CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="oc" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Virus — Wikipèdia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )ocwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "oc normal","wgMonthNames":["","genièr","febrièr","març","abril","mai","junh","julhet","agost","setembre","octobre","novembre","decembre"],"wgRequestId":"4b100738-2221-4eae-ad1e-2f4a0925d3d5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Virus","wgTitle":"Virus","wgCurRevisionId":2446436,"wgRevisionId":2446436,"wgArticleId":29481,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals","Article redigit en provençau"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"oc","wgPageContentLanguage":"oc","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Virus","wgRelevantArticleId":29481,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"oc","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"oc"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q808","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles": "ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/1200px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1051"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/800px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="701"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/640px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Virus — Wikipèdia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificar" href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipèdia (oc)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//oc.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.oc"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Virus rootpage-Virus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vejatz lo contengut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menut principal" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menut principal/Menut principau" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menut principal/Menut principau</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menut principal/Menut principau</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una pagina a l'azard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuir" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuir" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuir </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Somari" title="L'endrech per s'assabentar."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh" title="A prepaus del projècte, çò que podètz far, ont trobar d'informacions"><span>Comunautat</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments sul wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Darrièrs cambiaments</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_especialas"><span>Paginas especialas</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh_dels_nov%C3%A8ls_venguts"><span>Acuèlh dels novèls venguts</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-oc.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'enciclopèdia liura" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-oc.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Rec%C3%A8rca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Recercar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" aria-label="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Virus" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Virus" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribuïr</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Virus" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Virus" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric_de_la_comprenença_dau_fenomèn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric_de_la_comprenença_dau_fenomèn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istoric de la comprenença dau fenomèn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoric_de_la_comprenença_dau_fenomèn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istoric de la comprenença dau fenomèn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoric_de_la_comprenença_dau_fenomèn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_virús" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_dei_virús"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La descubèrta dei virús</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_virús-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dei_premiereis_identificacions_a_la_cristallizacion_dei_virús" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dei_premiereis_identificacions_a_la_cristallizacion_dei_virús"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dei premiereis identificacions a la cristallizacion dei virús</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dei_premiereis_identificacions_a_la_cristallizacion_dei_virús-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_fondacion_de_la_virologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fondacion_de_la_virologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>La fondacion de la virologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fondacion_de_la_virologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_cristallizacion_dei_virús" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_cristallizacion_dei_virús"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>La cristallizacion dei virús</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_cristallizacion_dei_virús-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'estructuracion_de_la_virologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'estructuracion_de_la_virologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>L'estructuracion de la virologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'estructuracion_de_la_virologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_virologia_dempuei_la_fin_dau_sègle_XX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_virologia_dempuei_la_fin_dau_sègle_XX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>La virologia dempuei la fin dau sègle XX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_virologia_dempuei_la_fin_dau_sègle_XX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria_evolutiva_dei_virús" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria_evolutiva_dei_virús"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istòria evolutiva dei virús</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istòria_evolutiva_dei_virús-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas_e_classificacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas_e_classificacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Caracteristicas e classificacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristicas_e_classificacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Caracteristicas e classificacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas_e_classificacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Natura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estructura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Estructura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replicacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replicacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Replicacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replicacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Classificacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classificacion_Baltimore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_Baltimore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Classificacion Baltimore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_Baltimore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificacion_ICTV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_ICTV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Classificacion ICTV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_ICTV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virús_e_malautiás" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virús_e_malautiás"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Virús e malautiás</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virús_e_malautiás-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Virús e malautiás</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Virús_e_malautiás-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cas_dei_vegetaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cas_dei_vegetaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cas dei vegetaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cas_dei_vegetaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cas_deis_animaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cas_deis_animaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cas deis animaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cas_deis_animaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cas_de_l'òme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cas_de_l'òme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cas de l'òme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cas_de_l'òme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virús_e_biotecnologias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virús_e_biotecnologias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Virús e biotecnologias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virús_e_biotecnologias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 174 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(Medizin)" title="Virus (Medizin) - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Virus (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ቫይረስ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫይረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C4%93ofanwyrm" title="Clēofanwyrm - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Clēofanwyrm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܒܝܪܘܣ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܪܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڤيروس - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيروس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ভাইৰাছ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাইৰাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosos" title="Virosos - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Virosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вірусы - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірусы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вируси - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вируси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="वायरस - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভাইরাস - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="ནད་དུག་ - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནད་དུག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruz" title="Viruz - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Viruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-d%C5%ADk" title="Bêng-dŭk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bêng-dŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤایرۆس - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirus" title="Wirus - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wirus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firws" title="Firws - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Firws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaros" title="Vaaros - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Vaaros" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ވައިރަސް - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވައިރަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιός - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso_(biologio)" title="Viruso (biologio) - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viruso (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viirused" title="Viirused - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viirused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virukset" title="Virukset - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiiren" title="Wiiren - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiiren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firus_(biology)" title="Firus (biology) - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Firus (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADreas" title="Víreas - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víreas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACoras" title="Bìoras - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bìoras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADru" title="Víru - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Víru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="વિષાણુ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિષાણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerys" title="Veerys - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Veerys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiang-thu%CC%8Dk" title="Phiang-thu̍k - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiang-thu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A3" title="נגיף - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגיף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիրուսներ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրուսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80" title="Ժահր - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժահր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Вирусаш - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вирусаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso" title="Viruso - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Viruso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veira" title="Veira - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veira" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ウイルス - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსები - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირუსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_s%C9%94t%CA%8A" title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ವೈರಾಣು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈರಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="바이러스 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErus" title="Vîrus - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_biologicum" title="Virus biologicum - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virus biologicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayiraasi" title="Vayiraasi - ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Vayiraasi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusse" title="Virusse - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Virusse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolojia)" title="Virus (biolojia) - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virus (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%BAsu" title="Vilúsu - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Vilúsu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AA" title="ໄວຣັສ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄວຣັສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusas" title="Virusas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABruss" title="Vīruss - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīruss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosy" title="Virosy - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Virosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈറസ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="ဝဳရုသ် - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝဳရုသ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विषाणू - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विषाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%82" title="Кезовкшт - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кезовкшт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="भाइरस - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाइरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie) - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virus (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaayirasii" title="Vaayirasii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vaayirasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ଭୂତାଣୁ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂତାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirusy" title="Wirusy - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirusy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aw" title="Añaw - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вирусы - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирусы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Virus (bioluggìa) - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virus (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83" title="වෛරස - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛරස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayrus" title="Fayrus - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fayrus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="தீநுண்மி - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீநுண்மி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವೈರಸ್ - toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವೈರಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వైరస్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైరస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Вирусҳо - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирусҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ไวรัส - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BCs" title="Virüs - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вируслар - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вируслар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ۋىرۇس - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىرۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(bio%C5%82ozia)" title="Virus (biołozia) - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Virus (biołozia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BBsse" title="Virûsse - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virûsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირუსეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווירוס - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווירוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88r%C3%A0n" title="Èràn - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èràn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghdoeg" title="Binghdoeg - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghdoeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-to%CC%8Dk" title="Pēⁿ-to̍k - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGciwanyane" title="IGciwanyane - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGciwanyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discutir:Virus" rel="discussion" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Virus" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Virus" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguit dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=2446436" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Virus&id=2446436&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Virus"><span>Crear un libre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Virus&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telecargar coma PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&printable=yes" title="Version imprimibla d'aquesta pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimibla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dins d'autres projèctes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiespècies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1000_articles_fondamentals" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Ti%C3%A8ra_de_1000_articles_que_totas_las_Wikip%C3%A8dias_deuri%C3%A1n_aver" title="Tièra de 1000 articles que totas las Wikipèdias deurián aver."><img alt="Tièra de 1000 articles que totas las Wikipèdias deurián aver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/24px-1000F.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/36px-1000F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/49px-1000F.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-dialecte-provençau" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7au" title="Aqueste article es redigit en provençau."><img alt="Aqueste article es redigit en provençau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/220px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/330px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/440px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Modelizacion d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotavirus (la pagina existís pas)">rotavirus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>virús</b> (var. <b>virus</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) es un agent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infecciós</a> fòrça pichon que <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasita</a> lei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> de son òste per se replicar. Descubèrts a la fin dau sègle XIX, son constituïts d'un <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> ò <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>) generalament protegit per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a> e una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Envolopa_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envolopa virala (la pagina existís pas)">envolopa</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidica</a>. Es inactiu en defòra d'una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> car tèn pas de mejans de multiplicacion ò de produccion d'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> pròpris. Per aquò, dèu intrar dins una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> e destornar sa maquinariá intèrna per produrre de particulas viralas novèlas. </p><p>Aqueu cicle de replicacion particular entraïna de questions importantas sus la plaça dei virús. Uei, son considerats coma una forma intermediària entre l'inèrt e lo <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vivent</a>. Pasmens, aqueu debat es pas encara resòugut car de descubèrtas recentas semblan indicar que lei virús serián eissits d'una simplicacion d'organismes parasits vivents aguent perdut certanei foncions. Aquelei problemas se tòrnan trobar dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_dei_vir%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion dei virús (la pagina existís pas)">classificacion dei virús</a> qu'es uei laissada volontàriament imprecisa en causa de l'abséncia d'informacions seguras sus l'origina dei virús. </p><p>L'estudi dei virús es lo trabalh de la <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologia</a>. Es una disciplina relativament recenta qu'es fòrça liada a la <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a> e a la <a href="/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina">medecina</a>. D'efiech, certanei virús pòdon entraïnar de <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> grèvas, çò que justifica de recèrcas importantas per desvolopar de <a href="/wiki/Vaccinacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinacion">vaccins</a> e de medicaments antiviraus. Pasmens, en parallèl, d'autrei virús son estudiats en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engenhari%C3%A1_genetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engenhariá genetica (la pagina existís pas)">engenhariá genetica</a> per garir de malautiás geneticas grèvas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Etimologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> « virús » vèn dau <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>virus</i> que designava lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poison (la pagina existís pas)">poisons</a> e lei substàncias <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxicitat (la pagina existís pas)">toxicas</a>. Sa mencion pus anciana coneguda a l'ora d'ara apareís dins un tèxte <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglés</a> en <a href="/wiki/1392" class="mw-redirect" title="1392">1392</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_virus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_virus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. « Virulent », un autre tèrme pròche, apareguèt vèrs lo meteis periòde, probablament a l'entorn de <a href="/wiki/1400" class="mw-redirect" title="1400">1400</a>, a partir dau <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>virulentus</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La significacion modèrna « agent susceptible de provocar una malautiá » es pasmens pus recenta. Foguèt enregistrada per lo premier còp en <a href="/wiki/1728" class="mw-redirect" title="1728">1728</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_virus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_virus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e designèt lòngtemps tot agent patogèn (<a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>, virús, <a href="/wiki/Mosidura" title="Mosidura">mosiduras</a>...). Enfin, lo <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> « virion » foguèt inventat en <a href="/wiki/1959" class="mw-redirect" title="1959">1959</a> per designar una particula virala establa eissia d'una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> e susceptibla de contaminar una autra cellula<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric_de_la_comprenença_dau_fenomèn"><span id="Istoric_de_la_comprenen.C3.A7a_dau_fenom.C3.A8n"></span>Istoric de la comprenença dau fenomèn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Istoric de la comprenença dau fenomèn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istoric de la comprenença dau fenomèn"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_descubèrta_dei_virús"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_dei_vir.C3.BAs"></span>La descubèrta dei virús</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta dei virús" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La descubèrta dei virús"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La descubèrta dei virús data de la fin dau sègle XIX e aguèt luòc dins l'encastre dau periòde de progrès medicau entraïnat per lei trabalhs de <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (<a href="/wiki/1822" class="mw-redirect" title="1822">1822</a>-<a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>) sus leis agents patogèns. Pasmens, foguèt complicada per la talha pichona dei particulas viralas. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/1892" class="mw-redirect" title="1892">1892</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica">botanista</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">rus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ivanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ivanovski (la pagina existís pas)">Dmitri Ivanovski</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864" class="mw-redirect" title="1864">1864</a>-<a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a>) assaièt sensa succès de filtrar un liquid extrach de plantums de <a href="/wiki/Tabat" title="Tabat">tabat</a> per isolar l'agent a l'origina dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosa%C3%AFc_dau_tabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaïc dau tabat (la pagina existís pas)">mosaïc dau tabat</a>. Pasmens, son filtre, destinat ai <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>, arrestèt ges de patogèn e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ivanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ivanovski (la pagina existís pas)">Ivanovski</a> emetèt l'ipotèsi d'una origina liada a la preséncia d'una <a href="/wiki/Toxina" title="Toxina">toxina</a>. </p><p>Reprenent aqueu subjècte d'estudi, lo <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFses_Basses" title="Païses Basses">Neerlandés</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Beijerinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Beijerinck (la pagina existís pas)">Martinus Beijerinck</a> (<a href="/wiki/1851" class="mw-redirect" title="1851">1851</a>-<a href="/wiki/1931" class="mw-redirect" title="1931">1931</a>) s'opausèt a aquela conclusion e suggeriguèt puslèu l'existéncia d'un agent patogèn pus pichon qu'un bactèri. Son idèa se turtèt au scepticisme de la màger part de la comunautat scientifica mai d'autrei cercaires obtenguèron rapidament de resultats similars. En particular, lei mètges <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemands</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Löffler (la pagina existís pas)">Friedrich Löffler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852" class="mw-redirect" title="1852">1852</a>-<a href="/wiki/1915" class="mw-redirect" title="1915">1915</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Frosch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Frosch (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Frosch</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860" class="mw-redirect" title="1860">1860</a>-<a href="/wiki/1928" class="mw-redirect" title="1928">1928</a>) demostrèron qu'èra possible de transmetre la <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A8bre_aftosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fèbre aftosa (la pagina existís pas)">fèbre aftosa</a> amb una quantitat infima de filtrats de <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a> eissits d'animaus tocats per la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a>. Òr, una toxina pòu pas engendrar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contagion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contagion (la pagina existís pas)">contagions</a>. </p><p>Aquelei trabalhs provèron donc l'existéncia de patogèns invisibles amb lei metòdes d'observacion de l'epòca. Foguèron dichs « virús infiltrables ». Aquela apelacion es liada a l'utilizacion dau <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> « virús » que designava d'aqueu temps totei leis agents patogèns. Pasmens, pauc a pauc, son usatge se limitèt ai virús actuaus. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Dmitri Ivanovski, precursor de la virologia amb sei recèrcas sus lo mosaïc dau tabat"><img alt="Retrach de Dmitri Ivanovski, precursor de la virologia amb sei recèrcas sus lo mosaïc dau tabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg/87px-Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg/131px-Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg/174px-Dmitry_Iosifovich_Ivanovsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ivanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ivanovski (la pagina existís pas)">Dmitri Ivanovski</a>, precursor de la virologia amb sei recèrcas sus lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosa%C3%AFc_dau_tabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaïc dau tabat (la pagina existís pas)">mosaïc dau tabat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Martinus_Beijerinck.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Martinus Beijerinck (Medalha Leeuwenhoek 1905) qu'emetèt la premiera ipotèsi regardant l'existéncia dei virús"><img alt="Retrach de Martinus Beijerinck (Medalha Leeuwenhoek 1905) qu'emetèt la premiera ipotèsi regardant l'existéncia dei virús" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Martinus_Beijerinck.png/80px-Martinus_Beijerinck.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Martinus_Beijerinck.png/120px-Martinus_Beijerinck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Martinus_Beijerinck.png/160px-Martinus_Beijerinck.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Beijerinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Beijerinck (la pagina existís pas)">Martinus Beijerinck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medalha_Leeuwenhoek" title="Medalha Leeuwenhoek">Medalha Leeuwenhoek</a> <a href="/wiki/1905" class="mw-redirect" title="1905">1905</a>) qu'emetèt la premiera ipotèsi regardant l'existéncia dei virús</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Friedrich Löffler que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb Paul Frosch"><img alt="Retrach de Friedrich Löffler que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb Paul Frosch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg/98px-Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg/147px-Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg/196px-Friedrich_Loeffler_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Löffler (la pagina existís pas)">Friedrich Löffler</a> que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Frosch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Frosch (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Frosch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Frosch_um_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Paul Frosch que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb Friedrich Löffler"><img alt="Retrach de Paul Frosch que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb Friedrich Löffler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frosch_um_1925.jpg/90px-Frosch_um_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frosch_um_1925.jpg/135px-Frosch_um_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frosch_um_1925.jpg/180px-Frosch_um_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Frosch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Frosch (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Frosch</a> que demostrèt l'existéncia dei virús amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Löffler (la pagina existís pas)">Friedrich Löffler</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dei_premiereis_identificacions_a_la_cristallizacion_dei_virús"><span id="Dei_premiereis_identificacions_a_la_cristallizacion_dei_vir.C3.BAs"></span>Dei premiereis identificacions a la cristallizacion dei virús</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Dei premiereis identificacions a la cristallizacion dei virús" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Dei premiereis identificacions a la cristallizacion dei virús"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_fondacion_de_la_virologia">La fondacion de la virologia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La fondacion de la virologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fondacion de la virologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entre <a href="/wiki/1898" class="mw-redirect" title="1898">1898</a> a <a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a>, lo nombre de virús coneguts aumentèt rapidament amb la descubèrta de l'origina virala de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixomat%C3%B2si&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixomatòsi (la pagina existís pas)">mixomatòsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1898" class="mw-redirect" title="1898">1898</a>), de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8bre_jauna" title="Fèbre jauna">fèbre jauna</a> (<a href="/wiki/1901" class="mw-redirect" title="1901">1901</a>), de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0bia_(malauti%C3%A1)" title="Ràbia (malautiá)">ràbia</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Poliomieliti" title="Poliomieliti">poliomieliti</a> (<a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a>). Puei, durant leis ans 1900-1920, foguèron trobats de virús atacant de vegetaus ò de <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>. Aquò permetèt la fondacion de la <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologia</a>, disciplina que s'interessèt a l'estudi dei virús e a la prevencion dei <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> entraïnadas per aquelei patogèns. </p><p>Lei premiers <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virològs</a> assaièron de definir d'un biais pus precís lo foncionament dei virús, pretzfach complicada per l'impossibilitat de lei veire amb un <a href="/wiki/Microsc%C3%B2pi" class="mw-disambig" title="Microscòpi">microscòpi</a> optic. Dins aquò, leis observacions permetèron rapidament d'establir plusors fachs caracteristics. Lo premier foguèt l'abséncia de multiplicacion virala en fòra d'un <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Organisme">organisme</a> òste. Permetèt de sospichar una relacion de <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitisme</a>. Lo segond foguèt l'abséncia de sinhaus mostrant la preséncia dau virús dins un malaut infectat. Aquò menèt a l'ipotèsi d'un desvolopament intracellular, idèa confiermada per d'experiéncias. </p><p>L'autra question majora de la <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologia</a> de la premiera partida dau sègle XX foguèt aquela de la talha dei virús. L'aspècte infiltrable dins lei filtres de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collodion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collodion (la pagina existís pas)">collodion</a> dau periòde indicava ja de dimensions fòrça reduchas. Foguèron precisats amb la concepcion de filtres calibrats permetent d'estimar lo <a href="/wiki/Diam%C3%A8tre" title="Diamètre">diamètre</a> dei particulas non retengudas. Gràcias a aqueu metòde, lo Francocanadenc <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix d'Hérelle (la pagina existís pas)">Félix d'Hérelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1873" class="mw-redirect" title="1873">1873</a>-<a href="/wiki/1949" class="mw-redirect" title="1949">1949</a>) capitèt d'isolar un virús per lo premier còp en <a href="/wiki/1917" class="mw-redirect" title="1917">1917</a>. Puei, en <a href="/wiki/1923" class="mw-redirect" title="1923">1923</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Levaditi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Levaditi (la pagina existís pas)">Constantin Levaditi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1874" class="mw-redirect" title="1874">1874</a>-<a href="/wiki/1954" class="mw-redirect" title="1954">1954</a>) poguèt utilizar de filtres pron precís per realizar una premiera evaluacion de talha. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Félix d'Hérelle que descurbiguèt lo premier virús bacteriofag."><img alt="Retrach de Félix d'Hérelle que descurbiguèt lo premier virús bacteriofag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg/90px-F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg/135px-F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg/180px-F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix d'Hérelle (la pagina existís pas)">Félix d'Hérelle</a> que descurbiguèt lo premier virús <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofag</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Twort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Frederick Twort que descurbiguèt tanben de virús bacteriofag d'un biais independent."><img alt="Retrach de Frederick Twort que descurbiguèt tanben de virús bacteriofag d'un biais independent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Twort.jpg/84px-Twort.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Twort.jpg/125px-Twort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Twort.jpg/167px-Twort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Twort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Twort (la pagina existís pas)">Frederick Twort</a> que descurbiguèt tanben de virús <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofag</a> d'un biais independent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Constantin_Levaditi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Constantin Levaditi, autor de trabalhs importants sus lo virús de la poliomieliti e de la premiera estimacion de la talha d'un virús."><img alt="Retrach de Constantin Levaditi, autor de trabalhs importants sus lo virús de la poliomieliti e de la premiera estimacion de la talha d'un virús." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantin_Levaditi.jpg/96px-Constantin_Levaditi.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantin_Levaditi.jpg/144px-Constantin_Levaditi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantin_Levaditi.jpg/192px-Constantin_Levaditi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Levaditi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Levaditi (la pagina existís pas)">Constantin Levaditi</a>, autor de trabalhs importants sus lo virús de la <a href="/wiki/Poliomieliti" title="Poliomieliti">poliomieliti</a> e de la premiera estimacion de la talha d'un virús.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_cristallizacion_dei_virús"><span id="La_cristallizacion_dei_vir.C3.BAs"></span>La cristallizacion dei virús</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : La cristallizacion dei virús" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La cristallizacion dei virús"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1935" class="mw-redirect" title="1935">1935</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Bioquimia" title="Bioquimia">bioquimista</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904" class="mw-redirect" title="1904">1904</a>-<a href="/wiki/1971" class="mw-redirect" title="1971">1971</a>) descurbiguèt un metòde per purificar lei virús e lei <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristallizar</a> sensa demenir son poder patogèn. Un pus tard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Pirie (la pagina existís pas)">Norman Pirie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1907" class="mw-redirect" title="1907">1907</a>-<a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Bawden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Bawden (la pagina existís pas)">Frederick Bawden</a> (<a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a>-<a href="/wiki/1972" class="mw-redirect" title="1972">1972</a>) establiguèron d'aquelei cristaus son principalament formats d'una mescla d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acids nucleïcs</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïnas</a>. De resultats similars foguèron obtenguts amb mai d'un virús. Entraïnèron l'emergéncia de l'ipotèsi dau classament dei virús dins una posicion intermediària entre lo vivent e la <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria">matèria</a> inèrta. </p><p>En parallèl, lo periòde veguèt lo desvolopament dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsc%C3%B2pi_electronic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microscòpi electronic (la pagina existís pas)">microscòpi electronic</a> que permetèt d'observar dirèctament lei virús a partir de <a href="/wiki/1940" class="mw-redirect" title="1940">1940</a>. D'autrei progrès aguèron luòc en matèria de culturas viralas autorizant desenant la constitucion de mòstras per de projèctes de durada lònga coma de cèrca de <a href="/wiki/Vaccinacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinacion">vaccins</a>. Enfin, divèrsei descubèrtas permetèron d'alargar lo nombre de virús coneguts (<a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa">gripa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelhons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelhons (la pagina existís pas)">aurelhons</a>...) e d'estudis assaièron d'utilizar de virús <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofags</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. Pasmens, aquela darriera idèa foguèt abandonada après la descubèrta de la <a href="/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina">penicillina</a> per <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> (<a href="/wiki/1881" class="mw-redirect" title="1881">1881</a>-<a href="/wiki/1955" class="mw-redirect" title="1955">1955</a>) en <a href="/wiki/1928" class="mw-redirect" title="1928">1928</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Wendell Meredith Stanley (Prèmi Nobel de Quimia 1946), autor de la descubèrta dau metòde de cristallizacion dei virús."><img alt="Retrach de Wendell Meredith Stanley (Prèmi Nobel de Quimia 1946), autor de la descubèrta dau metòde de cristallizacion dei virús." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/85px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/127px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg/170px-Wendell_Meredith_Stanley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel">Prèmi Nobel</a> de <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">Quimia</a> <a href="/wiki/1946" class="mw-redirect" title="1946">1946</a>), autor de la descubèrta dau metòde de cristallizacion dei virús.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Christopher_Andrewes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Christopher Andrewes (1896-1988), descobreire dau virús de la gripa A."><img alt="Retrach de Christopher Andrewes (1896-1988), descobreire dau virús de la gripa A." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christopher_Andrewes.jpg/94px-Christopher_Andrewes.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christopher_Andrewes.jpg/141px-Christopher_Andrewes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christopher_Andrewes.jpg/188px-Christopher_Andrewes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2815" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Andrewes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Andrewes (la pagina existís pas)">Christopher Andrewes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896" class="mw-redirect" title="1896">1896</a>-<a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>), descobreire dau virús de la <a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa">gripa A</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'estructuracion_de_la_virologia"><span id="L.27estructuracion_de_la_virologia"></span>L'estructuracion de la virologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : L'estructuracion de la virologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'estructuracion de la virologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gràcias ai progrès dei tecnicas d'observacion, la segonda mitat dau sègle XX foguèt marcada per la multiplicacion dei descubèrtas de virús amb au mens 2 000 <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia)">espècias</a> depintadas. Aquò permetèt de descubrir la preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> dins lei virús e de trobar de tipes novèus. Entre lei pus importants, se pòdon citar lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrovir%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrovirús (la pagina existís pas)">retrovirús</a> descubèrts en <a href="/wiki/1965" class="mw-redirect" title="1965">1965</a> per <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1934" class="mw-redirect" title="1934">1934</a>-<a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>). Aquelei virús se caracterizan per l'utilizacion de la <a href="/wiki/Transcriptasa_inv%C3%A8rsa" title="Transcriptasa invèrsa">transcriptasa invèrsa</a> per permetre sa replicacion, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> qu'es a l'origina d'un taus important de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutacion (la pagina existís pas)">mutacions</a>. Pasmens, d'autrei familhas viralas foguèron identificadas durant aqueu periòde. </p><p>Aquelei descubèrtas permetèron d'estructurar la disciplina. Dins lo corrent deis ans 1950 <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> (<a href="/wiki/1902" class="mw-redirect" title="1902">1902</a>-<a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>) prepausèt la premiera definicion modèrna d'un virús : </p> <ul><li>un virús contèn un tipe unic d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> ò <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>).</li> <li>assegura sa reproduccion a partir de son <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a>.</li> <li>es incapable de créisser ò de realizar de divisions binàrias.</li> <li>contèn ges d'informacion regardant d'<a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> d'un metabolisme intermediari productor d'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>.</li> <li>se multiplica gràcias a l'utilizacion deis estructuras de la <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> infectada.</li></ul> <p>Puei, aquela definicion foguèt completada amb la nocion de virion, entitat inèrta dins lo mond exterior e viventa a l'interior d'una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> infectada. Uei, lei virús son ansin plaçats entre l'inèrt e lo vivent mai aqueu classament es totjorn l'objècte de debats au sen de la comunautat scientifica. Pasmens, se tòrna trobar dins lei doas classificacions principalas que son utilizadas per descriure lei familhas de virús. La pus anciana es aquela imaginada per <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1938" class="mw-redirect" title="1938">1938</a>). Definís plusors familhas segon lo tipe d'acid nucleïc. Inspirèt la classificacion de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (la pagina existís pas)">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV), mesa en plaça au començament deis ans 1990, qu'es l'organisme oficiau de classificacion actuau. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de Howard Temin (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1975), descubreire dau premier retrovirús e de la transcriptasa invèrsa."><img alt="Retrach de Howard Temin (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1975), descubreire dau premier retrovirús e de la transcriptasa invèrsa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg/96px-Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg/144px-Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg/192px-Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel">Prèmi Nobel</a> de Medecina e de Fisiologia <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>), descubreire dau premier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrovir%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrovirús (la pagina existís pas)">retrovirús</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Transcriptasa_inv%C3%A8rsa" title="Transcriptasa invèrsa">transcriptasa invèrsa</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach d'André Lwoff (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1965), autor de la premiera definicion « classica » dau virús."><img alt="Retrach d'André Lwoff (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1965), autor de la premiera definicion « classica » dau virús." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg/85px-Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg/127px-Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg/170px-Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach d'<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel">Prèmi Nobel</a> de Medecina e de Fisiologia <a href="/wiki/1965" class="mw-redirect" title="1965">1965</a>), autor de la premiera definicion « classica » dau virús.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach de David Baltimore (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1975), descubreire de la transcriptasa invèrsa e autor de la classificacion principala dei virús"><img alt="Retrach de David Baltimore (Prèmi Nobel de Medecina e de Fisiologia 1975), descubreire de la transcriptasa invèrsa e autor de la classificacion principala dei virús" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg/80px-Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg/119px-Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg/159px-Dr._David_Baltimore2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach de <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel">Prèmi Nobel</a> de Medecina e de Fisiologia <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>), descubreire de la <a href="/wiki/Transcriptasa_inv%C3%A8rsa" title="Transcriptasa invèrsa">transcriptasa invèrsa</a> e autor de la classificacion principala dei virús</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_virologia_dempuei_la_fin_dau_sègle_XX"><span id="La_virologia_dempuei_la_fin_dau_s.C3.A8gle_XX"></span>La virologia dempuei la fin dau sègle XX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La virologia dempuei la fin dau sègle XX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La virologia dempuei la fin dau sègle XX"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estudi dei virús a realizat de progrès importants dempuei la fin dau sègle XX amb la descubèrta de plusors fenomèns de remarca. La premiera es aquela dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús gigant (la pagina existís pas)">virús gigants</a> per una còla <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> dirigida per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Raoult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Raoult (la pagina existís pas)">Didier Raoult</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1952" class="mw-redirect" title="1952">1952</a>). Presentan de particularitats encara mau conegudas pertocant son mòde d'intrada dins lei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> de l'òste (<a href="/wiki/Fagocit%C3%B2si" title="Fagocitòsi">fagocitòsi</a> e non <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocit%C3%B2si&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endocitòsi (la pagina existís pas)">endocitòsi</a>) e son sistèma de replicacion (fabricacion de la sieuna estructura de replicacion e non utilizacion dei <a href="/wiki/Ribos%C3%B2ma" title="Ribosòma">ribosòmas</a> de sa buta). D'autra part, en causa de sa talha importanta (mai de 200 nm), pòdon èsser atacats per d'autrei virús (dichs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virofag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virofag (la pagina existís pas)">virofags</a>). </p><p>Una autra descubèrta importanta dau periòde foguèt aquela de l'omnipreséncia dei virús dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ecosist%C3%A8ma" title="Ecosistèma">ecosistèmas</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">terrèstres</a>. Per exemple, de mesuras mostrèron de concentracions de particulas viralas anant de 10<sup>6</sup> a 10<sup>8</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup> dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mar" title="Mar">mar</a>. De valors pus importantas foguèron trobadas dins de sediments marins (10<sup>8</sup>-10<sup>9</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>). Aquò entraïnèt l'emergéncia de la nocion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viròma (la pagina existís pas)">viròma</a> qu'es la compausanta virala d'un microbiòma. Auriá un ròtle major dins la regulacion dei microorganismes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria_evolutiva_dei_virús"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria_evolutiva_dei_vir.C3.BAs"></span>Istòria evolutiva dei virús</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria evolutiva dei virús" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria evolutiva dei virús"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei virús actuaus presentan una diversitat fòrça importanta que complica fòrtament lei temptativas d'explicacion de son origina. D'efiech, atacan totei lei tipes coneguts d'<a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Organisme">organismes</a> vivents (<a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">algas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota">bolets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animaus</a>... etc.) e mai d'autrei virús. Aquò indica una adaptacion avançada e plaideja en favor d'una aparicion fòrça anciana. Dins aquò, existís de diferéncias fòrça importantas entre lei familhas principalas de virús. Ansin, es pas segur que totei lei virús partejan una meteissa origina. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/2019" class="mw-redirect" title="2019">2019</a>, i avián tres ipotèsis principalas qu'assaiavan d'explicar l'origina e l'evolucion dei virús. La premiera suggerís una aparicion fòrça anciana que datariá de la « sopa primordiala » a l'origina de la <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">terrèstra</a>. Mentre que lei premiereis organismes vivents èran a venir pus complèxs (passatges de l'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>, especializacion cellulara...), d'autrei formas replicativas aurián gardat sa simplicitat per formar lei particulas viralas. </p><p>La segonda idèa majora es basada sus de tròç d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> « escapats » de <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> per venir independents. Aqueu fenomèn seriá susceptible de se debanar durant d'errors de replicacion dau materiau <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8n" title="Gèn">genetic</a>. Dins aqueu cas, lei virús serián eissits de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmid (la pagina existís pas)">plasmids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">moleculas</a> d'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> circularasà, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transposon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transposon (la pagina existís pas)">transposons</a> (sequéncia d'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> capablas de se desplaçar e de se multiplicar dins un <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a>) e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viro%C3%AFd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroïd (la pagina existís pas)">viroïds</a>. </p><p>Enfin, lei virús podrián èsser de derivats de <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> aguent subit de simplicacions. Segon aquela ipotèsi, lei virús serián donc lei descendents de microorganismes predators ò <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasits</a> dependents de son òste. Aquelei relacions de <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitisme</a> aurián causat la pèrda dei <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8n" title="Gèn">gèns</a> codant lo <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> qu'èran venguts inutils en causa de l'utilizacion deis estructuras intèrnas dei cellulas atacadas. Puei, aqueleis organismes simplificats aurián coevoluït amb son òste per gardar sa capacitat d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infeccion</a> e de replicacion. </p><p>Dempuei lo començament dau sègle XXI, la descubèrta dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús gigant (la pagina existís pas)">virús gigants</a> (entitats semblablas a certaneis organismes vivents) e dei bactèris dau genre <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rickettsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rickettsia (la pagina existís pas)">Rickettsia</a></i> (bactèris parasits fòrça pichons amb un genòma reduch vivent dins d'autrei bactèris) sembla avançar d'arguments en favor de la tresena ipotèsi. D'efiech, aquelei virús e bactèris podrián constituïr d'exemples d'etapas dau procès de simplificacion. Pasmens, a l'ora d'ara, aqueu ponch es encara mau segur. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia de bactèris dau genre Rickettsia dins una cellula."><img alt="Fotografia de bactèris dau genre Rickettsia dins una cellula." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg/120px-Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg/180px-Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg/240px-Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de bactèris dau genre <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rickettsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rickettsia (la pagina existís pas)">Rickettsia</a></i> dins una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un virús gigant dau genre Mimivirus."><img alt="Fotografia d'un virús gigant dau genre Mimivirus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png/108px-Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png/162px-Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png/216px-Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-_journal.ppat.1000087.g007_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un virús gigant dau genre <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimivirus (la pagina existís pas)">Mimivirus</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_(HIV)_and_bacteria_(E._coli).tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparason de talha entre lo bactèri Escherichia coli, lo VIU e plusors virús gigants."><img alt="Comparason de talha entre lo bactèri Escherichia coli, lo VIU e plusors virús gigants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparason de talha entre lo <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèri</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, lo <a href="/wiki/VIU" class="mw-redirect" title="VIU">VIU</a> e plusors <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús gigant (la pagina existís pas)">virús gigants</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristicas_e_classificacion">Caracteristicas e classificacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracteristicas e classificacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Caracteristicas e classificacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natura">Natura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Natura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Natura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La natura dei virús es l'objècte de debats. Coma lei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">viventas</a>, tènon un <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïnas</a>. Pasmens, an de mejans pròpris per produrre d'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>, créisser ò se multiplicar. Per aquò, son obligats d'utilizar la maquinariá cellulara de son òste. Ansin, dins la concepcion « classica » de la <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologia</a>, lei virús son unicament considerats coma d'associacions autoorganizadas de <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">moleculas</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologicas</a>. </p><p>Pasmens, aquela concepcion es a evoluïr en causa de la descubèrta de plusors entitats que semblan intermediàrias entre lo vivent e lei virús tradicionaus. Laissan pensar, coma lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimivirus (la pagina existís pas)">mimivirus</a></i>, que son d'organismes vivents complèxs que seguisson un procès de simplificacion per venir de virús « normaus ». Dins aqueu cas, lei virús serián probablament de classar dins lo domeni dau vivent en causa de son origina. Dins aquò, la question es totjorn l'objècte de debats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estructura">Estructura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Estructura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Estructura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Totei leis agents infecciós dau rèine dei virús son compausats au minimom d'un <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> ò <a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>). Sa talha es generalament compresa entre 10 e 400 nm. Son dichas virús se còdan au mens una <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïna</a>. Dins lo cas contrari, son dichs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viro%C3%AFd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroïd (la pagina existís pas)">viroïds</a>. Lei formas pus simplas son unicament constituïts d'aquel <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>. Dins aquò, existís de virús pus complèxs tenent una estructura pus desvolopada amb una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a> ò una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Envolopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envolopa (la pagina existís pas)">envolopa</a>. </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">Acid nucleïc</a>.</div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> d'un virús es fach d'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>. Representant lo <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a> virua, pòu èsser linear, circular, monocatenari ò bicaternari. Pasmens, d'un biais generau, lei virús d'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> son sovent bicaternaris e lei virús d'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> monocatenaris. Dins aqueu darrier cas, la polaritat dau tròç pòu èsser positiva (s'es dins lo meteis sens d'un ARN messatgier) ò negativa (dins lo cas contrari). </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">Capsida</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a> es una còca que protegís l'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> virau còntra divèrsei formas de destruccion (radiacions, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, enzims...) e que permet sa liberacion dins lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cit%C3%B2plasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citòplasma (la pagina existís pas)">citòplasma</a>. Dins lo cas dei virús non envolopats, participa tanben a l'interaccion permetent au virús d'intrar dins sa <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> atacada. Per aquò, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a> es facha d'un assemblatge proteïc d'ensems dichs capsomèrs. La màger part dei capsidas conegudas son siá de <a href="/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria">simetria</a> <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cubica</a> siá de simetria elicoïdala. Pasmens, se pòdon observar de formas mixtas (generalament en lei virús <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofags</a>) e d'autrei formas. </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Envolopa_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envolopa virala (la pagina existís pas)">Envolopa virala</a>.</div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Envolopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envolopa (la pagina existís pas)">envolopa</a> es una membrana <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidica</a> complèxa formada de partidas de la membrana de la <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> infectada e de <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïnas</a> viralas. Lei virús dotats d'una tala estructura son dichs « virús envolopats ». Lei « virús nus » fòrman lo rèsta dei virús. La preséncia d'una envolopa presenta d'avantatges importants per lo virús. D'efiech, es un mejan de proteccion eficaç còntra leis atacas exteriors, especialament aquelei en provenença dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a> de l'òste. D'autra part, permet la liberacion permanenta de particulas viralas novèlas a partir de la cellula atacada. Au contrari, lei virús nus son obligats d'esperar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisi (la pagina existís pas)">lisi</a> d'aquela cellula, çò que limita sa liberacion<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelizacion de la capsida cubica d'un adenovirus."><img alt="Modelizacion de la capsida cubica d'un adenovirus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png/105px-Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png/158px-Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png/210px-Adenovirus_3D_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modelizacion de la capsida cubica d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenovirus (la pagina existís pas)">adenovirus</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelizacion d'una capsida elicoïdala."><img alt="Modelizacion d'una capsida elicoïdala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png/120px-Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png/180px-Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png/240px-Helical_capsid_with_RNA.png 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modelizacion d'una capsida elicoïdala.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:PhageExterior.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelizacion d'un bacteriofag amb sa capsida mixta."><img alt="Modelizacion d'un bacteriofag amb sa capsida mixta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhageExterior.svg/98px-PhageExterior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhageExterior.svg/147px-PhageExterior.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhageExterior.svg/197px-PhageExterior.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modelizacion d'un <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofag</a> amb sa capsida mixta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Alphavirus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelizacion de l'envolopa d'un alphavirus."><img alt="Modelizacion de l'envolopa d'un alphavirus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alphavirus.png/120px-Alphavirus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alphavirus.png/180px-Alphavirus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alphavirus.png/240px-Alphavirus.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modelizacion de l'envolopa d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphavirus (la pagina existís pas)">alphavirus</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia de l'envolopa dobla dau virús de la variòla."><img alt="Fotografia de l'envolopa dobla dau virús de la variòla." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/110px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/165px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/220px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="3727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de l'envolopa dobla dau virús de la <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%B2la" class="mw-redirect" title="Variòla">variòla</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Papilloma_Virus_(HPV)_EM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fotografia d'un virús nus amb una capsida."><img alt="Fotografia d'un virús nus amb una capsida." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg/90px-Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg/135px-Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg/180px-Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un virús nus amb una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replicacion">Replicacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Replicacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Replicacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicacion_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicacion virala (la pagina existís pas)">Replicacion virala</a>.</div> <p>Lei virús pòdon unicament se replicar au sen de <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> viventas que son <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitadas</a>. Lo principi generau es lo seguent : </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adsorpcion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adsorpcion (la pagina existís pas)">adsorpcion</a> dau virús au contacte de la membrana de la cellula atacada gràcias a de receptors especifics.</li> <li>intrada dau virús dins la <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a>.</li> <li>dins lo cas d'un virús tenent una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">capsida</a>, liberacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a>.</li> <li>replicacion dau genòma virau.</li> <li>sintèsi de proteïnas viralas.</li> <li>assemblatge e formacion de particulas viralas novèlas.</li> <li>liberacion dei particulas viralas (virions).</li></ul> <p>Dos mecanismes principau existisson per completar aqueu procès. Lo premier es dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicle_litic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicle litic (la pagina existís pas)">cicle litic</a>. La maquinariá intèrna de la cellula i es totalament e activament destornada per la centrar unicament sus la produccion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virion (la pagina existís pas)">virions</a>. La sortida dei particulas es assegurada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exocit%C3%B2si&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exocitòsi (la pagina existís pas)">exocitòsi</a> ò per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisi (la pagina existís pas)">lisi</a> de la cellula. Lo segond mecanisme es lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicle_lisogenic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicle lisogenic (la pagina existís pas)">cicle lisogenic</a> onte lo genòma virau es integrat au genòma de l'òste per formar un <a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">provirus</a>. La cellula contunia de viure e de se multiplicar normalament mai transmet de virús a sei descendantas. </p><p>Dins certanei cas, lei virús pòdon metre en plaça d'estructuras pròprias dins la cellula. Lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroplasma (la pagina existís pas)">viroplasmas</a> son d'ensems pichons creats dins lo nuclèu cellular per assemblar lei virions. De son caire, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús gigant (la pagina existís pas)">virús gigants</a> bastisson d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usina_de_virion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usina de virion (la pagina existís pas)">usinas de virions</a> dirèctament dins lo <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a>. Aqueleis estructuras semblan a un nuclèu cellular enviroutat de <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondrias</a> e son visiblas amb un <a href="/wiki/Microsc%C3%B2pi_optic" title="Microscòpi optic">microscòpi optic</a> tradicionau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificacion">Classificacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existís mai d'una classificacion dei virús. Pasmens, en causa dei questions regardant l'origina dei virús, aquelei sistèmas son basats sus de critèris <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologics</a> coma lo tipe de <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> atacada, la durada dau cicle de replicacion virala ò l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrategia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrategia (la pagina existís pas)">estrategia</a> de replicacion dau virús. Son donc relativament mau segurs car pòdon pas èsser basats sus de donadas <a href="/wiki/Filogenia" title="Filogenia">filogeneticas</a>. Lei dos pus importants son aqueu definit per <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> e aqueu de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (la pagina existís pas)">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (« comitat internacionau de taxonomia dei virús » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>). Lo premier es probablament lo pus conegut mai lo segond es considerat coma lo sistèma « oficiau » per la comunautat scientifica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classificacion_Baltimore">Classificacion Baltimore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion Baltimore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion Baltimore"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion Baltimore (la pagina existís pas)">Classificacion Baltimore</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion Baltimore (la pagina existís pas)">classificacion Baltimore</a> definís sèt grops principaus de virús a partir de son <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a>, de son tipe d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc">acid nucleïc</a> e de son mòde d'expression dins la sintèsi de l'<a href="/wiki/ARN_messatgier" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN messatgier">ARN messatgier</a> virau. Es donc principalament centrada sus lo mòde de replicacion dau virús : </p> <ul><li>lo grop I contèn lei virús d'ADN bicatenari (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenovirus (la pagina existís pas)">Adenovirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpesvirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpesvirus (la pagina existís pas)">Herpesvirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poxvirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poxvirus (la pagina existís pas)">Poxvirus</a></i>). La màger part d'aquelei virús dèvon intrar dins lo nuclèu cellular e esperar la preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/ADN_polimerasa" title="ADN polimerasa">ADN polimerasa</a> per iniciar lo sieu cicle de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicacion_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicacion virala (la pagina existís pas)">replicacion</a>. Per aquò, la <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> atacada dèu èsser dins una fasa de replicacion. Pasmens, certanei virús son capables d'entraïnar una division cellulara. Aquò favoriza sa replicacion mai pòu, en certanei cas, permetre l'aparicion de <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancèr">cancèrs</a>.</li> <li>lo grop II contèn lei virús d'ADN monocatenari (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvovirus (la pagina existís pas)">Parvovirus</a></i>). Son liats ai <a href="/wiki/Vertebrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrat">vertebrats</a> mai son mau coneguts car entraïnan gaire d'infeccions grèvas en l'òme.</li> <li>lo grop III contèn lei virús d'ARN bicatenari (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reovirus (la pagina existís pas)">Reovirus</a></i>). Son de virús mau coneguts que se replican dins lo <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a> sensa utilizar lei polimerasas de son òste.</li> <li>lo grop IV contèn lei virús d'ARN monocatenari de polaritat positiva (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picornavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picornavirus (la pagina existís pas)">Picornavirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togavirus (la pagina existís pas)">Togavirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i>). Aquelei virús se multiplican dins lo <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a> cellular. Relativament ben coneguts, son devesits en dos sosgrops segon lo tipe de mecanisme de transcripcion utilizat.</li> <li>lo grop V contèn lei virús d'ARN monocatenari de polaritat negativa (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthomyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthomyxovirus (la pagina existís pas)">Orthomyxovirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhabdovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhabdovirus (la pagina existís pas)">Rhabdovirus</a></i>). Fòrça estudiats, aquelei virús necessitan premier una etapa de transcripcion de son genòma per de polimerasas viralas per produrre de formas de polaritat positiva lisibla per la maquinariá cellulara. Coma lei virús dau grop IV, son devesits en dos sosgrops.</li> <li>lo grop VI contèn lei retrovirús d'ARN monocatenari de polaritat positiva (<i><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retrovirus</a></i>). Grop dau <a href="/wiki/VIU" class="mw-redirect" title="VIU">VIU</a>, son l'objècte d'estudis importants per assaiarde luchar còntra lo <a href="/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA">SIDA</a>. Se caracterizan per l'utilizacion de la <a href="/wiki/Transcriptasa_inv%C3%A8rsa" title="Transcriptasa invèrsa">transcriptasa invèrsa</a> per convertir son <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> en <a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>.</li> <li>lo grop VII contèn lei pararetrovirús d'ADN bicatenari (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepadnavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepadnavirus (la pagina existís pas)">Hepadnavirus</a></i>). Aquelei virús se caracterizan egalament per l'utilizacion de la <a href="/wiki/Transcriptasa_inv%C3%A8rsa" title="Transcriptasa invèrsa">transcriptasa invèrsa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classificacion_ICTV">Classificacion ICTV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion ICTV" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion ICTV"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_dei_vir%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion dei virús (la pagina existís pas)">Classificacion dei virús</a>.</div> <p>Publicada dempuei <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (la pagina existís pas)">classificacion ICTV</a> a coma objectiu de definir una classificacion filogenetica precisa. Per aquò, utiliza un formalisme similar a aqueu de la classificacion deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%A8cias_(biologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espècias (biologia) (la pagina existís pas)">espècias</a> viventas amb una declinason en òrdre, en familha, en sosfamilha, en genre e en espècia. Pasmens, en causa deis incertituds regardant l'origina dei virús, leis òrdres son mau segurs e un nombre important de familhas i son pas encara estacadas. </p><p>La classificacion ICTV presenta de similituds amb aquela de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion Baltimore (la pagina existís pas)">Baltimore</a>. En particular, utiliza lei meteissei grops. Dins aquò, dempuei octòbre de <a href="/wiki/2018" class="mw-redirect" title="2018">2018</a>, lei progrès dei conoissenças sus lei còdis genetics dei virús an permés de definir d'embrancaments novèus e pus organizats au sen d'aquelei grops (especialament au sen dau grop V). De mesas a jorn periodicas permèton de melhorar aqueu sistèma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virús_e_malautiás"><span id="Vir.C3.BAs_e_malauti.C3.A1s"></span>Virús e malautiás</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Virús e malautiás" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Virús e malautiás"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En octòbre de <a href="/wiki/2018" class="mw-redirect" title="2018">2018</a>, la classificacion ICTV conteniá 4 958 <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia)">espècias</a> de virús<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu nombre aumenta rapidament car èra de 3 186 en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cas_dei_vegetaus">Cas dei vegetaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Cas dei vegetaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cas dei vegetaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/220px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/330px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/440px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Fuelha d'un plantum de <a href="/wiki/Tabat" title="Tabat">tabat</a> tocat per lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosa%C3%AFc_dau_tabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaïc dau tabat (la pagina existís pas)">mosaïc dau tabat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei virús fan partida deis agents <a href="/wiki/Patog%C3%A8n" class="mw-redirect" title="Patogèn">patogèns</a> pus virulents en lei vegetaus. L'infeccion a sovent luòc gràcias a una bleçadura que permet ai virús de contornejar lo paret vegetau exterior fòrça resistent. Puei, la propagacion de la contaminacion utiliza lei canaus citoplasmics que permèton ai cellulas vegetalas de comunicar entre elei. Entraïna generalament de deformacions que tòcan divèrsei partidas de la planta (raiç, camba, fuelhas, <a href="/wiki/Flor" title="Flor">flors</a>...), de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Necr%C3%B2si&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necròsi (la pagina existís pas)">necròsis</a> ò d'anomalias de <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>. La garison es rara car lei vegetaus an pas un <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a> capable de luchar d'un biais eficaç còntra de virús. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cas_deis_animaus">Cas deis animaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Cas deis animaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cas deis animaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Totei leis animaus son susceptibles d'èsser infectats per de virús. Generalament, de relacions de <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitisme</a> existisson entre un virús e seis òstes. Lei passatges entre espècias animalas son rars mai son possibles se de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutacion (la pagina existís pas)">mutacions</a> lei permèton. Per exemple, lei virús de la <a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa">gripa</a>, inicialament d'origina <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèu">aviària</a>, se son ben adaptats a un nombre important de <a href="/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamifèr">mamifèrs</a>. Totei leis infeccions son pas sistematicas grèvas car aquelei animaus dispausan sovent de mejans de defensa eficaç, especialament aquelei dotats d'un <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a> complèt. Ansin, un <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Organisme">organisme</a> animau assosta sovent un desenau d'infeccions viralas cronicas asimptomaticas. </p><p>Lei malautiás viralas animalas pus estudiadas son aquelei tocant leis animaus <a href="/wiki/Domesticacion" title="Domesticacion">domestics</a> car pòdon aver de consequéncias economicas grèvas. Pasmens, amb l'agravament dei transformacions environamentalas, d'estudis pus importants son en cors car l'èsser uman intra en contacte amb de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viròma (la pagina existís pas)">viròmas</a> animaus novèus que pòdon congrear l'aparicion de malautiás novèlas. L'exemple pus conegut es aqueu dau <a href="/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA">SIDA</a> qu'èra a l'origina una malautiá tocant de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monina (la pagina existís pas)">moninas</a> isolats dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungla (la pagina existís pas)">jungla</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cas_de_l'òme"><span id="Cas_de_l.27.C3.B2me"></span>Cas de l'òme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Cas de l'òme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cas de l'òme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2018" class="mw-redirect" title="2018">2018</a>, 129 virús patogèns per l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">èsser uman</a> èran estats identificats. Una partida d'entre elei son a l'origina de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patologia (la pagina existís pas)">patologias</a> raras necessitant un contacte amb d'autreis <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia)">espècias</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mordedura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mordedura (la pagina existís pas)">mordedura</a>...). Pasmens, una autra partida es ben adaptada a son òste e plusors malautiás umanas frequentas son viralas (<a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa">gripa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raum%C3%A0s" title="Raumàs">raumàs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varic%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varicèla (la pagina existís pas)">varicèla</a>...). Certanei pòdon èsser fòrça grèva en causa de son aspècte cronic e de seis efiechs negatius sur l'organisme (<a href="/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA">SIDA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epatiti_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epatiti C (la pagina existís pas)">epatiti C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A8bra_jauna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fèbra jauna (la pagina existís pas)">fèbra jauna</a>...). </p><p>Divèrsei virús umans son donc l'objècte d'estudis per assaiar de trobar de mejans de proteccion eficaç còntra elei. Lo premier principi es aqueu de la <a href="/wiki/Vaccinacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinacion">vaccinacion</a> qu'a permés d'eradicar la <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%B2la" class="mw-redirect" title="Variòla">variòla</a> e de demenir fòrtament d'infeccions coma lo <a href="/wiki/Senepion" class="mw-redirect" title="Senepion">senepion</a> ò leis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelhons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelhons (la pagina existís pas)">aurelhons</a>. Una autra idèa es lo desvolopament de medicaments antiviraus que son destinats a trebolar lei mecanismes de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicacion_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicacion virala (la pagina existís pas)">replicacion virala</a>. Enfin, l'adopcion de règlas d'igiena simplas es sovent conselhada per limitar lo desvolopament d'una epidemia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virús_e_biotecnologias"><span id="Vir.C3.BAs_e_biotecnologias"></span>Virús e biotecnologias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Virús e biotecnologias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Virús e biotecnologias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engenhari%C3%A1_genetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engenhariá genetica (la pagina existís pas)">Engenhariá genetica</a>.</div> <p>Lei virús son estudiats en <a href="/wiki/Biotecnologia" title="Biotecnologia">biotecnologia</a> en causa de son materiau <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetic</a> simple e de sa capacitat d'intrar dins lei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> per ne'n modificar lo còdi genetic. Pòdon donc èsser utilizats per manipular de foncions cellularas afin d'observar lo foncion de mecanismes complèxs coma la replicacion de l'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>, sa transcripcion, l'utilizacion de l'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>, lo transpòrt dei proteïnas ò l'<a href="/wiki/Immunologia" title="Immunologia">immunologia</a>. Uei, d'aplicacions medicalas existisson ò son en cors de desvolopament per crear de tractaments de terapias genicas (per remplaçar un gèn defectuós entraïnant una malautiá grèva) ò per luchar còntra de <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancèr">cancèrs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsida (la pagina existís pas)">Capsida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_Baltimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion Baltimore (la pagina existís pas)">Classificacion Baltimore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_dei_vir%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion dei virús (la pagina existís pas)">Classificacion dei virús</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Envolopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envolopa (la pagina existís pas)">Envolopa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">Malautiá</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicacion_virala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicacion virala (la pagina existís pas)">Replicacion virala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">Sistèma immunitari</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">Virologia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viròma (la pagina existís pas)">Viròma</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_d%27ADN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús d'ADN (la pagina existís pas)">Virús d'ADN</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_d%27ARN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús d'ARN (la pagina existís pas)">Virús d'ARN</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo Congrès permanent de la lenga occitana, <i>Dicod'Òc</i>, cèrca « virus », consultat lo 29 de març de <a href="/wiki/2020" class="mw-redirect" title="2020">2020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621033624/https://www.locongres.org/fr/applications/dicodoc-fr/dicodoc-recherche?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=683&type=fr-oc&q=virus">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_virus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_virus_2-0">2,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_virus_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> D. Harper, <i>The Online Etymology Dictionary</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virus">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> D. Harper, <i>The Online Etymology Dictionary</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virulent">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> S. Casjens S. dins <i>Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology</i>, Academic Press, 2010, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amb l'aparicion de resisténcias importantas de part de certanei <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>, tornèt suscitar un certan interès dempuei lo començament dau sègle XXI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L'interès evolutiu de tenir una envolopa s'obsèrva aisament dins lo cas dei virús umans susceptibles d'entraïnar d'epidemias grèvas (<a href="/wiki/VIU" class="mw-redirect" title="VIU">VIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_Ebola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús Ebola (la pagina existís pas)">virús Ebola</a>...) car totei son de virús envolopats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Stuart G. Siddell, Peter J. Walker, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Arcady R. Mushegian, Michael J. Adams et al., <i>Additional changes to taxonomy ratified in a special vote by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (October 2018)</i>, <i>Archives of Virology</i>,‎ 20 de genier de 2019, pp. 1-4.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=2446436">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=2446436</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 22 agost de 2024 a 20.27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. Vejatz las <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">condicions d’utilizacion</a> per mai de detalhs, e mai los credits grafics.<br /> Wikipedia® es una marca depausada de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organizacion de benfasença regida pel paragraf 501(c)(3) del còde fiscal dels Estats Units.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politica de confidencialitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Avertiments_generals">Avertiments</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Còdi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desvolopaires</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/oc.wikipedia.org">Estatisticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaracion suls cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Afichatge mobil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Recercar</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Recercar sus Wikipèdia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virus</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>174 lengas</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Apondre un subjècte</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7f5d45d576-9hfml","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.122","walltime":"0.165","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1030,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":2419,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":705,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":27798,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 85.752 1 -total"," 29.06% 24.916 7 Modèl:Veire"," 22.79% 19.540 7 Modèl:Multiparamètres-Ligam"," 15.71% 13.470 2 Modèl:Icòna_de_títol"," 12.60% 10.809 1 Modèl:1000_fondamentals"," 7.71% 6.610 1 Modèl:Dialècte_Provençau"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.005","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":777820,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7f7789979b-nmmsm","timestamp":"20250213194456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Virus","url":"https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q808","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q808","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-07-21T22:39:48Z","dateModified":"2024-08-22T20:27:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>