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id="toc-Hayreddin_and_Aruj_brothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hayreddin_and_Aruj_brothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Hayreddin and Aruj brothers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hayreddin_and_Aruj_brothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hayreddin's_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hayreddin's_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Hayreddin's successors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hayreddin's_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algerian_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2.1 Algerian expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algerian_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century:_Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century:_Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 17th century: Golden age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century:_Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pashalik_period_(1587–1659)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pashalik_period_(1587–1659)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Pashalik period (1587–1659) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pashalik_period_(1587–1659)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Janissary_insubordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janissary_insubordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Janissary insubordination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janissary_insubordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsair_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsair_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.2 Corsair autonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsair_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_republic_(1659–1710)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_republic_(1659–1710)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Military republic (1659–1710) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_republic_(1659–1710)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agha_regime_in_1659" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agha_regime_in_1659"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Agha regime in 1659 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agha_regime_in_1659-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deylik_period_in_1671" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deylik_period_in_1671"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Deylik period in 1671 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deylik_period_in_1671-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_privateering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_and_privateering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Foreign relations and privateering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_privateering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Maghreb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century:_Dey-Pashas_of_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century:_Dey-Pashas_of_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 18th century: Dey-Pashas of Algiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century:_Dey-Pashas_of_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strengthened_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strengthened_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Strengthened authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strengthened_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohammed_ben-Osman's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohammed_ben-Osman's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Mohammed ben-Osman's rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohammed_ben-Osman's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century:_Fall_of_the_Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century:_Fall_of_the_Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 19th century: Fall of the Regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century:_Fall_of_the_Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Internal crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbary_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbary_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Barbary Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbary_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 French invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stratocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Stratocracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dey_of_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dey_of_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Dey of Algiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dey_of_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwan_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwan_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Diwan council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwan_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Territorial management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_ransoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_ransoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Slave ransoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_ransoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Royalties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 External trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Internal trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Urban population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crafts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Regency of Algiers</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="إيالة الجزائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيالة الجزائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexencia_d%27Arxel" title="Rexencia d'Arxel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rexencia d'Arxel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C6%8Flc%C9%99zairi" title="Osmanlı Əlcəzairi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı Əlcəzairi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C3%A8ncia_d%27Alger" title="Regència d'Alger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regència d'Alger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%BD_Al%C5%BE%C3%ADr" title="Osmanský Alžír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanský Alžír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regentschaft_Algier" title="Regentschaft Algier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regentschaft Algier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εγιαλέτι του Αλγερίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγιαλέτι του Αλγερίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencia_de_Argel" title="Regencia de Argel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regencia de Argel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="الجزایر عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الجزایر عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger" title="Régence d'Alger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régence d'Alger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%A0%9C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%84%AD%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%AD" title="알제리 섭정국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알제리 섭정국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair_Utsmaniyah" title="Aljazair Utsmaniyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aljazair Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_ottomana" title="Algeria ottomana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Algeria ottomana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Regency_of_Algiers&params=36_47_6_N_3_3_45_E_">36°47′6″N 3°3′45″E / 36.78500°N 3.06250°E / 36.78500; 3.06250</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1516–1830 autonomous Ottoman state in North Africa</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=purge">Update timer</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Regency of Algiers</div><div class="ib-country-names">دولة الجزائر (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) ایالت جزایر غرب‎‎ (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1516–1830</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algiers[1]"><img alt="Equal-sized thick green layer at bottom and top, equal-sized thin yellow layer below the top and above the bottom, a maroon layer in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/125px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/188px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/250px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plain maroon field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Regent_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> </div> <div>Left: One type of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria#Regency_of_Algiers" title="Flag of Algeria">Algerian Regency flag</a> Right: Flag of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman regent of Algiers</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: دار الجهاد<div>Bulwark of the Holy War<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200522-5">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coat of arms of Algiers (1516–1830) <div style="padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.png 2x" data-file-width="4708" data-file-height="3232" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Overall extent of the Regency of Algiers, late 17th to early 19th centuries[5]"><img alt="Map of North Africa. The regency of Algiers is colored light brown, at center top, Husaynid Tunisia, maroon, and Tripolitania dark brown. The core territory of the 'Alawid dynasty at center left is dark green, and its outlying territories light green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png/250px-Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png/375px-Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png/500px-Alawids_and_Ottoman_regencies_in_17th-19th_centuries.png 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="1910" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Overall extent of the Regency of Algiers, late 17th to early 19th centuries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESluglett201468-6">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomel201016-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201737,45-8">[7]</a> De facto independent since mid-17th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015121-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200519-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009195-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (since 1671)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994187-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabir language">Sabir</a> (used in trade)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Official, and majority: <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>) Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Algerian or <a href="/wiki/Algerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerine">Algerine</a> (obs.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">Regency</a> 1516–1519: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a> 1519–1659: <a href="/wiki/Pashalik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashalik">Pashalik</a> 1659<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201738-13">[12]</a> (de facto in 1626)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007186-14">[13]</a>–1830: Military republic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Rulers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1516–1518 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aruj_Barbarossa" title="Aruj Barbarossa">Aruj Barbarossa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1710–1718 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ali_Chaouch" title="Baba Ali Chaouch">Baba Ali Chaouch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1766-1791 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1818–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1509</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1521–1791</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1541</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Algerian-Sherifian_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian-Sherifian conflicts">Algerian-Sherifian conflicts</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1550–1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Golden Age of the Barbary slave trade</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1580–1640</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish abductions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1627</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">Janissary Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1659</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1681%E2%80%931688)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Algerian war (1681–1688)">Franco-Algerian war</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1681–1688</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_war_(1699%E2%80%931702)" title="Maghrebi war (1699–1702)">Maghrebi war</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1699–1702</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Algerian_war_(1775%E2%80%931785)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish–Algerian war (1775–1785)">Spanish–Algerian war</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1775–1785</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1785–1816</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Invasion of Algiers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1830</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000–5,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Major coins: mahboub (<a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">sultani</a>) <a href="/wiki/Algerian_budju" title="Algerian budju">budju</a> <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">aspre</a> Minor coins: saïme pataque-chique</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Hafsids of Béjaïa">Hafsids of Béjaïa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Titteri" title="Beylik of Titteri">Beylik of Titteri</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Constantine" title="Beylik of Constantine">Beylik of Constantine</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Beylik" title="Western Beylik">Western Beylik</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Igawawen" title="Igawawen">Igawawen</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tuggurt" title="Sultanate of Tuggurt">Sultanate of Tuggurt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Awlad_Sidi_Shaykh" title="Awlad Sidi Shaykh">Awlad Sidi Shaykh</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Algeria</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of Algeria</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> (80,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> (20,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> (10,000 BC)</li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> (202–46 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> (264–146 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> (111–106 BC)</li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> (146 BC–590 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> (435–534 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> (477–578 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> (484–703 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> (578–708 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> (534–585 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698 AD)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> (647–709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (703–744 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> (742–1066 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (776–909 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (789–828 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> (800–909 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> (909–1171 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> (970–1068 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1152 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> (1014–1152 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (1121–1269 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (1215–1465 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> (1235–1556 AD)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">1960s–80s <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> 1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> 2010s to present <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Regency of Algiers<a href="#cite_note-other_names-15">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_names-16">[b]</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">tributary state</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> from 1516 to 1830.<a href="#cite_note-state-17">[c]</a> Founded by the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> brothers <a href="/wiki/Aruj_Barbarossa" title="Aruj Barbarossa">Aruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Reis</a>, also known as the barbarossa brothers, the Regency succeeded the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> as an infamous and formidable <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> base that plundered and waged maritime <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war</a> on European Christian powers. Ottoman regents ruled as heads of a <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocracy</a>—an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military government</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissary corps</a>—themed Garp ocakları <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Western Garrison' in Ottoman terminology. The Regency emerged in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> as a unique corsair state that drew revenue and political power from its maritime strength. In the 17th century, when the wars between the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Habsburgs</a> and the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> ended, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary corsairs</a> started capturing <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant ships">merchant ships</a> and their crews and goods from these states. When the Ottomans could not prevent these attacks, European powers negotiated directly with Algiers and also took military action against it. This emancipated Algiers diplomatically and increased its autonomy. The Regency held significant naval power in the 16th and 17th centuries and well into the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic wars</a> despite European naval superiority. Its institutionalised <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a> dealt substantial damage to European <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a>, took captives for ransom, plundered booty, hijacked ships and eventually demanded regular <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> payments. In the rich and bustling city of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a> reached an apex. After the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">janissary coup</a> of 1659, the Regency became a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">military republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-republic-18">[d]</a> and its rulers were thenceforth elected by the council known as the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">diwan</a> rather than appointed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a> previously. Despite wars over territory with Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> states in the 18th century, Mediterranean trade and diplomatic relations with European states expanded. <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratisation">Bureaucratisation</a> efforts stabilized the Regency's government, allowing into office regents such as <a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Mohammed ben-Osman</a>, who maintained Algerian prestige thanks to his public and defensive works which increased revenue and fended off attacks on Algiers. British tribute payments no longer insured U.S. shipping traffic in the Mediterranean after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and Napoleonic wars provided an opportunity for frequent Algerian privateering. Increased demands for tribute from Algiers started the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> at the beginning of the 19th century, when Algiers was decisively defeated for the first time. Internal central authority weakened in Algiers due to political intrigue, failed harvests and the decline of privateering. Violent tribal revolts followed, mainly led by <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">maraboutic</a> orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijanis</a>. In 1830, France took advantage of this domestic turmoil to invade. The resulting <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> led to <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">colonial rule</a> until 1962. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="History of the Regency of Algiers">History of the Regency of Algiers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> Encouraged by the political disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> Muslim states<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani196564–71-19">[14]</a> and fearing an alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> (exiled Spanish Muslims) and the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275-20">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> captured several cities and established walled and garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Strongpoint" title="Strongpoint">strongpoints</a> called <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a> in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275–276-21">[16]</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">conquered</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and took it from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanids</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Béjaïa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Hafsids of Béjaïa">Hafsids</a> in 1509, then <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> in 1510, making other coastal cities submit to them such as Algiers, where they built an <a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">island fortress</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitcher1972107-22">[17]</a> Added to territorial ambitions and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> missionary fervor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275-20">[15]</a> Spanish economical aims also included control over the <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> from western Sudan, Tripoli and Tunis in the east and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> in the west, passing through Béjaïa, Algiers, Oran and <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. Control over the gold and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave trade</a> fed the Spanish treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2011142-23">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hayreddin_and_Aruj_brothers">Hayreddin and Aruj brothers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hayreddin and Aruj brothers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruj_Barbarossa" title="Aruj Barbarossa">Aruj Barbarossa</a></div> After operating as Hafsid-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> from their base in the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970278-24">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilenean</a>-born brothers <a href="/wiki/Aruj_Barbarossa" title="Aruj Barbarossa">Aruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Reis_(military_rank)" title="Reis (military rank)">Reis</a>, nicknamed the "Barbarossa brothers", came to North Africa at the request of the citizens of Béjaïa in 1512. They failed to take the city from the Spanish twice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970278-24">[19]</a> but the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a> offered to make Aruj king after his corsairs arrived with a shipload of wheat during a famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19798-25">[20]</a> Answering pleas for help from its inhabitants, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">captured Algiers</a> in 1516 but failed to destroy the Peñón.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaïd201439-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003334-27">[22]</a> Aruj executed the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>, Salim Al-Tumi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcés200221–22-28">[23]</a> then proclaimed himself Sultan of Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali199440-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani1965175-30">[25]</a> He later repelled an attack led by the Spanish commander Don Diego de Vera,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987149-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201164-32">[27]</a> which won him the allegiance of northern central Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197622-33">[28]</a> Aruj built a powerful Muslim state in the central <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> officially termed Kingdom of Algiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy17251,_3,_5,_7,_12,_15-34">[29]</a> at the expense of its quarreling principalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280-35">[30]</a> He sought the support of the <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">maraboutic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja201679-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197621–22-37">[32]</a> while his absolute authority was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">scimitars</a> of Turks and Christian renegade corsairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003337-38">[33]</a> "Aruj [Reis] effectively began the powerful greatness of Algiers and the Barbary", wrote <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Haedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Haedo (page does not exist)">Diego de Haedo</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Haedo" class="extiw" title="fr:Diego de Haedo">fr</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Haedo" class="extiw" title="es:Diego de Haedo">es</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Haedo" class="extiw" title="it:Diego de Haedo">it</a>], a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> held captive in Algiers between 1577 and 1580.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280-35">[30]</a> Aruj continued his conquests in western Algeria, reaching Tlemcen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197621–22-37">[32]</a> but a Spanish–Zayyanid coalition cut his supply route from Algiers. Aruj was killed with his companions in 1518 when he attempted to break out during the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201165-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197622–23-40">[35]</a> Hayreddin inherited his brother's position as sultan without opposition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003335-41">[36]</a> although he faced threats from the Spanish, Zayyanids, Hafsids and neighboring tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201165-39">[34]</a> After repelling another <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Spanish attack</a> in August 1519, led by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Moncada" title="Hugo of Moncada">Hugo of Moncada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200752-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19799–10-43">[38]</a> Hayreddin pledged allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> to obtain Ottoman support against his foes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19799-44">[39]</a> In October 1519, a delegation of Algerian dignitaries and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> went to Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, proposing that Algiers join the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImber2019209-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatin2012155-46">[41]</a> Constantinople had doubts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003335-41">[36]</a> but the sultan recognized Hayreddin as <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19799-44">[39]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> with the title of <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Prince of princes')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewald200420-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280-35">[30]</a> and sent him 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003335-41">[36]</a> Algiers officially became an <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a>, or called a "regency" in European sources;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201820-48">[43]</a> Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200753-49">[44]</a> state-province<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007121-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache1998233-51">[46]</a> or "Imperial state",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007139-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200213-53">[48]</a> under Selim's successor <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a>, in the spring of 1521.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatin2012155–156-54">[49]</a> Historian Lamnouar Merouche stresses that although Algiers was an increasingly autonomous province within the Ottoman Empire, it had at the same time all the attributes of a state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200210-55">[50]</a> Hayreddin had to return to Jijel after a coalition of the Hafsids with the Kabyle kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kuku</a> blockaded Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201166-56">[51]</a> He and his men used their reputation as "holy warriors" to gather support from the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Beni Abbas</a>, who were rivals of the Kuku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201166-56">[51]</a> Hayreddin retook Algiers in 1525 after defeating the prince and founder of Kuku, Ahmad ibn al-Kadi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201165–66-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014154-58">[53]</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">destroyed the Peñón of Algiers</a> in 1529.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201168-59">[54]</a> Hayreddin used its rubble to build Algiers's harbour,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970281-60">[55]</a> making it the headquarters of the Algerian corsair fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015119–120-61">[56]</a> Hayreddin established the military structure of the Regency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015117-62">[57]</a> formalising a well-organized institution known as the <a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Corsairs of Algiers</a> by recruiting corsairs and directing their activities. It would become the model for <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary corsairs</a> in Tunis, Tripoli and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a> in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197647-63">[58]</a> He conducted several raids on Spanish coasts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosch1905109-64">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">vanquished</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> fleet of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEServantie202190-65">[60]</a> Hayreddin also rescued over 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish inquisition</a> and brought them to Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins201055-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosch1905109-64">[59]</a> where they contributed to the flourishing culture of the Regency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali199453–54-67">[62]</a> The barbarossa brothers' turned Algiers into an Islamic bastion against Catholic Spain in the western Mediterranean,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2020252–253-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcés200223-69">[64]</a> making it the capital of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> Algerian state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200765-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcés200223-69">[64]</a> The sultan called Hayreddin to the Porte to appoint him as <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> (admiral) in 1533. Before departing, Hayreddin named <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a> his deputy in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987160-71">[66]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile of a bearded man in a turban surrounded by an ornate frame. University of Heidelberg library." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg/159px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg/239px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg/318px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_465_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aruj Reis, Sultan of Algiers, 1590s. University of Heidelberg Library.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_Algier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1575 map of the city of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braun_Algier.png/260px-Braun_Algier.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braun_Algier.png/390px-Braun_Algier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braun_Algier.png/520px-Braun_Algier.png 2x" data-file-width="4497" data-file-height="3305" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Birds-eye view of Algiers, 1575 <a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hogenberg" title="Frans Hogenberg">Frans Hogenberg</a>. University of Heidelberg library.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile of a bearded man in a turban surrounded by an ornate frame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg/161px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg/242px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg/322px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_467_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="3733" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hayreddin Reis, first beylerbey of Algiers.University of Heidelberg library.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hayreddin's_successors">Hayreddin's successors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hayreddin's successors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ships, one at anchor, off the coast of a city whose towers are visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg/208px-Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg/312px-Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg/416px-Barbarijse_galeien_Barbarijsche_Galeijen_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6380" data-file-height="3604" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Noord-Afrikaanse galeien 1684. North African galleys. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></div></div></div></div></div> From 1519 onwards Algerian affairs were in the hands of beylerbeys—<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198524-72">[67]</a>corsair captains appointed by the Ottoman sultan to rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeybold1987268-73">[68]</a> Assisted by a council of government, they took care to respect local institutions and customs under their dominion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007139-52">[47]</a> The beylerbeys were usually strongmen who kept most of the Maghreb firmly under Ottoman control, garrisoning the main towns with troops and collecting taxes on land while relying heavily on privateering at sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970255-74">[69]</a> Because of their experience in fleet command, some beylerbeys became Kapudan Pasha<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015119–120-61">[56]</a> and led the Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201356-75">[70]</a> For most of the 16th century, the beylerbeys acted as independent sovereigns despite acknowledging the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Haëdo2004161-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeybold1987268-73">[68]</a> who gave them a free hand but expected Algerian ships to help enforce Ottoman foreign policy if required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonstam201642-77">[72]</a> However, the interests of Algiers and Constantinople eventually diverged on the matter of privateering, over which the Sublime Porte had no control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140–141-78">[73]</a> Beylerbeys often remained in power for several years and exercised authority over Tunis and Tripoli as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinsen-Roach201937-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970292-80">[75]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a> system that granted fertile land to Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a> was not applied in Algiers; instead, the beylerbeys sent <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to Constantinople every year, after meeting the expenses of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomel201016-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Algerian_expansion">Algerian expansion</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algerian expansion">edit</a>]</div> The foreign policy of Algiers aligned completely with the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200525-81">[76]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a>, Algiers repelled a <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">naval attack</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> in October 1541.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197627-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201174-83">[78]</a> The victory over the Spaniards was seen as a <a href="/wiki/Divine_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine mandate">divine mandate</a> of the Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003386-84">[79]</a> Hasan Agha submitted Kuku in the east in 1542,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014191-85">[80]</a> extended his rule south to <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a> and gained Tlemcen's support in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200772–73-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970251–252-87">[82]</a> The Spanish defeat made Algiers the center of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, attracting pirates from all over the Mediterranean. The city became a <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> for thousands of captured <a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">Christian slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley200982-88">[83]</a> Algiers was known in Christian Europe as "the scourge of Christendom" and a 16th-century "<a href="/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">rogue state</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2009139-89">[84]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1559_Ottoman_Empire_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Detailed depiction of North African, European and west Asian political status." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-1559_Ottoman_Empire_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6072" data-file-height="4823" /></a><figcaption>Beylerbeylik of Algiers within the Ottoman Empire (in red) during the Ottoman-Habsburg wars in 1559, Historical atlas of the world and the Ottoman Empire. Eser Mehmed Esref (1913).</figcaption></figure>Hayreddin's son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a> succeeded Hasan Agha. He led campaigns against Spanish ally <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadian</a> Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987157–158-90">[85]</a> decisively defeating it in <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1551)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)">Tlemcen in 1551</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970294–295-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987157–158-90">[85]</a> He was recalled by the sultan after the French ambassador in Constantinople supported his successor <a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970295-92">[87]</a> who would expand his rule to Berber Beni Djallab's <a href="/wiki/Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities">principalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Touggourt_Expedition_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touggourt Expedition (1552)">Touggourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970294–295-91">[86]</a> making them tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercier188871-93">[88]</a> Hasan Pasha then advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> in January <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1554)" title="Capture of Fez (1554)">1554</a>, placing <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid</a> pretender <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abu_Hassun" title="Ali Abu Hassun">Abu Hassun</a> as an Ottoman vassal there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987157–158-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzion1975406-94">[89]</a> Salah Reis captured <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Spanish-held Béjaïa</a> in 1555,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201351-95">[90]</a> and his death ignited tensions between the janissaries and the corsairs in 1556. The janissaries supported <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a>, a Corsican renegade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970296-96">[91]</a> who refused to submit to the pasha sent from Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970252-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910425-98">[93]</a> Although the pasha murdered Hasan Corso with the corsairs' support, the janissaries killed the pasha in retribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2006275-99">[94]</a> The subsequent instability prompted <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> to restore order by sending Hasan Pasha back to Algiers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970252-97">[92]</a> who thwarted the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">expedition to Mostaganem</a> of the Spanish governor of Oran <a href="/wiki/Count_Alcaudete" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alcaudete">Count Alcaudete</a>'s in 1558.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201352-100">[95]</a> The most notable figure in Algiers after Hayreddin Reis was Beylerbey <a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Uluç Ali</a> Pasha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201359-101">[96]</a> who <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1569)" title="Capture of Tunis (1569)">captured Tunis</a> from Hafsid vassals of Spain in 1569<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201189-102">[97]</a> before losing it to the Christian forces under Spanish commander <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> in 1573, leaving 8,000 men in the Spanish presidio of <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goletta</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201193-103">[98]</a> Uluç Ali <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">recaptured</a> the city in 1574.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruxillo201273-104">[99]</a> Meanwhile, his ships saved the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleet</a> from total defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201367–68-105">[100]</a> Uluç Ali's deputy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%AFd_Ramdan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caïd Ramdan (page does not exist)">Caïd Ramdan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFd_Ramdan" class="extiw" title="fr:Caïd Ramdan">fr</a>] <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1576)" title="Capture of Fez (1576)">captured Fez</a> in 1576 after defeating Saadian ruler <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Mohammed II</a> and put <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik</a> on the throne as an Ottoman vassal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzion1975408-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014196-107">[102]</a> In 1578 his successor <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a> led his troops deep into the Sahara to the <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuat">Tuat</a> in central Algeria to respond to pleas from its inhabitants for help against Saadi-allied tribes from <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellil1999124–125-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbitbol197948-109">[104]</a> A campaign against Morocco led by Uluç Ali was aborted in 1581,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970301-110">[105]</a> as Saadian ruler <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> had at first vehemently refused to serve under Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>, but agreed to pay annual tribute afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory201663–64-111">[106]</a> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Figuig" title="Figuig">Figuig</a> oases in the south western Maghreb were part of the Regency by 1584.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2011116-112">[107]</a> Veneziano's privateers ravaged the Mediterranean and made the waters unsafe from Andalusia to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraudel1995882–883-113">[108]</a> Their power reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970301-110">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century:_Golden_age">17th century: Golden age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century: Golden age">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pashalik_period_(1587–1659)">Pashalik period (1587–1659)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pashalik period (1587–1659)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer,_objectnr_A_41721.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd of people bow to a mounted dignitary arriving with an escort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Den_nieuwen_bassa_onder_kooningh_van_Algiers_afgesonden_vanden_grooten_heer%2C_objectnr_A_41721.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of the new pasha, Viceroy of Algiers, sent by the great lord (Ottoman Sultan) <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a> (1684). <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum" title="Amsterdam Museum">Amsterdam Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Fearful of the growing authority of the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeylik" title="Beylerbeylik">beylerbeylik</a>, the Sublime Porte replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a> who served a three-year term starting in 1587.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop197216-114">[109]</a> The Ottomans also divided the Maghreb into the three regencies of Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200517-115">[110]</a> Earlier pashas such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khider_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khider Pasha (page does not exist)">Khider Pasha</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khizr_Pacha" class="extiw" title="fr:Khizr Pacha">fr</a>] and Kose Mustafa Pasha served for multiple terms and guaranteed stability in the Regency. From the mid-17th century, pashas were isolated and deprived of local support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197659-116">[111]</a> as they were constantly torn between the corsairs' and janissaries' demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140–141-78">[73]</a> The corsair captains were effectively outside the pashas' control, and the janissaries' loyalty to them depended on their ability to collect taxes and meet payroll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani2013186-117">[112]</a> Both groups sometimes refused orders from the sultan, or even sent the pashas appointed by the sultan back to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140–141-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Janissary_insubordination">Janissary insubordination</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Janissary insubordination">edit</a>]</div> Algiers was the headquarters of probably the greatest janissary force in the empire outside Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidann2019121-118">[113]</a> After Veneziano, the janissary corps grew stronger and more influential, challenging the corsairs for power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeybold1987268-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970255-74">[69]</a> In 1596, Khider Pasha led a revolt in Algiers in an effort to subdue the janissaries with help from Kabyles and <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">coulouglis</a>—offspring of mixed marriage between Ottoman men and local women and having blood ties to the great indigenous families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970256-119">[114]</a> Although the revolt spread to neighboring towns, it ultimately failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970303-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200738-121">[116]</a> The coulouglis failed to start another coup against the janissaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja2016135–136.-122">[117]</a> which won the janissaries sole power in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970256-119">[114]</a> In the 16th century, France signed <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">capitulation</a> treaties with the Ottomans that established the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco–Ottoman Alliance</a> and gave the French trading privileges in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200525,_27-123">[118]</a> The French built a trading center known as the <a href="/wiki/Bastion_de_France" title="Bastion de France">Bastion de France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201745-124">[119]</a> which exported <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> legally under its monopoly and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> illegally. The bastion was fortified and turned into a <a href="/wiki/Military_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Military supply">military supply</a> base and a center of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, which Algerians were displeased by.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970312-125">[120]</a> Khider Pasha destroyed the bastion in 1604.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979181-126">[121]</a> The Ottoman Porte had him assassinated and replaced by the more compliant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Koucha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Koucha (page does not exist)">Mohammed Koucha</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Koucha" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohammed Koucha">fr</a>] Pasha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910444-127">[122]</a> but the janissaries revolted in 1606 and tortured him to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910444–445-128">[123]</a> Algiers and Constantinople had different views of relations with France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003401-129">[124]</a> The janissaries organised into the diwan (military council), the effective government of Algiers by 1626 at the expense of the pashas, who began official acts with the phrase, "We, pasha and diwân of the invincible militia of Algiers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachelot201227-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinsen-Roach201937–38-131">[126]</a> According to priest and historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Dan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Dan (page does not exist)">Pierre Dan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dan" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Dan">fr</a>] (1580–1649), "The state has only the name of a kingdom since, in effect, they have made it into a republic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDan1649110-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Corsair_autonomy">Corsair autonomy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corsair autonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andries_van_Eertvelt_(1590-1652)_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A square-rigged ship leaving a harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>An Algerine Ship off a Barbary Port, <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Eertvelt" title="Andries van Eertvelt">Andries van Eertvelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a>)</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">battle of Lapento</a>, the corsairs broke loose from the Sublime Porte and began to prey on ships from countries at peace with the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman2022350-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201825–28-134">[129]</a> Their tai'fa was the embodiment of state sponsored piracy, since the economical prosperity of Algiers depended on the corsairs' looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987159-135">[130]</a> Algiers started strengthening and modernizing its fleet; by the end of the 16th century, janissaries were allowed to join corsair ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachelot201228-136">[131]</a> As the 17th century started, the corsairs adopted <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged</a> sails and tapered hulls. Their ships became faster and less dependent on a steady supply of <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201375-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraudel1995885-138">[133]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Moriscos expelled</a> from Spain joined the corsairs, and they debilitated Spain, ravaging its mainland and its territories in Italy, where they captured people en masse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman2022350-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenheim200994–95-139">[134]</a> European converts to Islam, known in Europe as "renegades" and "turned Turks", made up a majority on the tai'fa, amongst whom were former slaves who rose to positions of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgilsson201818-140">[135]</a> Renegade captain <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a> became admiral of the Algerian navy in 1621<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2013227-141">[136]</a> and raided Spanish harbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887183-142">[137]</a> After the Ottoman sultan refused to compensate Algiers for its losses against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Valona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2013100-143">[138]</a> Ali Bitchin refused to answer a summons from the sultan to join the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan war</a> in 1645, then died quite suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887194-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercier1888237-145">[140]</a> The 17th century was a "golden age" for the North African corsairs. Algerian autonomy and rivalry between Christian states made the prestige and wealth of the corsairs reach its zenith<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970305–306-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200510-147">[142]</a> as their intensified <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a> significantly filled Algerian coffers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2012181-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop197216-114">[109]</a> In their search for booty and slaves, corsairs traveled as far as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Iceland</a> in 1627 and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Ireland</a> in 1631.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson201375–78-150">[145]</a> Historian Yahya Boaziz indicates that more than a thousand European ships were captured from 1608 to 1634, with more than 25,000 people enslaved, many of whom were Dutch, German, French, Spanish and English, making the value of the total spoils rise to about 4,752,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>. Pierre Dan estimated the value of seized <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> at around 20,000,000 francs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz2007201-151">[146]</a> Algiers became a thriving market in the 17th century for captives and plundered goods from all over the Mediterranean<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman2022350-133">[128]</a> as a wealthy city with over 100,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015121-9">[8]</a> The reliance on piracy and captivity served to keep Algiers financially and politically independent from Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinsen-Roach201938-152">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_republic_(1659–1710)">Military republic (1659–1710)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military republic (1659–1710)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agha_regime_in_1659">Agha regime in 1659</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agha regime in 1659">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">Odjak of Algiers Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Helmeted man wearing a surcoat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg/188px-Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg/282px-Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg/376px-Janissaire_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Janissary of the Odjak of Algiers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Bonnart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Bonnart (page does not exist)">Nicholas Bonnart</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bonnart" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicholas Bonnart">fr</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with 3-D representation of the topographic features of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg/308px-La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg/462px-La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg/616px-La_cite_le_port_et_le_mole_d_Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4787" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">City, port and <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> of Algiers, c.1690. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_van_Keulen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard van Keulen (page does not exist)">Gerard van Keulen</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Keulen" class="extiw" title="nl:Gerard van Keulen">nl</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum">Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man stepping forward unsheathing a scimitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg/184px-Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg/276px-Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg/368px-Ein_Schiff_Capitan_von_den_algierischen_See-Ra%C3%BCbern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="6544" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Corsair captain of Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown University Library">Brown University Library</a></div></div></div></div></div> The pashas sent by the Sublime Porte worked to multiply their wealth as quickly as possible before the end of their three-year term in office. As governance became a secondary issue, the pashas lost all influence and respect,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970302-153">[148]</a> and aversion to the Sublime Porte increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200735-154">[149]</a> In 1659, Ibrahim Pasha pocketed some of the money the Ottoman sultan had sent to the corsairs as compensation for their losses in the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a>, which ignited a massive revolt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1973162-155">[150]</a> and the rebellious corsairs arrested and imprisoned him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887208-156">[151]</a> Khalil Agha, commander-in-chief of the janissaries of Algiers, took advantage of the incident and seized power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlantet1889xxi-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200742-158">[153]</a> accusing the pashas sent by the Sublime Porte of corruption and hindering the Regency's affairs with European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987159-135">[130]</a> The janissaries effectively eliminated the authority of the pasha, whose position became purely ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970256-119">[114]</a> They assigned executive authority to Khalil Agha, provided that his rule not exceed two months. They put legislative power in the hands of the diwan council. The sultan, forced to accept the new government, stipulated that the diwan pay the janissaries stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994158-159">[154]</a> Khalil Agha began his rule by building the iconic <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">Djamaa el Djedid</a> mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994158-159">[154]</a> The era of the aghas began<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200742-158">[153]</a> and the pashalik became a military republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887209-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003397-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachelot201239-162">[157]</a> However, the aghas who ruled Algiers since 1659 had all been assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987160-71">[66]</a> This succession method resulted in weakened authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970303-120">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deylik_period_in_1671">Deylik period in 1671</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deylik period in 1671">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_(1633-1707)_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia,_18_May_1671_(I)_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ships burning at anchor in the harbour at Béjaïa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger_%281633-1707%29_-_The_Attack_on_Shipping_in_Bugia%2C_18_May_1671_%28I%29_-_RCIN_405972_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>English <a href="/wiki/Fireship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireship">fireship</a> set captured ships in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> on 18 May 1671, by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde the Younger</a> (1633–1707). British Royal Collection</figcaption></figure> In 1671 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Spragge" title="Edward Spragge">Sir Edward Spragge</a>'s English squadron destroyed seven ships anchored in the harbor at Algiers, and the corsairs killed Agha Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979235-163">[158]</a> who was an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a> sovereign that alienated the diwan, and whose conciliation policy with European states at the expense of privateering angered the corsairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1973167–168-164">[159]</a> Janissary leaders wanted to appoint another agha of a sovereign Algiers, but given the lack of candidates, they and the corsairs resorted to an expedient Ali Bitchin Rais had used in 1644–45. They entrusted both the Regency and the responsibility for its payroll to an old Dutch rais named Hadj <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Trik" title="Mohammed Trik">Mohammed Trik</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1973168–169-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007202–204-166">[161]</a> and gave him the titles of dey (maternal uncle), doulateli (head of state) and hakem (military ruler).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEibn_al-Mufti200967-167">[162]</a> After 1671, the deys led the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-PooleKelley1896262-168">[163]</a> supported by members of the diwan of which the president seconded the dey and managed most of state affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009159–160-169">[164]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized government</a> <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalized</a> relations between the janissaries, effective holders of both military and political power, and the corsairs as the Regency's economic powerhouse that would remunerate the janissaries through the deys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007254-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200519-10">[9]</a> This made Algiers de facto independent of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200519-10">[9]</a> But the deys' power was <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">checked</a> by the diwan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2006391-171">[166]</a> and both janissaries and corsairs ousted deys they did not like.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007229-172">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_and_privateering">Foreign relations and privateering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign relations and privateering">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of western Europe and North Africa showing three figures. An archer points a bow at Philip IV of Spain as Louis XIII looks on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg/220px-Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg/330px-Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg/440px-Maure_Alger_et_Espagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>17th-century <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of France">National Library of France</a></figcaption></figure>Privateering operations were regulated by treaties with European powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201825–28-134">[129]</a> Algiers used privateering as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> tool to play its European counterparts against one other<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003416-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976118-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer_quote-175">[e]</a> and hunt merchant ships, prompting European states to conclude peace treaties and seek <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_pass" title="Mediterranean pass">Mediterranean passes</a> to help them secure lucrative <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac202022–25-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaameri2008127–128-177">[171]</a> This gave the Regency's elites internal <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> as champions of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemiWalterFonseca2017204-178">[172]</a> and according to early modern European authors, international respect for the Regency's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as an established government, despite still being a "nest of Pirates".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2018111-179">[173]</a> Dutch jurist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> (1583–1645) noted that "Algiers exercised the <a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a> of a sovereign power through its corsairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemiWalterFonseca2017205-180">[174]</a> Historian Daniel Panzac stressed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac20059-181">[175]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Indeed, privateering was based on two fundamental priniciples: it was one of the forms of war practiced by the Maghreb against the Christian states, which conferred upon it a dimension that was at one and the same time legitimate and religious; and it was exercised in a framework defined by a state strong enough to enact its rules and control their application.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> Peace between the Ottoman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Habsburgs</a> in 1580 did not concern their vassals, as both the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Order of Malta</a> and the North African Regencies pursued their holy war. Their privateers were motivated by desires of vengeance, wealth and <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979175-182">[176]</a> England, France and the Dutch Republic were seen as allies by the Ottoman regencies until the end of the 16th century because of their common Spanish enemy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979176-183">[177]</a> but when <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> of England and Dutch <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States-General</a> opted for peace with Spain in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">1604</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">1609</a>, respectively, and increased their shipping in the Mediterranean,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200525–26-184">[178]</a> Algerian and Tunisian corsairs attacked their ships. They amassed wealth from capturing slaves and goods while taking advantage of their strong fleet, maritime European weakness and Ottoman incapacity to force the regencies to respect the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman capitulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200526–28-185">[179]</a> Algiers's refusal to follow Ottoman foreign policy led European powers to negotiate treaties with it directly on trade, <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> and slave <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransoms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaameri2008128–137-186">[180]</a> recognizing Algerian autonomy despite its formal subordination to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemiWalterFonseca2017203-204-187">[181]</a> France first established relations with Algiers in 1617,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200540-188">[182]</a> with a treaty signed in 1619<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouard_De_Card190611–15-189">[183]</a> and another in 1628;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200528-190">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970312-125">[120]</a> the treaties mostly concerned the Bastion de France and the rights of French merchants in Algiers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlantet18943-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouard_De_Card190615-192">[186]</a> but the bastion was razed a second time by Ali Bitchin in 1637,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970313-193">[187]</a> as armed incidents between French and Algerian vessels were frequent. Nonetheless, a treaty in 1640 allowed France to regain its North African commercial establishments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970313-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1879–1885-194">[188]</a> After attacks by the <a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">English</a> in 1621<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatar2000150-195">[189]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch</a> in 1624, Algerian corsairs took thousands of English<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979220–221-196">[190]</a> and Dutch sailors to the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave market</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979309–311-197">[191]</a> resulting in intermittent wars followed by longlasting peace treaties whose tribute payments terms ranged from money to weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979309–311-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200532–34-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffmanLeonardO'Reilly2014177-199">[193]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, France built a strong navy to fend off the corsairs who raided <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and were everywhere in the waters off <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseilles</a> in the late 1650s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003401-129">[124]</a> The country launched multiple campaigns against the Regency, first in <a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Jijel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a> in 1664,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalibert1843226-200">[194]</a> then several bombings of Algiers were conducted between 1682 and 1688 in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Franco%E2%80%93Algerian_war_(1681%E2%80%931688)" title="Franco–Algerian war (1681–1688)">Franco–Algerian war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003416-173">[168]</a> which ended when a 100-year peace treaty was signed between Dey <a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Hussein Mezzo Morto</a> and Louis XIV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMössner201315-201">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maghreb">Maghreb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maghreb">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:664px;max-width:664px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:662px;max-width:662px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Barbary states in 1707" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg/660px-Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg/990px-Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg/1320px-Map_of_the_Barbary_states_in_1707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4831" data-file-height="2068" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">North West Africa. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Delisle" title="Guillaume Delisle">Guillaume Delisle</a>, 1707. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Algiers entered a period of peaceful relations with Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200538-202">[196]</a> The resulting decline in privateering forced Algiers to seek other sources of revenue. Dey <a href="/wiki/Hadj_Ahmed_Chabane" title="Hadj Ahmed Chabane">Hadj Chabane</a> set his sights on his Maghrebi neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian dynasty">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewald200420-47">[42]</a> For historical reasons, Algiers considered Tunisia a <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency</a> because Algiers had annexed it to the Ottoman Empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970319-203">[197]</a> which made the appointment of its pashas a prerogative of the Algerian beylerbeys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200750-204">[198]</a> Faced with Tunisian opposition to Algerian <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> and its ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/Constantinois" title="Constantinois">Constantine region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200751-205">[199]</a> the Algerian dey took the opportunity provided by the 20 years of civil war between <a href="/wiki/Murad_II_Bey" title="Murad II Bey">Murad II Bey</a>'s sons to <a href="/wiki/Tunisian%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1694)" title="Tunisian–Algerian War (1694)">invade</a> in 1694 and put a puppet bey on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970305-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887265-207">[201]</a> A vengeful <a href="/wiki/Murad_III_Bey" title="Murad III Bey">Murad III Bey</a> of Tunis allied with Morocco and started the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_war_(1699%E2%80%931702)" title="Maghrebi war (1699–1702)">Maghrebi war</a> in 1700.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970319-203">[197]</a> He lost, and the <a href="/wiki/Muradid_dynasty" title="Muradid dynasty">Muradid dynasty</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainid dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970319-203">[197]</a> which failed to free Tunis from Algerian suzerainty in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1735)" title="Capture of Tunis (1735)">1735</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrie198725-208">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1756)" title="Capture of Tunis (1756)">1756</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014256-209">[203]</a> Tunis remained an Algerian tributary until the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornevin1962405-210">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawi Sultanate</a> opposed the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200751-205">[199]</a> It also had ancient ambitions in western Algeria and especially in Tlemcen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200751-205">[199]</a> Algerian support for pretenders to the Moroccan throne<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976121-211">[205]</a> was answered with several invasions by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Ismail</a> in 1678,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910511-212">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moulouya" title="Battle of Moulouya">1692</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercier1888313-213">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelif" title="Battle of Chelif">1701</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbitbol2014631-214">[208]</a> and 1707,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaumasYver2008102-215">[209]</a> all of which failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003415-216">[210]</a> Moulay Ismail was forced to accept the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a> as his eastern border with Ottoman Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenntouf1999204-217">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century:_Dey-Pashas_of_Algiers">18th century: Dey-Pashas of Algiers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 18th century: Dey-Pashas of Algiers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four people writing behind a turbaned man in talks with a group of representatives." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg/220px-Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg/330px-Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg/440px-Dey_of_Algiers_Mohammed_ben_Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ben_Hassan" title="Mohamed Ben Hassan">Mohamed Ben Hassan</a> Pasha-Dey giving audience to the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">King of France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">envoy</a> Mr Dusault in 1719. Ismaël Hamet, Histoire du Maghreb 1720. Gallica.</figcaption></figure>By the early 18th century, Algiers established a more stable form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzion1975278-218">[212]</a> Janissary-elected deys obtained the right from the Ottoman sultan to be appointed as pashas, gaining more legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200512-219">[213]</a> The decline in privateering, fewer janissary recruits and decreased population and slaves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970279-220">[214]</a> compelled the deys to expand and exploit the interior under their control,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200511-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009143-222">[216]</a> impose <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tributes</a> and further trade with European states and Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgot1998194-223">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strengthened_authority">Strengthened authority</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Strengthened authority">edit</a>]</div> Determined to remove the Spanish from Oran, Algerian dey <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bektach" title="Mohamed Bektach">Mohammed Bektach</a> took the opportunity afforded by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> to send <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Bouchelaghem" title="Mustapha Bouchelaghem">Mustapha Bouchelaghem</a> Bey at the head of a contingent of janissaries and local volunteers to take the city. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1707%E2%80%931708)" title="Siege of Oran (1707–1708)">He succeeded</a> in 1707,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani1965461–462-224">[218]</a> but in 1732 the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carrillo_de_Albornoz,_1st_Duke_of_Montemar" title="José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar">Duke of Montemar</a>'s forces <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">recaptured the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani1965481-225">[219]</a> The pashas plotted in secret, created conflicts and instigated sedition to overthrow the unpopular deys and regain some of their lost authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlantet1889xxi-157">[152]</a> From 1710 the deys assumed the title of pasha at the initiative of Dey <a href="/wiki/Baba_Ali_Chaouch" title="Baba Ali Chaouch">Baba Ali Chaouch</a> and no longer accepted representatives from the Sublime Porte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009195-11">[10]</a> When the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Peace of Passarowitz</a> with the Ottoman Empire in 1718, Dey Ali Chaouch had Austrian ships captured despite the treaty and refused to pay compensation when an Ottoman-Austrian delegation approached him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasters201340-226">[220]</a> The deys also imposed their authority on the janissaries and the raïs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987160-71">[66]</a> The latter did not approve of treaty provisions which restricted privateering, their main source of income, and remained attached to the external prestige of the Regency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003425-227">[221]</a> But European reactions, new treaties guaranteeing the safety of navigation and a slowdown in shipbuilding considerably reduced their activity. The raïs rebelled and killed Dey <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ben_Hassan" title="Mohamed Ben Hassan">Mohamed Ben Hassan</a> in 1724.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003425,_426,_436-228">[222]</a> The new dey, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Abdi" title="Baba Abdi">Baba Abdi</a> Pasha, quickly restored order and severely punished the conspirators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994220-229">[223]</a> He stabilised the Regency and fought corruption. The diwan was gradually weakened in favor of the dey's cabinet, known as "powers", resulting in more stability through the implementation of a quasi-<a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200513–14-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979293-231">[225]</a> Relations with Constantinople became formalised; the sultan was assured of Algerian "obedience" in return for recruiting troops from Ottoman lands, yet the dey was not bound to Ottoman foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979290–291-232">[226]</a> On 3 February 1748 Dey <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Bekir" title="Mohamed Ibn Bekir">Mohamed Ibn Bekir</a> issued The Fundamental Pact of 1748, a text that defined the rights of the subjects of Algiers and of all inhabitants of the Regency of Algiers. It codified the behavior of the different army units: janissaries, gunners, chaouchs and sipahis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEibn_Bekir1860211–219-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Namaani2017217–234-234">[228]</a> In the three beyliks (provinces), the beys relied on local notables since they had a limited number of janissaries. This allowed the coulouglis to become beys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgot1998195-235">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mohammed_ben-Osman's_rule">Mohammed ben-Osman's rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mohammed ben-Osman's rule">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_bronze_cannons,_Les_Invalides,_Paris_(30447935984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg/261px-Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg/392px-Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg/522px-Ottoman_bronze_cannons%2C_Les_Invalides%2C_Paris_%2830447935984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Cannon of Dey Muhammed ben Othman, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel des Invalides">Hotel des Invalides</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a> became dey in 1766 and ruled over a prosperous Algiers for 25 years until he died in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201745-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970278-236">[230]</a> He built fortifications, fountains and a municipal water supply;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEibn_Zahhār197423–24-237">[231]</a> he also strengthened the navy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200770-238">[232]</a> kept the janissaries in check and developed trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970278-236">[230]</a> Algerian historian Nasreddin Saidouni reports that the dey placed in the state treasury 200,000 Algerian sequins that he had saved from his private salary, which he did not reclaim, during the Spanish attacks on Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009163-239">[233]</a> His <a href="/wiki/List_of_beys_of_Constantine,_Algeria" title="List of beys of Constantine, Algeria">governor of Constantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Bey_ben_Mostefa" title="Salah Bey ben Mostefa">Salah Bey</a>, managed to re-assert Regency authority as far south as <a href="/wiki/Touggourt" title="Touggourt">Touggourt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994263–265-240">[234]</a> Algiers also maintained its military superiority over its neighbors under his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzion1975279-241">[235]</a> The dey increased the annual tribute paid by several European states<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970278-236">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200540-188">[182]</a> such as Britain, Sweden, the Italian states and Denmark, which sent a <a href="/wiki/Dano%E2%80%93Algerian_War" title="Dano–Algerian War">naval campaign</a> against Algiers under <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Christian_Kaas_(1725%E2%80%931803)" title="Frederik Christian Kaas (1725–1803)">Frederik Kaas</a> in 1770; the campaign failed, and Denmark was forced to pay heavy war compensations and send gifts to Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2013181-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994240-243">[237]</a> In 1775 Irish-born admiral of the Spanish Empire <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_O%27Reilly" title="Alejandro O'Reilly">Alejandro O'Reilly</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">expedition</a> to subdue pirate activity in the Mediterranean. The assault's disastrous failure dealt a humiliating blow to the reorganized Spanish military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976132–135-244">[238]</a> This was followed by two bombardments by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Antonio Barceló">Antonio Barceló</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">1783</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976135-245">[239]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">1784</a>, also ending in defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887328-246">[240]</a> Led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_el_Kebir" title="Mohammed el Kebir">Mohammed Kebir Bey</a> in 1791,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979306-247">[241]</a> Algiers launched a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">final assault</a> on Oran, which was retaken after negotiations between Dey Hasan III Pasha with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino,_1st_Count_of_Floridablanca" title="José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca">Count of Floridablanca</a>. The assault marked the end of almost 300 years of holy war between Algeria and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979307-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970279-220">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir,_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A document with Spanish and Arabic text. A seal and signature are inscribed on both the top and bottom of the Arabic text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg/179px-Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg/269px-Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg/358px-Sobre_asuntos_concernientes_a_la_cesi%C3%B3n_de_la_plaza_de_Or%C3%A1n_y_Puerto_de_Mazalquivir._Firmada_en_Mazalquivir%2C_12_de_septiembre_de_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Treaty of 1791 ended almost 300 years of war. Archives, Spanish Ministry of Culture.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:307px;max-width:307px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fort and chapel of Santa Cruz, Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg/305px-Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg/458px-Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg/610px-Fort_Santa_Cruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santa_Cruz_(Oran)" title="Fort of Santa Cruz (Oran)">Fort</a> and chapel of Santa Cruz, Oran</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century:_Fall_of_the_Regency">19th century: Fall of the Regency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 19th century: Fall of the Regency">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_crisis">Internal crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Internal crisis">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the 19th century, Algiers was plagued by political unrest and economic problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201746-249">[243]</a> A series of crises rocked Algiers in the early 19th century, beginning with famine from 1803 to 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201746-249">[243]</a> Algerian reliance on Jewish merchants to trade with Europe was so great<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979318-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-trade-251">[f]</a> that a crisis caused by crop failure led to the assassination of Dey <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha Pasha</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Pacha" class="extiw" title="fr:Mustapha Pacha">fr</a>] and the death of Jewish merchant <a href="/wiki/Naphtali_Busnash" title="Naphtali Busnash">Naphtali Busnash</a>. Public unrest, a pogrom and successive coups followed, beginning a 20-year period of instability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201746-249">[243]</a> The Alawi Sultanate incited a massive <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawiyya</a> revolt in the east and west of the regency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200342–43-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970326-253">[246]</a> which was quelled with difficulty by the governor of Oran, Osman Bey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercier1903308–319-254">[247]</a> Meanwhile, payment delays caused frequent janissary revolts, leading to military setbacks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005296-255">[248]</a> as Morocco took possession of <a href="/wiki/Figuig" title="Figuig">Figuig</a> in 1805, <a href="/wiki/Tuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuat">Tuat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> in 1808,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994308-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECour1987947-257">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009280-258">[251]</a> and Tunisia freed itself from Algerian suzerainty after the wars of <a href="/wiki/Tunisian%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1807)" title="Tunisian–Algerian War (1807)">1807</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1813)" title="Tunisian–Algerian War (1813)">1813</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercier1888468-259">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbary_Wars">Barbary Wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Barbary Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bombardment_of_Algiers,_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Naval vassals bombing a coastal city as a ship burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff/lossy-page1-200px-The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff/lossy-page1-300px-The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff/lossy-page1-400px-The_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_27_August_1816_RMG_BHC0616.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reduction of Algiers (1816), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a>. Royal Museums Greenwich</div></div></div></div></div> Internal financial problems led Algiers to re-engage in widespread piracy against <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> and European shipping in the early 19th century, taking full advantage of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198527-260">[253]</a> Algerian vessels <a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">attacked</a> American merchant ships in 1785, claiming they were no longer under British protection and asserting an Algerian right to <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976136-261">[254]</a> American president <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> agreed to pay a ransom and annual tribute equal to $10 million over 12 years in accordance to a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_the_United_States_and_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Regency of Algiers">peace treaty with Algiers</a> in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198527-260">[253]</a> However, Algiers was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> by the United States in 1815 when U.S. commodore <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>'s squadron killed Algerian admiral <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Gata" title="Battle off Cape Gata">battle off Cape Gata</a> on 17 June 1815,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005270-262">[255]</a> ending the Algerian threat to U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005270-262">[255]</a> The new European order that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> did not tolerate Algerian raids and viewed them as a "barbaric relic of a previous age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201747-263">[256]</a> In August 1816 <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Exmouth" title="Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a> carried out a <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombardment of Algiers</a> that ended in a British and Dutch victory, a weakened Algerian navy and the liberation of 1,200 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005284–292-264">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979331-265">[258]</a> Dey <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a>, with support from the coulouglis and the Kabyles, disposed of the turbulent janissaries and transferred the seat of power and the treasury of the regency from the Djenina Palace to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dey" title="Palace of the Dey">Casbah citadel</a> in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200541-266">[259]</a> The last deys of Algiers tried to nullify the consequences of the previous Algerian defeats by reviving buccaneering and resisting a British attack on Algiers in 1824,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979332-267">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2024163-268">[261]</a> creating the illusion that Algiers could still defend itself against a divided Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979333-269">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_invasion">French invasion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Algiers">French invasion of Algiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ship attacking a walled city from its harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/220px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/330px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/440px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guy-Victor_Duperr%C3%A9" title="Guy-Victor Duperré">Admiral Dupperé</a> attacking Algiers by sea, 3 July 1830, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_L%C3%A9on_Morel-Fatio" title="Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio">Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio</a> (Palace of Versailles)</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s time, Algiers benefited greatly from Mediterranean trade and France's massive food imports, much of which were bought on credit. In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a> demanded that the restored <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> pay off a 31-year-old debt dating from 1799 for providing supplies to the soldiers of <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Napoleon's campaign in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith2014216-270">[263]</a> The response of French consul <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deval_(diplomat)" title="Pierre Deval (diplomat)">Pierre Deval</a> displeased Hussein Dey, who hit him with a <a href="/wiki/Fly_whisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly whisk">fly whisk</a> and called him an "infidel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith2014216-270">[263]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> took this incident as an opportunity to break off diplomatic relations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith2014216-270">[263]</a> and launch a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">invasion of Algeria</a> on June 14, 1830. Algiers surrendered on July 5, and Hussein Dey went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, which marked the end of the Regency of Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth200824-271">[264]</a> Historian John Douglas Ruedy believes that the early 18th-century "de<a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">turkification</a>" could have led to a 19th-century nationalization of the Algerian regime, but the French conquest put an end to this evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200542–43-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djenina_Palace_(Algiers)~3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-story palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg/220px-Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg/330px-Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg/440px-Djenina_Palace_%28Algiers%29~3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Djenina Palace, seat of the Regency of Algiers. L'Algérie photographiée: Province d'Alger (1856-1857). Gallica. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>.<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin" title="Félix-Jacques Moulin">Félix-Jacques Moulin</a>. </figcaption></figure>The administrative division of Ottoman Algeria organized itself through borrowed Ottoman systems, maintained by regular recruitment of military personnel from Ottoman lands in exchange for tribute sent to the Sublime Porte and local traditions inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> that were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanids</a>, and Hafsids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009197-273">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stratocracy">edit</a>]</div> The corsairs waged holy war against the Christians through <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder</a> and the resources of the Ottoman Empire and exploited their political and military superiority to defeat weak local emirates and impose a foreign elite on a divided Maghrebi society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201169-274">[267]</a> Power was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers" title="Odjak of Algiers">Odjak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015120-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197621–22-37">[32]</a> a well-trained, resolute and democratically-spirited <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Anatolian Turkish</a> janissary corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197642–44-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeybold1987267-277">[270]</a> Even though they reflected the Ottoman ruling class, the Turkish administrators still referred to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970384-278">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2006391-171">[166]</a> Natives and Kouloughlis were excluded from the Odjak, which was religiously endorsed and acted as a <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military order</a> analogous to <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Hospitaller Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197621–22-37">[32]</a> Some contemporary observers described the Regency of Algiers as a "<a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic republic">aristocratic republic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm2019378-279">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaler_quote-280">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> considered the Algerian government to be an aristocracy with republican and egalitarian characteristics, elevating and deposing a despotic sovereign, while historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> considered Algiers a "military government that floats between <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and wild democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987114-281">[273]</a> It was unique among Muslim countries in having limited democracy and elected rulers. Democracy was extremely unusual in 18th-century Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> found Algiers impressive in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2020127–128-282">[274]</a> Merouche described the janissary corps of Algiers as a "collective regime", a "sovereign community" and a "<a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">military republic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007123-283">[275]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_(Alger).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Building with multiple arches, and a fountain in the center of its courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg/200px-Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg/300px-Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg/400px-Le_Cercle_Militaire_place_Bresson_%28Alger%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Moorish courtyard of the janissary barracks of Algiers</div></div></div></div></div> Unlike modern political democracies based on majority rule, transfers of power and competition between <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>, politics in Algiers relied on the principle of consensus (<a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a>), which is legitimized by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2020127–128-282">[274]</a> and centered on an Ottoman military elite separated from tribal and self-ruled indigenous society in the countryside, which still gave allegiance and paid taxes to a military authority that respected their marabouts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzion1975404-284">[276]</a> and defended them against Christian powers.<a href="#cite_note-Khoja_quote-285">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987158-286">[277]</a> Algiers underwent numerous political developments with the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">transformation of the Ottoman Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">strength and expansion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">weakness and stagnation</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">local government</a> that accepted Ottoman legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2020478-287">[278]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf" title="John Baptist Wolf">John Baptist Wolf</a> noted that this 17th century military democracy was later hampered by the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute rule">absolute rule</a> of the deys, starting from <a href="/wiki/Baba_Ali_Chaouch" title="Baba Ali Chaouch">Baba Ali Chaouch</a> in 1710.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979289-288">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Boyer,_Marquis_d%27Argens" title="Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens">Marquis d'Argens</a> compared 18th-century Algiers to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and called it a republic, even though he also called the dey of Algiers a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987114-281">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dey_of_Algiers">Dey of Algiers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dey of Algiers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man seated on a sofa, with three attendants in Algerian dress, receives two men in European style attire on a balcony whose arched windows overlook the harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg/200px-Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg/300px-Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg/400px-Reduction_of_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2076" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dey <a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a> receiving the representative of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombardment of Algiers</a> in 1816. Victoria and Albert Museum.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Turbaned man sitting with a knife in his belt holding a peacock-feather fan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg/200px-Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg/300px-Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg/400px-Dey_Hussein_Pacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Pasha</a>, last dey of Algiers (1818–1830). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a></div></div></div></div></div> French historian <a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_Julien" title="Charles-André Julien">Charles-André Julien</a> wrote that the dey of Algiers was head of an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> but <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970321-289">[280]</a> The dey was responsible for enforcing civil and military laws, ensuring internal security, generating necessary revenues, organizing and providing regular pay for soldiers and assuring relations with the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja201698-290">[281]</a> However, his power was limited by the corsair captains and the diwan of janissaries, since any member of either body could aspire to become dey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198524-72">[67]</a> His fortune came from his <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> (which did not exceed that of the highest paid member of the janissaries), and although he could still receive gifts from consuls, beys and shares of privateer booty, his fortune reverted to the public treasury in the event of assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979291–292-291">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009162–163-292">[283]</a> This led some authors who compared the dey to the king of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> to call him a "despot without liberty",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970321-289">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009161–162-293">[284]</a> a "king of slaves and slave of his subjects" and a "man of wealth but far from a master of his treasures".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970324-294">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979292-295">[286]</a> Electing the dey was accomplished in absolute equality by unanimous vote among the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197661-296">[287]</a> Ottoman Algerian dignitary <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Khodja" title="Hamdan Khodja">Hamdan Khodja</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja2016101–102-297">[288]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Among the members of the government two of them are called, one "wakil-el-kharge", and the other "khaznagy". It is from these dignitaries that the dey is chosen; sovereignty in Algiers is not hereditary: personal merit is not transmitted to children. In a way we could say that they adopted the principles of a republic, of which the dey is only the president.</blockquote> Election was required for confirmation from the Ottoman sultan, who inevitably sent a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> of investiture, a red <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</a> of honor, a saber of state and the rank of Pasha of Three Horsetails in the Ottoman army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197662-298">[289]</a> Because the dey was elected for life and could only be replaced on his death, overthrowing him was the only method to , so violence and instability flourished. This volatility led many early 18th-century European observers to point to Algiers as an example of the inherent dangers of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2020127–128-282">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cabinet">edit</a>]</div> The dey appointed and relied on five ministers (plus an agha), who formed the "council of the powers" to govern Algiers:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979290-299">[290]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaznaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaznaji (page does not exist)">Khaznaji</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaznaji" class="extiw" title="fr:Khaznaji">fr</a>]: <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a> in charge of finances and the public treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2017-300">[291]</a> Often also translated as vizier of the dey, or "principal secretary of state".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agha_al-mahalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agha al-mahalla (page does not exist)">Agha al-mahalla</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_al-mahalla" class="extiw" title="fr:Agha al-mahalla">fr</a>]: <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> of the Odjak and minister of internal affairs, he was also responsible for governing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_Es-Soltane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar Es-Soltane (page does not exist)">Dar Es-Soltane</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Es-Soltane" class="extiw" title="fr:Dar Es-Soltane">fr</a>] region of Algiers.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakil_al-Kharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakil al-Kharaj (page does not exist)">Wakil al-Kharaj</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouakil_al-kharadj" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouakil al-kharadj">fr</a>] : Minister of the navy and foreign affairs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2017-300">[291]</a> he was the Kapudan rais or head of the <a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">tai'fa of rais</a>. He was also responsible for matters relating to weapons, ammunition and fortifications.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khodjet_al-khil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khodjet al-khil (page does not exist)">Khodjet al-khil</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodjet_al-khil" class="extiw" title="fr:Khodjet al-khil">fr</a>]: Responsible for relations with tribes, fiscal responsibilities and tax collections; he usually headed expeditions to the tribal interior. He also had the ceremonial role of "secretary of horses" and was assisted by a <a href="/wiki/Khaznadar" title="Khaznadar">Khaznadar</a> (treasurer).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003432-301">[292]</a></li> <li>Bait al-Maldji: Responsible for the state domain (<a href="/wiki/Makhzen_(Algeria)" title="Makhzen (Algeria)">makhzen</a>) and for rights devolved to the treasury such as vacant inheritances, registrations and confiscations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003432-301">[292]</a></li></ul> The dey also nominated <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a> (Islamic jurists) as the highest echelon of Algerian justice. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197691-302">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diwan_council">Diwan council</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Diwan council">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers,_objectnr_A_41726.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white painting of a man seated on a high seat in a type of court, with people all around him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Houding_van_den_Divan_t%C2%B4Algiers%2C_objectnr_A_41726.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4725" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a> addresses audiences in a large square. Attitude of the Divan of Algiers, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a> (1684). Amsterdam Museum</figcaption></figure> The diwan of Algiers was established in the 16th century by Hayreddin Reis. To manage state affairs and govern the country, he relied on carefully chosen janissary members of the diwan council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM'Hamsadji200531-303">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf197910-304">[295]</a> This assembly, initially led by a <a href="/wiki/Janissary_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissary Agha">janissary agha</a>, evolved from an administrative body within the Odjak into a primary institution holding true power in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1970b102–104-305">[296]</a> By the middle of the 17th century, it elected the head of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198524-72">[67]</a> The diwan comprised two divisions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1973162-155">[150]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers#Janissary_Diwan" title="Odjak of Algiers">private (janissary) diwan</a> (diwân khass): Any recruit could rise through the ranks (one every three years). Over time, he would serve among 24 janissary bulukbasis (senior officers), who voted on high policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197650-306">[297]</a> The commander-in-chief or "Agha of Two Moons" was elected for a term of two months as president of the diwan through a system of "democracy by <a href="/wiki/Seniority" title="Seniority">seniority</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsichei1997272-307">[298]</a> During the Agha period (1659–1671) he was the ruler of the Regency and held the title of hakem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1973162-155">[150]</a> The agha was the holder of the Fundamental pact ('Ahad aman) of 1748,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEibn_Bekir1860219-308">[299]</a> which was often considered the constitutional basis of the Regency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007123-283">[275]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Khodja" title="Hamdan Khodja">Hamdan Khodja</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja201695-309">[300]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The head of this divan is called Aghat-el-Askar; he carries a <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">saber</a> and a kind of relic which contains the regulations of the regency (their <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a>); The agha must always carry this relic with him and never part without it.</blockquote></li> <li>The public, or Grand Diwan (diwân âm), was composed of 800 to 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> scholars and preachers, the raïs, and native notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdès-Leroux2009289-310">[301]</a> By the early-mid 17th century, the pasha, the agha of the janissaries and the admiral of the corsairs were heads of their respective factions in the Grand Diwan, holding decision-making power<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007152-311">[302]</a> and sharing sovereignty in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007187-312">[303]</a> However, starting from the Agha period, the Grand Diwan was reunited only for peace and war decisions and resolving serious disputes within the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007152-311">[302]</a> At the beginning of their mandate, the deys consulted the diwan on all important questions and decrees. This council in principle met weekly, depending on the dey, though by the 19th century, the dey could ignore the diwan whenever he felt powerful enough to govern alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003413-313">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1970b122–123-314">[305]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_management">Territorial management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Territorial management">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Algeria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Algeria and parts of Spain, Morocco and Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_Algeria.png/220px-Ottoman_Algeria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_Algeria.png/330px-Ottoman_Algeria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_Algeria.png/440px-Ottoman_Algeria.png 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Algeria</figcaption></figure> The Regency was composed of various beyliks under the authority of beys (vassals):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200515-315">[306]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_Es-Soltane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar Es-Soltane (page does not exist)">Dar Es-Soltane</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Es-Soltane" class="extiw" title="fr:Dar Es-Soltane">fr</a>] included the city of Algiers and nearby ports.</li> <li>The eastern <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Constantine" title="Beylik of Constantine">beylik of Constantine</a>'s capital was <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Titteri" title="Beylik of Titteri">beylik of Titteri</a> in the centre was established in 1548, with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a> as its capital.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of the West">beylik of the West</a> was established in 1563; its capital moved from <a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mazouna" title="Mazouna">Mazouna</a> in 1710, then to Oran in 1791.</li></ul> These beyliks were institutionally distinct and enjoyed significant autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200532–33-316">[307]</a> Under the beylik system, the beys divided their beyliks into <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>. Each province was divided into outan, or <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a>, governed by caïds (commanders) under the authority of the bey to maintain order and collect taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970295-92">[87]</a> The beys ran an administrative system and managed their beyliks with the help of commanders and governors among the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen_(Algeria)" title="Makhzen (Algeria)">makhzen</a> tribes. In return, these tribes enjoyed special privileges, including exemption from taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987169-317">[308]</a> The bey of Constantine relied on the strength of the local tribes, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Beni Abbas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medjana" title="Medjana">Medjana</a> and the Arab tribes in <a href="/wiki/Hodna" title="Hodna">Hodna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab</a> region. The chiefs of these tribes were called Sheikh of the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970295-92">[87]</a> This system allowed Algiers to expand its authority over northern Algeria for three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200725-318">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_ransoms">Slave ransoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Slave ransoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man chained at the ankle holding a sewing needle, 2 ships at sea to his bottom right and left, French text above and behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg/220px-4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg/330px-4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg/440px-4_-_Esclave_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Alger_n39_Tome_I_Esquer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>French slave in Algiers working as a tailor before his ransoming (1670–1685). This self-portrait done later in Paris. Leichtenstein Princely Collection. </figcaption></figure> Algerian corsairs captured many people on land and at sea from Mediterranean shores to Atlantic high seas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney20157-319">[310]</a> and brought them to the slave market in Algiers, through which passed between 25,000 and 36,000 slaves of many nationalities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2012181-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz2007200-320">[311]</a> totaling over one million European slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, making slavery the cornerstone of the Algerine economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikkaUusitaloWyżga202372-321">[312]</a> After captured individuals were paraded naked, examined and inspected to assess their qualities, social position and value,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970308-322">[313]</a> they were divided into three groups:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005120-323">[314]</a> <ul><li>Those believed ransomable: Usually rich and better referred to as "captives", they were an important source of revenue. Their owners spared them the hardest tasks to preserve their value, as they were to be ransomed as quickly as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikkaUusitaloWyżga202373-324">[315]</a> "The captive was a piece of merchandise which it was to no one's interest to damage", noted Julien.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970309-325">[316]</a></li> <li>Those not believed ransomable: Lower-class and priced like their Muslim counterparts in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200530-326">[317]</a> these prisoners often became <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a> or were assigned to other <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> like moving rocks. A few were chosen as household <a href="/wiki/Domestic_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic slave">domestic slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney20157-319">[310]</a></li> <li>Those freed without ransom to be exchanged for Muslim captives, to honor prior agreements between states, or because a war had been lost.</li></ul> Government-owned captives were held in prisons called "bagnos"; six operated in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970309-325">[316]</a> Privately owned captives were housed by their owners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney20157–8-327">[318]</a> who were often rich individuals or privateering collectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910460-328">[319]</a> In Spain, France and the Dutch Republic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikkaUusitaloWyżga202373-324">[315]</a> ransom funds came from the captive's family, the state or religious orders of the Catholic church who negotiated in Algiers for the captives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney20158-329">[320]</a> Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200530-326">[317]</a> were instructed to identify captives in danger of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a>, captives whose family and friends had raised money and valuable individuals before reaching a ransom agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney20158–9-330">[321]</a> Captives who could buy their own freedom were allowed to move freely in Algiers, and often managed its <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970309-325">[316]</a> Christians were exchanged for small sums in the early 16th century. However, in the 17th century redemptionist missions paid at least 100 pounds for their freedom. Persons of distinction were almost priceless: the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> bought himself back in 1670 for 60,000 pounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910465-331">[322]</a> After ransom was paid, additional fees for <a href="/wiki/Customs_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs duties">customs duties</a> were still required, over 50 percent of the agreed ransom:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910466-332">[323]</a> <ul><li>10% for customs</li> <li>15% for the pasha or dey</li> <li>4% for the khaznaji (secretary of state)</li> <li>7% for the wakil al-kharaj (<a href="/wiki/Harbourmaster" title="Harbourmaster">harbourmaster</a>)</li> <li>17% for prison guards</li></ul> Slaves with special skills, such as surgeons and master carpenters who built or repaired ships, often could not be ransomed at any price.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1980624,_629-333">[324]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armed and turbaned men beat prisoners as a priest ransoms them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/183px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/275px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/366px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1623" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Christian captives, 17th century. Le Commerce des Captifs. Wolfgang Kaiser</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A plaza where chained people are displayed naked for sale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/227px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/341px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/454px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="3728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Slave market in Algiers, 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum" title="Amsterdam Museum">Amsterdam Museum</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man kneels in broken chains near a young girl in a white dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg/255px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg/340px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_Lib%C3%A9ration_des_esclaves_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1989" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Allegory of Freedom, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent" title="François-André Vincent">François-André Vincent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museumslandschaft_Hessen_Kassel" title="Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel">Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royalties">Royalties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Royalties">edit</a>]</div> Algiers charged its European trading partners royalties for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">freedom of navigation</a> in the western Mediterranean and gave the merchants of those countries special privileges, including lower customs duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009141-334">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201745-124">[119]</a> Royalties were also imposed on <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> at times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009141-334">[325]</a> These royalties were paid annually or biennially and differed according to the relationship between those countries and Algiers, and the conditions prevailing in that period had an impact on determining their amounts, shown in the following table:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009141-334">[325]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Royalties: Late 18th century to early 19th century </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th width="8%">Year </th> <th>Value </th> <th>Current value (USD) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> </td> <td>1785 –1807 </td> <td>After signing the armistice of 1785 and withdrawing from Oran, was required to pay 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a>. It paid 48,000 <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">dollars</a> in 1807. </td> <td>*equivalent to $36,378,413 in 2022 (1785) equivalent to $998,836 in 2023 (1807) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> </td> <td>1823 </td> <td>Before 1823, 25,000 doubles (<a href="/wiki/Tuscan_lira" title="Tuscan lira">Tuscan lira</a>) or 250,000 francs. </td> <td>*equivalent to $486,945,880 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>20,000 francs </td> <td>*equivalent to $40,365,783 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> </td> <td>1746 - 1822 </td> <td>Under the treaty of 1746, 216,000 francs by 1822. </td> <td>*equivalent to $435,950,459 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> </td> <td>1790 - 1816 </td> <td>Before 1790, it paid 37,000 livres. After 1790, it pledged to pay 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Piastre" title="Piastre">piastres</a>, or 108,000 francs, and in 1816 committed to pay 200,000 francs. </td> <td>*equivalent to $5,745,110 in 2023 (–1789) equivalent to $197,370,758 in 2022 (1790–) equivalent to $304,396,795 in 2022 (1816) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> </td> <td>1807 </td> <td>It pledged to pay 100,000 piastres, or 267,500 francs, in exchange for certain privileges. </td> <td>*equivalent to $400,705,897 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> </td> <td>1807 - 1826 </td> <td>In the treaty of 1826, it committed to paying 10,000 Algerian sequins, and in 1807, it paid 40,000 piastres, or 160,000 francs. </td> <td>*equivalent to $239,674,555 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td>1807 </td> <td>In 1807, paid an estimated 200,000 francs. </td> <td>*equivalent to $299,593,194 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1795 - 1822 </td> <td>In 1795 paid 1,000,000 dollars annually, and $10 million over 12 years, in exchange for special privileges. Equipment accounted for 21,600 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198527-260">[253]</a> </td> <td>*equivalent to $17,952,941 in 2023 (1795 alone) <ul><li>equivalent to $179,529,412 in 2023 (over 12 years)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> </td> <td>1816 - 1822 </td> <td>Paid royalties estimated at 24,000 francs. Starting 1822, paid a royalty of 12,000 francs every two years. </td> <td>*equivalent to $36,527,615 in 2022 (1816) equivalent to $24,219,470 in 2022 (1822) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway</a> </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>Royalty of 12,000 francs every two years. </td> <td>*equivalent to $24,219,470 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>Paid 180,000 francs every two years. </td> <td>*equivalent to $363,292,049 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Kingdom of Sweden</a> </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>120,000 francs every two years. </td> <td>*equivalent to $242,194,699 in 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> </td> <td>1747 - 1763 </td> <td>From 1747, it paid 2,200 gold coins annually, which in 1763 became an estimated 50,000 riyals (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_lira" title="Venetian lira">Venetian lira</a>). </td> <td>*equivalent to $803,955,274 in 2020 (1763) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_trade">External trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ships with sails and smaller boats with oars in a harbor, with a walled city and a citadel behind them and a steep hill in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg/220px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg/330px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg/440px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Shipping_off_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Dutch shipping off Algiers. Oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Reinier_Nooms" title="Reinier Nooms">Reinier Nooms</a> (1623/1624–1664). <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>. </figcaption></figure> Along with tribute payments, Algerian <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> exports to Europe replaced privateering as its primary source of income in the 18th century and became the core factor in trade relations between Algiers and Britain, Genoa and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall2017-300">[291]</a> The French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_royale_d%27Afrique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie royale d'Afrique (page does not exist)">Compagnie royale d'Afrique</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_royale_d%27Afrique" class="extiw" title="fr:Compagnie royale d'Afrique">fr</a>] controlled French wheat <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a> in 1741 from the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Constantinois" title="Constantinois">Constantinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007261-335">[326]</a> Merouche wrote:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007236-336">[327]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">well over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Quintals" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintals">quintals</a> of wheat (is) exported each year from Algerian ports in 1698 and 1699. The great movement of cereal exports began in 1693 and would expand thereafter. The century of wheat succeeded the century of privateering.</blockquote> Most Algerian <a href="/wiki/Exports" class="mw-redirect" title="Exports">exports</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, predominantly by sea. Exports included, according to historian William Spencer, "carpets, embroidered handkerchiefs, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> scarves, ostrich feathers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsinger198061-337">[328]</a> wax, wool, animal hides and skins, dates, and a coarse native <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976104-338">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">sea trade</a> was run by the Bacri and Busnash families, who had settled in Algeria by 1720.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201835-36-339">[330]</a> After acting as mediators in the Christian slave trade in the heyday of privateering,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201835-36-339">[330]</a> they entangled the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a> of the Regency with the private interests of their own companies through their European contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979318-250">[244]</a> These merchants amassed massive wealth from dealing in goods such as wheat and leather and from their <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on olive oil and <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> taxation. They became the financiers of the dey and mediators between Algiers and Europe, both in diplomacy and in trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtsushi201835-36-339">[330]</a> Large caravans of 300 <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> went overland to neighbouring Tunisia twice a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003538-340">[331]</a> The city of Constantine was a meeting point for caravans from the Sahara, Tunis and Algiers; they were loaded with woven fabric, carpets, <a href="/wiki/Chechia" title="Chechia">chechias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">luxury goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. Caravans from the south brought <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> and wool products like <a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">burnouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)">haiks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003537-341">[332]</a> In the west, Tlemcen was linked by <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a> in Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a>. The former brought salt, spices, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan leather">Moroccan leather</a>, silk and gun wood; the latter, ostrich feathers, ivory, slaves, <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermillion</a>, copper and gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003537-341">[332]</a> "Desert oases have historically been essential, strategic locations in <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan routes</a>," wrote Chaibou and Bonnet, naming "<a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> (Niger), Ouardane (Mauritania), <a href="/wiki/In_Salah" title="In Salah">In Salah</a> (Algeria), <a href="/wiki/Taoudenni" title="Taoudenni">Taoudenni</a> (Mali), <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A9rouane" class="mw-redirect" title="Iférouane">Iférouane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinguetti" title="Chinguetti">Chinguetti</a> (Mauritania), <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a> (Libya)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaibouBonnet2019-342">[333]</a> Trade did not flourish. The state awarded <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a>, often to the highest bidder, as a source of guaranteed revenue, and imposed a 2.5 percent duty on exports and 12.5 percent on imports. Trade in <a href="/wiki/Military_asset" title="Military asset">military assets</a> such as cannons and small arms was prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976106-343">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_trade">Internal trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Internal trade">edit</a>]</div> Overland trade used animals to transport goods. Carts could be used on suitable roads. The many official posts of the Odjak and the makhzen tribes along the way provided security for caravans. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, locally known as fonduk, gave travelers a place to rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003235-344">[335]</a> Products such as wool from the tribal interior were traded in <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a> (known locally as souks). These took the names of tribes preceded by days of the week, for example: Souk Al Arbaa Al-Attafs (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Wednesday market of Al-Attaf tribe'). Souks formed hubs for trading agricultural products such as grain, olives, cattle, sheep and horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003536-345">[336]</a> In urban marketplaces they bought imported jewelry textiles and pottery. Jewish intermediaries helped further exchanges between cities and the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003536-345">[336]</a> Administrative control over the Sahara was often loose, but Algiers's economic ties to it were very important,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouzmine2009659-346">[337]</a> and Algerian cities were among the main destinations of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200751-347">[338]</a> In the late 18th century the Regency "appears to have witnessed considerable commercial activity in the Algerian Sahara, related perhaps to the period of stability and prosperity under Dey <a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a>, who ruled at Algiers from 1766 to 1791", Donald Holsinger wrote, "despite the picture of commercial decadence which has sometimes been painted for the Regency".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsinger198061-337">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> levied by the Regency fell under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, including the cushr (<a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a>) on agricultural products, but some had elements of <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987164–165-348">[339]</a> Periodic tithes could only be collected from crops grown on private farmland near the towns; instead, nomadic tribes in the mountains paid a fixed tax, called garama (compensation), based on a rough estimate of their wealth. In addition, rural populations also paid a tax known as lazma (obligation) or ma'una (support) that paid for Muslim armies to defend the country from Christians. City dwellers had other taxes, including market taxes and dues to artisan <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoexter198319–39-349">[340]</a> Beys also collected gifts (dannush) every six months for the deys and their chief ministers. Every bey had to personally bring dannush every three years. In other years, his khalifa (deputy) could take it to Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201740-350">[341]</a> The arrival of a bey or khalifa in Algiers with dannush was a notable event governed by a protocol setting out how to receive him and when his gifts would be given to the dey, his ministers, officials and the poor. The honors that the bey received depended on the value of the gifts he brought. Al-Zahar reported that the chief of the western province was expected to pay more than 20,000 doro in cash, half that in jewelry, four horses, fifty black slaves, woollen tilimsans, silk garments from Fez, and twenty <a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintals</a> each of wax, honey, butter, and walnuts . Dannush from the Eastern Province was larger and included Tunisian perfumes and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987164–165-348">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabyle_Shepherd,_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man on horseback herding goats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG/220px-Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG/330px-Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG/440px-Kabyle_Shepherd%2C_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3624" /></a><figcaption> Kabyle Shepherd, by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin" title="Eugène Fromentin">Eugène Fromentin</a> (1820–1876). <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>. </figcaption></figure> Agricultural production eventually overtook privateering as a source of Regency revenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015119–120-61">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">Fallowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> were widely practiced. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> were the most commonly grown products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200529-351">[342]</a> Cereals and livestock products especially constituted much of the export trade after providing for local consumption of oil, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200530-352">[343]</a> The state owned very fertile lands called fahs. Located near the main towns, these lands were granted to Turkish military personnel, Kouloughli families, makhzen tribes and urban notables under the azl system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003498-353">[344]</a> Fahs were cultivated by tenant farmers who received a fifth of the harvest under the khammas sharecropping system for common land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201719-354">[345]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mitidja" title="Mitidja">Metija</a> provided it with various fruits and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201723-355">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algerian wine</a> was particularly sought after in Europe for its quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976100-356">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201723-355">[346]</a> Vast areas of Algeria's land were known as arsh, where <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> predominated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201720-357">[348]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahfoud_Kaddache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahfoud Kaddache (page does not exist)">Mahfoud Kaddache</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfoud_Kaddache" class="extiw" title="fr:Mahfoud Kaddache">fr</a>] stresses: "Arsh land, land of the tribes, belongs to the tribal community, it is frequently divided into two parts; the larger part, undivided, is used by the entire tribe and forms <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> areas, the second part is reserved for <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> and allocated between families."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003498-353">[344]</a> The melk lands were possessed and heritable by individuals and were under <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary</a> Berber law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201719-354">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart198530-358">[349]</a> Algeria's agricultural wealth came from the quality of the cultivated land, agricultural techniques (<a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughs</a> dragged by <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, donkeys, mules, or camels), <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and water systems that supplied small collective <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouloud_Gaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouloud Gaid (page does not exist)">Mouloud Gaid</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Gaid" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouloud Gaid">fr</a>] wrote: "Tlemcen, Mostaganem, <a href="/wiki/Miliana" title="Miliana">Miliana</a>, Médéa, <a href="/wiki/Mila_(city)" title="Mila (city)">Mila</a>, Constantine, <a href="/wiki/M%27Sila,_Algeria" title="M'Sila, Algeria">M'sila</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Hammam" title="Aïn El Hammam">Aïn El-Hamma</a>, etc., were always sought after for their green sites, their orchards and their succulent fruits."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaïd2014189-359">[350]</a> South of the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Atlas" title="Tell Atlas">Tell Atlas</a>, most of the western population and the people of the Sahara were <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>, nomads and semi-nomads who grew <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> and bred sheep, goats and camels. Their products (butter, wool, skins, <a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">camel hair</a>) were traded north<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200531-360">[351]</a> in their annual migration to summer pastures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsinger198059-361">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Crafts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two flintlock pistols inlaid with salmon-colored coral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg/220px-Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg/330px-Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg/440px-Pair_of_Flintlock_Pistols_MET_DP215282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Coral-decorated pistols presented by the dey of Algiers as a gift to the Prince Regent (later <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> of Great Britain) in 1811 and 1819. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> was restricted to shipyards, which built frigates of <a href="/wiki/Oak_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak wood">oak</a> sourced from Kabylia. The smaller ports of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Ténès</a>, Cherchell, <a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Dellys</a>, Béjaïa and Djidjelli built <a href="/wiki/Shallop" title="Shallop">shallops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galiots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">tartanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">xebecs</a> used to fish or transport goods between Algerian ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200552–55-362">[353]</a> Christian slaves were employed in these shipyards, often managed by Christian renegades, and sometimes even free Christians as captains of armament or engineers of naval constructions, whose services were hired without a requirement to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910381-363">[354]</a> Several workshops supported repairs and rope-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200556-364">[355]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bab_El-Oued" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab El-Oued">Bab El-Oued</a> extracted stone, raw material for buildings and fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid2021303-365">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bab_El-Oued" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab El-Oued">Bab El-Oued</a> <a href="/wiki/Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundries">foundries</a> produced cannons of all sizes for the warships of the Algerian navy and for use as fort batteries and <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200552–55-362">[353]</a> Cities were established centers for artisanry and served as hubs for international trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200530-352">[343]</a> Residents of <a href="/wiki/Nedroma" title="Nedroma">Nedroma</a>, Tlemcen, Oran, Mostaganem, <a href="/wiki/Kalaa" title="Kalaa">Kalaa</a>, Dellys, <a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a>, Collo, M'Sila, Mila and Constantine were mostly <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and merchants. The most common crafts were <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">woodturning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>, rope-making and tool-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003519–520-366">[357]</a> Algiers was home to foundries, <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshops</a>. Tlemcen had more than 500 <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a>. Artisans were prevalent even in small towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003520–521-367">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_population">Urban population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Urban population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men and women wearing robes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> of Algiers, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Meurs" title="Jacob van Meurs">Jacob van Meurs</a> in Description de l'Afrique by <a href="/wiki/Olfert_Dapper" title="Olfert Dapper">Olfert Dapper</a></figcaption></figure> At most 6% of the population lived in cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200521-368">[359]</a> In 1808 Algerian society included around 10,000 Turks; a class of <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">coulouglis</a> emerged as offspring of Turkish soldiers and Algerian women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsichei1997273-369">[360]</a> In the 17th century the population of Algiers was dominated by refugees from Andalusia and also included about 35,000 White Christian slaves working on the docks and in quarries and shipyards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200522-370">[361]</a> By the late 19th century that number had dropped to about 2,000 and was only around 200 in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200522-370">[361]</a> About 1,000 black slaves worked as household servants; many freed black slaves also worked on the docks as masons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200522-370">[361]</a> In the 18th century, French and Italian Jewish merchants began to arrive, a distinct and more affluent group than the Jewish minority among the earlier Andalusian arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200522-370">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> could hold legal and police powers within Algiers as mayors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197654-371">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guilds</a> regulated most trade, and like city neighborhoods headed by amins hedged against emergencies, and strengthened community solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200523-372">[363]</a> The Muslim faith prevailed in every aspect of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197688–89-373">[364]</a> Public business was carried out in both Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Osmanli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1797147-374">[365]</a> In addition to butcher shops and grocery stores, <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a> operated <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">bath houses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200523-372">[363]</a> The shops and bazaars clustered around the alleys off the single main street of the lower city near the harbor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197629-375">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200521-368">[359]</a> overlooking the sea in the lower town or strategically located at crossroads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003512-376">[367]</a> The fraternal relations in the hierarchical system of the urban Algiers were devoid of rivalry between the few great merchants in the wealthy upper class and the poorer lower classes of shopkeepers, craftsmen and scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid2021312-377">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structures">Social structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Social structures">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> was a primary social and political structure based upon family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200524–25-378">[369]</a> Competition among tribes for land and water was mediated through a sense of unity based on <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>, shared Islamic faith and their economic need to trade with each other, preventing dangerous social friction and encouraging unity against external threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200524–25-378">[369]</a> This system persisted under the Regency. The traditional isolation of the city from the hinterland ceased, ending the traditional divide between urban and rural areas of the central Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197668-379">[370]</a> Cities and villages articulated their own organizations within the tribal systems and confederations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201725-380">[371]</a> Although they depended on tribal society, cities distanced the population from tribes, which adapted but did not disappear. Their importance varied from region to region; they remained relatively important in the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a>, for example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Hounet200937–41-381">[372]</a> A complex link of interdependencies developed between tribes and the state as they adapted to government pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Hounet200937–41-381">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatin198213–16-382">[373]</a> They were assigned social roles; the <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskri</a> Berbers were charged with street maintenance and guarding quarters, and the Berbers of Kabylia and Aurès frequently worked in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197668-69-383">[374]</a> The state was sometimes necessary for the consolidation of the tribes; their relationships were complementary at times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatin198213–16-382">[373]</a> Makhzen tribes derived their legitimacy from their affiliation to the government, protecting urban areas, collecting taxes and exercising military control of the state in the countryside. The rayas tribes were tax-paying subjects, and the <a href="/wiki/Bled_es-Siba" title="Bled es-Siba">siba</a> tribes were <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> who opposed taxes, which reduced their surplus production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200533–34-384">[375]</a> However, they still depended on market access organised by the state and the makhzen tribes. The markets outside the territories dependent on the state were managed by the <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabouts</a> who very often acted as guarantors of tribal order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Hounet200937–41-381">[372]</a> The political authority of the tribes depended either on their military strength or their religious lineage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Hounet200937–41-381">[372]</a> These two aristocracies—the religious brotherhoods who dominated the west, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djouad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djouad (page does not exist)">djouad</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/djouad" class="extiw" title="fr:djouad">fr</a>] strongman families of the east—often opposed one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970325-385">[376]</a> Algerian society had three separate aristocracies:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrah2004150-386">[377]</a> <ul><li>Djouads: warriors, often heads of powerful autonomous tribes or tribal confederations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYacono19935-387">[378]</a> like the Berber <a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Beni Abbas</a> or Ben-Gana family of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Arab Hilalian confederations</a> in the eastern beylik. The latter were related to <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bey_ben_Mohamed_Ch%C3%A9rif" title="Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif">Ahmed Bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>. The Regency often saw these tribes as allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYacono1993110-388">[379]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharifs</a>: a religious nobility who claimed descent from the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and often members of the <a href="/wiki/Naqib_al-ashraf" title="Naqib al-ashraf">Naqib al-ashraf</a> institution of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamurdashiMuḥammad199143-389">[380]</a> The author Al-Zahar was a member of this nobility. Other sharifs were members of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Zawiyas in Algeria">zawiyas</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a>, who was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987241-390">[381]</a></li> <li>Marabouts like <a href="/wiki/Awlad_Sidi_Shaykh" title="Awlad Sidi Shaykh">Awled Sidi Cheikh</a> ruled the western <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor200693-391">[382]</a> The oases were a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a>, a comedy princedoms, <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of Algiers. Not a dynasty but a political confederation headed by a riyasa (<a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Awlad_Sidi_Shaykh" title="Awlad Sidi Shaykh">Awlad Sidi Cheikh</a> maraboutic brotherhoods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Hounet200937–41-381">[372]</a> Marabouts also shared in corsair booty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoexter199813-392">[383]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch,_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg/220px-Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg/330px-Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg/440px-Inscription_concernant_une_%C3%A9cole_construite_par_le_Dey_Baba_Ali_Chaouch%2C_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscription</a> about a school built by Dey <a href="/wiki/Baba_Ali_Chaouch" title="Baba Ali Chaouch">Baba Ali Chaouch</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_and_Islamic_Art" title="National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Art">Algerian Museum of Antiquities</a></figcaption></figure> Education in Algeria mainly took place in small primary schools (<a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">kuttabs</a>) that focused on reading, writing and religion, especially in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbi-Mershed201050–51-393">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Zawiyas in Algeria">zawiyas</a>, marabouts and elders did most of the teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray-Miller2017129-394">[385]</a> Literacy was so effectively taught in these religious schools that in 1830 the literacy rate in Algeria was higher than in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy2005103-395">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadis">Qadis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a> often taught at the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> of the larger cities, maintained through <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> and central government funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbi-Mershed201050–51-393">[384]</a> The students received education on <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic medicine</a>. Afterwards they became teachers, joined the qadis and muftis or pursued further education in the universities of Tunis, Fez or Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbi-Mershed201050–51-393">[384]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayyanid">Zayyanid</a> period, Tlemcen was a primary center of Islamic culture, but schools and universities there declined due to neglect. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_II" title="Abu Hammu II">Abu Hammu II</a>'s madrasa, known as Yaqubiyya, fell into complete ruin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorguos1857408–410-396">[387]</a> as the military and naval Ottoman elites' strong belief that northern Christendom needed to be prevented from expanding their military into the Maghreb hampered the development of learning, so they pushed intellectual culture to the margins; they were more interested in building forts, navies, and castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994520-397">[388]</a> This decline ended only when <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_el_Kebir" title="Mohammed el Kebir">Mohammed el Kebir</a>, bey of Oran, significantly invested in renovating and rebuilding several new educational facilities in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorguos1857408–410-396">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Algeria#Ottoman_period" title="Architecture of Algeria">Architecture of Algeria § Ottoman period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mosque with a dome and square minaret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/200px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/300px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/400px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">New Mosque</a> (Djamaa el-Djedid) in Algiers, built in 1660–1661, an example of Ottoman and North African architecture blending in this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020239–241-398">[389]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Intricate inscriptions surround an inner dome shot from below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg/200px-The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg/300px-The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg/400px-The_Ketchaoua_Mosque_dome_inside_down_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2638" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inside view of the dome of <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger,_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg/200px-Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg/300px-Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg/400px-Chapiteau_d%27une_colonne_du_mihrab_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchoua_%C3%A0_Alger%2C_p%C3%A9riode_ottomane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3851" data-file-height="4984" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An authentic <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> of the Ketchoua Mosque</div></div></div></div></div> Architecture in Algiers during this period showed a convergence of Ottoman influence with local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020238–240-399">[390]</a> Mosques began to be built with <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> under Ottoman influence, but <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> generally still had square shafts in the local tradition instead of the round or octagonal shafts seen in other Ottoman provinces, where pencil-shaped minarets were symbols of Ottoman sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020238-400">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010585-401">[392]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin_Mosque" title="Ali Bitchin Mosque">Alit Bitchin Mosque</a> in Algiers was commissioned by its namesake in 1622.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020238-400">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">Djamaa el Djedid</a>, built in 1660–1661, became one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> mosques in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020239-402">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1955433-403">[394]</a> Architecturally one of the most significant remaining mosques of this era, it exemplifies a mix of Ottoman, North African, and European design elements, with its main dome preceded by a large <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> nave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020239–241-398">[389]</a> By the end of the 18th century, the city had over 120 mosques, including over a dozen <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansen1999118-404">[395]</a> Of the emblematic <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a>, built by Dey <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hassan" title="Sidi Hassan">Hassan III Pasha</a>, Moroccan statesman and historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zayyani" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani">Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani</a> wrote in 1795: "The money spent on it...was more than anyone could allow himself to spend except those whom God grants success."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994528-405">[396]</a> Originally similar in design to the Ali Bitchin Mosque, its appearance radically changed under French colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020238-400">[391]</a> After the Ottomans arrived, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_terracotta" title="Architectural terracotta">architectural ceramic</a> tiles replaced <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tiles decorated with stars and polygons used in geometric patterns in the medieval Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaʻraj199017-406">[397]</a> Square decorative <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic tiles">ceramic tiles</a> were widespread in Algiers and Constantine, with simpler examples in Tlemcen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaʻraj199018-407">[398]</a> In the Turkish era tiles were characterized by...motifs in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric">geometric</a>, and floral motifs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaʻraj1990245-408">[399]</a> In addition to landscapes, seascapes, ships and animals, the tiles came in three types: Turkish, Tunisian and European (sourced from Italy, Spain and the Netherlands).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaʻraj199019-409">[400]</a> They decorated interior walls and floors, forming bands, patterns and frames around <a href="/wiki/Door_jamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Door jamb">door jambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Window frame">window frames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Balusters">balusters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaʻraj199018-407">[398]</a> Algiers was protected by a wall about 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) long with five gates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020237-410">[401]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Seafront fortifications</a> were supplemented by forts outside the city, including the "star fort", built above the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">qasba</a> in 1568 to defend the landward approaches to the city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache2003509-411">[402]</a> the "twenty-four hour fort", and the Eulj Ali burj built in 1569 covering the Bab al-Oued beach. Facing south was the "emperor fort" or Sultan Kalassi, built between 1545 and 1580.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970289-412">[403]</a> A citadel, the qasba, occupied the highest point of the city. The lower town near the harbor was the center of Regency administration and contained the most important markets, mosques, palaces, janissary barracks and government buildings such as the mint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020237-410">[401]</a> The construction of Djenina Palace ('Little Garden'), also called the Pasha's palace, began in 1552 by <a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a> and finished in 1556.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali199489-413">[404]</a> Ali Bitchin's Spanish captive <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Aranda" title="Emmanuel de Aranda">Emmanuel de Aranda</a> described it as "a public structure for those who are advanced to that charge [i.e., the position of governor], well built after the modern way of Architecture". He added: "The most beautiful house in Algiers is that of Bacha [Bassa], or Viceroy, which is almost in the middle of the city. [It has] two small galleries one above the other, supported by a double row of columns of marble and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgilsson2018210–211-414">[405]</a> The Djenina was located at the center of a larger complex known as the Dar al-Sultan until 1817, when Dey <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dey" title="Palace of the Dey">Palace of the Dey</a> in the qasba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020237-410">[401]</a> The only building from the Dar al-Sultan complex that remains today, the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Aziza" title="Dar Aziza">Dar 'Aziza Bint al-Bey</a>, is believed to have been built in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020242-415">[406]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastion_23_coure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sky seen from an open courtyard surrounded by tiled galleries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bastion_23_coure.jpg/190px-Bastion_23_coure.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bastion_23_coure.jpg/285px-Bastion_23_coure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bastion_23_coure.jpg/380px-Bastion_23_coure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5918" data-file-height="3945" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sky seen from the courtyard of the Palais des rais</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ornate designs on walls, arches and columns surrounding an inner courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG/169px-Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG" decoding="async" width="169" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG/254px-Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG/338px-Balustrade._Interieur_du_palais_Hassan_Pacha_-_Alger_-_Alg%C3%A9rie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Galleries at the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Hassan_Pacha" title="Dar Hassan Pacha">Hassan Pacha Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Casbah_baths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hallway lined by pillars decorated with patterned tiles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casbah_baths.jpg/221px-Casbah_baths.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casbah_baths.jpg/332px-Casbah_baths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casbah_baths.jpg/442px-Casbah_baths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5615" data-file-height="3213" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tilework, <a href="/wiki/Dar_Hassan_Pacha" title="Dar Hassan Pacha">Hassan III Pasha Khaznaji Palace</a>, built 1791</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crafts_2">Crafts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Crafts">edit</a>]</div> Three centuries of Ottoman influence in Algeria left many cultural elements of Turkish origin or influence, wrote <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Golvin" title="Lucien Golvin">Lucien Golvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985201–226-416">[407]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassware">Brassware</a> imported by janissaries likely inspired copper lanterns, trays, and ewers made in Algiers, Constantine and Tlemcen with Ottoman decorative elements like tulips and carnations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985201–226-416">[407]</a></li> <li>Ornate bronze <a href="/wiki/Door_knocker" title="Door knocker">door knockers</a> were manufactured in Tlemcen until about 1930. Algiers and Constantine produced simpler examples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985201–226-416">[407]</a></li> <li>Saddlers made <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>-covered saddles embroidered with gold or silver thread, and <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridles</a>, belts, saddlecloths and boots with traditional Ottoman ornamentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985214-417">[408]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotted-pile_carpet" title="Knotted-pile carpet">Ghiordés</a> rugs and rugs from <a href="/wiki/Kula,_Manisa" title="Kula, Manisa">Kula</a> seem to have influenced the early 19th-century adoption into the rugs of <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Guergour" title="Hammam Guergour">Hammam Guergour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemencha" title="Nemencha">Nemencha</a> and Harakta tribes of large central lozenge-shaped medallions with arched lobes in a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> pattern, bordered by bands of floral elements. Those produced at the <a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qal'a</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Rashid" title="Banu Rashid">Banu Rashid</a> displayed multiple medallions in a more Andalusi style, and in the Amour mountains the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amour_tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amour tribe (page does not exist)">Amour tribe</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebel_Amour" class="extiw" title="fr:Djebel Amour">fr</a>] continued to produce traditional tent rugs in geometric patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985214-417">[408]</a></li> <li>Clothing of janissaries, deys and other dignitaries was distinctive enough to be known in the Mediterranean as "Algerian style", including <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> and red <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">sheshias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">burnouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftans</a>, vests (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:s%C3%A9dria" class="extiw" title="fr:wikt:sédria">sédria</a>) embroidered with patterns, wide and baggy trousers belted with broad silk <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sashes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">babouche slippers</a>. They were frequently armed with <a href="/wiki/Yatagan" title="Yatagan">yatagans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197671-418">[409]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">Needle lace</a> (chebika) and <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> from Algiers were made under a ma'allema (teacher) on a horizontal <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> (gargaf). Embroidery from <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Djidjilli</a> was multicolored with flat dots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolvin1985201–226-416">[407]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Kaftan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three pieces of cloth photographed. A red suit extending the lower body is placed on a mannequin at center left, a white cloth with black and gold embroidery is at the back, a red cloth with ornate patterns is at bottom right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/175px-Female_Kaftan.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/263px-Female_Kaftan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/350px-Female_Kaftan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="530" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a> sent as part of a large gift from Dey <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Abdi_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Abdi Pasha (page does not exist)">Ali Abdi Pasha</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Abdi" class="extiw" title="fr:Baba Abdi">fr</a>] to the Swedish king in 1731 in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_Algiers_and_Sweden_(1729)" title="Treaty between Algiers and Sweden (1729)">peace treaty</a> between Sweden and Algiers</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Morisco,_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men wearing green outfits and one women wearing a long hat and an embroidered vest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg/209px-Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg/314px-Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg/418px-Morisco%2C_Chaouch_and_Moor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="2391" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a>, Chaouch and <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> man, from Journey to the regency of Algiers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Antoine_Rozet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Antoine Rozet (page does not exist)">Claude Antoine Rozet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_Rozet" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Antoine Rozet">fr</a>] (1798-1858)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_(ca._1820).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman wearing a red turban, embroidered caftan, and large baggy trousers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg/96px-Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg/144px-Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg/192px-Daughter_of_Hussein_Dey_%28ca._1820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="2196" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a>, believed to be Amina Hanem or Nafissa Hanem (ca. 1820). Victoria and Albert Museum.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> New arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> brought music to Algiers. Accented Ottoman military music with <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">bektashi</a> origins was played by janissary bands called <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">mehterân</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197685-419">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a> brought to Algiers by <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> developed three styles; Tlemcenian <a href="/wiki/Gharnati_music" title="Gharnati music">gharnati</a>, Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Ma%27luf" title="Ma'luf">ma'luf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanaa_(music)" title="Sanaa (music)">sanaa</a> in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon201548-420">[411]</a> It was widespread in coffeehouses and often played by orchestras of <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197685-419">[410]</a> Contemporary Algerian <a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">chaabi</a> musician <a href="/wiki/El_Hachemi_Guerouabi" title="El Hachemi Guerouabi">El-Hachemi Guerouabi</a> recounts the exploits of corsairs against the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a> in his song Corsani Ghanem (English: Our ship captured a prize) based on 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> poetry by Imad Al-Din Doukkali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamdi200237-421">[412]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bensari2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Musicians play sitting cross-legged on rich oriental rugs in a tiled room; men watch them, some accompanied by children, as a woman and two children descend a staircase in the background, and a servant brings tea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/306px-Bensari2.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/459px-Bensari2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/612px-Bensari2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1189" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail, Andalusian orchestra in Tlemcen. (2009) <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Yell%C3%A8s" title="Bachir Yellès">Bachir Yellès</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Levni_mehter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ottoman miniature painting of a military musical group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Levni_mehter.jpg/278px-Levni_mehter.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Levni_mehter.jpg/417px-Levni_mehter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Levni_mehter.jpg/556px-Levni_mehter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="569" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Mehterhâne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdulcelil_Levni" title="Abdulcelil Levni">Abdulcelil Levni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surname-%C4%B1_Vehtbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surname-ı Vehtbi (page does not exist)">Surname-ı Vehtbi</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname-%C4%B1_Vehtbi" class="extiw" title="fr:Surname-ı Vehtbi">fr</a>]<a href="#cite_note-422">[i]</a> (1720) <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Europeans saw Algiers as "the center of pirate activity – that captured the imagination of Europe as a fearsome and vicious enemy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEntelis201620-423">[413]</a> The 19th‑century French historian Henri de Grammont said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It gave the world the singular spectacle of a nation living from privateering and living only by it, resisting the incessant attacks directed against it with incredible vitality, submitting three quarters of Europe and the United States of America to the humiliation of an annual tribute; all this, despite unimaginable disorder and daily revolutions, which would have killed any other association, and which seemed to be essential to the existence of this strange people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grammont1887I-424">[414]</a></blockquote> British historian <a href="/wiki/James_McDougall_(academic)" title="James McDougall (academic)">James McDougall</a> called this claim a "colonial myth". He pointed out that after the 17th century, termed by Merouche the "century of privateering",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200720-425">[415]</a> less lucrative privateering remained symbolic of a corsair state. Tribute payments to guarantee peace, trade, customs, taxation and increased agricultural production brought in most of the revenue of the Regency in the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201745-124">[119]</a> which Merouche termed the "century of wheat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200720-425">[415]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean,_Morocco,_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A technical map of North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean with notable features marked or colored" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg/400px-1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg/600px-1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg/800px-1829_Lapie_Map_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean%2C_Morocco%2C_and_the_Barbary_Coast_-_Geographicus_-_Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Barbary Coast, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_%C3%89mile_Lapie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Émile Lapie (page does not exist)">Alexandre Émile Lapie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_%C3%89mile_Lapie" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Émile Lapie">fr</a>], 1829. Geographicus. </figcaption></figure> American historian <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf" title="John Baptist Wolf">John Baptist Wolf</a> argued that the local population resented occupation by a republic of foreign "cutthroats and thieves", and that the French "<a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a>", although carried out by brutal means, offered much to the Algerian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1979I,_290,_338-426">[416]</a> However British historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Holt_(historian)" title="Peter Holt (historian)">Peter Holt</a> indicates that this antagonism never took a nationalist aspect and was balanced by strong ties such as shared faith, social structure and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970284-427">[417]</a> Nacereddin Saidouni argues that although Algeria was not a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation</a> in the modern sense, it was nevertheless a local political entity that helped deepen the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_community" title="Sense of community">sense of community</a> among large segments of the Algerian population in the countryside and cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2020478-287">[278]</a> Yahia Boaziz noted that the Ottomans repelled European attacks and convinced the population to abide by the decisions of a centralised state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaziz200763-428">[418]</a> Historians John Douglas Ruedy and William Spencer write that the Ottomans in North Africa created an Algerian political entity with all the classical attributes of <a href="/wiki/Statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="Statehood">statehood</a> and a high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200542-429">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-430">[j]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahfoud_Kaddache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahfoud Kaddache (page does not exist)">Mahfoud Kaddache</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfoud_Kaddache" class="extiw" title="fr:Mahfoud Kaddache">fr</a>] considered the Ottoman period "catalytic to the modern geopolitical and national development of Algeria."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2006392-431">[420]</a> Saidouni affirms that Algeria took a similar path as the rest of North African states that gradually imposed their sovereignty, as it was no different from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainid dynasty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">Alawi</a>'s Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2020478-287">[278]</a> However, Ruedy notes that the end of tribal rivalries and the emergence of a true nation state occurred only after long years of brutal <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">colonial implantation</a> and unrelenting Algerian resistance, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian war of independence</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200543–44-432">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Contreras" title="Alonso de Contreras">Alonso de Contreras</a>, 16th-17th century Spanish privateer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a>, North African music form inspired by Andalusian music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuubaat" title="Nuubaat">Nuubaat</a>, Algerian form inspired by Andalusi nubah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a>; discusses <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriyei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab-ı Bahriyei (page does not exist)">Kitab-ı Bahriyei</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriyei" class="extiw" title="tr:Kitab-ı Bahriyei">tr</a>], (Book of Navigation) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Ahmed Muhiddin Piri</a> (c. 1465 – 1553), author of the above book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">List of Ottoman rulers of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreigners_who_were_in_the_service_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire">List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas#Maghreb_and_al-Andalus" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas#Maghreb and al-Andalus</a>, architectural vaulting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman Baroque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Ottoman clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a>, Moroccan pirate leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sklavenkasse" title="Sklavenkasse">Sklavenkasse</a>, enslavement insurance for Europeans captured by pirates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Treaty of Tripoli</a>, treaty between the US and Tripolitania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era">Tulip Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Vanmour" title="Jean Baptiste Vanmour">Jean Baptiste Vanmour</a>, known for painting Ottoman subjects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a>, was a Dutch ottoman pirate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Rais</a>, English-born Ottoman pirate</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> According to American consul <a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a>: "The gate (of the Dey's palace) is covered with a terrace which is surrounded with a gilt railing in the center of which is a flag staff mounted with a gilt crescent on which the banners of the nation as well as those of the Grand Signore and Mahomet are hoisted on Fridays and festivals."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-other_names-15"><a href="#cite_ref-other_names_15-0">^</a> Other names: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دولة الجزائر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Dawlat al-Jaza'ir, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: ایالت جزایر غرب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: Eyalet-i Cezâyir-i Garp </li> <li id="cite_note-Algeria_names-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Algeria_names_16-0">^</a> In the historiography of the Regency of Algiers, it has been called the "Kingdom of Algiers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy17251,_3,_5,_7,_12,_15-34">[29]</a> "Republic of Algiers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy1725300_chap._XX-433">[422]</a> "State of Algiers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhalemRamaoun200027-434">[423]</a> "State of El-Djazair",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaddache19983-435">[424]</a> "Ottoman Regency of Algiers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhalemRamaoun200027-434">[423]</a> and "Ottoman Algeria",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac199562-436">[425]</a> The current division of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> goes back to the three regencies of the 16th century: Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a>. Algiers became the capital of its state and this term in the international acts applied to both the city and the country which it ordered: الجزائر (El-Djazâ'ir). However a distinction was made in the spoken language between on the one hand El-Djazâ'ir, the space which was neither the Extreme Maghreb, nor the regency of Tunis, and on the other hand, the city commonly designated by the contraction دزاير (Dzayer) or in a more classic register الجزائر العاصمة (El-Djazâ'ir El 'âçima, Algiers the Capital).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoulakssisMeynier19877,_17-437">[426]</a> The Regency, which lasted over three centuries, shaped what Arab geographers designate as جزيرة المغرب (Djazirat El Maghrib). A political and administrative organization participated in the establishment of the Algerian: وطن الجزائر (watan el djazâïr, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighbors to the east and west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007139-52">[47]</a> In European languages, El Djazâïr became Alger, Argel, Algiers, Algeria, etc. In English, a progressive distinction was made between Algiers, the city, and Algeria, the country. Whereas in French, Algiers designated both the city and the country, under the forms of "Kingdom of Algiers" or "Republic of Algiers". "Algerians" as a demonym is attested in writing in French as early as 1613 and its use has been constant since that date. Meanwhile in the English lexicology of the time, Algerian is "Algerine", which referred to the political entity that later became <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche200210-55">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-17"><a href="#cite_ref-state_17-0">^</a> According to Merouche "It is first of all a new state integrated into a large empire, an "Imperial state", having at the same time all the attributes of a state in the sense of that time but which moreover constituted a largely autonomous province within the Ottoman Empire. The evolution of the status of the province towards a de-facto independence does not change the fundamentally Ottoman character of the state".(<a href="#CITEREFMerouche2002">Merouche (2002)</a> p. 10) </li> <li id="cite_note-republic-18"><a href="#cite_ref-republic_18-0">^</a> Algerian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahfoud_Kaddache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahfoud Kaddache (page does not exist)">Mahfoud Kaddache</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfoud_Kaddache" class="extiw" title="fr:Mahfoud Kaddache">fr</a>] wrote that "Algeria was first a regency, a kingdom-province of the Ottoman Empire and then a state with great autonomy, independent even, sometimes called a kingdom or military republic by historians, but which still recognized the spiritual authority of the caliph of Istanbul". (<a href="#CITEREFKaddache1998">Kaddache (1998)</a> p. 233) </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer_quote-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_quote_175-0">^</a> William Spencer notes: "For three centuries, Algerine foreign relations were conducted in such a manner as to preserve and advance the state's interests in total indifference to the actions of its adversaries, and to enhance Ottoman interests in the process. Algerine foreign policy was flexible, imaginative, and subtle; it blended an absolute conviction of naval superiority and belief in the permanence of the state as a vital cog in the political community of Islam, with a profound understanding of the fears, ambitions, and rivalries of Christian Europe." (<a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer (1976)</a> pp. xi) </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-251"><a href="#cite_ref-trade_251-0">^</a> The Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles complained in a memoir in 1783: "Everything announces that this trade will one day imperceptibly be of some consideration, because the country has by itself a capital fund which has given the awakening to the peoples who live there, and that nothing is so common today, to see Algerians and Jews domiciled in Algiers coming to Marseilles to bring us the products of this kingdom." (<a href="#CITEREFKaddache2003">Kaddache (2003)</a> p. 538) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaler_quote-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaler_quote_280-0">^</a> American consul in Algiers <a href="/wiki/William_Shaler" title="William Shaler">William Shaler</a> would describe the Algerian regency's government as following: "The merits of this government have been proved by its continuance, with few variations in it forms of administration, for three centuries. It is in fact a military republic with a chief elective for life, and upon a small scale resembling that of the Roman Empire after the death of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. This government ostensibly consists of a sovereign chief, who is termed the Dey of Algiers, and a Divan, or great Council, indefinite in point of number, which is composed of the ancient military who are or have been commanders of corps. The divan elects the Deys, and deliberates upon such affairs as he chooses to lay before them." (<a href="#CITEREFShaler1826">Shaler (1826)</a> p. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-Khoja_quote-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Khoja_quote_285-0">^</a> Ottoman Algerian dignitary <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Khodja" title="Hamdan Khodja">Hamdan Khodja</a> recalls: "The old officials who had completed their work were always repeating to their young successors: “We are foreigners. We did not obtain the submission of this people and the possession of this land by force and sword; Rather, thanks to kindness and leniency, we have become leaders !!! We were not statesmen in our country, and we did not obtain our titles and positions except on this land. Therefore, this country is our homeland, and our duty and interests require us to exert ourselves in contributing to the success and prosperity of this people. Just like we do it for ourselves.” (<a href="#CITEREFKhoja2016">Khoja (2016)</a> pp. 106-107) </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> (fol. 172a(L)-171b(R)) </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-430"><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_430-0">^</a> William Spencer writes: "Algiers' status in the Mediterranean world was merited by its contributions as well as the exploits of the corsairs. Through the medium of Regency government, Ottoman institutions brought stability to North Africa. The flow of Anatolian recruits and the attachment to the Porte introduced many elements of the eclectic Ottoman civilization into the western Mediterranean. Corsair campaigns produced a fusion of Ottoman with native Maghribi and European styles, social patterns, architecture, crafts, and the like. A regular system of revenue collection, an efficient subsistence agriculture, and a well-established legitimate commerce along with corsair profits brought to the Regency a high standard of living. Its lands, while they never corresponded to the total territory conquered by France and incorporated into French Algeria, were homogeneous, well managed, and formed of an effective and collaborating social mixture the exact opposite of the situation which prevailed during the one hundred and thirty years of French control." (<a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer (1976)</a> pp. xi-xii) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoston200933-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoston200933_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoston2009">Agoston 2009</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCathcartNewkirk1899">Cathcart & Newkirk 1899</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007140_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerouche2007">Merouche 2007</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac200522-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanzac200522_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanzac2005">Panzac 2005</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESluglett201468-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESluglett201468_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSluglett2014">Sluglett 2014</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomel201016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomel201016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomel201016_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomel2010">Somel 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201737,45-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201737,45_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDougall2017">McDougall 2017</a>, p. 37,45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor2015121-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor2015121_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor2015121_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaylor2015">Naylor 2015</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuedy200519-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuedy200519_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuedy200519_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuedy200519_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuedy2005">Ruedy 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009195-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009195_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidouni2009195_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaidouni2009">Saidouni 2009</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994187-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Jilali1994187_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Jilali1994">Al-Jilali 1994</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201738-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDougall201738_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDougall2017">McDougall 2017</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007186-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerouche2007186_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerouche2007">Merouche 2007</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani196564–71-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Madani196564–71_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Madani1965">Al-Madani 1965</a>, pp. 64–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275–276-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970275–276_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, pp. 275–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitcher1972107-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitcher1972107_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitcher1972">Pitcher 1972</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2011142-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2011142_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiang2011">Liang 2011</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970278-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970278_24-0">a</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFAl-Madani1965">Al-Madani 1965</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987149-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun_Nasr1987149_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbun_Nasr1987">Abun Nasr 1987</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess201164-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess201164_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess2011">Hess 2011</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer197622-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer197622_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer 1976</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy17251,_3,_5,_7,_12,_15-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy17251,_3,_5,_7,_12,_15_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Tassy17251,_3,_5,_7,_12,_15_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Tassy1725">De Tassy 1725</a>, pp. 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970280_35-1">b</a> <a 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Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7472-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-7472-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178768794">1178768794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Modernity%3A+Saint-Simonians+and+the+Civilizing+Mission+in+Algeria&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1178768794&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7472-7&rft.aulast=Abi-Mershed&rft.aufirst=Osama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3rcctLKSdcC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun_Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA157">A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33767-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951299985">951299985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951299985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rft.aulast=Abun+Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoston2009" class="citation book cs1">Agoston, Gabor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA33">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/435911915">435911915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F435911915&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=Agoston&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jilali1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">الجيلالي [Al-Jilali], عبد الرحمن [Abdul Rahman] (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarikh.-eljazayer.-3/page/39/mode/2up?view=theater">تاريخ الجزائر العام للعلامة عبد الرحمن الجيلالي الجزء الثالث: الخاص بالفترة بين 1514 إلى 1830م</a> [The General History of Algeria by Abd al-Rahman al-Jilali, Part Three: Concerning the period between 1514 and 1830 AD] (in Arabic). Algiers: الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع [National Publishing and Distribution Company].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+1514+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+1830%D9%85&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9+%5BNational+Publishing+and+Distribution+Company%5D&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%5BAl-Jilali%5D&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%5BAbdul+Rahman%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarikh.-eljazayer.-3%2Fpage%2F39%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Madani1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">المدنى [Al-Madani], أحمد توفيق [Ahmed Tawfiq] (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Harb.Al-thalathuma-at.Sanah/page/n189/mode/2up">كتاب حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا 1492– 1792 [The Three Hundred Years' War between Algeria and Spain 1492 - 1792]</a> (in Arabic). Algeria: الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع [National Publishing and Distribution Company]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/917378646">917378646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7+1492%E2%80%93+1792+%5BThe+Three+Hundred+Years%27+War+between+Algeria+and+Spain+1492+-+1792%5D&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9+%5BNational+Publishing+and+Distribution+Company%5D&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F917378646&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89+%5BAl-Madani%5D&rft.aufirst=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82+%5BAhmed+Tawfiq%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHarb.Al-thalathuma-at.Sanah%2Fpage%2Fn189%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M. S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KV0SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">Europe in the Eighteenth Century 1713-1789</a> (4th ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87965-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87965-7"><bdi>978-1-317-87965-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884647762">884647762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Eighteenth+Century+1713-1789&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884647762&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87965-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKV0SBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsushi2018" class="citation book cs1">Atsushi, Ota (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHtTDwAAQBAJ">In the Name of the Battle against Piracy: Ideas and Practices in State Monopoly of Maritime Violence in Europe and Asia in the Period of Transition</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36148-5"><bdi>978-90-04-36148-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030304579">1030304579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+the+Battle+against+Piracy%3A+Ideas+and+Practices+in+State+Monopoly+of+Maritime+Violence+in+Europe+and+Asia+in+the+Period+of+Transition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030304579&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36148-5&rft.aulast=Atsushi&rft.aufirst=Ota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHtTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachelot2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bachelot, Bernard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUSxsS141fcC&pg=PA39">Louis XIV en Algérie: Gigeri - 1664</a> [Louis XIV in Algeria] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56347-6"><bdi>978-2-296-56347-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767578729">767578729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+en+Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+Gigeri+-+1664&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767578729&rft.isbn=978-2-296-56347-6&rft.aulast=Bachelot&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUSxsS141fcC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrie1987" class="citation thesis cs1">Barrie, Larry Allen (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVMaAAAAYAAJ">A Family Odyssey: The Bayrams of Tunis, 1756-1861</a> (Phd thesis). Boston: Boston University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-457X">0309-457X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23001414">23001414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Family+Odyssey%3A+The+Bayrams+of+Tunis%2C+1756-1861&rft.degree=Phd&rft.inst=Boston+University&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23001414&rft.issn=0309-457X&rft.aulast=Barrie&rft.aufirst=Larry+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVMaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellil1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bellil, Rachid (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl5YrF16t-gC">Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien)</a> [The oases of Gourara (Algerian Sahara)] (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0721-8"><bdi>978-90-429-0721-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428114253">428114253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+oasis+du+Gourara+%28Sahara+alg%C3%A9rien%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428114253&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0721-8&rft.aulast=Bellil&rft.aufirst=Rachid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVl5YrF16t-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Hounet2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben Hounet, Yazid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80iJTxOkpD4C&pg=PA35">L'Algérie des tribus: le fait tribal dans le Haut Sud-Ouest contemporain</a> [The Algeria of the tribes: the tribal fact in the contemporary High South-West] (in French). Paris: Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-09114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-09114-6"><bdi>978-2-296-09114-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/768796686">768796686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+des+tribus%3A+le+fait+tribal+dans+le+Haut+Sud-Ouest+contemporain&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F768796686&rft.isbn=978-2-296-09114-6&rft.aulast=Ben+Hounet&rft.aufirst=Yazid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80iJTxOkpD4C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Namaani2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben Namaani, Sid Ahmed (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/78260">"دراسة الأرشيف العثماني المحفوظ في الجزائر وثيقة عهد أمان الجزائر 1748م نموذجا"</a> [Study on the Ottoman archive preserved in Algeria, the document "AHAD AMAN" (Pact of Trust) of 1748, as an example]. Algerian Journal of Mediterranean Historical Research and Studies (in Arabic). 3 (1). Algiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algerian+Journal+of+Mediterranean+Historical+Research+and+Studies&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+1748%D9%85+%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D8%A7&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ben+Namaani&rft.aufirst=Sid+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asjp.cerist.dz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F78260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800</a>. Vol. 2A. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21870-1"><bdi>978-0-300-21870-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1121602964">1121602964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121602964&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21870-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoaziz2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">بوعزيز [Boaziz], يحيى [Yahya] (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bplpdjelfa.dz/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=3970">الموجز في تاريخ الجزائر - الجزء الثاني</a> [Brief history of Algeria - Part Two] (in Arabic). Algeria: ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية [University Publications Office]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-1045-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-1045-7"><bdi>978-9961-0-1045-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949595451">949595451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%5BUniversity+Publications+Office%5D&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949595451&rft.isbn=978-9961-0-1045-7&rft.aulast=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%5BBoaziz%5D&rft.aufirst=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89+%5BYahya%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbplpdjelfa.dz%2Fopac%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dshow_detail%26id%3D3970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24">Historic cities of the Islamic world</a>. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15388-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231801473">231801473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+cities+of+the+Islamic+world&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231801473&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15388-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1970b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boyer, P. 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Marseille: 168–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1973.1200">10.3406/remmm.1973.1200</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4649479082">4649479082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=La+r%C3%A9volution+dite+des+%22Aghas%22+dans+la+r%C3%A9gence+d%27Alger+%281659-1671%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=168-169&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4649479082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1973.1200&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fremmm_0035-1474_1973_num_13_1_1200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1995" class="citation book cs1">Braudel, Fernand (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC">The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</a>. 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Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20330-3"><bdi>978-0-520-20330-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949786917">949786917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949786917&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20330-3&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLPp63EKb9moC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosch1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brosch, Moritz (1905). 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Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96900-1"><bdi>978-0-520-96900-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330935035">1330935035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+in+the+Middle%3A+The+Mediterranean+World%2C+650%E2%80%931650&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330935035&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96900-1&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4x0EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2009" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Matthew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnKcqRLt6sC">Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain, 1492-1614</a>. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2015.03.002">10.1016/j.eeh.2015.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4983">0014-4983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+military+decline+of+the+Western+Islamic+World%3A+Evidence+from+Barbary+ransoms&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2015.03.002&rft.issn=0014-4983&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fchaney%2Ffiles%2Fmilitarydeclinefinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenntouf1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chenntouf, Tayeb (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000139816&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c35456f4-f4da-4b4a-b938-9d61f48fa689?_=139816fre.pdf&locale=fr&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000139816/PDF/139816fre.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22:605,%22gen%22:0%7D,%7B%22name%22:%22XYZ%22%7D,-250,769,0%5D">"La dynamique de la frontière au Maghreb", Des frontières en Afrique du xiie au xxe siècle</a> [The dynamic of the Maghreb frontier: African frontiers from the 12th to the 20th century] (PDF) (in French). Paris: UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22La+dynamique+de+la+fronti%C3%A8re+au+Maghreb%22%2C+Des+fronti%C3%A8res+en+Afrique+du+xiie+au+xxe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chenntouf&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fin%2FdocumentViewer.xhtml%3Fv%3D2.1.196%26id%3Dp%3A%3Ausmarcdef_0000139816%26file%3D%2Fin%2Frest%2FannotationSVC%2FDownloadWatermarkedAttachment%2Fattach_import_c35456f4-f4da-4b4a-b938-9d61f48fa689%3F_%3D139816fre.pdf%26locale%3Dfr%26multi%3Dtrue%26ark%3D%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000139816%2FPDF%2F139816fre.pdf%23%255B%257B%2522num%2522%3A605%2C%2522gen%2522%3A0%257D%2C%257B%2522name%2522%3A%2522XYZ%2522%257D%2C-250%2C769%2C0%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffmanLeonardO'Reilly2014" class="citation book cs1">Coffman, D'Maris; Leonard, Adrian; O'Reilly, William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80y2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">The Atlantic World</a>. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57605-1"><bdi>978-1-317-57605-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896126433">896126433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+World&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896126433&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57605-1&rft.aulast=Coffman&rft.aufirst=D%27Maris&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Adrian&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80y2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColler2020" class="citation book cs1">Coller, Ian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uF_SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Muslims and citizens: Islam, politics, and the French Revolution</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24336-9"><bdi>978-0-300-24336-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143648240">1143648240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+citizens%3A+Islam%2C+politics%2C+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143648240&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24336-9&rft.aulast=Coller&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuF_SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornevin1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornevin, Robert (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRRAQAAIAAJ">Histoire de L'Afrique: L'Afrique précoloniale, 1500-1900</a> [History of Africa: Pre-colonial Africa, 1500 to 1900] (in French). Paris: Payot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-11470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-11470-7"><bdi>978-2-228-11470-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1601772">1601772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+L%27Afrique%3A+L%27Afrique+pr%C3%A9coloniale%2C+1500-1900&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1601772&rft.isbn=978-2-228-11470-7&rft.aulast=Cornevin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgRRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory2016" class="citation book cs1">Cory, Stephen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StbsCwAAQBAJ">Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco</a>. 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Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09787-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09787-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612244259">612244259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612244259&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09787-2&rft.aulast=Cour&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fejbrillsfirstenc0001unse%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2012" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael H (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewMoAn4cNqMC&pg=PA181">Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01286-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332475393">1332475393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Human+Migration%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332475393&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01286-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewMoAn4cNqMC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2009" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2sSNPz6Bm0wC">Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580</a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25080-6"><bdi>978-0-571-25080-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903372707">903372707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Sea%3A+The+Final+Battle+for+the+Mediterranean%2C+1521-1580&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903372707&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25080-6&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2sSNPz6Bm0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamurdashiMuḥammad1991" class="citation book cs1">Damurdashi, Ahmad D.; Muḥammad, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Bakr (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnOHEYxc6PwC&pg=PA20">Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688-1755: Al-Durra Al-muṣāna Fī Akhbār Al-Kināna</a>. 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Paris Rocolet. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/257783777">257783777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Barbarie+et+de+ses+corsaires%2C+des+royaumes+et+des+villes+d%27Alger%2C+de+Tunis+de+Sal%C3%A9+et+de+Tripoly&rft.pub=Ghent+University.+Paris+Rocolet.&rft.date=1649&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F257783777&rft.aulast=Dan&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_L2AVAAAAQAAJ%2Fpage%2F110%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaumasYver2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daumas, Eugène; Yver, Georges (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKwuAQAAIAAJ&q=1707">Les correspondances du Capitaine Daumas, consul de France à Mascara: 1837-1839</a> [Correspondence of Captain Daumas, French consul in Mascara: 1837-1839] (in French). Algiers: Editions el Maarifa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-48-533-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-48-533-0"><bdi>978-9961-48-533-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/390564914">390564914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+correspondances+du+Capitaine+Daumas%2C+consul+de+France+%C3%A0+Mascara%3A+1837-1839&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=Editions+el+Maarifa&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F390564914&rft.isbn=978-9961-48-533-0&rft.aulast=Daumas&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Yver%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKwuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D1707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidann2019" class="citation book cs1">Davidann, Jon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8f6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121">Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453-Present</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75924-6"><bdi>978-0-429-75924-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085348412">1085348412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Encounters+in+Modern+World+History%2C+1453-Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085348412&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75924-6&rft.aulast=Davidann&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8f6GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grammont1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Grammont, Henri Delmas (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredalgerso00gramuoft">Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque</a> [History of Algiers under Turkish rule] (in French). Paris: E. Leroux. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041890171">1041890171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+d%27Alger+sous+la+domination+turque&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041890171&rft.aulast=De+Grammont&rft.aufirst=Henri+Delmas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredalgerso00gramuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grammont1879–1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Grammont, Henri Delmas (1879–1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58281506.texteImage#">Relations entre la France et la Régence d'Alger au XVIIe siècle: La mission de Sanson Napollon (1628-1633). Les deux canons de Simon Dansa (1606-1628)</a> [Relations between France and the Regency of Algiers in the 17th century: The Mission of Sanson Napollon (1628-1633)] (in French). Algiers: A. Jourdan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23234894">23234894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+entre+la+France+et+la+R%C3%A9gence+d%27Alger+au+XVIIe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+La+mission+de+Sanson+Napollon+%281628-1633%29.+Les+deux+canons+de+Simon+Dansa+%281606-1628%29&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=A.+Jourdan&rft.date=1879%2F1885&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23234894&rft.aulast=De+Grammont&rft.aufirst=Henri+Delmas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k58281506.texteImage%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Haëdo2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Haëdo, Diégo (2004) [1881]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28804w.image">Histoire des rois d'Alger</a> [History of the Kings of Algiers]. Histoire du Maghreb (in French). Translated by H.D. de Grammont. Algiers: éditions Grand-Alger-Livres. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1153443423">1153443423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+rois+d%27Alger&rft.place=Algiers&rft.series=Histoire+du+Maghreb&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Grand-Alger-Livres&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1153443423&rft.aulast=De+Ha%C3%ABdo&rft.aufirst=Di%C3%A9go&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k28804w.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Tassy1725" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Tassy, Laugier (1725). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8X4CAAAAYAAJ">Histoire du royaume d'Alger: avec l'etat présent de son gouvernement, de ses forces de terre & de mer, de ses revenus, police, justice, politique & commerce</a> [History of the Kingdom of Algiers: with the present state of its government, land and sea forces, revenues, police, justice, politics and trade] (in French). Amsterdam: Henri du Sauzet. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21671502">21671502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+royaume+d%27Alger%3A+avec+l%27etat+pr%C3%A9sent+de+son+gouvernement%2C+de+ses+forces+de+terre+%26+de+mer%2C+de+ses+revenus%2C+police%2C+justice%2C+politique+%26+commerce&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Henri+du+Sauzet&rft.date=1725&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21671502&rft.aulast=De+Tassy&rft.aufirst=Laugier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8X4CAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewald2004" class="citation book cs1">Dewald, Jonathan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europe1450to17890001unse">Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the early modern world</a>. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31200-2"><bdi>978-0-684-31200-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492025384">492025384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+1450+to+1789%3A+Encyclopedia+of+the+early+modern+world&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492025384&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31200-2&rft.aulast=Dewald&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feurope1450to17890001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgilsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Egilsson, Ólafur (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsC9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210">The Travels of Reverend Ólafur Egilsson: The Story of the Barbary Corsair Raid on Iceland in 1627</a>. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press + ORM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2870-9"><bdi>978-0-8132-2870-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1129454284">1129454284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Reverend+%C3%93lafur+Egilsson%3A+The+Story+of+the+Barbary+Corsair+Raid+on+Iceland+in+1627&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press+%2B+ORM&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1129454284&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2870-9&rft.aulast=Egilsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%93lafur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsC9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntelis2016" class="citation book cs1">Entelis, John P (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s69YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">The Revolution Institutionalized</a>. Routledge library editions. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36098-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36098-8"><bdi>978-1-317-36098-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934433077">934433077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Institutionalized&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+library+editions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934433077&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36098-8&rft.aulast=Entelis&rft.aufirst=John+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds69YCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrah2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrah, Abdelaziz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87guAQAAIAAJ">Le temps d'une halte: rencontre avec l'émir Abdelkader</a> [During a Stopover: A Meeting with Emir Abdelkader] (in French). Algeria: Apic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-769-08-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-769-08-9"><bdi>978-9961-769-08-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492788849">492788849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+temps+d%27une+halte%3A+rencontre+avec+l%27%C3%A9mir+Abdelkader&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=Apic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492788849&rft.isbn=978-9961-769-08-9&rft.aulast=Ferrah&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87guAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Ellen G. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/218198">"Christian Captives at "Hard Labor" in Algiers, 16th-18th Centuries"</a>. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 13 (4): 616–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F218198">10.2307/218198</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/218198">218198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Christian+Captives+at+%22Hard+Labor%22+in+Algiers%2C+16th-18th+Centuries&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=616-632&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F218198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F218198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Ellen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F218198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaïd2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaïd, Mouloud (2014) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4HEzgEACAAJ">L'Algérie sous les Turcs [Algeria under the Turks]</a> (in French). Algeria: Mimouni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-68-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-68-157-2"><bdi>978-9961-68-157-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1290162902">1290162902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+sous+les+Turcs+%5BAlgeria+under+the+Turks%5D&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=Mimouni&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1290162902&rft.isbn=978-9961-68-157-2&rft.aulast=Ga%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Mouloud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4HEzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaïd1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaïd, Mouloud (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-pAAAAAYAAJ">Chronique des beys de Constantine</a> [Chronicle of the Beys of Constantine] (in French). Algieria: Office des publications universitaires. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/838162771">838162771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronique+des+beys+de+Constantine&rft.place=Algieria&rft.pub=Office+des+publications+universitaires&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F838162771&rft.aulast=Ga%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Mouloud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-pAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalibert1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galibert, Léon (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali/page/218/mode/2up">Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française</a> [History of Algeria, ancient and modern, from the first Carthaginian settlements up to and including the last campaigns of General Bugeaud. With an introduction to the various colonization systems that preceded the French conquest.] (in French). Paris: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furne_et_Cie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furne et Cie (page does not exist)">Furne et Cie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Furne" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Furne">fr</a>]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/848106839">848106839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%2C+ancienne+et+moderne%2C+depuis+les+premiers+%C3%A9tablissements+de+Carthaginois+jusques+et+y+compris+les+derni%C3%A8res+campagnes+du+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Bugeaud.+Avec+une+introduction+sur+les+divers+syst%C3%A8mes+de+colonisation+qui+ont+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9+la+conqu%C3%A8te+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Furne+et+Cie%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F848106839&rft.aulast=Galibert&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredelalg00gali%2Fpage%2F218%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcés2002" class="citation book cs1">Garcés, María Antonia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA22">Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale</a>. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1470-7"><bdi>978-0-8265-1470-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61463931">61463931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cervantes+in+Algiers%3A+A+Captive%27s+Tale&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61463931&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1470-7&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh97ivaPeOx8C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrot1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garrot, Henri (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiregnra00garr">Histoire générale de l'Algérie</a> [General history of Algeria] (in French). Algiers: P. Crescenzo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988183238">988183238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=P.+Crescenzo&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988183238&rft.aulast=Garrot&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiregnra00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhalemRamaoun2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghalem, Mohamed; Ramaoun, Hassan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insaniyat.revues.org/7940">L'Algérie: histoire, société et culture</a> (in French). Algiers: Casbah Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9961-64-189-2" title="Special:BookSources/9961-64-189-2"><bdi>9961-64-189-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46969984">46969984</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BnF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39208583s.public">39208583s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+histoire%2C+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+et+culture&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=Casbah+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46969984&rft.isbn=9961-64-189-2&rft.aulast=Ghalem&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=Ramaoun%2C+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsaniyat.revues.org%2F7940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1985" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golvin, Lucien (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1985_num_39_1_2075">"Le legs des Ottomans dans le domaine artistique en Afrique du Nord"</a> [The Ottoman artistic legacy in North Africa], Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (in French), 39 (1), Marseille: 201–226, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1985.2075">10.3406/remmm.1985.2075</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754140786">754140786</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Le+legs+des+Ottomans+dans+le+domaine+artistique+en+Afrique+du+Nord&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=201-226&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754140786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1985.2075&rft.aulast=Golvin&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fremmm_0035-1474_1985_num_39_1_2075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorguos1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorguos, A (1857). "Rubrique : Articles N° 5". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frevueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr%2FPdf%2F1857_005_006.pdf%2Findex.html#&">Notice sur le Bey d'Oran, Mohammed el Kebir</a> [Notice on the Bey of Oran, Mohammed el Kebir] (in French). Revue Africaine Bulletin De La Société Historique Algérienne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rubrique+%3A+Articles+N%C2%B0+5&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+le+Bey+d%27Oran%2C+Mohammed+el+Kebir&rft.pub=Revue+Africaine+Bulletin+De+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Historique+Alg%C3%A9rienne.&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Gorguos&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Frevueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr%252FPdf%252F1857_005_006.pdf%252Findex.html%23%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdi2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamdi, Ahmad (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0FiAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%20%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85">الخطاب الإعلامي العربي: آفاق وتحديات</a> [Arab media discourse: prospects and challenges] (in Arabic). Algeria: دار هومة. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-66-645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-66-645-6"><bdi>978-9961-66-645-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51826175">51826175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%3A+%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51826175&rft.isbn=978-9961-66-645-6&rft.aulast=Hamdi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0FiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A3%25D8%25BA%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%2520%25D8%25BA%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinsen-Roach2019" class="citation book cs1">Heinsen-Roach, Erica (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwC5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">Consuls and Captives: Dutch-North African Diplomacy in the Early Modern Mediterranean</a>. Book collections on Project MUSE. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-974-6"><bdi>978-1-58046-974-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144866372">1144866372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuls+and+Captives%3A+Dutch-North+African+Diplomacy+in+the+Early+Modern+Mediterranean&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.series=Book+collections+on+Project+MUSE&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144866372&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-974-6&rft.aulast=Heinsen-Roach&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwC5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2011" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Andrew C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fj9bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier</a>. Publications of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 10. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33030-3"><bdi>978-0-226-33030-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781318862">781318862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Frontier%3A+A+History+of+the+Sixteenth-Century+Ibero-African+Frontier&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781318862&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33030-3&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfj9bEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoexter1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoexter, Miriam (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1983_num_36_1_1997">"Taxation des corporations professionnelles d'Alger à l'époque turque"</a> [Taxation of professional guilds in Algiers during the Turkish period]. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (in French). 36 (1). Marseille: 19–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1983.1997">10.3406/remmm.1983.1997</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754140409">754140409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Taxation+des+corporations+professionnelles+d%27Alger+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+turque&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-39&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754140409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1983.1997&rft.aulast=Hoexter&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fremmm_0035-1474_1983_num_36_1_1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoexter1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoexter, Miriam (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAspKaKauZ0C">Endowments, Rulers, and Community: Waqf Al-òHaramayn in Ottoman Algiers</a>. Studies in Islamic law and society. Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10964-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10964-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38120549">38120549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endowments%2C+Rulers%2C+and+Community%3A+Waqf+Al-%C3%B2Haramayn+in+Ottoman+Algiers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Islamic+law+and+society&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38120549&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10964-3&rft.aulast=Hoexter&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAspKaKauZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolsinger1980" class="citation journal cs1">Holsinger, Donald.C (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1980_num_30_1_1889">"Trade routes of the Algerian Sahara in the XlXth Century"</a>. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 30. Marseille: 57–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1980.1889">10.3406/remmm.1980.1889</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754140755">754140755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Trade+routes+of+the+Algerian+Sahara+in+the+XlXth+Century&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=57-70&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754140755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1980.1889&rft.aulast=Holsinger&rft.aufirst=Donald.C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fremmm_0035-1474_1980_num_30_1_1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1970" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B/Cambridge%20History%20of%20Islam%20Vol%202A/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater">The Cambridge History of Islam</a>. Vol. 2A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29137-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921054380">921054380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F921054380&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29137-8&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Peter+Malcolm&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+K.+S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B%2FCambridge%2520History%2520of%2520Islam%2520Vol%25202A%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2013" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irtb55WDsjMC&pg=PT186">A History of the Arab Peoples: Updated Edition</a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30249-9"><bdi>978-0-571-30249-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978263544">978263544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples%3A+Updated+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978263544&rft.isbn=978-0-571-30249-9&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dirtb55WDsjMC%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_al-Mufti2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ابن المفتي[ibn al-Mufti], حسين بن رجب شاوش [Hussein bin Rajab Shawsh]; كعوان [Kawan], فارس [Fares] (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/IbnAlmoufti">Taqyidat ibn almufti fi tarikh bashuat aljazayir wa eulamayiha <bdi lang="ar">تقييدات ابن المفتي في تاريخ باشوات الجزائر وعلمائها</bdi></a> [Ibn al-Mufti's entries in the history of the pashas of Algeria and its scholars] (in Arabic). Algiers: House of Wisdom. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9947-867-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9947-867-07-5"><bdi>978-9947-867-07-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1227689084">1227689084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taqyidat+ibn+almufti+fi+tarikh+bashuat+aljazayir+wa+eulamayiha+%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=House+of+Wisdom&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1227689084&rft.isbn=978-9947-867-07-5&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%5Bibn+al-Mufti%5D&rft.aufirst=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A8+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4+%5BHussein+bin+Rajab+Shawsh%5D&rft.au=%D9%83%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%5BKawan%5D%2C+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3+%5BFares%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIbnAlmoufti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Bekir1860" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Bekir" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Ibn Bekir">ibn Bekir, Mohamed</a> [in French] (1860) [10 May 1749 (23 Jumada al-Ula 1162)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA211">"Ahad Aman ou réglement politique et militaire"</a> [Ahad Aman or political and military regulations]. Revue africaine (in French). 4 (21). Translated by ben Moustafa, Mohammad; Devoulx, Albert. Algiers: Société historique algérienne: 211–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+africaine&rft.atitle=Ahad+Aman+ou+r%C3%A9glement+politique+et+militaire&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=211-219&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=ibn+Bekir&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdEOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Zahhār1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Zahhār, Aḥmad (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20230510_20230510_2021/mode/2up">مذكرات الحاج أحمد الشريف الزهار، نقيب أشراف الجزائر، 1168-1246 ھ./1754-1830 م</a> [Memoirs of Hajj Ahmed Al-Sharif Al-Zahar, head of the nobles of Algeria, 1168-1246 AH/1754-1830 AD] (in Arabic). Algeria: National Publishing and Distribution Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1227688816">1227688816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%8C+%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%8C+1168-1246+%DA%BE.%2F1754-1830+%D9%85&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=National+Publishing+and+Distribution+Company&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1227688816&rft.aulast=ibn+Zahh%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20230510_20230510_2021%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImber2019" class="citation book cs1">Imber, Colin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_FGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208">The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power</a> (3 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350307629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350307629"><bdi>978-1350307629</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140132859">1140132859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1650%3A+The+Structure+of+Power&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140132859&rft.isbn=978-1350307629&rft.aulast=Imber&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_FGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1997" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic">A history of African societies to 1870</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45444-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45444-1"><bdi>0-521-45444-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/604112613">604112613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+African+societies+to+1870&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F604112613&rft.isbn=0-521-45444-1&rft.aulast=Isichei&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofafrican00isic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson2013" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Alan G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DlMqY9OQXAC">Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs</a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-946-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-946-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828423804">828423804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Sea%3A+A+History+of+the+Barbary+Corsairs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828423804&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-946-0&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DlMqY9OQXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxAkCQAAQBAJ">The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</a>. Vol. 2, 1500–1799. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4689-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-4689-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058038670">1058038670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058038670&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4689-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Everett+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxAkCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Johansen, Baber (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzHuay2ZgFYC&dq=Algiers+120+mosques&pg=PA118">Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and Ethical Norms in the Muslim Fiqh</a>. Studies in Islamic law and society. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10603-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10603-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10603-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39384957">39384957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contingency+in+a+Sacred+Law%3A+Legal+and+Ethical+Norms+in+the+Muslim+Fiqh&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Islamic+law+and+society&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39384957&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10603-1&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Baber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlzHuay2ZgFYC%26dq%3DAlgiers%2B120%2Bmosques%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulien1970" class="citation book cs1">Julien, Charles André (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorthaf0000juli/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830</a>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5"><bdi>978-0-7100-6614-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/128197">128197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+North+Africa%3A+Tunisia%2C+Algeria%2C+Morocco%2C+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+1830&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F128197&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6614-5&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Charles+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnorthaf0000juli%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaddache2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaddache, Mahfoud (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BbXkAAAACAAJ">L'Algérie des Algériens de la préhistoire à 1954</a> [Algeria of the Algerians: Prehistory to 1954] (in French). Paris: Paris-Méditerranée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-166-4"><bdi>978-2-84272-166-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52106453">52106453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+des+Alg%C3%A9riens+de+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+1954&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Paris-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52106453&rft.isbn=978-2-84272-166-4&rft.aulast=Kaddache&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbXkAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaddache1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaddache, Mahfoud (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXtyAAAAMAAJ">L'Algérie durant la période ottomane</a> [Algeria during the Ottoman period] (in French). Algiers: Office des publications universitaires. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-0099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-0099-1"><bdi>978-9961-0-0099-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41996481">41996481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+durant+la+p%C3%A9riode+ottomane&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=Office+des+publications+universitaires&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41996481&rft.isbn=978-9961-0-0099-1&rft.aulast=Kaddache&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXtyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoja2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khoja, Hamdan Ben-Othman (July 2016) [1833]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ9JvgAACAAJ">Aperçu Historique Et Statistique Sur La Régence d'Alger, Intitulé En Arabe: Le Miroir</a> (in French). Vanves, Paris: Hachette Livre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-371914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-371914-8"><bdi>978-2-01-371914-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1304515544">1304515544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aper%C3%A7u+Historique+Et+Statistique+Sur+La+R%C3%A9gence+d%27Alger%2C+Intitul%C3%A9+En+Arabe%3A+Le+Miroir&rft.place=Vanves%2C+Paris&rft.pub=Hachette+Livre&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1304515544&rft.isbn=978-2-01-371914-8&rft.aulast=Khoja&rft.aufirst=Hamdan+Ben-Othman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZ9JvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2016" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-barbary-pirates-angus-konstam">The Barbary Pirates. 15th–17th Centuries</a>. Elite series. Vol. 213. London: Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1543-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-1543-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956525803">956525803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Pirates.+15th%E2%80%9317th+Centuries.&rft.place=London&rft.series=Elite+series&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956525803&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1543-9&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-barbary-pirates-angus-konstam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskenniemiWalterFonseca2017" class="citation book cs1">Koskenniemi, Martti; Walter, Rech; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGfODQAAQBAJ">International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations</a>. History and theory of international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5"><bdi>978-0-19-879557-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973375249">973375249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Empire%3A+Historical+Explorations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=History+and+theory+of+international+law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973375249&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879557-5&rft.aulast=Koskenniemi&rft.aufirst=Martti&rft.au=Walter%2C+Rech&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+Manuel+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGfODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoulakssisMeynier1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koulakssis, Ahmed; Meynier, Gilbert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpzfDc9t4PAC">L'émir Khaled: premier zaʼîm ?: identité algérienne et colonialisme français</a> [Emir Khaled: first za'im? Algerian Identity and French Colonialism]. Histoire et perspectives méditerranéennes (Mediterranean History and Perspectives) (in French). Paris: Harmattan. pp. 7, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85802-859-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-85802-859-1"><bdi>2-85802-859-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19274409">19274409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9mir+Khaled%3A+premier+za%CA%BC%C3%AEm+%3F%3A+identit%C3%A9+alg%C3%A9rienne+et+colonialisme+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Histoire+et+perspectives+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes+%28Mediterranean+History+and+Perspectives%29&rft.pages=7%2C+17&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19274409&rft.isbn=2-85802-859-1&rft.aulast=Koulakssis&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Meynier%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpzfDc9t4PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouzmine2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kouzmine, Yaël (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fag.670.0659">"Étapes de la structuration d'un désert: l'espace saharien algérien entre convoitises économiques, projets politiques et aménagement du territoire"</a> [Stages in the Structuring of a Desert: The Algerian Sahara between Economic Greed, Political Projects and Land-use Planning]. Annales de géographie (in French). 670 (6). Paris: 659–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fag.670.0659">10.3917/ag.670.0659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4010">0003-4010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=%C3%89tapes+de+la+structuration+d%27un+d%C3%A9sert%3A+l%27espace+saharien+alg%C3%A9rien+entre+convoitises+%C3%A9conomiques%2C+projets+politiques+et+am%C3%A9nagement+du+territoire&rft.volume=670&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=659-685&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fag.670.0659&rft.issn=0003-4010&rft.aulast=Kouzmine&rft.aufirst=Ya%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fag.670.0659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuban2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuban, Doğan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nX5OPgAACAAJ">Ottoman Architecture. Translated by Mill, Adair</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85149-604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85149-604-4"><bdi>978-1-85149-604-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/540182825">540182825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Architecture.+Translated+by+Mill%2C+Adair&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F540182825&rft.isbn=978-1-85149-604-4&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnX5OPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadjalBensaid2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ladjal, Tarek; Bensaid, Benaouda (October 2014). "A Cultural Analysis of Ottoman Algeria (1516 - 1830): The North–South Mediterranean Progress Gap". Islam and Civilisational Renewal. 5 (4). Malaysia: 567–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12816%2F0009884">10.12816/0009884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Civilisational+Renewal&rft.atitle=A+Cultural+Analysis+of+Ottoman+Algeria+%281516+-+1830%29%3A+The+North%E2%80%93South+Mediterranean+Progress+Gap&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=567-585&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12816%2F0009884&rft.aulast=Ladjal&rft.aufirst=Tarek&rft.au=Bensaid%2C+Benaouda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane-PooleKelley1896" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley; Kelley, James Douglas Jerrold (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_W6-AEK-989/">The Story of the Barbary Corsairs</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8482-4873-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8482-4873-4"><bdi>978-0-8482-4873-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3898279">3898279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Barbary+Corsairs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3898279&rft.isbn=978-0-8482-4873-4&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Kelley%2C+James+Douglas+Jerrold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_W6-AEK-989%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2024" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Erik de (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JP_5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">Menacing Tides: Security, Piracy ands Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36414-0"><bdi>978-1-009-36414-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1404820369">1404820369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menacing+Tides%3A+Security%2C+Piracy+ands+Empire+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Mediterranean&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1404820369&rft.isbn=978-1-009-36414-0&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Erik+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJP_5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaʻraj1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laʻraj, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Maḥmūd (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Al-zalidj-Dz/mode/2up">الزليج في العمارة الٳسلامية بالجزائر في العصر التركي: دراسة أثرية فنية</a> [Zellij in Islamic architecture in Algeria in the Turkish era: An Artistic Archaeological Study] (in Arabic). Algeria: National Book Foundation. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91967551">91967551</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25980874">25980874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.place=Algeria&rft.pub=National+Book+Foundation&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25980874&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91967551&rft.aulast=La%CA%BBraj&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAbd+al-%CA%BBAz%C4%ABz+Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAl-zalidj-Dz%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzion1975" class="citation book cs1">Levtzion, Nehemia (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7qpKqM2Ji8C&pg=PA406">"The Western Maghrib and Sudan"</a>. In Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (eds.). The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165455782">165455782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Western+Maghrib+and+Sudan&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165455782&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft.aulast=Levtzion&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7qpKqM2Ji8C%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang2011" class="citation book cs1">Liang, Yuen-Gen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ3oK4uNvqIC&pg=PA142">Family and Empire: The Fernández de Córdoba and the Spanish Realm</a>. Haney Foundation series. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0437-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-0437-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794925808">794925808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+and+Empire%3A+The+Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+C%C3%B3rdoba+and+the+Spanish+Realm&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=Haney+Foundation+series&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794925808&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0437-7&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Yuen-Gen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQ3oK4uNvqIC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenheim2009" class="citation book cs1">Lowenheim, Oded (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhU3P1au4uMC&pg=PA83">Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harm and Great Power Authority</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02225-0"><bdi>978-0-472-02225-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/743199423">743199423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predators+and+Parasites%3A+Persistent+Agents+of+Transnational+Harm+and+Great+Power+Authority&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F743199423&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02225-0&rft.aulast=Lowenheim&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhU3P1au4uMC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaameri2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Maameri, Fatima (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.edu.dz/bitstream/handle/123456789/2522/MAA1018%20.pdf?sequence=1">Ottoman Algeria in Western Diplomatic History with Particular Emphasis on Relations with the United States of America, 1776-1816</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Constantine, Algeria: University of Constantine. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ottoman+Algeria+in+Western+Diplomatic+History+with+Particular+Emphasis+on+Relations+with+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1776-1816&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Constantine&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Maameri&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.edu.dz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2522%2FMAA1018%2520.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2019" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCKQDwAAQBAJ">Useful Enemies: Islam and the Ottoman Empire in Western Political Thought, 1450-1750</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883013-9"><bdi>978-0-19-883013-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049248251">1049248251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Useful+Enemies%3A+Islam+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+in+Western+Political+Thought%2C+1450-1750&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1049248251&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883013-9&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCKQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marçais, Georges (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbY2AQAAIAAJ">L'architecture musulmane d'Occident</a> [Muslim architecture in the West] (in French). Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24824827">24824827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24824827&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbY2AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, B. G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C&pg=PA43">Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa</a>. African studies series. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53451-2"><bdi>978-0-521-53451-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962899280">962899280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhoods+in+Nineteenth-Century+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=African+studies+series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962899280&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53451-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0XhcUWa1_4C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2013" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Bruce (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvTPu0dQyeAC&pg=PA40">The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06779-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06779-0"><bdi>978-1-107-06779-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/841398528">841398528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1516%E2%80%931918%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F841398528&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06779-0&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvTPu0dQyeAC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatar2000" class="citation book cs1">Matar, Nabil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdI7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery</a>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50571-0"><bdi>978-0-231-50571-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027517028">1027517028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turks%2C+Moors%2C+and+Englishmen+in+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027517028&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50571-0&rft.aulast=Matar&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdI7AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2017" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, James (2017). "Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-algeria/ecologies-societies-cultures-and-the-state-15161830/6C59DEAD9F70913EC060EDD1465FA6A5">A History of Algeria</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139029230.003">10.1017/9781139029230.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85164-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85164-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966850065">966850065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecologies%2C+Societies%2C+Cultures+and+the+State%2C+1516%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Algeria&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=9-49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966850065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139029230.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85164-0&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-algeria%2Fecologies-societies-cultures-and-the-state-15161830%2F6C59DEAD9F70913EC060EDD1465FA6A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercier1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mercier, Ernest (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86543q/f7.item">Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830)</a> [History of northern Africa (Barbary) from the earliest times until the French conquest (1830)] (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: E. Leroux. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143192065">1143192065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Afrique+septentrionale+%28Berb%C3%A9rie%29+depuis+les+temps+les+plus+recul%C3%A9s+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+conqu%C3%AAte+fran%C3%A7aise+%281830%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143192065&rft.aulast=Mercier&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k86543q%2Ff7.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercier1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mercier, Ernest (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5735219v/f324.item">Histoire de Constantine</a> [History of Constantine] (in French). Constantine, Algeria: J. Marle et F. Biron. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-288749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-288749-7"><bdi>978-2-01-288749-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1176952317">1176952317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Constantine&rft.place=Constantine%2C+Algeria&rft.pub=J.+Marle+et+F.+Biron&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1176952317&rft.isbn=978-2-01-288749-7&rft.aulast=Mercier&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5735219v%2Ff324.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2014" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXN0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT216">Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour</a>. London: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-3546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-3546-0"><bdi>978-1-4711-3546-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930259654">930259654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortunes+of+Africa%3A+A+5%2C000+Year+History+of+Wealth%2C+Greed+and+Endeavour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930259654&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-3546-0&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXN0AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerouche2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merouche, Lemnouar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9rqAAAAMAAJ">Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II: La course, mythes et réalités</a> [Research on Algeria in the Ottoman period II: The Corso, Myths and Realities]. Bibliothèque d'histoire du Maghreb (in French). Paris: Éditions Bouchène. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-912946-95-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-912946-95-9"><bdi>978-2-912946-95-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51843745">51843745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane+II%3A+La+course%2C+mythes+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27histoire+du+Maghreb&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Bouch%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51843745&rft.isbn=978-2-912946-95-9&rft.aulast=Merouche&rft.aufirst=Lemnouar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds9rqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerouche2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merouche, Lemnouar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-NPDwAAQBAJ">Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane I: Monnaies, prix et revenus 1520-1830</a> [Research on Algeria in the Ottoman period I: Coins, prices and income 1520-1830]. Bibliothèque d'histoire du Maghreb (in French). Paris: Bouchène. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-054-8"><bdi>978-2-35676-054-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50051561">50051561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane+I%3A+Monnaies%2C+prix+et+revenus+1520-1830&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27histoire+du+Maghreb&rft.pub=Bouch%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50051561&rft.isbn=978-2-35676-054-8&rft.aulast=Merouche&rft.aufirst=Lemnouar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-NPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM'Hamsadji2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M'Hamsadji, Kaddour (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kn1yAAAAMAAJ&q=Sult%C3%A2n%20Djez%C3%A2%C4%B1%CC%88r:%20aux%20origines%20historiques%20des%20janissaires%20d%27Alger">Sultân Djezâı̈r: aux origines historiques des janissaires d'Alger</a> [Sultan Djezair: At the Historic Origins of the Janissaries of Algiers] (in French). Algiers: Office des publications universitaires. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-0811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-0811-9"><bdi>978-9961-0-0811-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62179274">62179274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sult%C3%A2n+Djez%C3%A2%C4%B1%CC%88r%3A+aux+origines+historiques+des+janissaires+d%27Alger&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=Office+des+publications+universitaires&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62179274&rft.isbn=978-9961-0-0811-9&rft.aulast=M%27Hamsadji&rft.aufirst=Kaddour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkn1yAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSult%25C3%25A2n%2520Djez%25C3%25A2%25C4%25B1%25CC%2588r%3A%2520aux%2520origines%2520historiques%2520des%2520janissaires%2520d%2527Alger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMössner2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mössner, Jörg Manfred (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCDpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Die Völkerrechtspersönlichkeit und die Völkerrechtspraxis der Barbareskenstaaten: (Algier, Tripolis, Tunis 1518-1830)</a> [The personality of international law and the practice of international law in the barbarian states: (Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis 1518-1830)]. Neue Kölner rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (in German). Vol. 58. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-169567-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-169567-9"><bdi>978-3-11-169567-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1154231915">1154231915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+V%C3%B6lkerrechtspers%C3%B6nlichkeit+und+die+V%C3%B6lkerrechtspraxis+der+Barbareskenstaaten%3A+%28Algier%2C+Tripolis%2C+Tunis+1518-1830%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Neue+K%C3%B6lner+rechtswissenschaftliche+Abhandlungen&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1154231915&rft.isbn=978-3-11-169567-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ssner&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCDpBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray-Miller2017" class="citation book cs1">Murray-Miller, Gavin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waBvDgAAQBAJ">The Cult of the Modern: Trans-Mediterranean France and the Construction of French Modernity</a>. France overseas. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0031-0"><bdi>978-1-4962-0031-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/971021058">971021058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+the+Modern%3A+Trans-Mediterranean+France+and+the+Construction+of+French+Modernity.&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.series=France+overseas&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F971021058&rft.isbn=978-1-4962-0031-0&rft.aulast=Murray-Miller&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaBvDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ">North Africa, A History from Antiquity to the Present</a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2"><bdi>978-0-292-76190-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895661030">895661030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%2C+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895661030&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76190-2&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN-EBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000nayl">Historical Dictionary of Algeria</a>. Historical dictionaries of Africa (Unnumbered). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7919-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909370108">909370108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+Africa+%28Unnumbered%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909370108&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7919-5&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000nayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordman2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nordman, Daniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RlQDwAAQBAJ">Tempête sur Alger: L'expédition de Charles-Quint en 1541</a> [Storm over Algiers: Charles V's expedition in 1541] (in French). Saint-Denis, France: Editions Bouchène. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-059-3"><bdi>978-2-35676-059-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958416457">958416457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temp%C3%AAte+sur+Alger%3A+L%27exp%C3%A9dition+de+Charles-Quint+en+1541&rft.place=Saint-Denis%2C+France&rft.pub=Editions+Bouch%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958416457&rft.isbn=978-2-35676-059-3&rft.aulast=Nordman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RlQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyrop1972" class="citation book cs1">Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7_OflKe6EUC&pg=PA16">Area Handbook for Algeria</a>. DA Pam, 550-44. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/693596">693596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Algeria&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.series=DA+Pam%2C+550-44&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693596&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7_OflKe6EUC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgot1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ogot, Bethwell A (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdWSQsban3sC&pg=PA195">L'Afrique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle</a> [Africa from the 16th to the 18th century] (in French). Paris: UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-202497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-202497-8"><bdi>978-92-3-202497-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77439173">77439173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+du+XVIe+au+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77439173&rft.isbn=978-92-3-202497-8&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdWSQsban3sC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panzac, Daniel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jZGVstzMhQC">Histoire économique et sociale de l'Empire ottoman et de la Turquie (1326-1960): Actes du sixième congrès international tenu à Aix-en-Provence du 1er au 4 juillet 1992</a> [Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey (1326-1960): Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress held in Aix-en-Provence from July 1 to 4, 1992]. Collection Turcica (in French). Vol. 8. Paris: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-799-2"><bdi>978-90-6831-799-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611664277">611664277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+%C3%A9conomique+et+sociale+de+l%27Empire+ottoman+et+de+la+Turquie+%281326-1960%29%3A+Actes+du+sixi%C3%A8me+congr%C3%A8s+international+tenu+%C3%A0+Aix-en-Provence+du+1er+au+4+juillet+1992&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Collection+Turcica&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611664277&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-799-2&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jZGVstzMhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac2005" class="citation book cs1">Panzac, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C">The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12594-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12594-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12594-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940828559">940828559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Corsairs%3A+The+End+of+a+Legend%2C+1800-1820&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940828559&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12594-0&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dyeFP5Hyc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panzac, Daniel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DUEEAAAQBAJ">La caravane maritime: Marins européens et marchands ottomans en Méditerranée (1680-1830)</a> [The maritime caravan: European Sailors and Ottoman Merchants in the Mediterranean (1680-1830)]. CNRS Histoire (in French). Paris: CNRS Éditions via OpenEdition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-12856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-12856-0"><bdi>978-2-271-12856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1368442694">1368442694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+caravane+maritime%3A+Marins+europ%C3%A9ens+et+marchands+ottomans+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+%281680-1830%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=CNRS+Histoire&rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions+via+OpenEdition&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1368442694&rft.isbn=978-2-271-12856-0&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DUEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher1972" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ">An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03828-8"><bdi>978-90-04-03828-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866913">866913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866913&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03828-8&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=Donald+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gs4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts2018" class="citation book cs1">Pitts, Jennifer (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5-JtQEACAAJ">Boundaries of the International: Law and Empire</a>. London: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98627-5"><bdi>978-0-674-98627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+the+International%3A+Law+and+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98627-5&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5-JtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantet1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plantet, Eugène, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnplet.dz/images/bibliotheque/Autres/Correspondance-des-Deys-d-Alger-avec-la-Cour-de-France-Tome-1.pdf">Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la cour de France 1579 — 1833</a> [Correspondence of the Deys of Algiers with the Court of France 1579—1833)] (PDF) (in French). Vol. 1 (1579–1700). Paris: Félix Alcan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600730173">600730173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondance+des+deys+d%27Alger+avec+la+cour+de+France+1579+%E2%80%94+1833&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=F%C3%A9lix+Alcan&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600730173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnplet.dz%2Fimages%2Fbibliotheque%2FAutres%2FCorrespondance-des-Deys-d-Alger-avec-la-Cour-de-France-Tome-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantet1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plantet, Eugène (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0oAAAAYAAJ">Correspondance des beys de Tunis et des consuls de France</a> [Correspondence of the beys of Tunis and the consuls of France] (in French). Paris: Félix Alcan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/431806738">431806738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondance+des+beys+de+Tunis+et+des+consuls+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=F%C3%A9lix+Alcan&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F431806738&rft.aulast=Plantet&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF0oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Hugh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0tlBAAAQBAJ">Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria</a>. Library of Middle East history. Vol. 14. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-251-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-251-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150379130">150379130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berber+Government%3A+The+Kabyle+Polity+in+Pre-colonial+Algeria&rft.place=London&rft.series=Library+of+Middle+East+history&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150379130&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-251-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0tlBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2021" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Mahbub (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvU1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA303">Physical Space and Spatiality in Muslim Societies: Notes on the Social Production of Cities</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13250-8"><bdi>978-0-472-13250-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245237873">1245237873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Space+and+Spatiality+in+Muslim+Societies%3A+Notes+on+the+Social+Production+of+Cities&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245237873&rft.isbn=978-0-472-13250-8&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Mahbub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvU1EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouard_De_Card1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rouard De Card, Edgard (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnplet.dz/images/bibliotheque/Histoire/Trait%C3%A9s-de-la-France-avec-les-pays-de-l-Afrique-du-nord.pdf">Traités de la France Avec les pays De l'Afrique du Nord Algérie, Tunisie, Tripolitaine, Maroc</a> [Treaties between France and the countries of North Africa, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Morocco] (PDF) (in French). Paris: A. Pedone. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458236726">458236726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9s+de+la+France+Avec+les+pays+De+l%27Afrique+du+Nord+Alg%C3%A9rie%2C+Tunisie%2C+Tripolitaine%2C+Maroc&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Pedone&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458236726&rft.aulast=Rouard+De+Card&rft.aufirst=Edgard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnplet.dz%2Fimages%2Fbibliotheque%2FHistoire%2FTrait%25C3%25A9s-de-la-France-avec-les-pays-de-l-Afrique-du-nord.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuedy2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernalgeriaori0000rued_k3o7/mode/2up?view=theater">Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation</a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34624-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34624-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61353193">61353193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61353193&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34624-7&rft.aulast=Ruedy&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernalgeriaori0000rued_k3o7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidouni2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">سعيدوني [Saidouni], ناصر الدين [Nasser al-Din] (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Waraqat.Jazairiya/page/n193/mode/2up">ورقات جزائرية: دراسات وأبحاث في تاريخ الجزائر في العهد العثماني <bdi lang="ar">Warqat Jazā'irīyah: Dirāsāt wa Abḥāth fī Tārīkh al-Jazā'ir fī al-'Ahd al-'Uthmānī</bdi></a> [Algerian papers: studies and research on the history of Algeria during the Ottoman era] (in Arabic). Algiers: دار البصائر للنشر والتوزيع [Dār al-Baṣāʼir]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496603883">496603883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+Warqat+Jaz%C4%81%27ir%C4%AByah%3A+Dir%C4%81s%C4%81t+wa+Ab%E1%B8%A5%C4%81th+f%C4%AB+T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+al-Jaz%C4%81%27ir+f%C4%AB+al-%27Ahd+al-%27Uthm%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9+%5BD%C4%81r+al-Ba%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%CA%BCir%5D&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496603883&rft.aulast=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A+%5BSaidouni%5D&rft.aufirst=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%5BNasser+al-Din%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWaraqat.Jazairiya%2Fpage%2Fn193%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidouni2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saidouni, Nacereddin (2020). <bdi lang="ar">الجزائر العثمانية في الذاكرة التاريخية: إشكالية السيادة الجزائرية في العهد العثماني</bdi> [Ottoman Algeria in historical memory: The problem of Algerian sovereignty in the Ottoman era]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHeDwAAQBAJ">العرب: من مرج دابق إلى سايكس – بيكو (1916-1516) - تحولات بُنى السلطة والمجتمع: من الكيانات والإمارات السلطانية إلى الكيانات الوطنية</a> [The Arabs: from Marj Dabiq to Sykes-Picot (1516-1916) - Transformations of the structures of power and society: from sultanic entities and emirates to national entities] (in Arabic). Beirut: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Center_for_Research_and_Policy_Studies" title="Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies">Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-614-445-324-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-614-445-324-7"><bdi>978-614-445-324-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1251478003">1251478003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%A5%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%3A+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3+%E2%80%93+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88+%281916-1516%29+-+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D9%8F%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%3A+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Arab+Center+for+Research+and+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1251478003&rft.isbn=978-614-445-324-7&rft.aulast=Saidouni&rft.aufirst=Nacereddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQHeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServantie2021" class="citation book cs1">Servantie, Alain (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1xEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">"The Mediterranean Policy of Charles V: Tunis, Naples, and 1547 Peace"</a>. In Trono, Anna; Arthur, Paul; Servantie, Alain; García, Encarnación Sánchez (eds.). A New World: Emperor Charles V and the Beginnings of Globalisation. Cultural diplomacy & heritage. Rome: TAB edizioni. pp. 83–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-9295-367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-9295-367-3"><bdi>978-88-9295-367-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1329275363">1329275363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mediterranean+Policy+of+Charles+V%3A+Tunis%2C+Naples%2C+and+1547+Peace&rft.btitle=A+New+World%3A+Emperor+Charles+V+and+the+Beginnings+of+Globalisation&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Cultural+diplomacy+%26+heritage&rft.pages=83-109&rft.pub=TAB+edizioni&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1329275363&rft.isbn=978-88-9295-367-3&rft.aulast=Servantie&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTs1xEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeybold1987" class="citation book cs1">Seybold, Christian Friedrich (1987). Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Lévi-Provençal, Évariste; Schacht, Joseph (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ejbrillsfirstenc0001unse/mode/2up?view=theater">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936</a>. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09787-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09787-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612244259">612244259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612244259&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09787-2&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fejbrillsfirstenc0001unse%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaler1826" class="citation book cs1">Shaler, William (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sYRAAAAYAAJ&q=16">Sketches of Algiers, Political, Historical, and Civil: Containing an Account of the Geography, Population, Government, Revenues, Commerce, Agriculture, Arts, Civil Institutions, Tribes, Manners, Languages, and Recent Political History of that Country</a>. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958750685">958750685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Algiers%2C+Political%2C+Historical%2C+and+Civil%3A+Containing+an+Account+of+the+Geography%2C+Population%2C+Government%2C+Revenues%2C+Commerce%2C+Agriculture%2C+Arts%2C+Civil+Institutions%2C+Tribes%2C+Manners%2C+Languages%2C+and+Recent+Political+History+of+that+Country&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Cummings%2C+Hilliard&rft.date=1826&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958750685&rft.aulast=Shaler&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sYRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2015" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Jonathan Holt (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67PdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Performing al-Andalus: Music and Nostalgia across the Mediterranean</a>. Public cultures of the Middle East and North Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01774-1"><bdi>978-0-253-01774-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914463206">914463206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+al-Andalus%3A+Music+and+Nostalgia+across+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Public+cultures+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914463206&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01774-1&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67PdCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluglett2014" class="citation book cs1">Sluglett, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Atlas of Islamic History</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315743387">10.4324/9781315743387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58897-9"><bdi>978-1-317-58897-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902673654">902673654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Islamic+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902673654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315743387&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58897-9&rft.aulast=Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjxyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book cs1">Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA16">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7579-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7579-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100851523">1100851523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100851523&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7579-1&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=Selcuk+Aksin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBoyoNNKh78C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1976" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, William (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algiersinageofco0000spen/mode/2up?view=theater">Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs</a>. Centers of civilization series. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1334-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-1334-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1958266">1958266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algiers+in+the+Age+of+the+Corsairs&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.series=Centers+of+civilization+series&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1958266&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1334-0&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgiersinageofco0000spen%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1797" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, James Wilson (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00conggoog/page/n134/mode/2up?view=theater">An Historical and Geographical Account of Algiers: Comprehending a Novel and Interesting Detail of Events Relative to the American Captives</a>. Early American Imprints : Evans 1639-1800 (Series I) / EAI I. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hogan & M'Elroy. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874699109">874699109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+and+Geographical+Account+of+Algiers%3A+Comprehending+a+Novel+and+Interesting+Detail+of+Events+Relative+to+the+American+Captives&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=Early+American+Imprints+%3A+Evans+1639-1800+%28Series+I%29+%2F+EAI+I&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Hogan+%26+M%27Elroy&rft.date=1797&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874699109&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=James+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanhistoricaland00conggoog%2Fpage%2Fn134%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart1985" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robert (1985). "Chapter 1". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algeriacountryst0000unse">Algeria, A Country Study</a>. Area handbook series, 550-44 (4th ed.). Washington DC: Foreign Area Studies, American University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13268869">13268869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Algeria%2C+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.series=Area+handbook+series%2C+550-44&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Foreign+Area+Studies%2C+American+University&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13268869&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgeriacountryst0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1987" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Ann (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqIauiQohfMC&pg=PA114">Barbary and Enlightenment: European Attitudes Towards the Maghreb in the 18th Century</a>. Brill's studies in intellectual history. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08273-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08273-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15163796">15163796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbary+and+Enlightenment%3A+European+Attitudes+Towards+the+Maghreb+in+the+18th+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill%27s+studies+in+intellectual+history&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15163796&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08273-1&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqIauiQohfMC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikkaUusitaloWyżga2023" class="citation book cs1">Tikka, Katja; Uusitalo, Lauri; Wyżga, Mateusz (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VazpEAAAQBAJ">Managing Mobility in Early Modern Europe and its Empires: Invited, Banished, Tolerated</a>. Stuttgart: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-41889-1">10.1007/978-3-031-41889-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-41889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-41889-1"><bdi>978-3-031-41889-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1415897393">1415897393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Mobility+in+Early+Modern+Europe+and+its+Empires%3A+Invited%2C+Banished%2C+Tolerated&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1415897393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-41889-1&rft.isbn=978-3-031-41889-1&rft.aulast=Tikka&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.au=Uusitalo%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Wy%C5%BCga%2C+Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVazpEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruxillo2012" class="citation book cs1">Truxillo, Charles A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prA99TUDgKQC&pg=PA73">Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War</a>. Fremont, California: Jain Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-864-5"><bdi>978-0-89581-864-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754105722">754105722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusaders+in+the+Far+East%3A+The+Moro+Wars+in+the+Philippines+in+the+Context+of+the+Ibero-Islamic+World+War&rft.place=Fremont%2C+California&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754105722&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-864-5&rft.aulast=Truxillo&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprA99TUDgKQC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatin1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vatin, Jean-Claude (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1982_num_33_1_1938">"Introduction générale. Appréhensions et compréhension du Maghreb précolonial (et colonial)"</a> [General Introduction. Apprehensions and understanding of the precolonial (and colonial) Maghreb]. Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée (in French). 33. Marseille: 13–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1982.1938">10.3406/remmm.1982.1938</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4649486490">4649486490</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Occident+musulman+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Introduction+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.+Appr%C3%A9hensions+et+compr%C3%A9hension+du+Maghreb+pr%C3%A9colonial+%28et+colonial%29.&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=13-16&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4649486490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1982.1938&rft.aulast=Vatin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fremmm_0035-1474_1982_num_33_1_1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatin2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vatin, Nicolas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2988848">"Note sur l'entrée d'Alger sous la souveraineté ottomane (1519-1521)"</a> [Note on the entry of Algiers under Ottoman sovereignty (1519-1521)]. Turcica (in French). 44. Leuven: 131–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FTURC.44.0.2988848">10.2143/TURC.44.0.2988848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turcica&rft.atitle=Note+sur+l%27entr%C3%A9e+d%27Alger+sous+la+souverainet%C3%A9+ottomane+%281519-1521%29&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=131-166&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FTURC.44.0.2988848&rft.aulast=Vatin&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fcontent.php%3Furl%3Darticle%26id%3D2988848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerdès-Leroux2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verdès-Leroux, Jeannine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5kPAQAAMAAJ">L'Algérie et la France</a> [Algeria and France]. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10946-5"><bdi>978-2-221-10946-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/332257086">332257086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+et+la+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Bouquins&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F332257086&rft.isbn=978-2-221-10946-5&rft.aulast=Verd%C3%A8s-Leroux&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5kPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1979" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John Baptiste (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbarycoastalgi0000wolf_z0j8">The Barbary Coast: Algiers under the Turks, 1500 to 1830</a>. New York, NY: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01205-7"><bdi>978-0-393-01205-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4805123">4805123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast%3A+Algiers+under+the+Turks%2C+1500+to+1830&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4805123&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01205-7&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarbarycoastalgi0000wolf_z0j8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akF_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT51">The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17986-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17986-2"><bdi>978-1-134-17986-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1134179863">1134179863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Saharan+Slave+Trade&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1134179863&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17986-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakF_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacono1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yacono, Xavier (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZkFAQAAIAAJ">Histoire de l'Algérie: De la fin de la Régence turque à l'insurrection de 1954</a> [History of Algeria: From the end of the Turkish Regency to the insurrection of 1954] (in French). Versailles: Éditions de l'Atlanthrope. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86442-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86442-032-3"><bdi>978-2-86442-032-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29854363">29854363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+De+la+fin+de+la+R%C3%A9gence+turque+%C3%A0+l%27insurrection+de+1954&rft.place=Versailles&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Atlanthrope&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29854363&rft.isbn=978-2-86442-032-3&rft.aulast=Yacono&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZkFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div><div 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algeria_topics" title="Template talk:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical period (Antiquity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_resistance_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism and resistance in Algeria">Nationalism and resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">1967 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">1962–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">1992 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Algeria" title="Template:Borders of Algeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Algeria" title="List of ecoregions in Algeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Municipalities (communes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Algeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria" title="List of rivers of Algeria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Algeria" title="List of volcanoes in Algeria">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_People%27s_National_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the People's National Army">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Algeria" title="List of companies of Algeria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Algeria" title="Category:Society of Algeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerians">List of Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Algeria" title="Squatting in Algeria">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="National symbols of Algeria">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1365 – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_regions_and_provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Arabia" title="Ottoman Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbary_Corsairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Corsairs">Barbary Corsairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis </a>(1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Battle of Cape Corvo</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Action of 3 October 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122950495">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122725301">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122725301">BnF data</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Regency_of_Algiers&params=36_47_6_N_3_3_45_E_">36°47′6″N 3°3′45″E / 36.78500°N 3.06250°E / 36.78500; 3.06250</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&oldid=1259154792">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regency_of_Algiers&oldid=1259154792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regency_of_Algiers" title="Category:Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Algerian_history" title="Category:Former countries in Algerian history">Former countries in Algerian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1516" title="Category:States and territories established in 1516">States and territories established in 1516</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1830" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1830">States and territories disestablished in 1830</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830_disestablishments_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1830 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire">1830 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eyalets_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Africa" title="Category:Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa">Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1516_establishments_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1516 establishments in the Ottoman Empire">1516 establishments in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1516_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1516 establishments in Africa">1516 establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algiers_Province" title="Category:History of Algiers Province">History of Algiers Province</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles 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[\"CITEREFBraudel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrosch1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathcartNewkirk1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaibouBonnet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaney2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenntouf1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffmanLeonardO\u0026#039;Reilly2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornevin1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCory2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCour1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamurdashiMuḥammad1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan1649\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaumasYver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grammont1879–1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grammont1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Haëdo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Tassy1725\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgilsson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEntelis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalibert1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcés2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrot1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaïd1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaïd2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhalemRamaoun2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolvin1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorguos1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamdi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinsen-Roach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoexter1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoexter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolsinger1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImber2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulien1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaddache1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaddache2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoja2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoskenniemiWalterFonseca2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoulakssisMeynier1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKouzmine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuban2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadjalBensaid2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane-PooleKelley1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaʻraj1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevtzion1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenheim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM\u0026#039;Hamsadji2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaameri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarçais1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasters2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercier1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercier1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerouche2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerouche2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray-Miller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMössner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyrop1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzac1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzac2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzac2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitcher1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlantet1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlantet1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinehart1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouard_De_Card1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuedy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaidouni2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaidouni2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFServantie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeybold1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaler1826\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSluglett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens1797\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikkaUusitaloWyżga2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruxillo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerdès-Leroux2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYacono1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_Bekir1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_Zahhār1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_al-Mufti2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n 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