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Matamoros_mass_kidnapping" title="2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping">2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Shooting of José Rodríguez">Shooting of José Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute" title="Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute">Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Air_Conditioner_move_to_Mexico" title="Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico">Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Mesa" title="Hernandez v. Mesa">Hernandez v. Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Claudia_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Killing of Claudia Gómez González">Killing of Claudia Gómez González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Antonio_migrant_deaths" title="2022 San Antonio migrant deaths">2022 San Antonio migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Matamoros_kidnappings" title="2023 Matamoros kidnappings">2023 Matamoros kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse" title="Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse">Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mexico_City" title="Siege of Mexico City">Siege of Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Salsa" title="Minuteman Salsa">Minuteman Salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_Rescue" title="Ranch Rescue">Ranch Rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_conflicts_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" title="Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier">Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">Migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Environment_Cooperation_Commission" title="Border Environment Cooperation Commission">Border Environment Cooperation Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_Activism_At_The_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence and Activism At The Border">Violence and Activism At The Border</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_soccer_rivalry" title="Mexico–United States soccer rivalry">Mexico–United States soccer rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_boxing_rivalry" title="Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry">Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="Mexico–Republic of Texas relations">Mexico–Republic of Texas relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_extradition_relations_with_Mexico" title="United States extradition relations with Mexico">United States extradition relations with Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta_pipeline" title="Agua Prieta pipeline">Agua Prieta pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baja_Pipeline" title="North Baja Pipeline">North Baja Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">American-Mexican Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Antorcha_de_la_Amistad" title="La Antorcha de la Amistad">La Antorcha de la Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Media_Project" title="Chiapas Media Project">Chiapas Media Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directo_a_M%C3%A9xico" title="Directo a México">Directo a México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Mexico" title="Exclusive economic zone of Mexico">Exclusive economic zone of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United States">Exclusive economic zone of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Development_Bank" title="North American Development Bank">North American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">Maquiladora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-tier_Mexican_sugar" title="Second-tier Mexican sugar">Second-tier Mexican sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_M%C3%A9xico_U.S." title="Señorita México U.S.">Señorita México U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Mexico–United States relations">Category:Mexico–United States relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Foreign_relations_of_Mexico128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Template:Foreign relations of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Foreign_relations_of_Mexico128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Algeria–Mexico relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Angola–Mexico relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Chad–Mexico relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Mexico relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Egypt–Mexico relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Mexico relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ethiopia–Mexico relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ghana–Mexico relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Mexico relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Kenya–Mexico relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Libya–Mexico relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Mexico–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Mexico–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Mexico–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Mexico–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations" title="Mexico–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Mexico–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mexico–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Mexico–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Mexico–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Mexico–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Mexico–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–Mexico relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Argentina–Mexico relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Mexico relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Barbados–Mexico relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Belize–Mexico relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Bolivia–Mexico relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Brazil–Mexico relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Chile–Mexico relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Colombia–Mexico relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Costa Rica–Mexico relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Cuba–Mexico relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Dominica–Mexico relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Mexico relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ecuador–Mexico relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="El Salvador–Mexico relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Grenada–Mexico relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Guatemala–Mexico relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Guyana–Mexico relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Haiti–Mexico relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Honduras–Mexico relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Jamaica–Mexico relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Mexico–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Mexico–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Mexico–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Mexico–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_relations" title="Mexico–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saint_Lucia_relations" title="Mexico–Saint Lucia relations">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations" title="Mexico–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="Mexico–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Mexico–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="Mexico–Republic of Texas relations">Texas</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Mexico–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Mexico–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Afghanistan–Mexico relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Armenia–Mexico relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Mexico relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Bangladesh–Mexico relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–Mexico relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Georgia–Mexico relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="India–Mexico relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Indonesia–Mexico relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iraq–Mexico relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Israel–Mexico relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Japan–Mexico relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Jordan–Mexico relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Mexico relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mexico–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Mexico–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Kuwait–Mexico relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Lebanon–Mexico relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Malaysia–Mexico relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Mexico–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Mexico–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Mexico–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Mexico–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Mexico–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Mexico–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Mexico–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Mexico–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Mexico–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Mexico–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Mexico–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mexico–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Mexico–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Mexico–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Albania–Mexico relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Andorra–Mexico relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Austria–Mexico relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Belarus–Mexico relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Belgium–Mexico relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Bulgaria–Mexico relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Croatia–Mexico relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Cyprus–Mexico relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Czech Republic–Mexico relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Denmark–Mexico relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Estonia–Mexico relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Finland–Mexico relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="France–Mexico relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Greece–Mexico relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Holy See–Mexico relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Hungary–Mexico relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iceland–Mexico relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ireland–Mexico relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Italy–Mexico relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Latvia–Mexico relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Lithuania–Mexico relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Luxembourg–Mexico relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="Mexico–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Mexico–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Mexico–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mexico–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Mexico–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Mexico–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Mexico–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Mexico–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Mexico–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Mexico–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Mexico–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Mexico–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Mexico–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Mexico–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Australia–Mexico relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Fiji–Mexico relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Mexico–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="Mexico–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Mexico–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Coffee Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Mexico–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Mexico and the International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">NIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">OEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_United_Nations" title="Mexico and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">UNECLAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mexico and the World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_river_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado river dispute">Colorado river dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mexico" title="List of diplomatic missions of Mexico">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Mexico" title="List of diplomatic missions in Mexico">in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican diaspora">Mexican diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta%C3%B1eda_Doctrine" title="Castañeda Doctrine">Castañeda Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrada_Doctrine" title="Estrada Doctrine">Estrada Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Mexico" title="Visa policy of Mexico">Visa policy of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Mexican_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Mexican citizens">Visa requirements for Mexican citizens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Timor-Leste–United States relations">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States287" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Template:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Environmental_Cooperation" title="North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation">Agreement on Environmental Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Labor_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation">Agreement on Labor Cooperation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Transportation_Statistics_Interchange" title="North American Transportation Statistics Interchange">North American Transportation Statistics Interchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America">Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Competitiveness_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Competitiveness Council">North American Competitiveness Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lobby groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Anti-integration:</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Canadians" title="The Council of Canadians">The Council of Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorized projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_monetary_union" title="North American monetary union">North American monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAFTA_superhighway" title="NAFTA superhighway">NAFTA superhighway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence#North_American_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">North American energy independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_bid" title="United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid">United bid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico 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